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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A group of Ethiopian Jews who converted to Christianity</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1862BetaIsraelPreach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1862BetaIsraelPreach.jpg/250px-1862BetaIsraelPreach.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1862BetaIsraelPreach.jpg/375px-1862BetaIsraelPreach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1862BetaIsraelPreach.jpg/500px-1862BetaIsraelPreach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Missionary <a href="/wiki/Henry_Aaron_Stern" title="Henry Aaron Stern">Henry Aaron Stern</a> preaches Christianity to Beta Israel.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Falash Mura</b> is the name given to descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> who converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, primarily as a consequence of Western <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christianity)">proselytization</a> during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This term also includes <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> who did not adhere to any <a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Ethiopian Jewish practices</a>, as well as the aforementioned historical converts to Christianity. While most voluntarily converted, some were also <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">forcibly converted against their will</a>, or felt compelled to convert due to economic hardship and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a> in a majority Christian population. </p><p>Many have made it to Israel but there are around 12,000 members of the Beta Israel communities in Addis Ababa and Gondar who are awaiting <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a>, according to community records and lists compiled by SSEJ,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are in the hands of Israel's Ministry of the Interior.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of around 2010, Israeli officials claimed that many of the Falash Mura converted back to Judaism once safely out of Africa, however activists claimed that most Falash Mura converted to Christianity permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falasha_gondar_injera_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Falasha_gondar_injera_2006.jpg/250px-Falasha_gondar_injera_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Falasha_gondar_injera_2006.jpg/375px-Falasha_gondar_injera_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Falasha_gondar_injera_2006.jpg/500px-Falasha_gondar_injera_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Falash Mura woman making <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a> in 1996.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falash_Mura_kid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Falash_Mura_kid.jpg/250px-Falash_Mura_kid.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Falash_Mura_kid.jpg/375px-Falash_Mura_kid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Falash_Mura_kid.jpg/500px-Falash_Mura_kid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Falash Mura child, 2005</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falash_Mura&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel#Terminology" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel § Terminology</a></div> <p>The original term the Beta Israel gave to the converts was <i>Faras Muqra</i> "horse of the raven", in which the word "horse" refers to the converts and the word "raven" refers to the missionary <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Martin_Flad" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Martin Flad">Johann Martin Flad</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Mission" title="Basel Mission">Basel Mission</a>, who used to wear black clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbink1984_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbink1984-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term derived the additional names <i>Falas Muqra</i>, <i>Faras Mura</i> and <i>Falas Mura</i>. In Hebrew, the term <i>Falash Mura</i> or <i>Falashmura</i> is probably a result of confusion over the use of the term <i>Faras Muqra</i> and its derivatives, and based on <a href="/wiki/False_cognate" title="False cognate">false cognate</a>, it was given the Hebrew meaning <i>Falashim Mumarim</i> "converted Falashas". </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>, the original language of the Betä Israel, Falasha means "cut off" or "exiled" or "immigrants". This term was coined due to the Betä Israel's resistance to converting to Christianity, which may have led to their internal exile in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term Falash Mura has no clear origin, but the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a> suggests that the term may come from one of the <a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Agaw languages</a> and means "someone who changes their faith."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Falash_Mura_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Falash_Mura-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falash_Mura&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Aaron_Stern" title="Henry Aaron Stern">Henry Aaron Stern</a>, a Jewish convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, traveled to Ethiopia in an attempt to convert the Beta Israel community to Christianity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_Christianity">Conversion to Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falash_Mura&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conversion to Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For years, Jews were unable to own land and were often persecuted by the Christian majority of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Jews were afraid to touch non-Jews because they believed non-Jews were not pure, which also ostracized them from their Christian neighbors. For this reason, many Ethiopian Jews converted to Christianity to seek a better life in Ethiopia. The Jewish Agency's Ethiopia emissary, Asher Seyum, says the Falash Mura "converted in the 19th and 20th century, when Jewish relations with Christian rulers soured. Regardless, many kept ties with their Jewish brethren and were never fully accepted into the Christian communities. When word spread about the <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a>, many thousands of Falash Mura left their villages for <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, assuming they counted."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Achefer" title="Achefer">Achefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia" title="Districts of Ethiopia">district</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Gojjam_Zone" title="West Gojjam Zone">West Gojjam Zone</a>, roughly 1,000–2,000 families of Beta Israel were found.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may be other such regions in Ethiopia with significant Jewish enclaves, which would raise the total population to more than 50,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Judaism">Return to Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falash_Mura&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Return to Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Falash Mura did not refer to themselves as members of the Beta Israel, the name for the Ethiopian Jewish community, until after the first wave of immigration to Israel. Beta Israel by ancestry, the Falash Mura believe they have just as much of a right to return to Israel as the Beta Israel themselves. <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">the Sefardic Chief Rabbi of Israel</a>, a significant player in the first wave of Beta Israel immigration to Israel, declared in 2002 that the Falash Mura had converted out of fear and persecution and therefore should be considered Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Falash_Mura_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Falash_Mura-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aliyah_to_Israel">Aliyah to Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falash_Mura&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aliyah to Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, Falash Mura who move to Israel must undergo conversion on arrival, making it increasingly more difficult for them to get situated into Israeli society. The Beta Israel who immigrated and made Aliyah through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Moses" title="Operation Moses">Operation Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">Operation Solomon</a> were not required to undergo conversion because they were accepted as Jews under the Law of Return. </p><p>On February 16, 2003, the Israeli government applied Resolution 2958 to the Falash Mura, which grants maternal descendants of Beta Israel the right to immigrate to Israel under the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> and to obtain citizenship if they convert to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falash_Mura&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, both Israeli and Ethiopian groups dispute the Falash Mura's religious and political status.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israeli government fears that these people are just using Judaism as an excuse to leave Ethiopia in efforts to improve their lives in a new country. Right-wing member of the Israeli Knesset <a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Smotrich" title="Bezalel Smotrich">Bezalel Smotrich</a> was quoted saying, "This practice will develop into a demand to bring more and more family members not included in the Law of Return. It will open the door to an endless extension of a family chain from all over the world," he wrote, according to Kan. "How can the state explain in the High Court the distinction it makes between the Falashmura and the rest of the world?"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the government has threatened to stop all efforts to bring these people to Israel, they have still continued to address the issue. In 2018, the Israeli government allowed 1,000 Falash Mura to immigrate to Israel. However, members of the Ethiopian community say the process for immigration approval is poorly executed and inaccurate, dividing families. At least 80 percent of the tribe members in Ethiopia say they have first-degree relatives living in Israel, and some have been waiting for 20 years to immigrate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falash_Mura&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">History of the Jews in Ethiopia</a>, for a general overview of historical Judaism in the region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a>, a similar group thought to predate the conversions of the Falash Mura, and possibly pre-dating the widespread Christianization of Ethiopia. A more <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> religious group, with a mix of (presumably) pre-Christian pagan, Judaic, and Christian elements. They consider themselves Jews, despite their lack of acceptance by the majority of either the Beta Israel and Ethiopian Christians.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falash_Mura&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssej.org/">"Home 2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssej.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/immigration-minister-arrives-in-ethiopia-to-airlift-500-jews-to-israel/">"HaTikvah Association and SSEJ cited in Times of Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=HaTikvah+Association+and+SSEJ+cited+in+Times+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fimmigration-minister-arrives-in-ethiopia-to-airlift-500-jews-to-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-falash-mura">"The Falash Mura"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=The+Falash+Mura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-falash-mura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbink1984-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbink1984_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbbink1984" class="citation book cs1">Abbink, Gerrit Jan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLgwAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Falashas in Ethiopia and Israel: the problem of ethnic assimilation</i></a>. Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789090008202" title="Special:BookSources/9789090008202"><bdi>9789090008202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Falashas+in+Ethiopia+and+Israel%3A+the+problem+of+ethnic+assimilation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Institute+for+Cultural+and+Social+Anthropology&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9789090008202&rft.aulast=Abbink&rft.aufirst=Gerrit+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLgwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span> Can also be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817212559/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2927/c481a041498c8b49b1a0d3af0718350b1f19.pdf">here</a> and archived <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817181753/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2927/c481a041498c8b49b1a0d3af0718350b1f19.pdf?_ga=2.248560263.1679580077.1597688230-1557791512.1597688230">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMessing1956" class="citation web cs1">Messing, Simon D. (1956-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/simon-messing/journey-to-the-falashas-ethiopias-black-jews/">"Journey to the Falashas: Ethiopia's Black Jews"</a>. <i>Commentary Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=Journey+to+the+Falashas%3A+Ethiopia%E2%80%99s+Black+Jews&rft.date=1956-07-01&rft.aulast=Messing&rft.aufirst=Simon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fsimon-messing%2Fjourney-to-the-falashas-ethiopias-black-jews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerruchon" class="citation web cs1">Perruchon, J.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5987-falashas">"FALASHAS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=FALASHAS&rft.aulast=Perruchon&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5987-falashas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Falash_Mura-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Falash_Mura_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Falash_Mura_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-falash-mura">"The Falash Mura"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Falash+Mura&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-falash-mura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerger2013" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Miriam (9 August 2013). "The Last Jews of Ethiopia". <i>Forward</i>. p. 17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1474180933">1474180933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forward&rft.atitle=The+Last+Jews+of+Ethiopia&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbbink1990" class="citation journal cs1">Abbink, Jon (1990). "The Enigma of Beta Esra'el Ethnogenesis. An Anthro-Historical Study". <i>Cahiers d'études africaines</i>. <b>30</b> (120): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1990.1592">10.3406/cea.1990.1592</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F9021">1887/9021</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%A9tudes+africaines&rft.atitle=The+Enigma+of+Beta+Esra%27el+Ethnogenesis.+An+Anthro-Historical+Study.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=120&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E397-%3C%2Fspan%3E449&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F9021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcea.1990.1592&rft.aulast=Abbink&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/plight-ethiopian-jews">"The Plight of Ethiopian Jews"</a>. <i>www.culturalsurvival.org</i>. 11 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.culturalsurvival.org&rft.atitle=The+Plight+of+Ethiopian+Jews&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fpublications%2Fcultural-survival-quarterly%2Fplight-ethiopian-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305071957/http://www.iaej.co.il/newsite/Data/UploadedFiles/SitePages_File/73-sFile.pdf">"Falashmura aliyah - follow-up report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hebrew). Israeli Association for Ethiopian Jews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaej.co.il/newsite/Data/UploadedFiles/SitePages_File/73-sFile.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Falashmura+aliyah+-+follow-up+report&rft.pub=Israeli+Association+for+Ethiopian+Jews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaej.co.il%2Fnewsite%2FData%2FUploadedFiles%2FSitePages_File%2F73-sFile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/cabinet-approves-immigration-of-1000-ethiopian-falashmura-to-israel/">"Cabinet approves immigration of 1,000 Ethiopian Falashmura to Israel"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Cabinet+approves+immigration+of+1%2C000+Ethiopian+Falashmura+to+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fcabinet-approves-immigration-of-1000-ethiopian-falashmura-to-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalash+Mura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falash_Mura&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="סמואל גובאט (page does not exist)">Samuel Gobat</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4q8AAAAAcAAJ"><i>Journal of a three years' residence in Abyssinia: in furtherance of the objects of the Church Missionary Society</i></a>, Hatchard & Son; and Seeley & Sons, 1834</li> <li>Henry Aaron Stern, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wanderingsamong01stergoog"><i>Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia: Together with Descriptions of the Country and Its Various Inhabitants</i></a>, Wertheim, Macintosh, and Hunt, 1862</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="מרטין פלאד (page does not exist)">Johann Martin Flad</a>, <i>The Falashas (Jews) of Abyssinia</i>, W. Macintosh, 1869</li> <li>Eric Payne, <i>Ethiopian Jews: the story of a mission</i>, Olive Press, 1972</li> <li>Steven Kaplan, "The Beta Israel (Falasha) Encounter with Protestant Missionaries: 1860-1905", <i>Jewish Social Studies</i> 49 (1), 1987, pp. 27–42</li> <li>Michael Corinaldi, <i>Jewish identity: the case of Ethiopian Jewry</i>, Magnes Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9652239933" title="Special:BookSources/9652239933">9652239933</a></li> <li>Daniel Frieilmann, "The Case of the Falas Mura" in Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (Editors), <i>The Beta Israel in Ethiopia and Israel: Studies on Ethiopian Jews</i>, Routledge, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700710928" title="Special:BookSources/9780700710928">9780700710928</a></li> <li>Don Seeman, "The Question of Kinship: Bodies and Narratives in the Beta Israel-European Encounter (1860-1920)", <i>Journal of Religion in Africa</i>, Vol. 30, Fasc. 1 (Feb., 2000), pp. 86–120</li> <li>Emanuela Trevisan Semi, "The Conversion of the Beta Israel in Ethiopia: A Reversible "Rite of Passage"", <i>Journal of Modern Jewish Studies</i> 1 (1), 2002, pp. 90–103</li> <li>Don Seeman, <i>One People, One Blood: Ethiopian-Israelis and the Return to Judaism</i>, Rutgers University Press, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813549361" title="Special:BookSources/9780813549361">9780813549361</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falash_Mura&oldid=1277806773">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falash_Mura&oldid=1277806773</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Christianity_from_Judaism" title="Category:Converts to Christianity from Judaism">Converts to Christianity from Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beta_Israel" title="Category:Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:Christianity in Ethiopia">Christianity in Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Eritrea" title="Category:Christianity in Eritrea">Christianity in Eritrea</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 February 2025, at 20:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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