CINXE.COM

National Institute of Standards and Technology

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/","20230331141206","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1680271926"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["gov-bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;(()=>{var e,t,r={9071:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>n});var n=0,i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);i&&(n=+i[1])},6562:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>v,Mt:()=>p,C5:()=>d,DL:()=>y,OP:()=>N,lF:()=>M,Yu:()=>A,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>f,GE:()=>w,sU:()=>R});var n={};r.r(n),r.d(n,{agent:()=>E,match:()=>D,version:()=>x});var i=r(6797),o=r(909),a=r(8610);class s{constructor(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,a.Z)("New setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,a.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");Object.assign(this,t),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;const n=(0,o.q)(t);n.length&&r&&"object"==typeof r&&n.forEach((e=>{e in r&&((0,a.Z)('"'.concat(e,'" is a protected attribute and can not be changed in feature ').concat(t,". It will have no effect.")),delete r[e])})),this[t]=r}))}catch(e){(0,a.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}}const c={beacon:i.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:i.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},u={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!u[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return u[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");u[e]=new s(t,c),(0,i.Qy)(e,u[e],"info")}const l={allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}},g={};function v(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!g[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return g[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");g[e]=new s(t,l),(0,i.Qy)(e,g[e],"config")}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=v(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const m={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},b={};function y(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!b[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return b[e]}function w(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");b[e]=new s(t,m),(0,i.Qy)(e,b[e],"loader_config")}const A=(0,i.mF)().o;var E=null,x=null;if(navigator.userAgent){var T=navigator.userAgent,_=T.match(/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/);_&&-1===T.indexOf("Chrome")&&-1===T.indexOf("Chromium")&&(E="Safari",x=_[1])}function D(e,t){if(!E)return!1;if(e!==E)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!x)return!1;for(var r=x.split("."),n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length;i++)if(n[i]!==r[i])return!1;return!0}var j=r(5526),P=r(2374);const k="NRBA_SESSION_ID";function O(){if(!P.il)return null;try{let e;return null===(e=window.sessionStorage.getItem(k))&&(e=(0,j.ky)(16),window.sessionStorage.setItem(k,e)),e}catch(e){return null}}var S=r(8226);const I=e=>({customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(P._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||P._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+P._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},sessionId:1==p(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")?O():null,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof P._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,userAgent:n,version:S.q}),C={};function N(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!C[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return C[e]}function R(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");C[e]=new s(t,I(e)),(0,i.Qy)(e,C[e],"runtime")}function M(e){return function(e){try{const t=d(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},8226:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{q:()=>n});const n="1228.PROD"},9557:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(8610);const i={agentIdentifier:""};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},4329:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(3752),i=r(7022),o=r(4045),a=r(2325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=Array.from(s[e]);function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)f(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},3752:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ee:()=>u});var n=r(6797),i=r(3916),o=r(7022),a=r(6562),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(){return new d}function l(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},g={},v=!1;try{v=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var h={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:m,get:A,listeners:w,context:p,buffer:E,abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:x,debugId:r,backlog:v?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return h;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,f):f()}function m(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=p(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;f<d;f++)s[f].apply(a,r);var l=T()[c[e]];return l&&l.push([h,e,r,a]),a}}function b(e,t){n[e]=w(e).concat(t)}function y(e,t){var r=n[e];if(r)for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)}function w(e){return n[e]||[]}function A(t){return g[t]=g[t]||e(h,t)}function E(e,t){var r=T();h.aborted||(0,o.D)(e,(function(e,n){t=t||"feature",c[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))}function x(e){return!!T()[c[e]]}function T(){return h.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=u)},9252:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(3752).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4045:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(9252);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},8544:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(2374);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}},5526:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Rl:()=>i,ky:()=>o});var n=r(2374);function i(){var e=null,t=0,r=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;function i(){return e?15&e[t++]:16*Math.random()|0}r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,a="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",s="",c=0;c<a.length;c++)s+="x"===(o=a[c])?i().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&i()|8).toString(16):o;return s}function o(e){var t=null,r=0,n=self.crypto||self.msCrypto;n&&n.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(t=n.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],o=0;o<e;o++)i.push(a().toString(16));return i.join("");function a(){return t?15&t[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}}},2053:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{B:()=>n,z:()=>i});const n=(new Date).getTime();function i(){return Math.round(performance.now())}},8283:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{B:()=>a,L:()=>s});var n=r(6562),i=r(2053),o={};function a(e,t,r){void 0===r&&(r=(0,i.z)()+(0,n.OP)(e).offset),o[e]=o[e]||{},o[e][t]=r}function s(e,t,r,n){const i=e.sharedContext.agentIdentifier;var a=o[i]?.[r],s=o[i]?.[n];void 0!==a&&void 0!==s&&e.store("measures",t,{value:s-a})}},2545:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>c});var n=r(9071),i=r(8544),o=r(8305),a=r(2374),s=r(6998);if(a.v6){a._A.cleanupTasks=[];const e=a._A.close;a._A.close=()=>{for(let e of a._A.cleanupTasks)e();e()}}function c(e,t){if(a.il)if(t)(0,s.N)(e,!0),(0,i.bP)("pagehide",e);else{var r=(0,o.Z)(e);!n.I||navigator.sendBeacon?(0,i.bP)("pagehide",r):(0,i.bP)("beforeunload",r),(0,i.bP)("unload",r)}else a.v6&&a._A.cleanupTasks.push(e)}},8610:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){console&&console.warn&&"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},3916:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},2374:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,lW:()=>a,v6:()=>i});const n=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document),i=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator);let o=(()=>{if(n)return window;if(i){if("undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return globalThis;if(self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return self}throw new Error('New Relic browser agent shutting down due to error: Unable to locate global scope. This is possibly due to code redefining browser global variables like "self" and "window".')})();function a(){return o}},7022:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t){var r=[],i="",o=0;for(i in e)n.call(e,i)&&(r[o]=t(i,e[i]),o+=1);return r}},8305:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>o});var n=r(8683),i=r.n(n);function o(e){var t,r=!1;return function(){return r?t:(r=!0,t=e.apply(this,i()(arguments)))}}},2438:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(3752);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},2650:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},6797:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(2053),i=r(2374);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},6998:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i,e:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1];return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t){if("hidden"!=document.visibilityState)return;e()}e(document.visibilityState)}))}function o(){return"hidden"===document.visibilityState?-1:1/0}},6034:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(2325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},2484:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewEvent},6382:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewTiming},1509:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>s});var n=r(6562),i=r(3752),o=r(2384),a=r(6797);class s{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1,this.checkConfiguration()}checkConfiguration(){if(!(0,n.lF)(this.agentIdentifier)){let e={...(0,a.gG)().info?.jsAttributes};try{e={...e,...(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier)?.jsAttributes}}catch(e){}(0,o.j)(this.agentIdentifier,{...(0,a.gG)(),info:{...(0,a.gG)().info,jsAttributes:e}})}}}},2384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>w});var n=r(8683),i=r.n(n),o=r(2325),a=r(6562),s=r(9252),c=r(7022),u=r(3752),d=r(2053),f=r(4329),l=r(2650),g=r(2374),v=r(8610),h=r(6034);function p(e){["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&e.api[t](...n)}))}(t,...n)}}))}var m=r(6797);const b={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa]};const y={};function w(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,w=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:A,info:E,loader_config:x,runtime:T={loaderType:n},exposed:_=!0}=t;const D=(0,m.gG)();let j={};return E||(A=D.init,E=D.info,x=D.loader_config,j=D),g.v6&&(E.jsAttributes={...E.jsAttributes,isWorker:!0}),(0,a.CX)(e,E),(0,a.Dg)(e,A||{}),(0,a.GE)(e,x||{}),(0,a.sU)(e,T),function(e,t,n){n||(0,f.R)(e,"api"),p(t);var m=u.ee.get(e),b=m.get("tracer"),y="api-",w=y+"ixn-";function A(){}(0,c.D)(["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],(function(e,r){t[r]=x(y,r,!0,"api")})),t.addPageAction=x(y,"addPageAction",!0,o.D.pageAction),t.setCurrentRouteName=x(y,"routeName",!0,o.D.spa),t.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,a.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/http://custom.transaction")+t,x(y,"setPageViewName",!0,"api")()},t.setCustomAttribute=function(t,r){const n=(0,a.C5)(e);return(0,a.CX)(e,{...n,jsAttributes:{...n.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(y,"setCustomAttribute",!0,"api")()},t.interaction=function(){return(new A).get()};var E=A.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},n=this,i="function"==typeof t;return(0,s.p)(w+"tracer",[(0,d.z)(),e,r],n,o.D.spa,m),function(){if(b.emit((i?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,d.z)(),n,i],r),i)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw b.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{b.emit("fn-end",[(0,d.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,n){return function(){return(0,s.p)(h.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,m),(0,s.p)(e+t,[(0,d.z)()].concat(i()(arguments)),r?null:this,n,m),r?void 0:this}}function T(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,5692)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,f.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,v.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}(0,c.D)("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),(function(e,t){E[t]=x(w,t,void 0,o.D.spa)})),t.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,s.p)(h.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,m),(0,s.p)("err",[e,(0,d.z)(),!1,t],void 0,o.D.jserrors,m)},g.v6?T():(0,l.b)((()=>T()),!0)}(e,j,w),(0,m.Qy)(e,D,"api"),(0,m.Qy)(e,_,"exposed"),(0,m.EZ)("activatedFeatures",y),(0,m.EZ)("setToken",(t=>function(e,t){var r=u.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&((0,c.D)(e,(function(e,t){if(!t)return(b[e]||[]).forEach((t=>{(0,s.p)("block-"+e,[],void 0,t,r)}));y[e]||((0,s.p)("feat-"+e,[],void 0,b[e],r),y[e]=!0)})),(0,f.L)(t,o.D.pageViewEvent))}(t,e))),j}},909:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>i,q:()=>o});var n=r(2325);function i(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}function o(e){return e===n.D.jserrors?[]:["auto"]}},2325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8}},8683:e=>{e.exports=function(e,t,r){t||(t=0),void 0===r&&(r=e?e.length:0);for(var n=-1,i=r-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++n<i;)o[n]=e[t+n];return o}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.n=e=>{var t=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return i.d(t,{a:t}),t},i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",193:"session_trace-aggregate",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",439:"async-api",729:"lazy-loader",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"1ef08094",147:"56d9a464",193:"ada8b15b",317:"64f61365",348:"ced8c919",439:"61caf4d9",729:"37550b27",786:"46b69e61",862:"e74e95d2",873:"7222cbb6",898:"e6085a9a"}[e]+"-1228.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var f=u[d];if(f.getAttribute("src")==r||f.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=f;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r),e[r]=[n];var l=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},g=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={653:0,227:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})();var o={};(()=>{"use strict";i.r(o);var e=i(2325),t=i(6562);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(2384),s=i(909),c=i(9252),u=i(2053),d=i(8283),f=i(4329),l=i(1509),g=i(2650),v=i(2374),h=i(8610);class p extends l.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.hasAggregator=!1,this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,n&&(0,f.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){if(this.hasAggregator||!this.auto)return;this.hasAggregator=!0;const e=async()=>{try{const{lazyLoader:e}=await i.e(729).then(i.bind(i,8110)),{Aggregate:t}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator)}catch(e){(0,h.Z)("Downloading ".concat(this.featureName," failed...")),this.abortHandler?.()}};v.v6?e():(0,g.b)((()=>e()),!0)}}var m,b,y,w=i(2484);class A extends p{constructor(e,r){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,w.t,n),(0,d.B)(e,"starttime",(0,t.OP)(e).offset),(0,d.B)(e,"firstbyte",u.B),(0,g.K)((()=>this.measureDomContentLoaded())),(0,g.b)((()=>this.measureWindowLoaded()),!0),this.importAggregator()}measureWindowLoaded(){var r=(0,u.z)();(0,d.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"onload",r+(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).offset),(0,c.p)("timing",["load",r],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}measureDomContentLoaded(){(0,d.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"domContent",(0,u.z)()+(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).offset)}}m=A,b="featureName",y=w.t,(b=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(b))in m?Object.defineProperty(m,b,{value:y,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):m[b]=y;var E=i(9557),x=i(7022);class T extends E.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,x.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=_(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,x.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=_(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=D(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=_(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=j(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function _(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=D(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function D(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function j(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,x.D)(e,P)}function P(e,t){return t}var k=i(6797),O=i(5526),S=i(2438);var I,C=i(6998),N=i(8544),R=i(6382),M=-1,B=function(e){addEventListener("pageshow",(function(t){t.persisted&&(M=t.timeStamp,e(t))}),!0)},L=function(){return window.performance&&performance.getEntriesByType&&performance.getEntriesByType("navigation")[0]},z=function(){var e=L();return e&&e.activationStart||0},V=function(e,t){var r=L(),n="navigate";return M>=0?n="back-forward-cache":r&&(n=document.prerendering||z()>0?"prerender":document.wasDiscarded?"restore":r.type.replace(/_/g,"-")),{name:e,value:void 0===t?-1:t,rating:"good",delta:0,entries:[],id:"v3-".concat(Date.now(),"-").concat(Math.floor(8999999999999*Math.random())+1e12),navigationType:n}},W=function(e,t,r){try{if(PerformanceObserver.supportedEntryTypes.includes(e)){var n=new PerformanceObserver((function(e){Promise.resolve().then((function(){t(e.getEntries())}))}));return n.observe(Object.assign({type:e,buffered:!0},r||{})),n}}catch(e){}},q=function(e,t,r,n){var i,o;return function(a){t.value>=0&&(a||n)&&((o=t.value-(i||0))||void 0===i)&&(i=t.value,t.delta=o,t.rating=function(e,t){return e>t[1]?"poor":e>t[0]?"needs-improvement":"good"}(t.value,r),e(t))}},Z=function(e){var t=function(t){"pagehide"!==t.type&&"hidden"!==document.visibilityState||e(t)};addEventListener("visibilitychange",t,!0),addEventListener("pagehide",t,!0)},H=function(e){document.prerendering?addEventListener("prerenderingchange",(function(){return e()}),!0):e()},F=(new Date,0),U=1/0,G=0,X=function(e){e.forEach((function(e){e.interactionId&&(U=Math.min(U,e.interactionId),G=Math.max(G,e.interactionId),F=G?(G-U)/7+1:0)}))},Q=function(){return I?F:performance.interactionCount||0},K=function(){"interactionCount"in performance||I||(I=W("event",X,{type:"event",buffered:!0,durationThreshold:0}))},Y=[200,500],J=0,$=function(){return Q()-J},ee=[],te={},re=function(e){var t=ee[ee.length-1],r=te[e.interactionId];if(r||ee.length<10||e.duration>t.latency){if(r)r.entries.push(e),r.latency=Math.max(r.latency,e.duration);else{var n={id:e.interactionId,latency:e.duration,entries:[e]};te[n.id]=n,ee.push(n)}ee.sort((function(e,t){return t.latency-e.latency})),ee.splice(10).forEach((function(e){delete te[e.id]}))}},ne=i(2545);class ie extends p{constructor(r,n){var i;let o=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,R.t,o),i=this,v.il){if(this.pageHiddenTime=(0,C.e)(),this.performanceObserver,this.lcpPerformanceObserver,this.clsPerformanceObserver,this.fiRecorded=!1,"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){this.performanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return i.perfObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.performanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(e){}this.lcpPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return i.lcpObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.lcpPerformanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(e){}this.clsPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return i.clsObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.clsPerformanceObserver.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(e){}}this.fiRecorded=!1;["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"].forEach((e=>{(0,N.iz)(e,(function(){return i.captureInteraction(...arguments)}))})),function(e,t){t=t||{},H((function(){K();var r,n=V("INP"),i=function(e){e.forEach((function(e){e.interactionId&&re(e),"first-input"===e.entryType&&!ee.some((function(t){return t.entries.some((function(t){return e.duration===t.duration&&e.startTime===t.startTime}))}))&&re(e)}));var t,i=(t=Math.min(ee.length-1,Math.floor($()/50)),ee[t]);i&&i.latency!==n.value&&(n.value=i.latency,n.entries=i.entries,r())},o=W("event",i,{durationThreshold:t.durationThreshold||40});r=q(e,n,Y,t.reportAllChanges),o&&(o.observe({type:"first-input",buffered:!0}),Z((function(){i(o.takeRecords()),n.value<0&&$()>0&&(n.value=0,n.entries=[]),r(!0)})),B((function(){ee=[],J=Q(),n=V("INP"),r=q(e,n,Y,t.reportAllChanges)})))}))}((t=>{let{name:r,value:n,id:i}=t;(0,c.p)("timing",[r.toLowerCase(),n,{metricId:i}],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)})),!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"page_view_timing.long_task")&&(e=>{const t=t=>{t.forEach((t=>{const r={name:"LT",value:t.duration,info:{ltFrame:t.name,ltStart:t.startTime,ltCtr:t.attribution[0].containerType}};"window"!==r.info.ltCtr&&Object.assign(r.info,{ltCtrSrc:t.attribution[0].containerSrc,ltCtrId:t.attribution[0].containerId,ltCtrName:t.attribution[0].containerName}),e(r)}))};let r;try{PerformanceObserver.supportedEntryTypes.includes("longtask")&&(r=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{Promise.resolve().then((()=>{t(e.getEntries())}))})),r.observe({type:"longtask",buffered:!0}))}catch(e){}r&&(0,ne.L)((()=>{t(r.takeRecords())}),!0)})((t=>{let{name:r,value:n,info:i}=t;(0,c.p)("timing",[r.toLowerCase(),n,i],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)})),(0,C.N)((()=>{this.pageHiddenTime=(0,u.z)(),(0,c.p)("docHidden",[this.pageHiddenTime],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}),!0),(0,N.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,c.p)("winPagehide",[(0,u.z)()],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee))),this.importAggregator()}}perfObserver(t,r){t.getEntries().forEach((t=>{"first-paint"===t.name?(0,c.p)("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&(0,c.p)("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}lcpObserver(t,r){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var i=n[n.length-1];if(this.pageHiddenTime<i.startTime)return;var o=[i],a=this.addConnectionAttributes({});a&&o.push(a),(0,c.p)("lcp",o,void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}clsObserver(t){t.getEntries().forEach((t=>{t.hadRecentInput||(0,c.p)("cls",[t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}addConnectionAttributes(e){var t=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(t)return t.type&&(e["net-type"]=t.type),t.effectiveType&&(e["net-etype"]=t.effectiveType),t.rtt&&(e["net-rtt"]=t.rtt),t.downlink&&(e["net-dlink"]=t.downlink),e}captureInteraction(r){if(r instanceof t.Yu.EV&&!this.fiRecorded){var n=Math.round(r.timeStamp),i={type:r.type};this.addConnectionAttributes(i);const o=(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).offset;n<=(0,u.z)()?i.fid=(0,u.z)()-n:n>o&&n<=Date.now()?(n-=o,i.fid=(0,u.z)()-n):n=(0,u.z)(),this.fiRecorded=!0,(0,c.p)("timing",["fi",n,i],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(ie,"featureName",R.t);const oe={dedicated:Boolean(v._A?.Worker),shared:Boolean(v._A?.SharedWorker),service:Boolean(v._A?.navigator?.serviceWorker)};let ae,se,ce;var ue=i(6034);class de extends p{constructor(t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(t,r,ue.t9,n),function(e){if(!ae){if(oe.dedicated){ae=Worker;try{v._A.Worker=r(ae,"Dedicated")}catch(e){o(e,"Dedicated")}if(oe.shared){se=SharedWorker;try{v._A.SharedWorker=r(se,"Shared")}catch(e){o(e,"Shared")}}else n("Shared");if(oe.service){ce=navigator.serviceWorker.register;try{v._A.navigator.serviceWorker.register=(t=ce,function(){for(var e=arguments.length,r=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)r[n]=arguments[n];return i("Service",r[1]?.type),t.apply(navigator.serviceWorker,r)})}catch(e){o(e,"Service")}}else n("Service");var t;return}n("All")}function r(e,t){return"undefined"==typeof Proxy?e:new Proxy(e,{construct:(e,r)=>(i(t,r[1]?.type),new e(...r))})}function n(t){v.v6||e("Workers/".concat(t,"/Unavailable"))}function i(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(t,"module"===r?"/Module":"/Classic"))}function o(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(r,"/SM/Unsupported")),(0,h.Z)("NR Agent: Unable to capture ".concat(r," workers."),t)}}((t=>(0,c.p)(ue.xS,[t],void 0,e.D.metrics,this.ee))),this.importAggregator()}}!function(e,t,r){(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=r}(de,"featureName",ue.t9),new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,O.ky)(16);this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new T({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=Array.from(this.desiredFeatures);i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const e=(0,s.Z)(t.featureName),n=e.every((e=>r[e]));n||(0,h.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,S.P)(e),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,k.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,h.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,k.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[A,ie,de],loaderType:"lite"})})(),window.NRBA=o})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-66610693-3"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {cookie_flags: 'SameSite=None;Secure'});gtag("config", "UA-66610693-3", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "UA-33523145-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","node_id":"783411","content_type":"Homepage"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/"/> <meta name="description" content="NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life."/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> <meta name="dcterms.subject" content="Working with industry and science to advance innovation and improve quality of life."/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/national-institute-standards-and-technology"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2023-03-29T11:49-04:00"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/"/> <meta property="og:title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> <meta property="og:description" content="NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg"/> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="9802F04AC0DBFA09E639BA8F2E349685"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life."/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2023-03-29T11:49:00-04:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "name": "NIST", "description": "NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg", "width": "220", "height": "220" }, "datePublished": "2016-03-24T14:44-04:00", "dateModified": "2023-03-29T11:49-04:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="homepage"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>National Institute of Standards and Technology</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230331141206cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_F2gAVVlSdR3arDUpXp31o79SNgjcEodwd2bnXsnktzU.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230331141206cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_gD8QmGaNfUQuThtjB-S0EwEOZZNJP1QfUU1bDdLHbMU.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20230331141206cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230331141206cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230331141206cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_5dO2pvq9gBcdPtT0dDrFb-wrlOiMd87DA48JqjE9tZA.css"/> <script src="/web/20230331141206js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_VDwaIMNiRtzQn-NZvj1F9loIzJ-i4yEDiruzS8Z6Ejo.js"></script> </head> <body class="node-783411"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> <div data-elastic-exclude> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/national-institute-standards-and-technology</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--full" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="usa-nav__secondary"> <ul class="usa-nav__secondary-links"> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/careers">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/shop">Shop</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs &amp; Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools &amp; Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services &amp; Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License &amp; Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News &amp; Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/director/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget &amp; Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="bg-base-darkest"> <div class="nist-hero nist-hero--homepage grid-row"> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet-lg:grid-col-6 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/ai-could-set-new-bar-designing-hurricane-resistant-buildings"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.webp?itok=D481la4A 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1600w_x_800h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.webp?itok=5579PDcZ 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="800" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.webp?itok=tQbEVHx4 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.webp?itok=rQX3Zs1G 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.webp?itok=Qxpb_6Jq 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.webp?itok=u5Y5x7vh 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="240"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.png?itok=D481la4A 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1600w_x_800h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.png?itok=5579PDcZ 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/png" width="800" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.png?itok=tQbEVHx4 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.png?itok=rQX3Zs1G 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.png?itok=Qxpb_6Jq 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.png?itok=u5Y5x7vh 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png" width="480" height="240"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.png?itok=D481la4A" width="800" height="400" alt="A computer window depicts an overhead view of an Atlantic hurricane making landfall on the U.S. East Coast." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/ai-could-set-new-bar-designing-hurricane-resistant-buildings"> <div class="text">AI Could Set a New Bar for Designing Hurricane-Resistant Buildings</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/ada-lovelace-worlds-first-computer-programmer-who-predicted-artificial"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.webp?itok=aAbPsjRN 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800_x_800/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.webp?itok=CvL5mt-Z 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.webp?itok=1hGvVwiL 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.webp?itok=JW11aed8 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.webp?itok=dSI1Rd_5 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.webp?itok=qb5rEaq3 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="240"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.jpg?itok=aAbPsjRN 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800_x_800/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.jpg?itok=CvL5mt-Z 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/jpeg" width="400" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.jpg?itok=1hGvVwiL 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.jpg?itok=JW11aed8 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.jpg?itok=dSI1Rd_5 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.jpg?itok=qb5rEaq3 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/jpeg" width="480" height="240"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2023/03/15/justyna%20zwolak%20and%20daughter%20ada%20lovelace%20whm%20032223.jpg?itok=aAbPsjRN" width="400" height="400" alt="NIST researcher Justyna Zwolak reads a book about Ada Lovelace to her young daughter" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/ada-lovelace-worlds-first-computer-programmer-who-predicted-artificial"> <div class="text">Ada Lovelace: The World’s First Computer Programmer Who Predicted Artificial Intelligence</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/open/year-open-science"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.webp?itok=AKKVy1zD 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800_x_800/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.webp?itok=nM4FeQxc 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.webp?itok=3QDNXwLb 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.webp?itok=75mWuQ9U 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.webp?itok=9bMlmiMM 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.webp?itok=is2nOKOe 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="240"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.png?itok=AKKVy1zD 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800_x_800/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.png?itok=nM4FeQxc 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/png" width="400" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.png?itok=3QDNXwLb 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.png?itok=75mWuQ9U 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.png?itok=9bMlmiMM 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.png?itok=is2nOKOe 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png" width="480" height="240"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2023/01/06/YOS.png?itok=AKKVy1zD" width="400" height="400" alt="Year of Open Science logo showing scientific symbols above fluttering pages of a book" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/open/year-open-science"> <div class="text">NIST Celebrates the Year of Open Science</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-primary-lighter padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-slogan"> <h2 class="nist-slogan__title">INNOVATION UNLEASHED</h2> <p class="nist-slogan__content">Working with industry and academia to enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.</p> </div> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4 margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--primary nist-card--title-overlay tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-225.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-600.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-1200.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-225.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-600.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-1200.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-1200.png?v1" width="1200" height="976" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__title "> <h3>Services &amp; Resources</h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <ul class="add-list-reset"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://csrc.nist.gov/">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/data">Data</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/http://www.time.gov/">Official U.S. Time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software">Software</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--primary nist-card--title-overlay tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-225.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-600.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-1200.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-225.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-600.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-1200.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-1200.png?v1" width="1200" height="976" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__title "> <h3>Laboratories</h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <ul class="add-list-reset"> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/ctl">Communications Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/el">Engineering Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/itl">Information Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/mml">Material Measurement Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/pml">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--primary nist-card--title-overlay tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-225.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-600.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-1200.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-225.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-600.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-1200.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-1200.png?v1" width="1200" height="976" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__title "> <h3>Extramural Programs</h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <ul class="add-list-reset"> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/mep">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.manufacturingusa.com/" class="ext extlink">Manufacturing USA<span class="ext" aria-label="(link is external)"></span></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap">NVLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/tpo">Technology Transfer</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="chips-banner"> <div class="grid-container padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4 flex-align-center"> <div class="tablet:grid-col chips-banner__title"> <h2 class="margin-y-1"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/chips" title="Learn more at chips.gov">CHIPS <span class="text-italic">for</span> America</a></h2> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-auto chips-banner__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/chips" title="Learn more at chips.gov"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/chips_logo_mark.webp?v1" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/chips_logo_mark.png?v1" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/chips_logo_mark.png?v1" alt="CHIPS.gov logo" width="100" height="76" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col chips-banner__text"> <div class="maxw-mobile margin-x-auto tablet:margin-left-0"> Investments in innovation, resilience and a more competitive American future | <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/chips" title="Learn more at chips.gov" class="chips-banner__more">Learn more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-base-lightest padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-container"> <h2 class="nist-block__title nist-block__title--no-border text-accent-cool text-center font-body-xl">Featured Topics</h2> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/ai.png?v1" alt="Artificial Intelligence" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/climate"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/environment.png?v1" alt="Climate" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/climate">Climate</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/communications.png?v1" alt="Communications" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications">Communications</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/cybersecurity.png?v1" alt="Cybersecurity" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/health-bioscience"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/health.png?v1" alt="Health &amp; Bioscience" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/health-bioscience">Health &amp; Bioscience</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/infrastructure.png?v1" alt="Infrastructure" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/manufacturing.png?v1" alt="Manufacturing" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/quantum-information-science"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/quantum_science2.png?v1" alt="Quantum Science" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/quantum-information-science">Quantum Science</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-primary-lighter padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-container"> <h2 class="nist-block__title nist-block__title--no-border text-primary text-center font-body-xl">Standards &amp; Measurements</h2> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full nist-card--primary-lighter margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp" width="1160" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop1x.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop2x.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="1160" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.jpg 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/jpg" width="1160" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop1x.jpg 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop2x.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/jpg" width="680" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.jpg 1x, /web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/jpg" width="1160" height="800"> <img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.jpg" width="1160" height="800" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <p class="mobile-lg:margin-top-neg-105 font-sans-md">NIST’s portfolio of services for measurements, standards, and legal metrology provide solutions that ensure measurement traceability, enable quality assurance, and harmonize documentary standards and regulatory practices.</p> <ul class="add-list-reset margin-top-4"> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--measure"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Calibrations</div></a></li> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/documentary-standards" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--file-text2"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Documentary Standards</div></a></li> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--file-binary"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Standard Reference Data</div></a></li> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--prescription"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Standard Reference Materials</div></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6 margin-top-4"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">News</h2> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-42d0c619e58894d57883fbb02f473f1450ac500840074945c9faaf46e68d6a2c"> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2023/03/ai-could-set-new-bar-designing-hurricane-resistant-buildings" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/ai-could-set-new-bar-designing-hurricane-resistant-buildings" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/03/29/AtlanticHurricane_MachineLearning_960x600_v1_Option_B.png?itok=quwvyIx4" width="100" height="63" alt="A computer window depicts an overhead view of an Atlantic hurricane making landfall on the U.S. East Coast." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/ai-could-set-new-bar-designing-hurricane-resistant-buildings"><span property="schema:name">AI Could Set a New Bar for Designing Hurricane-Resistant Buildings</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-03-29T12:00:00Z">March 29, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary">Determining the right level of winds to design for is tricky business, but support from artificial intelligence may offer a simple solution.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2023/03/your-cybersecurity-strategy-falling-victim-these-6-common-pitfalls" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/your-cybersecurity-strategy-falling-victim-these-6-common-pitfalls" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/01/27/CyberSecurityPitalls_960x600_v4_HeaderImage_words_Gators.png?itok=Li4iD19E" width="100" height="63" alt="A person prepares to swing on a vine above a pit, where a crocodile labeled “misconceptions” awaits with open jaws." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/your-cybersecurity-strategy-falling-victim-these-6-common-pitfalls"><span property="schema:name">Is Your Cybersecurity Strategy Falling Victim to These 6 Common Pitfalls?</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-03-20T12:00:00Z">March 20, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary">NIST research reveals misconceptions that can affect security professionals — and offers solutions.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2023/03/cracking-metal-3d-printing-conundrum-researchers-propel-technology-toward" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/cracking-metal-3d-printing-conundrum-researchers-propel-technology-toward" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/03/20/1-s2.0-S1359645423000459-gr3_lrg_NIST_rev.png?itok=ly_fJYPu" width="100" height="42" alt="Diagram shows X-rays diffraction during 3D printing, with colorized microscopic image showing the orientation of different grains within the material." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/cracking-metal-3d-printing-conundrum-researchers-propel-technology-toward"><span property="schema:name">By Cracking a Metal 3D-Printing Conundrum, Researchers Propel the Technology Toward Widespread Application</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-03-20T12:00:00Z">March 20, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary">Gaps in our understanding of what happens within metal during the process have made results inconsistent. But a new breakthrough could grant an unprecedented</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2023/03/animal-tranquilizer-floods-illicit-drug-markets-maryland" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/animal-tranquilizer-floods-illicit-drug-markets-maryland" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/02/28/ed_sisco_dart_machine.jpg?itok=6Yuxm-Q0" width="100" height="67" alt="A person in a baseball cap and face mask stands at a computer surrounded by scientific equipment, including a curving black plastic tube." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/animal-tranquilizer-floods-illicit-drug-markets-maryland"><span property="schema:name">Animal Tranquilizer Floods Illicit Drug Markets in Maryland</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-03-16T12:00:00Z">March 16, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary">NIST study shows alarming changes in the illegal drug supply.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="more-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/search">View All News</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Events</h2> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-e646878c86d392924f0b05aab9a9f9f8fb33345f049d1c54e5ce2339e4907815"> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/events/2023/04/nist-hosted-workshop-collaborative-efforts-enable-adoption-rapid" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/04/nist-hosted-workshop-collaborative-efforts-enable-adoption-rapid" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/10/20/RMTM-identifier-300ppi.png?itok=7lShTOXG" width="100" height="74" alt="RMTM Identifier " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/04/nist-hosted-workshop-collaborative-efforts-enable-adoption-rapid"><span>NIST-Hosted Workshop on Collaborative Efforts to Enable Adoption of Rapid Microbial Testing Methods for Advanced Therapy Products</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Tue, Apr 25 2023, 9:00am - 5:00pm EDT</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">Workshop Goal Identify opportunities for leveraging and coordinating ongoing and future efforts on rapid microbial</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/events/2023/05/2023-ccm-imeko-tc16-7th-international-conference-pressure-and-vacuum" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/05/2023-ccm-imeko-tc16-7th-international-conference-pressure-and-vacuum" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/02/10/ccm_imeko.png?itok=n4QRN3oK" width="100" height="100" alt="CCM IMEKO Logo" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/05/2023-ccm-imeko-tc16-7th-international-conference-pressure-and-vacuum"><span>2023 CCM &amp; IMEKO TC16 7th International Conference on Pressure and Vacuum Metrology</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Mon, May 15 - Fri, May 19 2023</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">Announcing the 7th CCM International Conference on Pressure and Vacuum Metrology in conjunction with the 7th</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/events/2023/07/29th-chrns-school-methods-and-applications-neutron-spectroscopy" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/07/29th-chrns-school-methods-and-applications-neutron-spectroscopy"><span>29th CHRNS School on Methods and Applications of Neutron Spectroscopy</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Mon, Jul 17 - Fri, Jul 21 2023</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">The twenty-ninth annual Center for High Resolution Neutron Scattering (CHRNS) "29th CHRNS School on Methods and</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/events/2023/09/standards-and-performance-metrics-road-automated-vehicles-workshop" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/09/standards-and-performance-metrics-road-automated-vehicles-workshop" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/03/28/StandardsPerfMetrics_Img%202023_v1.png?itok=-n1SPs4S" width="100" height="67" alt="Auto Vehicle Workshop" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/09/standards-and-performance-metrics-road-automated-vehicles-workshop"><span>Standards and Performance Metrics for On-Road Automated Vehicles Workshop</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Tue, Sep 5 - Fri, Sep 8 2023</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">On-road automated vehicles (AVs) are expected to significantly influence key aspects of everyday life. However, these</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="more-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/event-archive">View Past Events</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/upcoming-events">View All Upcoming Events</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20230331141206im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/national-institute-standards-and-technology" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/783411","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":true,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"UA-66610693-3","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip","trackDomainMode":1},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"582eea317b4636ab5a0dffc8c6a006df3d6901ea5610498a0bbefc925ea1da0f"}}</script> <script src="/web/20230331141206js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_dG5pyVHTYhWTK7iXaYCpguxdQ71-pK7kPlPb9CgjiE8.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331141206js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20230331141206js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_pNVfZsayhmcWfLkfQb1BNoc1BYb4_w2PYoDmrCTgOmg.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":3,"applicationTime":34,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 14:12:06 Mar 31, 2023 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 01:27:10 Nov 25, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.789 exclusion.robots: 0.035 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.022 esindex: 0.012 cdx.remote: 79.837 LoadShardBlock: 583.757 (6) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 479.477 (5) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 167.363 (7) load_resource: 195.275 -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10