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id="toc-Products_using_infomercial_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products_using_infomercial_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Products using infomercial marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products_using_infomercial_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_infomercials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_infomercials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early infomercials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_infomercials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1981</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1984" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1984"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>After 1984</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1984-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Product_or_person_as_pitchman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_or_person_as_pitchman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Product or person as pitchman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_or_person_as_pitchman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-When_and_where" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#When_and_where"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>When and where</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-When_and_where-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercials_becoming_full_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercials_becoming_full_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Commercials becoming full programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercials_becoming_full_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Televangelists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Televangelists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Televangelists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Televangelists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TiVo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TiVo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>TiVo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TiVo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_financial_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_financial_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>2008 financial crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_financial_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fox's_Saturday_morning_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fox's_Saturday_morning_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Fox's Saturday morning programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fox's_Saturday_morning_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peter_Lemongello" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peter_Lemongello"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Peter Lemongello</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peter_Lemongello-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism and legal issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_legal_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism and legal issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_putdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_putdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>As a putdown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_putdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Parodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_and_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_and_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other uses and definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses_and_definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other uses and definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_and_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_infomercials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_infomercials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Political infomercials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_infomercials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_during_the_2008_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_during_the_2008_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Use during the 2008 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_during_the_2008_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Children's programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daytime_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daytime_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Daytime programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daytime_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infomercial_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infomercial_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Infomercial companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infomercial_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Use around the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_on_effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_on_effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Research on effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_on_effectiveness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research on effectiveness subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_on_effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time-slot_effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time-slot_effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Time-slot effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-slot_effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profitability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profitability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Profitability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profitability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Инфомършъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инфомършъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Infomercial" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Infomercial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledenda" title="Teledenda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teledenda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infopublicit%C3%A9" title="Infopublicité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Infopublicité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%8F%AC%EB%A8%B8%EC%85%9C" title="인포머셜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인포머셜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Հեռուստախանութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեռուստախանութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomersial" title="Infomersial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Infomersial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Инфомершиал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Инфомершиал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuiswinkelen" title="Thuiswinkelen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thuiswinkelen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB" title="インフォマーシャル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インフォマーシャル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Infomercial" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Infomercial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Телемагазин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телемагазин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Infomercial" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Infomercial" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Телемагазин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телемагазин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%9E%8B%E5%BB%A3%E5%91%8A" title="資訊型廣告 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="資訊型廣告" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the <a href="/wiki/Adult_Swim" title="Adult Swim">Adult Swim</a> television series of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Infomercials_(TV_specials)" title="Infomercials (TV specials)">Infomercials (TV specials)</a>.</div> <p>An <b>infomercial</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">television commercial</a> that resembles regular TV programming<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_ProgLan.LATimesNYT1994_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_ProgLan.LATimesNYT1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet is intended to promote or sell a product, service or idea. It generally includes a toll-free telephone number or website.<sup id="cite_ref-Informercial_MontWill.NYT2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Informercial_MontWill.NYT2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most often used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Direct_response_television" title="Direct response television">direct response television</a> (DRTV), they are often <i>program‑length commercials</i><sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_ProgLan.LATimesNYT1994_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_ProgLan.LATimesNYT1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (long-form infomercials), and are typically 28:30 or 58:30 minutes in length.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infomercials are also known as <b>paid programming</b> (or <b>teleshopping</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Europe). This phenomenon started in the United States, where infomercials were typically shown overnight and early morning (usually 1:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.), outside peak <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> hours for <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial broadcasters</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television stations</a> chose to air infomercials as an alternative to the former practice of <a href="/wiki/Sign-on_and_sign-off" title="Sign-on and sign-off">signing off</a>, while other channels air infomercials 24 hours a day. Some stations also choose to air infomercials during the daytime hours, mostly on weekends, to fill in for unscheduled network or syndicated programming. By 2009, most infomercial spending in the U.S. occurred outside of the traditional overnight hours. Stations in most countries around the world have instituted similar media structures. The infomercial industry is worth over $200 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>–based National Infomercial Marketing Association was formed in late 1990; by 1993, "it had more than 200" members committed to standards "with teeth".<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_Assn.AA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_Assn.AA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the term "infomercial" was originally applied only to television advertising, it is now sometimes used to refer to any presentation (often on video) which presents a significant amount of information in an actual, or perceived, attempt to promote a point of view. When used this way, the term may be meant to carry an implication that the party making the communication or political speech is exaggerating truths or hiding important facts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> cited a professional in the field as saying that "infomercial companies tend to do well during recessions."<sup id="cite_ref-Informercial_MontWill.NYT2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Informercial_MontWill.NYT2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format">Format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "infomercial" is a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">portmanteau</a> of the words "<a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">commercial</a>". As in any other form of <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertisement</a>, the content is a commercial message designed to represent the viewpoints and to serve the interest of the <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">sponsor</a>. Infomercials are often made to closely resemble standard <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television programs</a>. Some imitate <a href="/wiki/Talk_show" title="Talk show">talk shows</a> and try to downplay the fact that the program is a commercial message. A few are developed around <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">storylines</a> and have been called "storymercials".<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_ProgLan.LATimesNYT1994_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_ProgLan.LATimesNYT1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most do not have specific <a href="/wiki/TV_format" title="TV format">TV formats</a> but craft different elements to tell what their creators hope is a compelling story about the product offered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term <i>infomercial</i>, by 2007, had come to refer to the format, even when used in a live presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infomercials are designed to solicit <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantifiable</a> immediate direct response (a form of <a href="/wiki/Direct_marketing#Direct_response_marketing" title="Direct marketing">direct response marketing</a>, not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Direct_marketing" title="Direct marketing">direct marketing</a>); they generally feature between two and four internal commercials of 30 to 120 seconds which invite the viewer to call or take other direct action. Many viewers respond with a delayed response, by purchases made at retail outlets. These retail purchases are often the largest response. Using "not sold in stores" is a choice by advertisers who dislike sharing profit with retailers, or who lack the immense resources needed to get into retail channels. In the latter case, direct sales enables later retail distribution. Standalone shorter commercials, 30 to 120 seconds in length with a <a href="/wiki/Call_to_action_(marketing)" title="Call to action (marketing)">call to action</a>, are erroneously called infomercials; when used as an independently produced commercial, they are generally known as <i>DRTV spots</i> or <i>short‑form DRTV</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infomercial sponsors often also use shorter spots during regular programming.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Products_using_infomercial_marketing">Products using infomercial marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Products using infomercial marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/As_seen_on_TV" title="As seen on TV">As seen on TV</a></div> <p>The products frequently marketed through infomercials at the national level include cleaning products, appliances, food-preparation devices, dietary supplements, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative health</a> aids, <a href="/wiki/Memory_improvement" title="Memory improvement">memory improvement</a> courses, books, <a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">compilation albums</a>, videos of numerous genres, real estate investment strategies, beauty supplies,<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_BeautSupp.AA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_BeautSupp.AA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> baldness remedies, sexual-enhancement supplements, weight-loss programs and products, personal fitness devices, home exercise machines and adult chat lines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Uses for infomercials in the early 1990s included offering free trials of personal care products such as enhanced plaque removers; an 800-number was used to collect basic marketing information.<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial.FreeTrialAA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial.FreeTrialAA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major brands (such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and Thermos-Grill2Go<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) have used infomercials for their ability to communicate more complicated and in‑depth product stories. This practice started in the early 1990s and has increased since. Such advertisers generally eschew the less reputable trappings of the traditional infomercial business in order to create communication they believe creates a better image of their products, brands and customers. Apple's use of the infomercial medium was immediately discontinued with <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>' 1997 return to the helm of the company.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Automobile dealerships, attorneys and jewelers are among the types of businesses that air infomercials on a local level.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_infomercials">Early infomercials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early infomercials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early days of television, many television shows were specifically created by sponsors with the main goal of selling their product, the entertainment angle being a hook to hold audience's attention (this is how <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a> got their name; such shows were sponsored by soap manufacturers). A good example of this is the early children's show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Clown" title="The Magic Clown">The Magic Clown</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, which was created essentially as an advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Taffy" title="Turkish Taffy">Bonomo's Turkish Taffy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_photo_-_1949_filmed_for_television_infomercial_-_Papa_Bernard,_Vita-Mix_Blender,_Natural_Foods_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Production_photo_-_1949_filmed_for_television_infomercial_-_Papa_Bernard%2C_Vita-Mix_Blender%2C_Natural_Foods_Institute.jpg/250px-Production_photo_-_1949_filmed_for_television_infomercial_-_Papa_Bernard%2C_Vita-Mix_Blender%2C_Natural_Foods_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Production_photo_-_1949_filmed_for_television_infomercial_-_Papa_Bernard%2C_Vita-Mix_Blender%2C_Natural_Foods_Institute.jpg/330px-Production_photo_-_1949_filmed_for_television_infomercial_-_Papa_Bernard%2C_Vita-Mix_Blender%2C_Natural_Foods_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Production_photo_-_1949_filmed_for_television_infomercial_-_Papa_Bernard%2C_Vita-Mix_Blender%2C_Natural_Foods_Institute.jpg/500px-Production_photo_-_1949_filmed_for_television_infomercial_-_Papa_Bernard%2C_Vita-Mix_Blender%2C_Natural_Foods_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>W. G. (Papa) Bernard was the pitchman in the first filmed half-hour TV infomercial. <i>Image courtesy of the Hagley Museum and Library</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first filmed for TV half-hour infomercial for a commercial product (a <a href="/wiki/Vitamix" title="Vitamix">Vitamix</a> blender) were produced by <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9craft_Productions" title="Cinécraft Productions">Cinécraft Productions</a>, a motion picture studio in Ohio in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/WOR-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WOR-TV">WOR-TV</a></span> ran the infomercial from 12:30 to 1 a.m. on a Sunday. By 1:10 a.m., 130 orders had rolled in. Eleven subsequent showings of the infomercial brought in more than $41,400 in 1950 dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, limits imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) on the amount of advertising that could appear during an hour of television did away with these programs, forcing sponsors into the background; however, a few infomercials, mainly those for greatest hits record sets (which could get around the restrictions by devoting much of the airtime to snippets of the songs on the records, which did not count as advertising) and Shop Smith power tools,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did exist during the period when commercial time was restricted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/XETV-TDT" title="XETV-TDT">XETV-TDT</a> – a Mexican TV station based in <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a>, but serving the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> market – ran a one-hour English-language program on Sundays showcasing San Diego–area homes for sale. As a non-USA station, the FCC's maximum number of commercial minutes per hour did not apply to XETV. It was also during the 1970s that the <a href="/wiki/Hard_sell" title="Hard sell">hard sell</a> "But wait! There's more!" <a href="/wiki/Ginsu" title="Ginsu">Ginsu</a> ads were being aired on American late-night TV.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981">1981</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1981"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Federal Communications Commission lifted the prohibition on program-length advertisements on radio in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1984">After 1984</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After 1984"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Infomercials proliferated in the United States after 1984 when the Federal Communications Commission eliminated regulations that were established in the 1950s and 1960s to govern the commercial content of television.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Harrington_(entrepreneur)" title="Kevin Harrington (entrepreneur)">Kevin Harrington</a>, nicknamed the "infomercial godfather",<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_GFather.NBC_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_GFather.NBC-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_GFather.Pin_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_GFather.Pin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had his first infomercial air in 1985. By 1994, an estimated 91% of all stations had or were airing infomercials.<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_90PC_airing.NYT1994_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_90PC_airing.NYT1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Product_or_person_as_pitchman">Product or person as pitchman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Product or person as pitchman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One relatively early question was whether or not infomercials should feature celebrities.<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_Pitchman.AA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_Pitchman.AA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although "how much will it cost" was part of the equation, so was a "highly demonstrable item with obvious features and benefits." Even when experts are used for their endorsement value, a "name" adds value in making an introduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Informercial_MontWill.NYT2008_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Informercial_MontWill.NYT2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infomercials particularly exploded in the mid-1990s with motivational and <a href="/wiki/Personal_development" title="Personal development">personal development</a> products, and "<a href="/wiki/Get-rich-quick_scheme" title="Get-rich-quick scheme">get-rich-quick schemes</a>" based on the premise that one could quickly become wealthy by either selling anything through classified ads or through <a href="/wiki/Flipping" title="Flipping">flipping</a>. These were hawked by personalities such as <a href="/wiki/Don_Lapre" title="Don Lapre">Don Lapre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carleton_H._Sheets" title="Carleton H. Sheets">Carleton H. Sheets</a>, among others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="When_and_where">When and where</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: When and where"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When they first appeared, infomercials were most often scheduled in the United States and Canada during late-night/early morning hours. As stations have found value in airing them at other times, a large portion of infomercial spending occurs in the early morning, daytime, early prime and even <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> periods. There are also all-infomercial networks<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_ALL.AA_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_ALL.AA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as cable channels Corner Store TV, <a href="/wiki/Cannella_Media#Operations" title="Cannella Media">OnTV4U</a>, <a href="/wiki/Access_Television_Network" title="Access Television Network">Access Television Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guthy-Renker" title="Guthy-Renker">GRTV</a>) that yield revenue for cable and satellite providers who carry them or fill local programming voids.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States#Carriage" title="Cable television in the United States">cable carriage</a> contracts were adjusted in 2006. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>, which airs only two hours of infomercials nightly during the business week, sometimes airs nearly 30 hours of infomercials on weekends; from the 2008 financial crisis to early 2017, CNBC had inserted a "paid programming" <a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">bug</a> at the top right corner of the screen during all airings of infomercials. In contrast, sister network <a href="/wiki/CNBC_World" title="CNBC World">CNBC World</a> airs international programming rather than any paid programming.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When a conventional prime-time two-minute advertising pod has no ads,<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_MiniPod.NYT2009_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_MiniPod.NYT2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the networks will run a two-minute mini-infomercial at a much lower rate, charging "as little as 5 percent of what a general advertiser would" pay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commercials_becoming_full_programs">Commercials becoming full programs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Commercials becoming full programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The New York Times</i> suggested that "the commercial became the show as infomercials ruled the night."<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_Prozac.NYT2018_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_Prozac.NYT2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A comparison of television listings from 2007 with 1987 verifies that many North American broadcasters began to air infomercials in lieu of <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">syndicated</a> television series reruns and movies, which were formerly staples during the more common hours infomercials are broadcast (such as the overnight hours). Infomercials were previously a near-permanent staple of <a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion Television</a>'s daytime and overnight schedules, but the channel now only carries infomercials in the traditional 3:00–8:00 a.m. ET/PT timeslot emulated by most cable networks. Multichannel providers such as <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> had objected to carrying Ion feeds consisting largely of paid programming. This is despite both DirecTV and <a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish</a> carrying several infomercial-only and <a href="/wiki/Leased_access" title="Leased access">leased access</a> networks which have been criticized by their subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVE_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVE-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with other advertising, content is supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">Advertising Standards Authority</a> (ASA) and regulated by <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a>. Advertising rules are written and maintained by the Committees of Advertising Practice (CAP), working closely with the ASA and Ofcom.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, "admags" (advertisement magazines) were originally a feature of the regional commercial <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> stations from launch in 1955. While very popular, admags were banned in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-bfivahimagi_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfivahimagi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "teleshopping" was coined in 1979 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Aldrich" title="Michael Aldrich">Michael Aldrich</a>, who invented real-time transaction processing from a domestic television and subsequently installed many systems throughout the UK in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would now be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">online shopping</a>. In the 1989, the <i>Satellite Shop</i> was launched as the first UK shopping channel. Shortly afterwards, infomercials began on satellite television, and they became known as <i>teleshopping</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2009, the UK permitted neither paid infomercials nor teleshopping on broadcast television. However, in 2009, Ofcom allowed up to three hours of infomercials per day on any channel. </p><p>Airtime for political messages, known as <a href="/wiki/Party_political_broadcast" title="Party political broadcast">party political broadcasts</a>, is allocated free of charge to political parties according to a formula approved by Parliament, and is available only on broadcast television and radio channels. The <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_2003" title="Communications Act 2003">Communications Act 2003</a> prohibits political advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Television advertising of pharmacy-only and prescription drugs is also prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Televangelists">Televangelists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Televangelists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some U.S. <a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">televangelists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tilton" title="Robert Tilton">Robert Tilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Popoff" title="Peter Popoff">Peter Popoff</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> buy television time from infomercial brokers representing television stations around the U.S., and even some widely distributed cable networks that are not averse to carrying <a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">religious programming</a>. A block of such programming appears weekdays on <a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_series" title="Wheel series">umbrella title</a> <i>BET Inspiration</i> (which fully replaced the direct-response variety of infomercials on the channel in 1997). The vast majority of religious programming in the United States is distributed through paid infomercial time; the fees that televangelists pay for coverage on most religious stations are a major revenue stream for those stations, in addition to programming the networks produce themselves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TiVo">TiVo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: TiVo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a> formerly used paid programming time weekly on the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> on early Thursday mornings and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion Television</a> on early Wednesday mornings to record interactive and video content to be presented to subscribers in a form of linear <a href="/wiki/Datacasting" title="Datacasting">datacasting</a> without the need to interfere with a subscriber's internet bandwidth (or lack thereof if they solely used the machine's dialup connection for updating). The program was listed as <i>Teleworld Paid Program</i>, named for TiVo's corporate name at its founding.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Teleworld Paid Program</i> was quietly discontinued at the start of the 2016–17 television season as the company's install base had mostly transitioned to broadband and newer TiVo devices no longer included a dialup option.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_financial_crisis">2008 financial crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2008 financial crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/2008_financial_crisis" title="2008 financial crisis">financial crisis</a> that lasted from 2007 to 2008, many struggling individual television stations began to devote more of their programming schedules to infomercials, thereby reducing syndication contracts for regular programming. Some stations found that the revenue from infomercial-time sales were higher than those possible through traditional television advertising and syndication sales options. However, the reduced ratings from airing infomercials can have a chain reaction and harm ratings for other programming on the station.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A feature-length documentary that chronicles the history of the infomercial is <i><a href="/wiki/Pitch_People" title="Pitch People">Pitch People</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Content_Agency" title="Tribune Content Agency">Tribune Content Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemstar%E2%80%93TV_Guide_International" title="Gemstar–TV Guide International">Gemstar-TV Guide</a>/<a href="/wiki/TiVo_Corporation" title="TiVo Corporation">Rovi</a> began to relax the guidelines for listing infomercials within their <a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">electronic program guide</a> listings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Previously, all infomercials were listed under the title "Paid Programming" (except for exceptions listed below), but now infomercial producers are allowed to submit a title and limited descriptive synopsis (though phone numbers or website addresses remain disallowed) to the listings providers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fox's_Saturday_morning_programming"><span id="Fox.27s_Saturday_morning_programming"></span>Fox's Saturday morning programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fox's Saturday morning programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2009, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> became the first major broadcast network to carry a regularly scheduled block of paid programming when it discontinued its <a href="/wiki/Saturday-morning_cartoon" title="Saturday-morning cartoon">Saturday morning</a> <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company#Children's_programming" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">children's programming</a> after disputes with provider <a href="/wiki/4Kids_Entertainment" title="4Kids Entertainment">4Kids Entertainment</a>. Fox gave back three early hours to its affiliates, while retaining two hours for infomercials under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Weekend_Marketplace" title="Weekend Marketplace">Weekend Marketplace</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some local stations utilize Saturday morning slots to air local paid programming that typically sells used cars or real estate,<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_MiniPod.NYT2009_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_MiniPod.NYT2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in other ways rejected infomercials, which were disdained by viewers and Fox affiliates alike: revenue was not shared with affiliates, and no local time for commercials between programs was offered. Some stations used Saturday morning for <a href="/wiki/Regulations_on_children%27s_television_programming_in_the_United_States#2006_changes" title="Regulations on children's television programming in the United States">Educational/Informational</a> (E/I) programming, with infomercials relegated to before or after the block. Some refused <i>Weekend Marketplace</i> outright.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In September 2014, <i>Weekend Marketplace</i> was replaced in some markets by the E/I‑focused <i><a href="/wiki/Xploration_Station" title="Xploration Station">Xploration Station</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peter_Lemongello">Peter Lemongello</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Peter Lemongello"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, a singer from Long Island, New York named <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lemongello" title="Peter Lemongello">Peter Lemongello</a> comprised an idea to buy commercial airtime on New York television to sell his album, <i>Love ‘76</i>, directly to the public via a 2-minute infomercial. This was the first time an unknown singer marketed music directly to the consumer without a record label or marketing team. The stunt launched his career and sold over 1.8 million records, making him an instant celebrity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music business took notice of the successful promotion and a new era of music videos and MTV followed. People like Slim Whitman and Time Life copied the idea of infomercials to sell their music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_legal_issues">Criticism and legal issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism and legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC) requires that any infomercial 15 minutes or longer must disclose to viewers that it is a paid advertisement. An infomercial is required to be "clearly and conspicuously" marked as a "paid advertisement for [particular product or service], sponsored by [sponsor]" at the beginning ("following program") and end ("preceding program") of the advertisement and before ordering instructions are displayed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Customer protection</a> advocates recommend <a href="/wiki/Caveat_emptor" title="Caveat emptor">buyer beware</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> study the product and the claims before making a purchase. Many stations and networks normally run their own disclaimers before, during and/or after infomercials. Some mention the <a href="/wiki/Better_Business_Bureau" title="Better Business Bureau">Better Business Bureau</a> or a state/local customer protection agency. A "paid programming" <a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">bug</a> in a corner of the screen during infomercials, particularly for financial products, is to avoid an exploitation of an "as seen on" claim of endorsement. Some, particularly smaller networks, only use a limited number of trusted advertisers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Considerable FTC scrutiny is also given to results claims and testimonials. Rules controlling endorsements are periodically enhanced to increase customer protection and fill loopholes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industry organizations such as the Electronic Retailing Association,<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_GFather.Pin_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_GFather.Pin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which represents infomercial marketers, often try to minimize the impact of these rule changes.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FTC enforcement has focused on testimonials for publishing "non-typical" and "completely fabricated" customer testimonials used within infomercials. In 2006, the first third-party testimonial verification company was launched, and it now independently pre-validates many testimonials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s, federal and state customer protection agencies have criticized several prominent infomercial pitchmen, including <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Trudeau" title="Kevin Trudeau">Kevin Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Barrett_(businessman)" title="Donald Barrett (businessman)">Donald Barrett</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Lesko" title="Matthew Lesko">Matthew Lesko</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Don_Lapre" title="Don Lapre">Don Lapre</a>, a salesman notorious for his <a href="/wiki/Get-rich-quick_scheme" title="Get-rich-quick scheme">get-rich-quick schemes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suicide_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suicide-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were successfully sued.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Programs that collect donations or sell via <a href="/wiki/Premium-rate_telephone_number" title="Premium-rate telephone number">Premium-rate telephone number</a> (900-number) have additional disclosure requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-Num900.AdAgeTele93_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Num900.AdAgeTele93-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_putdown">As a putdown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: As a putdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, the <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> magazine used the term <i>infomercial</i> to describe a cookbook whose author was described as "hit No. 1 on the New York Times best-seller list". The <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> mediated.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other possible putdowns include <i>informercial-like</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>infomercial type stuff</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parodies">Parodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Parodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The infomercial format has been widely parodied: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> "Bassomatic" skit featuring Dan Aykroyd in the 1970s may have presaged the genre; the target of the parody, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Popeil" title="Ron Popeil">Ron Popeil</a>, would become an infomercial fixture in the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fast_Company" title="Fast Company">Fast Company</a></i> published <i>"The Greatest Infomercial Parodies Of All Time"</i> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Others have been done too, and these parodies are an ongoing source of amusement and creativity.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adult_Swim" title="Adult Swim">Adult Swim</a> late-night block of cable channel <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a> has often broadcast an anthology of comedy <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">shorts</a> in the early-morning hours, concealed in program schedules under the title "<a href="/wiki/Infomercials_(TV_specials)" title="Infomercials (TV specials)">Infomercials</a>" to provide a false impression that legitimate paid programming had been scheduled in that time slot.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these shorts have parodied the cliches of real infomercials, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Paid_Programming_(TV_pilot)" title="Paid Programming (TV pilot)">Paid Programming</a></i> (a parody infomercial which begins as one for the fictitious supplement Icelandic UltraBlue, but seamlessly segues into segments promoting other loosely related products and businesses),<sup id="cite_ref-David_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/For-Profit_Online_University" title="For-Profit Online University">For-Profit Online University</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Forever_as_You_Are_Now_with_Alan_Resnick" title="Live Forever as You Are Now with Alan Resnick">Live Forever as You Are Now with Alan Resnick</a></i> (which parodies self-help programs).<sup id="cite_ref-Woods2014_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods2014-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses_and_definitions">Other uses and definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other uses and definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_infomercials">Political infomercials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Political infomercials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the strategy of buying prime-time programming slots on major networks has been utilized by political candidates for both presidential and state office to present infomercial-like programs to sell a candidate's merits to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fringe presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> regularly bought time on <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> and local stations in the 1980s. In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> also bought network time in 1992<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_RossPerot_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_RossPerot-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1996 to present, his presidential policies to the public. The <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a> (NRA) has aired programs via paid programming time to present their views on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun control</a> and other issues while appealing to the public to join their organization.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_during_the_2008_presidential_campaign">Use during the 2008 presidential campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Use during the 2008 presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> bought an hour of primetime programming on the <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Channel" title="Hallmark Channel">Hallmark Channel</a> in 2008 before the <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a> primary elections, and on <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>‍–‍based <a href="/wiki/Regional_sports_network" title="Regional sports network">regional sports network</a> <a href="/wiki/FanDuel_Sports_Network_Southwest" title="FanDuel Sports Network Southwest">FSN Southwest</a> before that state's primary to present a town hall-like program. Fellow presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s 2008 presidential campaign used infomercials extensively, including running a 24-hour channel on Dish Network.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One week before the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 general election</a>, Obama purchased a 30-minute slot at 8 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific Time</a> during primetime on seven major networks (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV_One_(American_TV_channel)" title="TV One (American TV channel)">TV One</a> and <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a> (with Spanish subtitles)) to present a "closing argument" to his campaign. The combination of these networks reportedly drew a peak audience of over 33 million viewers of the half-hour program, making it the single most watched infomercial broadcast in the history of U.S. television.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from blocking viewer choice, reception was not all positive: an NBC reviewer referred to Obama as having a "thin resume".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obama opponent <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> commented that "No one will delay <a href="/wiki/2008_World_Series" title="2008 World Series">the World Series</a> with an infomercial when I'm president."<sup id="cite_ref-InfomercialObamaWorldSeries.NYT_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfomercialObamaWorldSeries.NYT-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_programming"><span id="Children.27s_programming"></span>Children's programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Children's programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although not meeting the definition of an infomercial <i>per se</i>, animated children's programming in the 1980s and early 1990s, which included half-hour animated series for franchises such as <i><a href="/wiki/He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe" title="He-Man and the Masters of the Universe">He-Man and the Masters of the Universe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony_(TV_series)" title="My Little Pony (TV series)">My Little Pony</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Transformers_(TV_series)" title="The Transformers (TV series)">Transformers</a>,</i> were often described as being marketing vehicles for related toy lines and <a href="/wiki/Tie-in" title="Tie-in">tie-in</a> products advertised during commercial breaks.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Regulations_on_children%27s_television_programming_in_the_United_States#Children's_Television_Act" title="Regulations on children's television programming in the United States">Children's Television Act of 1990</a> set limits on the amount of commercials that could be aired during a television programming targeting children, and made it a violation of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> regulations for broadcasters to carry commercials during children's programs for products related to the program currently airing (which classifies the entire program as being a "program-length commercial"), or containing recognizable elements, such as characters, from the current program ("host‑selling").<sup id="cite_ref-Rostron1996_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rostron1996-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daytime_programming">Daytime programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Daytime programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Infomercial" title="Special:EditPage/Infomercial">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the 1970s to early 1990s, locally produced morning and daytime programs designed mainly for a stay-at-home female audience featured light talk, followed by presentations of various products and services offerings of local businesses. A guest expert was often included. These were not infomercials: response was in-store, although the expert's phone number might be included. The format enabled presenting details beyond those possible in a traditional 30-second pre-recorded ad. To preclude conflict of interest, the program host was not associated in any way with the station's newsroom. </p><p>By the mid-2000s, these transitioned from locally produced programs to what is known as an <a href="/wiki/Advertorial" title="Advertorial">advertorial</a>. Some programs had one or more 120-second pods,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these programs were all paid programming. These programs can be considered infomercials, albeit not exactly meeting the letter of the definition. As with the early model, advertorial hosts are precluded from newsroom involvement, often to the point of having no <a href="/wiki/Interruptible_foldback" title="Interruptible foldback">IFB</a> notice to guide viewers to a <a href="/wiki/Breaking_news" title="Breaking news">breaking news</a> story that interrupts an advertorial program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infomercial_companies">Infomercial companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Infomercial companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional infomercial marketers (for example, <a href="/wiki/Guthy-Renker" title="Guthy-Renker">Guthy-Renker</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beachbody_Company" title="The Beachbody Company">Beachbody</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telebrands" title="Telebrands">Telebrands</a>) source the products, pay to develop the infomercials, pay for the media, and are responsible for all sales of the product. Sometimes, they sell products they source from inventors. Telebrands's process of bringing a product to the air and to market was seen in the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/PitchMen" title="PitchMen">PitchMen</a></i>, which featured <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mays" title="Billy Mays">Billy Mays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Sullivan_(pitchman)" title="Anthony Sullivan (pitchman)">Anthony Sullivan</a>, along with the top executives of Telebrands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is also a well-developed network of suppliers to the infomercial industry. These suppliers generally choose to focus on either traditional infomercials (hard sell approaches) or on using infomercials as advertising/sales channels for brand companies (branded approaches). In the traditional business, services are usually supplied by infomercial producers or by media buying companies. In the brand infomercial business, services are often provided by full service agencies who deliver strategy, creative, production, media, and campaign services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_around_the_world">Use around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Use around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Infomercial" title="Special:EditPage/Infomercial">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The infomercial industry was started in the United States and that has led to the specific definitions of infomercials as direct response television commercials of specific lengths (30, 60 or 120 seconds; five minutes; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">28<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> minutes or 58 minutes and 30 seconds). Infomercials have spread to other countries from the U.S. However, the term "infomercial" needs to be defined more universally to discuss use in all countries. In general, worldwide use of the term refers to a television commercial (paid programming) that offers product for direct sale to persons via response through the web, by phone, or by mail. </p><p>There are few structures that apply everywhere in the international infomercial business. The regulatory environment in each country as well as that country's television traditions have led to variations in format, lengths, and rules for long form commercials and television commercials selling directly to customers. For example, in the early 1990s, long form paid programming in Canada was required to consist only of photographs without moving video (this restriction no longer exists). </p><p>Many products which started in the United States have been taken into international distribution on television. In addition, each country has local entrepreneurs and marketers using the medium for local businesses. What may be called infomercials are most commonly found in North and South America, Europe, Japan and Southeast Asia. </p><p>In many countries, the infrastructure of direct response television distributors, telemarketing companies and product fulfillment companies (shipping, customer service) are more difficult and these missing pieces have limited the spread of the infomercial. Canadian <i>Northern Response</i>, an early non‑USA entrant to the field, claims to have distributed "over 3,000 infomercials since 1984."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1996, countries with Teleshopping included France, Germany, UK, Japan, and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_on_effectiveness">Research on effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Research on effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research has been conducted on the general public's perceptions of infomercials. It was found that "With infomercials, you don't buy eyeballs, you buy responsiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_Time.AA_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_Time.AA-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agee and Martin (2001) found that infomercial purchases involved some degree of planning rather than being purely impulse purchases. Aspects of advertising content also influenced whether the purchase decision was impulsive or planned.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin, Bhimy and Agee (2002) studied the use of advertising content such as the use of testimonials and customer characteristics. Based on a survey of 878 people who had bought products after viewing infomercials, they found that infomercials were more effective if they used expert comments, testimonials, product demonstrations, and other approaches. Customer age and product type also influenced perceived effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time-slot_effectiveness">Time-slot effectiveness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Time-slot effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early research found that selecting the best time of day requires avoiding prime time, when "there's too much competition for viewers' attention."<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_Time.AA_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_Time.AA-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Profitability">Profitability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Profitability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Profits from producing infomercials were described as not being "<i>the real profits</i>" when compared to "owning the product."<sup id="cite_ref-Infomercial_Profitability.LATimes_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infomercial_Profitability.LATimes-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertorial" title="Advertorial">Advertorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokered_programming" title="Brokered programming">Brokered programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_response_television" title="Direct response television">Direct response television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_shopping" title="Home shopping">Home shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informative_advertising" title="Informative advertising">Informative advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_pricing" title="Psychological pricing">Psychological pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsored_film" title="Sponsored film">Sponsored film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">Television advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telethon" title="Telethon">Telethon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A number of the early Vitamix infomercials produced by Cinécraft are posted on the <a href="/wiki/Hagley_Museum_and_Library" title="Hagley Museum and Library">Hagley Museum and Library</a> digital archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/Montel_Williams" title="Montel Williams">Montel Williams</a>'s infomercials, pitching products like a blanket with arms, resemble his show."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fox News .. said .. had set aside inventory for 'make-goods' which it did not need to fulfill, and was turning to some direct-response advertisers"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial_ProgLan.LATimesNYT1994-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_ProgLan.LATimesNYT1994_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_ProgLan.LATimesNYT1994_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_ProgLan.LATimesNYT1994_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Braxton1994" class="citation news cs1">Greg Braxton (24 November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-11-24-ca-1245-story.html">"Latest Amazing Discovery: The Un-Infomercial : Television: Storymercials cost more to shoot and don't <i> look </i> like infomercials--they look like real shows. The soft-sell approach is more appealing to corporate America"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Latest+Amazing+Discovery%3A+The+Un-Infomercial+%3A+Television%3A+Storymercials+cost+more+to+shoot+and+don%27t+look+like+infomercials--they+look+like+real+shows.+The+soft-sell+approach+is+more+appealing+to+corporate+America.&rft.date=1994-11-24&rft.au=Greg+Braxton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1994-11-24-ca-1245-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Informercial_MontWill.NYT2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Informercial_MontWill.NYT2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Informercial_MontWill.NYT2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Informercial_MontWill.NYT2008_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Clifford2008" class="citation news cs1">Stephanie Clifford (21 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/22/business/media/22adco.html">"Montel's Back, and Does He Have a Deal for You"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Montel%27s+Back%2C+and+Does+He+Have+a+Deal+for+You&rft.date=2008-12-21&rft.au=Stephanie+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F22%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F22adco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/infomercial.html">Infomercial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140731201901/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/infomercial.html">Archived</a> 2014-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Business Dictionary – WebFinance, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourdictionary.com/infomercial">Infomercial Definition</a> – Your Dictionary – LoveToKnow, Corp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://definitions.uslegal.com/a/advertising-media-infomercials/">Advertising Media Infomercials Law & Legal Definition</a> – US Legal Definitions – USLegal, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/43902233-Analysis-of-key-drivers-in-teleshopping.html">"Analysis of key drivers in teleshopping - PDF Free Download"</a>. <i>docplayer.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docplayer.net&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+key+drivers+in+teleshopping+-+PDF+Free+Download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F43902233-Analysis-of-key-drivers-in-teleshopping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBogle2014" class="citation web cs1">Bogle, Ariel (5 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/05/perfect_bacon_bowl_why_the_infomercial_deserves_a_little_more_respect.html">"Is the Infomercial Dead?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Slate_Group" title="The Slate Group">The Slate Group</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Is+the+Infomercial+Dead%3F&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft.aulast=Bogle&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Ftechnology%2Ffuture_tense%2F2014%2F05%2Fperfect_bacon_bowl_why_the_infomercial_deserves_a_little_more_respect.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial_Assn.AA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_Assn.AA_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_D._Knowles1993" class="citation news cs1">Jeffrey D. Knowles (January 25, 1993). "Infomercial association works to widen use of long-form ads". <i><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising Age">Advertising Age</a></i>. <q>to render superfluous draconian re-regulation of the industry</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=Infomercial+association+works+to+widen+use+of+long-form+ads&rft.date=1993-01-25&rft.au=Jeffrey+D.+Knowles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/fox-news-donald-trump-interview-mocked-cnn-host-was-infomercial-1259394">"Fox News Trump Interview was 'Infomercial': CNN Host"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. 14 December 2018. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I watched the whole interview. It wasn't journalism, that was an infomercial," CNN host S.E. Cupp said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Fox+News+Trump+Interview+was+%27Infomercial%27%3A+CNN+Host&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Ffox-news-donald-trump-interview-mocked-cnn-host-was-infomercial-1259394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/story/172527/premature-poll-campaign-law-cant-stop-infomercials">"Premature poll campaign law can't stop infomercials"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Levy2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Steven Levy (9 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/steven-levy-apple-computer-dead-long-live-apple-98429">"Apple Computer Is Dead; Long Live Apple"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Apple+Computer+Is+Dead%3B+Long+Live+Apple&rft.date=2007-01-09&rft.au=Steven+Levy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fsteven-levy-apple-computer-dead-long-live-apple-98429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCrea" class="citation web cs1">McCrea, Bridget. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417123159/http://www.responsemagazine.com/direct-response-marketing/smarter-better-faster-6930">"Smarter, Better, Faster"</a>. Response Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.responsemagazine.com/direct-response-marketing/smarter-better-faster-6930">the original</a> on 2014-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smarter%2C+Better%2C+Faster&rft.pub=Response+Magazine&rft.aulast=McCrea&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.responsemagazine.com%2Fdirect-response-marketing%2Fsmarter-better-faster-6930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial_BeautSupp.AA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_BeautSupp.AA_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Traffic building". <i><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising Age">Advertising Age</a></i>. January 25, 1993. <q>In a focus group, 80% said they'd watch .. 60% said they'd buy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=Traffic+building&rft.date=1993-01-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial.FreeTrialAA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial.FreeTrialAA_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Case studies: Appliances". <i><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising Age">Advertising Age</a></i>. January 25, 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=Case+studies%3A+Appliances&rft.date=1993-01-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2004-10-24-infomercial-timeline_x.htm">"Infomercial history highlights"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 2004-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Infomercial+history+highlights&rft.date=2004-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Ftelevision%2Fnews%2F2004-10-24-infomercial-timeline_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudnick, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmnews.com/Char-Broils-First-DRTV-Effort-Gets-Grill-Sales-Sizzling/article/72763/">Char-Broil's First DRTV Effort Gets Grill Sales Sizzling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704183703/http://www.dmnews.com/Char-Broils-First-DRTV-Effort-Gets-Grill-Sales-Sizzling/article/72763/">Archived</a> 2014-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> DMNews. 16 May 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allbusiness.com/buying-exiting-businesses/mergers-acquisitions/454710-1.html">Fifty years of candy: consolidation, clowns and confidence. <i>Candy Industry</i>, August 1, 1994</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Home Miracles of the 1950s</i> is thought to be the first filmed TV infomercial <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rm5IzzGPzQA">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vita-Mix Corporation</i>, Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/v/vita-mix-corporation">https://case.edu/ech/articles/v/vita-mix-corporation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"But Wait! There's More," article in Academia.edu Letters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/77820207/_But_wait_There_s_more_Papa_Bernard_and_the_first_TV_infomercial">https://www.academia.edu/77820207/_But_wait_There_s_more_Papa_Bernard_and_the_first_TV_infomercial</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischler1950" class="citation journal cs1">Fischler, Alan (August 26, 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovUDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Pitchmen Clean Up in Video; Knock PI Deals in the Head"</a>. <i>The Billboard</i>. <b>62</b> (34): 1, 8, 89<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Billboard&rft.atitle=Pitchmen+Clean+Up+in+Video%3B+Knock+PI+Deals+in+the+Head&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=1%2C+8%2C+89&rft.date=1950-08-26&rft.aulast=Fischler&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DovUDAAAAMBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiodiscussions.com/showthread.php?560904-How-Do-Infomercials-fullfill-the-public-interest/page3">"How Do Infomercials 'fullfill the public interest'?"</a>. <q>occasional infomercials for "Shop Smith" power tools</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Do+Infomercials+%27fullfill+the+public+interest%27%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiodiscussions.com%2Fshowthread.php%3F560904-How-Do-Infomercials-fullfill-the-public-interest%2Fpage3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJim_Auchmutey1983" class="citation news cs1">Jim Auchmutey (1983). "But wait, there's more! (Special Report)". <i><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising Age">Advertising Age</a></i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=But+wait%2C+there%27s+more%21+%28Special+Report%29&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Jim+Auchmutey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Deregulation of Radio</i>, 84 F.C.C.2d 968, 1007 (1981) (rescinding the FCC's policy banning program-length radio commercials.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/infomercial/98718/">"Infomercial | AdAge Encyclopedia of Advertising – AdAge"</a>. <i>adage.com</i>. September 15, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adage.com&rft.atitle=Infomercial+%7C+AdAge+Encyclopedia+of+Advertising+%E2%80%93+AdAge&rft.date=2003-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadage.com%2Farticle%2Fadage-encyclopedia%2Finfomercial%2F98718%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Revision of Programming and Commercialization, Policies, Ascertainment Requirements, and Program Log Requirements for Commercial Television Stations</i>, 98 F.C.C.2d 1075 (1984) (rescinding the FCC's policy banning program-length television commercials).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial_GFather.NBC-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_GFather.NBC_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcmiami.com/local/ntds-pitchman-billy-mays-more-popular-last-super-bowl-than-most-celebs-pal/1863739">"Pitchman Billy Mays Stole Celebs' Shine Last Super Bowl: Pal"</a>. 2 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pitchman+Billy+Mays+Stole+Celebs%27+Shine+Last+Super+Bowl%3A+Pal&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcmiami.com%2Flocal%2Fntds-pitchman-billy-mays-more-popular-last-super-bowl-than-most-celebs-pal%2F1863739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial_GFather.Pin-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_GFather.Pin_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_GFather.Pin_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Electronic Retailing Association co-founder Kevin Harrington claims the title 'Godfather of the infomercial'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial_90PC_airing.NYT1994-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_90PC_airing.NYT1994_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Saslow1994" class="citation news cs1">Linda Saslow (4 December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/04/nyregion/tv-infomercials-draw-mixed-reactions.html?pagewanted=2">"TV Infomercials Draw Mixed Reactions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TV+Infomercials+Draw+Mixed+Reactions&rft.date=1994-12-04&rft.au=Linda+Saslow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F12%2F04%2Fnyregion%2Ftv-infomercials-draw-mixed-reactions.html%3Fpagewanted%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial_Pitchman.AA-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_Pitchman.AA_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Renker1993" class="citation news cs1">Greg Renker (January 25, 1993). 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"Slow progress for all-infomercial channels". <i><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising Age">Advertising Age</a></i>. p. M11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=Slow+progress+for+all-infomercial+channels&rft.pages=M11&rft.date=1993-01-25&rft.au=Kathy+Haley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial_MiniPod.NYT2009-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_MiniPod.NYT2009_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_MiniPod.NYT2009_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Clifford2009" class="citation news cs1">Stephanie Clifford (January 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/business/media/26adco.html">"Infomercials Find Their Way to Television's Prime Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Infomercials+Find+Their+Way+to+Television%27s+Prime+Time&rft.date=2009-01-25&rft.au=Stephanie+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F26adco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial_Prozac.NYT2018-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_Prozac.NYT2018_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Williams2018" class="citation news cs1">Alex Williams (February 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/02/style/infomercials-television-prozac.html">"Remind Me, Why Was It That We Ever Watched Infomercials?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Remind+Me%2C+Why+Was+It+That+We+Ever+Watched+Infomercials%3F&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft.au=Alex+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F02%2F02%2Fstyle%2Finfomercials-television-prozac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAVE-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAVE_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.directv.com/see/landing/pax.html">"DIRECTV Satellite TV – Official Site – 1-800-490-4388"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ERA+Posting+on+2008%E2%80%932009+Rules+Changes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronicretailerblog.com%2Felectronic-retailer%2Fonly-you-can-prevent-changes-to-endorsements-and-testimonials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suicide-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suicide_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/dpp/news/justice/incarcerated-tv-pitchman-don-lapre-death-10-2-2011">KSAZ: "Incarcerated TV Pitchman Don Lapre Found Dead", October 3, 2011.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004021631/http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/dpp/news/justice/incarcerated-tv-pitchman-don-lapre-death-10-2-2011">Archived</a> October 4, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Num900.AdAgeTele93-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Num900.AdAgeTele93_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeal_Weinstock1993" class="citation news cs1">Neal Weinstock (January 25, 1993). "Telemarketing is a key element". <i><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising Age">Advertising Age</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">M13 –</span> <span class="nowrap">M14</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=Telemarketing+is+a+key+element&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EM13+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EM14%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1993-01-25&rft.au=Neal+Weinstock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-23-me-7097-story.html">"Critics Turn Up the Heat Over Frugal Gourmet's Style, Endorsements : Cooking: TV host Jeff Smith lambasted by food aficionados who say recipes aren't his--and aren't affordable. The popular author bites back"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a></i>. August 23, 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Critics+Turn+Up+the+Heat+Over+Frugal+Gourmet%27s+Style%2C+Endorsements+%3A+Cooking%3A+TV+host+Jeff+Smith+lambasted+by+food+aficionados+who+say+recipes+aren%27t+his--and+aren%27t+affordable.+The+popular+author+bites+back.&rft.date=1992-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-08-23-me-7097-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark_Howard2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark Howard (22 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clark.com/scams-rip-offs/tv-infomercial-pitchman-arrested">"TV infomercial pitchman arrested"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TV+infomercial+pitchman+arrested&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft.au=Clark+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclark.com%2Fscams-rip-offs%2Ftv-infomercial-pitchman-arrested&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Browse/Type-of-Resource/Worksheets/Search:infomercial">"Results for infomercial"</a>. <q>creating an infomercial-like pitch for a silly and useless object.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+for+infomercial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teacherspayteachers.com%2FBrowse%2FType-of-Resource%2FWorksheets%2FSearch%3Ainfomercial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ece.ucsb.edu/~parhami/pers_blog.htm">"Behrooz Parhami"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behrooz+Parhami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.ucsb.edu%2F~parhami%2Fpers_blog.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfltv.com/2008/post-newsweek-buys-wtvj">"Post Newsweek Buys WTVJ"</a>. <i>South Florida TV</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+TV&rft.atitle=Post+Newsweek+Buys+WTVJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfltv.com%2F2008%2Fpost-newsweek-buys-wtvj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snltranscripts.jt.org/75/75qbassamatic.phtml">"Bassomatic Transcript"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bassomatic+Transcript&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnltranscripts.jt.org%2F75%2F75qbassamatic.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/1794515/greatest-infomercial-parodies-all-time">"The Greatest Infomercial Parodies Of All Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fast_Company" title="Fast Company">Fast Company</a></i>. November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+Infomercial+Parodies+Of+All+Time&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F1794515%2Fgreatest-infomercial-parodies-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLori_Dorn2018" class="citation web cs1">Lori Dorn (February 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laughingsquid.com/do-it-the-right-way-infomercial-parody">"Do It the Right Way, A Funny Parody of Infomercials Featuring People Unable to Complete Simple Tasks"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+It+the+Right+Way%2C+A+Funny+Parody+of+Infomercials+Featuring+People+Unable+to+Complete+Simple+Tasks&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.au=Lori+Dorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaughingsquid.com%2Fdo-it-the-right-way-infomercial-parody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatches2022" class="citation web cs1">Patches, Matt (2022-12-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polygon.com/23501856/adult-swim-yule-log-casper-kelly-watch-the-fireplace">"Too Many Cooks' creator hid a horror movie in Adult Swim's yule log"</a>. <i>Polygon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=Too+Many+Cooks%27+creator+hid+a+horror+movie+in+Adult+Swim%27s+yule+log&rft.date=2022-12-12&rft.aulast=Patches&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F23501856%2Fadult-swim-yule-log-casper-kelly-watch-the-fireplace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonahue2014" class="citation news cs1">Donahue, Anne T. (2014-12-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/dec/17/adult-swim-new-mind-bending-infomercial">"Adult Swim unveils new mind-bending infomercial on prescription medicine"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Adult+Swim+unveils+new+mind-bending+infomercial+on+prescription+medicine&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=Anne+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2014%2Fdec%2F17%2Fadult-swim-new-mind-bending-infomercial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFModell2010" class="citation web cs1">Modell, Josh (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/david-cross-1798221900">"Interview – David Cross"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+%E2%80%93+David+Cross&rft.pub=The+A.V.+Club&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Modell&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Fdavid-cross-1798221900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/for-profit-online-university_n_4481451">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'This Isn't A Scam Like Real College'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i>. 2013-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=%27This+Isn%27t+A+Scam+Like+Real+College%27&rft.date=2013-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Ffor-profit-online-university_n_4481451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods2014-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods2014_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoods,_Baynard2014" class="citation news cs1">Woods, Baynard (January 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypaper.com/topic/bcp-cms-1-1608868-migrated-story-cp-20140101-aeart-20140101,0,7080858,full.story">"Wham City makes an infomercial"</a>. <i>Baltimore City Paper</i>. Times-Shamrock Communications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140213091325/http://citypaper.com/arts/stage/mr-roboto-1.1608868">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+City+Paper&rft.atitle=Wham+City+makes+an+infomercial&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.au=Woods%2C+Baynard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypaper.com%2Ftopic%2Fbcp-cms-1-1608868-migrated-story-cp-20140101-aeart-20140101%2C0%2C7080858%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Skinner2007" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. 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"The informercial begins a new era". <i><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising Age">Advertising Age</a></i>. p. M3. <q>drew 20 million viewers last fall</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=The+informercial+begins+a+new+era&rft.pages=M3&rft.date=1993-01-25&rft.au=Kathy+Haley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2000/02/08/infomercial-with-a-bang-nra-buys-airtime-on-ch-9-to-recruit-new-members">"Infomercial with a Bang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i>. February 8, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628174333/https://nypost.com/2000/02/08/infomercial-with-a-bang-nra-buys-airtime-on-ch-9-to-recruit-new-members">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Infomercial+with+a+Bang&rft.date=2000-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2000%2F02%2F08%2Finfomercial-with-a-bang-nra-buys-airtime-on-ch-9-to-recruit-new-members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1008/The_Obama_channel.html">"The Obama channel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002172121/http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1008/The_Obama_channel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Blass (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esic.edu/documentos/revistas/esicmk/070118_140251_I.pdf">"teleshopping"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Esic Market</i>. <b>37</b> (125): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esic+Market&rft.atitle=teleshopping&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=125&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2006-09&rft.au=S.+S.+Blass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esic.edu%2Fdocumentos%2Frevistas%2Fesicmk%2F070118_140251_I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial_Time.AA-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_Time.AA_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_Time.AA_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKathy_Haley1993" class="citation news cs1">Kathy Haley (January 25, 1993). 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How to Create Effective Infomercials"</a>, <i>Journal of Advertising Research</i>, 41 (6), 35-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brett A. S. Martin, Andrew Bhimy and Tom Agee (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basmartin.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Martin-Bhimy-and-Agee-2002.pdf">"Infomercials and Advertising Effectiveness: An Empirical Study"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327061213/http://www.basmartin.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Martin-Bhimy-and-Agee-2002.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Journal of Consumer Marketing</i>, 19 (6), 468-480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infomercial_Profitability.LATimes-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infomercial_Profitability.LATimes_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Logan1998" class="citation news cs1">Julie Logan (17 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-sep-17-ls-23430-story.html">"Oh, the Possibilities!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Oh%2C+the+Possibilities%21&rft.date=1998-09-17&rft.au=Julie+Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1998-sep-17-ls-23430-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infomercial&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNathanson2013" class="citation web cs1">Nathanson, Jon (November 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://priceonomics.com/the-economics-of-infomercials/">"The Economics of Infomercials"</a>. <i>Priceonomics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Priceonomics&rft.atitle=The+Economics+of+Infomercials&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft.aulast=Nathanson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpriceonomics.com%2Fthe-economics-of-infomercials%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfomercial" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_manipulation" title="Template talk:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_manipulation238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infomercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> and <br /> <a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_deepfake" title="Audio deepfake">audio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662452#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94000837">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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