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href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Definitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Definitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Myth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Related terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Mythography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myth_Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myth_Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Myth Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myth_Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Mythos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythopoeia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythopoeia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Mythopoeia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythopoeia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Interpretations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interpretations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparative_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Comparative mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Functionalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euhemerism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euhemerism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Euhemerism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euhemerism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Allegory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Personification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Ritualism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_discipline_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_discipline_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Academic discipline history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_discipline_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academic discipline history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_discipline_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ancient Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 European Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Nature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Ritual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Modernity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Myth</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" > 92 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite" title="Mite – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mite" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="أسطورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسطورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Առասպել – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Առասպել" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="শ্ৰুতিকথা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শ্ৰুতিকথা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitu" title="Mitu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mitu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombe%27ugua%27u" title="Mombe'ugua'u – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mombe'ugua'u" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mif" title="Mif – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mif" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%81" title="میف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="পৌরাণিক কাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পৌরাণিক কাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%84" title="Міф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82" title="Міт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite" title="Mite – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mite" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84)" title="Халап (миф) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Халап (миф)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDtus" title="Mýtus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mýtus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myte" title="Myte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Myte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos" title="Mythos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mythos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C3%BCt" title="Müüt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Müüt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μύθος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μύθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اسطوره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسطوره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDta" title="Mýta – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mýta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythe" title="Mythe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mythe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myte" title="Myte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Myte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotas" title="Miotas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99r-sgeulachd" title="Ùr-sgeulachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ùr-sgeulachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94" title="신화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Առասպել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առասպել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="कल्पित कथा/मिथ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कल्पित कथा/मिथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitos" title="Mitos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mitos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytho" title="Mytho – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mytho" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A1" title="מיתוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיתוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitos" title="Mitos – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mitos" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="მითი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მითი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Миф – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisasili" title="Kisasili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisasili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Миф – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Миф" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABts" title="Mīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos" title="Mythos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mythos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitas" title="Mitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADtosz" title="Mítosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mítosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedr%C3%A0" title="Fedrà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fedrà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitos" title="Mitos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mitos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ACng-u%C3%A2" title="Sìng-uâ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sìng-uâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Домог – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Домог" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="ဒဏ္ဍာရီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒဏ္ဍာရီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythe" title="Mythe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mythe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="神話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myte" title="Myte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Myte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myte" title="Myte – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Myte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite" title="Mite – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mite" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raagamtaa" title="Raagamtaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Raagamtaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mif" title="Mif – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mif" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A5" title="ਮਿਥ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%81%D8%A7%DD%A8%DB%8C" title="دیومالائی کہاݨی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دیومالائی کہاݨی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitus" title="Mitus – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mitus" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Миф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/micidekay_a_kungku" title="micidekay a kungku – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="micidekay a kungku" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miti" title="Miti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Miti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDtus" title="Mýtus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mýtus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%B7%D1%B3%D1%8A" title="Мѷѳъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Мѷѳъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ئوستوورە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئوستوورە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitos" title="Mitos – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mitos" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myytti" title="Myytti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Myytti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myt" title="Myt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Myt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தொன்மம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொன்மம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Миф – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Миф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="เรื่องปรัมปรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรื่องปรัมปรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Устура – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Устура" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%94sr%C9%9Bmka" title="Bɔsrɛmka – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Bɔsrɛmka" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%84" title="Міф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دیومالائی کہانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیومالائی کہانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_tho%E1%BA%A1i" title="Thần thoại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần thoại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythe" title="Mythe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mythe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="神話 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神話" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="神話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="神話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="神话 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="神话" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12827256#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Myth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Myth (disambiguation)">Myth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotherus_and_wood_maidens_by_Froelich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hotherus_and_wood_maidens_by_Froelich.jpg/265px-Hotherus_and_wood_maidens_by_Froelich.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hotherus_and_wood_maidens_by_Froelich.jpg/398px-Hotherus_and_wood_maidens_by_Froelich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hotherus_and_wood_maidens_by_Froelich.jpg/530px-Hotherus_and_wood_maidens_by_Froelich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Ballads of bravery (1877) part of <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian mythology</a></figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythologies" title="List of mythologies">Mythologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian mythology">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a> - <a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Prussian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_mythology" title="Buddhist mythology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan mythology">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_mythology" title="English mythology">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_in_France" title="Mythology in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#Religion_and_mythology" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_mythology" title="Meitei mythology">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_mythology" title="Mongol mythology">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American mythology">Native American</a> <ul><li>Algonquian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec</a></li> <li>Californian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan%C3%A1_mythology" title="Chaná mythology">Chaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit mythology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li>Pacific Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plains Indians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_mythology" title="Lakota mythology">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Puebloan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamancan_mythology" title="Talamancan mythology">Talamancan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_religion" title="Proto-Uralic religion">Proto-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian mythology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_mythology" title="Talysh mythology">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Tai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_mythology" title="Tibetan mythology">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_mythology" title="Vietnamese mythology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="West African religion">West African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creation_myths" title="List of creation myths">Creations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_legendary_creatures" title="Lists of legendary creatures">Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_feral_children" title="List of fictional feral children">Feral children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Floods</a></li> <li>Heroes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culture_heroes" title="List of culture heroes">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_heroes" title="List of folk heroes">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_objects" title="List of mythological objects">Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_pairs" title="List of mythological pairs">Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythology_books_and_sources" title="List of mythology books and sources">Sources</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_by_type" title="List of legendary creatures by type">Type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twins_in_mythology" title="Twins in mythology">Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">Comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">Epics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_mythology" title="Lower mythology">Lower mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-mythology" title="Pseudo-mythology">Pseudo-mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mythology" title="Template:Mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mythology" title="Template talk:Mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Myth is a <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> consisting primarily of <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narratives</a> that play a fundamental role in a society. For scholars, this is very different from the vernacular usage of the term "myth" that refers to a belief that is not true. Instead, the veracity of a myth is not a defining criterion.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Myths are often endorsed by religious (when they are closely linked to <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>) and secular authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19659-2">[2]</a> Many societies group their myths, <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>, and history together, considering myths and legends to be factual accounts of their remote past.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myths</a> take place in a primordial age when the world had not achieved its later form.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myths</a> explain how a society's <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">customs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutions">institutions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboos">taboos</a> were established and sanctified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19659-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade19986-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National myths</a> are narratives about a nation's past that symbolize the nation's values. There is a complex relationship between <a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">recital of myths and the enactment of rituals</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word "myth" comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> μῦθος (mȳthos),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> meaning 'speech', 'narrative', or 'fiction'. In turn, Ancient Greek μυθολογία (mythología 'story', 'legends', or 'story-telling') combines the word mȳthos with the suffix -λογία (-logia 'study').<a href="#cite_note-oedlogy-12">[12]</a> Accordingly, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> used mythología as a general term for fiction or story-telling of any kind. This word began was adapted into other European languages in the early 19th century, in a much narrower sense, as a scholarly term for "[a] traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining a natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events."<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-oedmthos-14">[14]</a> The Greek term mythología was then borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a>, occurring in the title of Latin author <a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fabius Planciades Fulgentius</a>' 5th-century Mythologiæ to denote what is now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">classical mythology</a>—i.e., Greco-Roman <a href="/wiki/Etiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiological">etiological</a> stories involving their gods. Fulgentius's Mythologiæ explicitly treated its subject matter as <a href="/wiki/Allegories" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegories">allegories</a> requiring interpretation and not as true events.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The Latin term was then adopted in <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> as mythologie. Whether from French or Latin usage, English adopted the word "mythology" in the 15th century, initially meaning 'the exposition of a myth or myths', 'the interpretation of fables', or 'a book of such expositions'. The word is first attested in <a href="/wiki/John_Lydgate" title="John Lydgate">John Lydgate</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Troy_Book" title="Troy Book">Troy Book</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1425).<a href="#cite_note-oedmlogy-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> From Lydgate until the 17th or 18th century, "mythology" meant a <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parable</a>, or collection of traditional stories,<a href="#cite_note-oedmlogy-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> understood to be false. It came eventually to be applied to similar bodies of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional stories">traditional stories</a> among other <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> cultures around the world.<a href="#cite_note-oedmlogy-16">[16]</a> Thus "mythology" entered the English language before "myth". <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Johnson%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson's Dictionary">Dictionary</a>, for example, has an entry for mythology, but not for myth.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Indeed, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> mythos<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">pl.</a> mythoi) and Latinate mythus<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> (pl. mythi) both appeared in English before the first example of "myth" in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protagonists_and_structure">Protagonists and structure</h2></div> The main characters in myths are usually non-humans, such as <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigods</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> figures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19654,5Myths_are_often_associated_with_theology_and_ritual._Their_main_characters_are_not_usually_human_beings,_but_they_often_have_human_attributes;_they_are_animals,_deities,_or_culture_heroes,_whose_actions_are_set_in_an_earlier_world,_when_the_earth_was_different_from_what_it_is_today,_or_in_another_world_such_as_the_sky_or_underworld....Legends_are_more_often_secular_than_sacred,_and_their_principal_characters_are_human._They_tell_of_migrations,_wars_and_victories,_deeds_of_past_heroes,_chiefs,_and_kings,_and_succession_in_ruling_dynasties._32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19654,5Myths_are_often_associated_with_theology_and_ritual._Their_main_characters_are_not_usually_human_beings,_but_they_often_have_human_attributes;_they_are_animals,_deities,_or_culture_heroes,_whose_actions_are_set_in_an_earlier_world,_when_the_earth_was_different_from_what_it_is_today,_or_in_another_world_such_as_the_sky_or_underworld....Legends_are_more_often_secular_than_sacred,_and_their_principal_characters_are_human._They_tell_of_migrations,_wars_and_victories,_deeds_of_past_heroes,_chiefs,_and_kings,_and_succession_in_ruling_dynasties.-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-mythfolk3-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-oflaherty3-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_literary3-34">[34]</a> Others include humans, animals, or combinations in their classification of myth.<a href="#cite_note-:23-35">[35]</a> Stories of everyday humans, although often of leaders of some type, are usually contained in <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>, as opposed to myths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19654,5Myths_are_often_associated_with_theology_and_ritual._Their_main_characters_are_not_usually_human_beings,_but_they_often_have_human_attributes;_they_are_animals,_deities,_or_culture_heroes,_whose_actions_are_set_in_an_earlier_world,_when_the_earth_was_different_from_what_it_is_today,_or_in_another_world_such_as_the_sky_or_underworld....Legends_are_more_often_secular_than_sacred,_and_their_principal_characters_are_human._They_tell_of_migrations,_wars_and_victories,_deeds_of_past_heroes,_chiefs,_and_kings,_and_succession_in_ruling_dynasties._32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19654,5Myths_are_often_associated_with_theology_and_ritual._Their_main_characters_are_not_usually_human_beings,_but_they_often_have_human_attributes;_they_are_animals,_deities,_or_culture_heroes,_whose_actions_are_set_in_an_earlier_world,_when_the_earth_was_different_from_what_it_is_today,_or_in_another_world_such_as_the_sky_or_underworld....Legends_are_more_often_secular_than_sacred,_and_their_principal_characters_are_human._They_tell_of_migrations,_wars_and_victories,_deeds_of_past_heroes,_chiefs,_and_kings,_and_succession_in_ruling_dynasties.-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_literary3-34">[34]</a> Myths are sometimes distinguished from legends in that myths deal with gods, usually have no historical basis, and are set in a world of the remote past, very different from that of the present.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_literary3-34">[34]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19654–5Myths_are_often_associated_with_theology_and_ritual...Their_main_characters_are_not_usually_human_beings,_but_they_often_have_human_attributes;_they_are_animals,_deities,_or_culture_heroes,_whose_actions_are_set_in_an_earlier_world,_when_the_earth_was_different_from_what_it_is_today,_or_in_another_world_such_as_the_sky_or_underworld._Myths_account_for_the_origin_of_the_world,_of_mankind,_of_death..._36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19654–5Myths_are_often_associated_with_theology_and_ritual...Their_main_characters_are_not_usually_human_beings,_but_they_often_have_human_attributes;_they_are_animals,_deities,_or_culture_heroes,_whose_actions_are_set_in_an_earlier_world,_when_the_earth_was_different_from_what_it_is_today,_or_in_another_world_such_as_the_sky_or_underworld._Myths_account_for_the_origin_of_the_world,_of_mankind,_of_death...-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myth">Myth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg/220px-Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg/330px-Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg/440px-Francesco_Hayez_028.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>Odysseus Overcome by Demodocus' Song, a mythological painting by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a>, 1813–1815</figcaption></figure> Definitions of "myth" vary to some extent among scholars, though Finnish <a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">folklorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lauri_Honko" title="Lauri Honko">Lauri Honko</a> offers a widely-cited definition: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Myth, a story of the gods, a religious account of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">beginning of the world</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation</a>, fundamental events, the exemplary deeds of the gods as a result of which the world, nature and culture were created together with all parts thereof and given their order, which still obtains. A myth expresses and confirms society's religious values and norms, it provides a pattern of behavior to be imitated, testifies to the efficacy of <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> with its practical ends and establishes the sanctity of <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198441–42,_49-37">[37]</a></blockquote> Another definition of myth comes from myth criticism theorist and professor <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Losada" title="José Manuel Losada">José Manuel Losada</a>. According to Cultural Myth Criticism, the studies of myth must explain and understand "myth from inside", that is, only "as a myth". Losada defines myth as "a functional, symbolic and thematic narrative of one or several extraordinary events with a transcendent, sacred and supernatural referent; that lacks, in principle, historical testimony; and that refers to an individual or collective, but always absolute, cosmogony or eschatology".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> According to the hylistic myth research by assyriologist <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Zgoll" class="extiw" title="de:Annette Zgoll">Annette Zgoll</a> and classic philologist <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Zgoll" class="extiw" title="de:Christian Zgoll">Christian Zgoll</a>, "A myth can be defined as an Erzählstoff [narrative material] which is polymorphic through its variants and – depending on the variant – polystratic; an Erzählstoff in which transcending interpretations of what can be experienced are combined into a <a href="/wiki/Hyleme" title="Hyleme">hyleme</a> sequence with an implicit claim to relevance for the interpretation and mastering of the human condition."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Scholars in other fields use the term "myth" in varied ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1984147-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty200411–12-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20155-43">[43]</a> In a broad sense, the word can refer to any <a href="/wiki/Traditional_story" title="Traditional story">traditional story</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk198457-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk197374-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollodorus19763-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban myth">popular misconception</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imaginary</a> entity.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Though myth and other folklore genres may overlap, myth is often thought to differ from genres such as <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore genre">folktale</a> in that neither are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> narratives.<a href="#cite_note-SALAMON-GOLDBERG-2012-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19657-49">[49]</a> Some kinds of folktales, such as <a href="/wiki/Fairy_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy stories">fairy stories</a>, are not considered true by anyone, and may be seen as distinct from myths for this reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19659,_17-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade199810–11-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni198499–101-52">[52]</a> Main characters in myths are usually <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigods</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> humans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19659-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-mythfolk3-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-oflaherty3-33">[33]</a> while legends generally feature humans as their main characters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19659-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_literary-53">[53]</a> Many exceptions and combinations exist, as in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk197322,_32-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk198455-55">[55]</a> Moreover, as stories spread between cultures or as faiths change, myths can come to be considered folktales, their divine characters recast as either as humans or demihumans such as <a href="/wiki/Giant_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (mythology)">giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Faerie">faeries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mythfolk3-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty2004114-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom196513-57">[57]</a> Conversely, historical and literary material may acquire mythological qualities over time. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a> (the legendary history of Great Britain, especially those focused on <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Round_Table" title="Round Table">the knights of the Round Table</a>)<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a>, seem distantly to originate in historical events of the 5th and 8th centuries, respectively, and became mythologised over the following centuries. In colloquial use, "myth" can also be used of a collectively held belief that has no basis in fact, or any false story.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> This usage, which is often <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> arose from labelling the religious myths and beliefs of other cultures as incorrect, but it has spread to cover non-religious beliefs as well.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> As commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">folklorists</a> and academics in other relevant fields, such as <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, "myth" has no implication whether the narrative may be understood as true or otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Among biblical scholars of both the Old and New Testament, the word "myth" has a technical meaning, in that it usually refers to "describe the actions of the other‐worldly in terms of this world" such as the Creation and the Fall.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dic_Bib-62">[62]</a> Since "myth" is popularly used to describe stories that are not <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objectively true</a>, the identification of a narrative as a myth can be highly controversial. Many religious adherents believe that the narratives told in their respective religious traditions are historical without question, and so object to their identification as myths while labelling traditional narratives from other religions as such. Hence, some scholars may label all religious narratives as "myths" for practical reasons, such as to avoid depreciating any one tradition because cultures interpret each other differently relative to one another.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Other scholars may abstain from using the term "myth" altogether for purposes of avoiding placing pejorative overtones on sacred narratives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198441–42,_49-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mythology">Mythology</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mythology" redirects here. For the term used to describe the overarching plot of a fictional work (often for television shows), see <a href="/wiki/Mythology_(fiction)" title="Mythology (fiction)">Mythology (fiction)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mythology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mythology (disambiguation)">Mythology (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus-College-MS-111_00379_190r_(cropped)_Geraint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jesus-College-MS-111_00379_190r_%28cropped%29_Geraint.jpg/220px-Jesus-College-MS-111_00379_190r_%28cropped%29_Geraint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jesus-College-MS-111_00379_190r_%28cropped%29_Geraint.jpg/330px-Jesus-College-MS-111_00379_190r_%28cropped%29_Geraint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jesus-College-MS-111_00379_190r_%28cropped%29_Geraint.jpg/440px-Jesus-College-MS-111_00379_190r_%28cropped%29_Geraint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Opening lines of one of the <a href="/wiki/Mabinogi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabinogi">Mabinogi myths</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Hergest" title="Red Book of Hergest">Red Book of Hergest</a> (written pre-13c, incorporating pre-Roman myths of Celtic gods): Gereint vab Erbin. Arthur a deuodes dala llys yg Caerllion ar Wysc... (Geraint the son of Erbin. Arthur was accustomed to hold his Court at Caerlleon upon Usk...)</figcaption></figure> In present use, "mythology" usually refers to the collection of myths of a group of people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk19738-64">[64]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite mythology">Hittite mythology</a> all describe the body of myths retold among those cultures.<a href="#cite_note-grassie-65">[65]</a> "Mythology" can also refer to the study of myths and mythologies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mythography">Mythography</h4></div> The compilation or description of myths is sometimes known as "mythography", a term also used for a scholarly anthology of myths or of the study of myths generally.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Key mythographers in the Classical tradition include:<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> (43 BCE–17/18 CE), whose tellings of myths have been profoundly influential;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fabius Planciades Fulgentius</a>, a Latin writer of the late-5th to early-6th centuries, whose Mythologies (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Mitologiarum libri III) gathered and gave moralistic interpretations of a wide range of myths;</li> <li>the anonymous medieval <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Mythographers" title="Vatican Mythographers">Vatican Mythographers</a>, who developed <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthologies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical myths</a> that remained influential to the end of the Middle Ages; and</li> <li>Renaissance scholar <a href="/wiki/Natalis_Comes" title="Natalis Comes">Natalis Comes</a>, whose ten-book Mythologiae became a standard source for classical mythology in later Renaissance Europe.</li></ul> Other prominent mythographies include the thirteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a> attributed to the Icelander <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, which is the main surviving survey of <a href="/wiki/Norse_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse Mythology">Norse Mythology</a> from the Middle Ages. Jeffrey G. Snodgrass (professor of anthropology at the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University" title="Colorado State University">Colorado State University</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>) has termed India's <a href="/wiki/Bhats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhats">Bhats</a> as mythographers.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Myth_Criticism">Myth Criticism</h4></div> Myth criticism is a system of anthropological interpretation of culture created by French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Durand" title="Gilbert Durand">Gilbert Durand</a>. Scholars have used myth criticism to explain the mythical roots of contemporary fiction, which means that modern myth criticism needs to be <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary</a>. Professor Losada offers his own methodologic, hermeneutic and epistemological approach to myth. While assuming mythopoetical perspectives, Losada's Cultural Myth Criticism takes a step further, incorporating the study of the transcendent dimension (its function, its disappearance) to evaluate the role of myth as a mirror of contemporary culture. Cultural myth criticism Cultural myth criticism, without abandoning the analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a>, invades all cultural manifestations and delves into the difficulties in understanding myth today. This cultural myth criticism studies mythical manifestations in fields as wide as <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing">dancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internet">the Internet</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">artistic fields</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Myth criticism, a discipline that studies myths (mythology contains them, like a pantheon its statues), is by nature interdisciplinary: it combines the contributions of literary theory, the history of literature, the fine arts and the new ways of dissemination in the age of communication. Likewise, it undertakes its object of study from its interrelation with other human and social sciences, in particular <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>. The need for an approach, for a methodology that allows us to understand the complexity of the myth and its manifestations in contemporary times, is justified.<a href="#cite_note-LOSADA-2015-70">[70]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mythos">Mythos</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mythos" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mythos_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mythos (disambiguation)">Mythos (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">Fictional universe</a></div> Because "myth" is sometimes used in a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> sense, some scholars have opted for "mythos" instead.<a href="#cite_note-grassie-65">[65]</a> "Mythos" now more commonly refers to its <a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Aristotelian</a> sense as a "plot point" or to a body of interconnected myths or stories, especially those belonging to a particular religious or cultural tradition.<a href="#cite_note-oedmthos-14">[14]</a> It is sometimes used specifically for modern, fictional mythologies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">world building</a> of <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></div> Mythopoeia (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mytho-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:mytho-">mytho-</a> + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-poeia#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:-poeia">-poeia</a>, 'I make myth') was termed by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, amongst others, to refer to the "conscious generation" of mythology.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> It was notoriously also suggested, separately, by Nazi ideologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparative_mythology">Comparative mythology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">Comparative mythology</a></div> Comparative mythology is a systematic comparison of myths from different cultures. It seeks to discover underlying themes that are common to the myths of multiple cultures. In some cases, comparative mythologists use the similarities between separate mythologies to argue that those mythologies have a common source. This source may inspire myths or provide a common "protomythology" that diverged into the mythologies of each culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton197332-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functionalism">Functionalism</h3></div> A number of commentators have argued that myths function to form and shape society and social behaviour. <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade</a> argued that one of the foremost functions of myth is to establish models for behavior<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade19988-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198451-75">[75]</a> and that myths may provide a religious experience. By telling or reenacting myths, members of traditional societies detach themselves from the present, returning to the mythical age, thereby coming closer to the divine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade199823-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198451-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade199819-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lauri_Honko" title="Lauri Honko">Honko</a> asserted that, in some cases, a society reenacts a myth in an attempt to reproduce the conditions of the mythical age. For example, it might reenact the healing performed by a god at the beginning of time in order to heal someone in the present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198441–42,_49-37">[37]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a> argued that modern culture explores religious experience. Since it is not the job of science to define human morality, a religious experience is an attempt to connect with a perceived moral past, which is in contrast with the technological present.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthes1972[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Devdutt_Pattanaik" title="Devdutt Pattanaik">Pattanaik</a> defines mythology as "the subjective truth of people communicated through stories, symbols and rituals."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> He says, "Facts are everybody's truth. Fiction is nobody's truth. Myths are somebody's truth."<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></div> One theory claims that myths are distorted accounts of historical events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulfinch2004194-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198445-81">[81]</a> According to this theory, storytellers repeatedly elaborate upon historical accounts until the figures in those accounts gain the status of gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulfinch2004194-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198445-81">[81]</a> For example, the myth of the wind-god <a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a> may have evolved from a historical account of a king who taught his people to use sails and interpret the winds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulfinch2004194-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (fifth-century BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a> made claims of this kind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198445-81">[81]</a> This theory is named <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerism</a> after mythologist <a href="/wiki/Euhemerus" title="Euhemerus">Euhemerus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 320 BCE), who suggested that Greek gods developed from legends about humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198445-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegory">Allegory</h3></div> Some theories propose that myths began as allegories for natural phenomena: <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> represents the sun, <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> represents water, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198445-81">[81]</a> According to another theory, myths began as allegories for philosophical or spiritual concepts: <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> represents wise judgment, <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> romantic desire, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198445-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Müller</a> supported an allegorical theory of myth. He believed myths began as allegorical descriptions of nature and gradually came to be interpreted literally. For example, a poetic description of the sea as "raging" was eventually taken literally and the sea was then thought of as a raging god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal201520-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personification">Personification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_thought" title="Mythopoeic thought">Mythopoeic thought</a></div> Some thinkers claimed that myths result from the <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">personification</a> of objects and forces. According to these thinkers, the ancients worshiped natural phenomena, such as fire and air, gradually deifying them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulfinch2004195-84">[84]</a> For example, according to this theory, ancients tended to view things as gods, not as mere objects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen20134-85">[85]</a> Thus, they described natural events as acts of personal gods, giving rise to myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen201315-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritualism">Ritualism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></div> According to the myth-ritual theory, myth is tied to ritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal201561-87">[87]</a> In its most extreme form, this theory claims myths arose to explain rituals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf199640-88">[88]</a> This claim was first put forward by <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith" title="William Robertson Smith">Smith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeletinsky201419–20-89">[89]</a> who argued that people begin performing rituals for reasons not related to myth. Forgetting the original reason for a ritual, they account for it by inventing a myth and claiming the ritual commemorates the events described in that myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal201563-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a>—author of <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a>, a book on the comparative study of mythology and religion—argued that humans started out with a belief in magical rituals; later, they began to lose faith in magic and invented myths about gods, reinterpreting their rituals as religious rituals intended to appease the gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazer1913711-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_discipline_history">Academic discipline history</h2></div> Historically, important approaches to the study of mythology have included those of <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiller">Schiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vy-Bruhl" class="mw-redirect" title="Lévy-Bruhl">Lévy-Bruhl</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a>, the Soviet school, and the <a href="/wiki/Myth_and_Ritual_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Myth and Ritual School">Myth and Ritual School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_(1916)_(14801987593).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg/170px-Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg/255px-Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg/340px-Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>Myths and legends of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (1916)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Editions_of_Hamilton%27s_book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Editions_of_Hamilton%27s_book.png/220px-Editions_of_Hamilton%27s_book.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Editions_of_Hamilton%27s_book.png/330px-Editions_of_Hamilton%27s_book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Editions_of_Hamilton%27s_book.png/440px-Editions_of_Hamilton%27s_book.png 2x" data-file-width="3057" data-file-height="2937" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edith_Hamilton" title="Edith Hamilton">Edith Hamilton</a>'s Mythology has been a major channel for English speakers to learn classical Greek and Roman mythology</figcaption></figure> The critical interpretation of myth began with the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20151-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Euhemerus" title="Euhemerus">Euhemerus</a> was one of the most important pre-modern mythologists. He interpreted myths as accounts of actual historical events, though distorted over many retellings. <a href="/wiki/Sallustius_(Neoplatonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallustius (Neoplatonist)">Sallustius</a> divided myths into five categories:<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a>;</li> <li>physical (or concerning <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> (or concerning soul);</li> <li>material; and</li> <li>mixed, which concerns myths that show the interaction between two or more of the previous categories and are particularly used in initiations.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> condemned poetic myth when discussing education in the <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">Republic</a>. His critique was primarily on the grounds that the uneducated might take the stories of gods and heroes literally. Nevertheless, he constantly referred to myths throughout his writings. As <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> developed in the phases commonly called <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonism</a>, writers such as <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympiodorus the younger">Olympiodorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a> wrote explicitly about the symbolic interpretation of traditional and <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> myths.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Mythological themes were consciously employed in literature, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. The resulting work may expressly refer to a mythological background without itself becoming part of a body of myths (<a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Cupid and Psyche</a>). Medieval romance in particular plays with this process of turning myth into literature. <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a>, as stated earlier, refers to the rationalization of myths, putting themes formerly imbued with mythological qualities into pragmatic contexts. An example of this would be following a cultural or religious paradigm shift (notably the re-interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> mythology following <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Renaissance">European Renaissance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolomeo_di_Giovanni_-_The_Myth_of_Io_-_Walters_37421.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The ancient Roman poet Ovid, in his "The Metamorphoses," told the story of the nymph Io who was seduced by Jupiter, the king of the gods. When his wife Juno became jealous, Jupiter transformed Io into a heifer to protect her. This panel relates the second half of the story. In the upper left, Jupiter emerges from clouds to order Mercury to rescue Io. In the lower-left, Mercury guides his herd to the spot where Io is guarded by the hundred-eyed Argus. In the upper center, Mercury, disguised as a shepherd, lulls Argus to sleep and beheads him. Juno then takes Argus's eyes to ornament the tail feathers of her peacock and sends the Furies to pursue Io, who flees to the Nile River. At last, Jupiter prevails on his wife to cease tormenting the nymph, who, upon resuming her natural form, escapes to the forest and ultimately becomes the Egyptian goddess Isis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bartolomeo_di_Giovanni_-_The_Myth_of_Io_-_Walters_37421.jpg/300px-Bartolomeo_di_Giovanni_-_The_Myth_of_Io_-_Walters_37421.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bartolomeo_di_Giovanni_-_The_Myth_of_Io_-_Walters_37421.jpg/450px-Bartolomeo_di_Giovanni_-_The_Myth_of_Io_-_Walters_37421.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bartolomeo_di_Giovanni_-_The_Myth_of_Io_-_Walters_37421.jpg/600px-Bartolomeo_di_Giovanni_-_The_Myth_of_Io_-_Walters_37421.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>This panel by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_di_Giovanni" title="Bartolomeo di Giovanni">Bartolomeo di Giovanni</a> relates the second half of the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>. In the upper left, Jupiter emerges from clouds to order Mercury to rescue Io.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></figcaption></figure> Interest in <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> mythology revived during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, with early works of mythography appearing in the sixteenth century, among them the <a href="/wiki/Theologia_mythologica" title="Theologia mythologica">Theologia Mythologica</a> (1532). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg/170px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg/255px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg/339px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen" title="Väinämöinen">Väinämöinen</a>, the wise <a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigod</a> and one of the significant characters of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish mythological</a> 19th-century epic poetry, <a href="/wiki/The_Kalevala" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kalevala">The Kalevala</a> (Väinämöinen's Play, Robert Wilhelm Ekman, 1866)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thor%27s_Battle_Against_the_J%C3%B6tnar_(1872)_by_M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Thor%27s_Battle_Against_the_J%C3%B6tnar_%281872%29_by_M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge.jpg/169px-Thor%27s_Battle_Against_the_J%C3%B6tnar_%281872%29_by_M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Thor%27s_Battle_Against_the_J%C3%B6tnar_%281872%29_by_M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge.jpg/255px-Thor%27s_Battle_Against_the_J%C3%B6tnar_%281872%29_by_M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Thor%27s_Battle_Against_the_J%C3%B6tnar_%281872%29_by_M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge.jpg/339px-Thor%27s_Battle_Against_the_J%C3%B6tnar_%281872%29_by_M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3861" data-file-height="5713" /></a><figcaption>Tor's Fight with the Giants (1872) by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge" title="Mårten Eskil Winge">Mårten Eskil Winge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> is the god of thunder in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>.</figcaption></figure> The first modern, Western scholarly theories of myth appeared during the second half of the 19th century<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20151-93">[93]</a>—at the same time as "myth" was adopted as a scholarly term in European languages.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-oedmthos-14">[14]</a> They were driven partly by a new interest in Europe's ancient past and <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> culture, associated with <a href="/wiki/Romantic_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic Nationalism">Romantic Nationalism</a> and epitomised by the research of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> (1785–1863). This movement drew European scholars' attention not only to Classical myths, but also material now associated with <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish mythology</a>, and so forth. Western theories were also partly driven by Europeans' efforts to comprehend and control the cultures, stories and religions they were encountering through <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. These encounters included both extremely old texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, and current oral narratives such as <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> or stories told in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional African religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shippey-98">[98]</a> The intellectual context for nineteenth-century scholars was profoundly shaped by emerging ideas about <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. These ideas included the recognition that many Eurasian languages—and therefore, conceivably, stories—were all descended from a lost common ancestor (the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a>) which could rationally be reconstructed through the comparison of its descendant languages. They also included the idea that <a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">cultures might evolve</a> in ways comparable to species.<a href="#cite_note-shippey-98">[98]</a> In general, 19th-century theories framed myth as a failed or obsolete mode of thought, often by interpreting myth as the primitive counterpart of modern science within a <a href="/wiki/Unilineal_evolution" title="Unilineal evolution">unilineal</a> framework that imagined that human cultures are travelling, at different speeds, along a linear path of cultural development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20153–4-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nature">Nature</h4></div> One of the dominant mythological theories of the latter 19th century was nature mythology, the foremost exponents of which included <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a>. This theory posited that "primitive man" was primarily concerned with the natural world. It tended to interpret myths that seemed distasteful to European <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorians</a>—such as tales about sex, incest, or cannibalism—as metaphors for <a href="/wiki/Natural_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural phenomena">natural phenomena</a> like agricultural <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-100">[100]</a> Unable to conceive impersonal natural laws, early humans tried to explain natural phenomena by attributing souls to inanimate objects, thus giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>. According to Tylor, human thought evolved through stages, starting with mythological ideas and gradually progressing to scientific ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20154-101">[101]</a> Müller also saw myth as originating from language, even calling myth a "disease of language". He speculated that myths arose due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract noun">abstract nouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuter_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter gender">neuter gender</a> in ancient languages. <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">figures of speech</a>, necessary in such languages, were eventually taken literally, leading to the idea that natural phenomena were in actuality conscious or divine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal201520-83">[83]</a> Not all scholars, not even all 19th-century scholars, accepted this view. <a href="/wiki/Lucien_L%C3%A9vy-Bruhl" title="Lucien Lévy-Bruhl">Lucien Lévy-Bruhl</a> claimed that "the primitive mentality is a condition of the human mind and not a stage in its historical development."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Recent scholarship, noting the fundamental lack of evidence for "nature mythology" interpretations among people who actually circulated myths, has likewise abandoned the key ideas of "nature mythology".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ritual">Ritual</h4></div> Frazer saw myths as a misinterpretation of magical rituals, which were themselves based on a mistaken idea of natural law. This idea was central to the "<a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">myth and ritual</a>" school of thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal201567–68-104">[104]</a> According to Frazer, humans begin with an unfounded belief in impersonal magical laws. When they realize applications of these laws do not work, they give up their belief in natural law in favor of a belief in <a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">personal gods</a> controlling nature, thus giving rise to religious myths. Meanwhile, humans continue practicing formerly magical rituals through force of habit, reinterpreting them as reenactments of mythical events. Finally, humans come to realize nature follows natural laws, and they discover their true nature through science. Here again, science makes myth obsolete as humans progress "from magic through religion to science."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazer1913711-91">[91]</a> Segal asserted that by pitting mythical thought against modern scientific thought, such theories imply modern humans must abandon myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20153-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prometheus_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Prometheus_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg/170px-Prometheus_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Prometheus_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg/255px-Prometheus_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Prometheus_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg/340px-Prometheus_by_Gustave_Moreau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="3101" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> (1868) by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>. In the mythos of <a href="/wiki/Hesiodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesiodus">Hesiodus</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythos" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek mythos">Greek</a> trilogy <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Unbound_(Aeschylus)" title="Prometheus Unbound (Aeschylus)">Prometheus Unbound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Pyrphoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Prometheus Pyrphoros">Prometheus Pyrphoros</a>), Prometheus is bound and tortured for giving fire to humanity.</figcaption></figure> The earlier 20th century saw major work developing <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalytical</a> approaches to interpreting myth, led by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, who, drawing inspiration from Classical myth, began developing the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a> in his 1899 <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a> likewise tried to understand the psychology behind world myths. Jung asserted that all humans share certain innate unconscious psychological forces, which he called <a href="/wiki/Archetypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archetypes">archetypes</a>. He believed similarities between the myths of different cultures reveals the existence of these universal archetypes.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The mid-20th century saw the influential development of a <a href="/wiki/Structuralist_theory_of_mythology" title="Structuralist theory of mythology">structuralist theory of mythology</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a>. Strauss argued that myths reflect patterns in the mind and interpreted those patterns more as fixed mental structures, specifically pairs of opposites (good/evil, compassionate/callous), rather than unconscious feelings or urges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2015113-107">[107]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Bronislaw_Malinowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronislaw Malinowski">Bronislaw Malinowski</a> developed analyses of myths focusing on their social functions in the real world. He is associated with the idea that myths such as <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin stories</a> might provide a "mythic charter"—a legitimisation—for <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">cultural norms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">social institutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Thus, following the Structuralist Era (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1960s–1980s), the predominant <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> approaches to myth increasingly treated myth as a form of narrative that can be studied, interpreted, and analyzed like ideology, history, and culture. In other words, myth is a form of understanding and telling stories that are connected to power, political structures, and political and economic interests.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These approaches contrast with approaches, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade</a>, which hold that myth has some type of essential connection to ultimate sacred meanings that transcend cultural specifics. In particular, myth was studied in relation to history from diverse social sciences. Most of these studies share the assumption that history and myth are not distinct in the sense that history is factual, real, accurate, and truth, while myth is the opposite.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a> published a series of essays examining modern myths and the process of their creation in his book <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_(book)" title="Mythologies (book)">Mythologies</a>, which stood as an early work in the emerging <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralist</a> approach to mythology, which recognised myths' existence in the modern world and in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthes1972[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-77">[77]</a> The 20th century saw rapid <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>. This made Western scholars more willing to analyse narratives in the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> as myths; theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a> argued that a modern Christianity needed to <a href="/wiki/Demythologization" title="Demythologization">demythologize</a>;<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and other religious scholars embraced the idea that the mythical status of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> narratives was a legitimate feature of their importance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20153-105">[105]</a> This, in his appendix to Myths, Dreams and Mysteries, and in The Myth of the Eternal Return, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade</a> attributed modern humans' anxieties to their rejection of myths and the sense of the sacred.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Christian theologian <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Hyers" title="Conrad Hyers">Conrad Hyers</a> wrote:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyers1984107-110">[110]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[M]yth today has come to have negative connotations which are the complete opposite of its meaning in a religious context... In a religious context, myths are storied vehicles of supreme truth, the most basic and important truths of all. By them, people regulate and interpret their lives and find worth and purpose in their existence. Myths put one in touch with sacred realities, the fundamental sources of being, power, and truth. They are seen not only as being the opposite of error but also as being clearly distinguishable from stories told for entertainment and from the workaday, domestic, practical language of a people. They provide answers to the mysteries of being and becoming, mysteries which, as mysteries, are hidden, yet mysteries which are revealed through story and ritual. Myths deal not only with truth but with ultimate truth.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> Both in 19th-century research, which tended to see existing records of stories and folklore as imperfect fragments of partially lost myths, and in 20th-century structuralist work, which sought to identify underlying patterns and structures in often diverse versions of a given myth, there had been a tendency to synthesise sources to attempt to reconstruct what scholars supposed to be more perfect or underlying forms of myths. From the late 20th century, researchers influenced by <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> tended instead to argue that each account of a given myth has its own cultural significance and meaning, and argued that rather than representing degradation from a once more perfect form, myths are inherently plastic and variable.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> There is, consequently, no such thing as the 'original version' or 'original form' of a myth. One prominent example of this movement was <a href="/wiki/A._K._Ramanujan" title="A. K. Ramanujan">A. K. Ramanujan</a>'s essay "<a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Ramayanas:_Five_Examples_and_Three_Thoughts_on_Translation" title="Three Hundred Ramayanas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation">Three Hundred Ramayanas</a>".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Correspondingly, scholars challenged the precedence that had once been given to texts as a medium for mythology, arguing that other media, such as the visual arts or even landscape and place-naming, could be as or more important.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Myths are not texts, but narrative materials (Erzählstoffe) that can be adapted in various media (such as epics, hymns, handbooks, movies, dances, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In contrast to other academic approaches, which primarily focus on the (social) function of myths, <a href="/wiki/Hylistics" title="Hylistics">hylistic myth research</a> aims to understand myths and their nature out of themselves. As part of the Göttingen myth research, Annette and Christian Zgoll developed the method of <a href="/wiki/Hylistics" title="Hylistics">hylistics</a> (narrative material research) to extract mythical materials from their media and make possible a transmedial comparison.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The content of the medium is broken down into the smallest possible plot components (<a href="/wiki/Hyleme" title="Hyleme">hylemes</a>), which are listed in standardized form (so-called hyleme analysis).<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>  Inconsistencies in content can indicate stratification, i.e. the overlapping of several materials, narrative variants and edition layers within the same medial concretion.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>  To a certain extent, this can also be used to reconstruct earlier and alternative variants of the same material that were in competition and/or were combined with each other.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The juxtaposition of hyleme sequences enables the systematic comparison of different variants of the same material or several different materials that are related or structurally similar to each other.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In his overall presentation of the hundred-year history of myth research, the classical philologist and myth researcher Udo Reinhardt mentions Christian Zgoll's basic work Tractatus mythologicus as "the latest handbook on myth theory" with "outstanding significance" for modern myth research.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modernity">Modernity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10,000_Belgian_francs_of_1929_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/10%2C000_Belgian_francs_of_1929_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-10%2C000_Belgian_francs_of_1929_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/10%2C000_Belgian_francs_of_1929_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-10%2C000_Belgian_francs_of_1929_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/10%2C000_Belgian_francs_of_1929_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-10%2C000_Belgian_francs_of_1929_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>1929 <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknote</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(Roman_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (Roman mythology)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a></figcaption></figure> Scholars in the field of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> research how myth has worked itself into modern discourses. Mythological discourse can reach greater audiences than ever before via digital media. Various <a href="/wiki/Category:Mythology" title="Category:Mythology">mythic elements appear in popular culture</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Although myth was traditionally transmitted through the oral tradition on a small scale, the film industry has enabled filmmakers to transmit myths to large audiences via film.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jungian</a> psychology, myths are the expression of a culture or society's goals, fears, ambitions and dreams.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The basis of modern visual storytelling is rooted in the mythological tradition. Many contemporary films rely on ancient myths to construct narratives. <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a> is well-known among cultural study scholars for "reinventing" traditional childhood myths.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> While few films are as obvious as Disney fairy tales, the plots of many films are based on the rough structure of myths. Mythological archetypes, such as the cautionary tale regarding the abuse of technology, battles between gods and creation stories, are often the subject of major film productions. These films are often created under the guise of <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic</a> tales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorner199947–59-127">[127]</a> 21st-century films such as <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_the_Titans_(2010_film)" title="Clash of the Titans (2010 film)">Clash of the Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immortals_(2011_film)" title="Immortals (2011 film)">Immortals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thor_(film)" title="Thor (film)">Thor</a> continue the trend of using traditional mythology to frame modern plots. Authors use mythology as a basis for their books, such as <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Percy_Jackson_%26_the_Olympians" title="Percy Jackson & the Olympians">Percy Jackson and the Olympians</a> series is situated in a modern-day world where the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Greek deities</a> are manifest.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Scholars, particularly those within the field of <a href="/wiki/Fan_studies" title="Fan studies">fan studies</a>, and fans of popular culture have also noted a connection between <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a> and myth.<a href="#cite_note-:2-129">[129]</a> Ika Willis identified three models of this: fan fiction as a reclaiming of popular stories from corporations, myth as a means of critiquing or dismantling hegemonic power, and myth as "a commons of story and a universal story world".<a href="#cite_note-:2-129">[129]</a> Willis supports the third model, a universal story world, and argues that fanfiction can be seen as mythic due to its hyperseriality—a term invented by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Iles_Johnston" title="Sarah Iles Johnston">Sarah Iles Johnston</a> to describe a hyperconnected universe in which characters and stories are interwoven. In an interview for the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenkins" title="Henry Jenkins">Henry Jenkins</a> stated that fanfiction 'is a way of the culture repairing the damage done in a system where contemporary myths are owned by corporations instead of owned by the folk.'<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/64px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myths" title="Portal:Myths">Myths portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythologies" title="List of mythologies">List of mythologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_objects" title="List of mythological objects">List of mythological objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythology_books_and_sources" title="List of mythology books and sources">List of mythology books and sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic and mythology">Magic and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a>, artificially constructed mythology, mainly for the purpose of storytelling</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Deretic, Irina. "Why are myths true: Plato on the veracity of myths." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies (2020): vol. 36, issue 3, pp. 441–451. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19659-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19659_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19659_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19659_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19659_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19659_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19659_2-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBascom1965">Bascom 1965</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-mythfolk3-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mythfolk3_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythfolk3_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythfolk3_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythfolk3_3-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Simpson" title="Jacqueline Simpson">Simpson, Jacqueline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Roud" title="Steve Roud">Steve Roud</a>, eds. 2003. "Myths." In A Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191726644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191726644">978-0191726644</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade199823-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade199823_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade199823_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliade1998">Eliade 1998</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1984102-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1984102_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPettazzoni1984">Pettazzoni 1984</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19659-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-mythfolk3-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade199823-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni1984102-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes19841-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes19841_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundes1984">Dundes 1984</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade19986-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade19986_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade19986_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliade1998">Eliade 1998</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Leeming, David Adams, and David Adams. A dictionary of creation myths. Oxford University Press, 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19659-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes19841-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade19986-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/myth">"Myth"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myth&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fmyth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oedlogy-12"><a href="#cite_ref-oedlogy_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED1--logy" class="citation book cs1">"-logy". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=-logy&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2">c</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804055211/https://www.lexico.com/definition/myth">Myth</a>." <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020. § 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-oedmthos-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oedmthos_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oedmthos_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oedmthos_14-2">c</a> "mythos, n." 2003. In <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulgentius1971" class="citation book cs1">Fulgentius, Fabius Planciades (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73mJIuYfmzEC">Fulgentius the Mythographer</a>. Ohio State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0162-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0162-6"><bdi>978-0-8142-0162-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fulgentius+the+Mythographer&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0162-6&rft.aulast=Fulgentius&rft.aufirst=Fabius+Planciades&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D73mJIuYfmzEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oedmlogy-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oedmlogy_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oedmlogy_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oedmlogy_16-2">c</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/124702">mythology, n.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713104549/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=807ECB5AFE1729CE83B09E4BBB927748?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F124702">Archived</a> 13 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003. Accessed 20 Aug 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Lydgate, John. Troyyes Book, Vol. II, ll. 2487. (in Middle English) Reprinted in Henry Bergen's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lydgatestroybono9701lydguoft#page/n241/mode/2up">Lydgate's Troy Book, Vol. I, p. 216</a>. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. (London), 1906. Accessed 20 Aug 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> "...I [ <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> ] was ravisched in-to paradys. "And thus this god [sc. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (god)">Mercury</a>], diuers of liknes, "More wonderful than I can expresse, "Schewed hym silf in his appearance, "Liche as he is discrived in Fulgence, "In the book of his methologies..."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Harper, Douglas. 2020. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mythology">Mythology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702143024/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mythology">Archived</a> 2 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Browne,_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Browne, Thomas">Browne, Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/pseudodoxia/pseudo18.html">Pseudodoxia Epidemica: or, Enquiries into Many Received Tenets and Commonly Presumed Truths, Vol. I, Ch. VIII.</a> Edward Dod (London), 1646. Reprinted 1672. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> All which [sc. <a href="/wiki/John_Maundeville" class="mw-redirect" title="John Maundeville">John Mandevil</a>'s support of <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>'s claims] may still be received in some acceptions of morality, and to a pregnant invention, may afford commendable mythologie; but in a natural and proper exposition, it containeth impossibilities, and things inconsistent with truth.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Johnson, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=19456">"Mythology" in A Dictionary of the English Language: In which the Words are Deduced from their Originals, and Illustrated in their Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers to which are Prefixed a History of the Language and an English Grammar, p. 1345.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701145956/http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=19456">Archived</a> 1 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> W. Strahan (London), 1755. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Johnson, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?page_id=7070&i=1345">A Dictionary of the English Language, p. 1345</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701145745/http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?page_id=7070&i=1345">Archived</a> 1 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. W. Strahan (London), 1755. Accessed 20 Aug 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Johnson%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson's Dictionary">Dictionary</a>, for example, has entries for mythology,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mythologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologist">mythologist</a>, mythologize, mythological, and mythologically<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Shuckford, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicapologetics.com/s/shuckcre.pdf">The Creation and Fall of Man. A Supplemental Discourse to the Preface of the First Volume of the Sacred and Profane History of the World Connected, pp. xx–xxi.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713104547/https://classicapologetics.com/s/shuckcre.pdf">Archived</a> 13 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> J. & R. Tonson & S. Draper (London), 1753. Accessed 20 Aug 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> "That Mythology came in upon this Alteration of their [<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>' Theology, is obviously evident: for the mingling the History of these Men when Mortals, with what came to be ascribed to them when Gods, would naturally occaion it. And of this Sort we generally find the Mythoi told of them..."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. "On the Prometheus of Æschylus: An Essay, preparatory to a series of disquisitions respecting the Egyptian, in connection with the sacerdotal, theology, and in contrast with the mysteries of ancient Greece." Royal Society of Literature (London), 18 May 1825. Reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeridge1836" class="citation book cs1">Coleridge, Henry Nelson (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IA8LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA335">The Literary Remains of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Shakespeare, with an introductory matter on poetry, the drama, and the stage. Notes on Ben Jonson; Beaumont and Fletcher; On the Prometheus of Æschylus and others</a>. W. Pickering. p. 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Remains+of+Samuel+Taylor+Coleridge%3A+Shakespeare%2C+with+an+introductory+matter+on+poetry%2C+the+drama%2C+and+the+stage.+Notes+on+Ben+Jonson%3B+Beaumont+and+Fletcher%3B+On+the+Prometheus+of+%C3%86schylus+and+others&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=W.+Pickering&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Coleridge&rft.aufirst=Henry+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIA8LAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> "Long before the entire separation of metaphysics from poetry, that is, while yet poesy, in all its several species of verse, music, statuary, &c. continued mythic;—while yet poetry remained the union of the sensuous and the philosophic mind;—the efficient presence of the latter in the synthesis of the two, had manifested itself in the sublime mythus περὶ γενέσεως τοῦ νοῦ ἐν ἀνθρωποῖς concerning the genesis, or the birth of the νοῦς or reason in man."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_of_Hekel1651" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamus_Ecchellensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamus Ecchellensis">Abraham of Hekel</a> (1651). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APDxSjZkOS8C&pg=PA175">"Historia Arabum(History of the Arabs)"</a>. Chronicon orientale, nunc primum Latinitate donatum ab Abrahamo Ecchellensi Syro Maronita e Libano, linguarum Syriacae, ... cui accessit eiusdem Supplementum historiae orientalis (The Oriental Chronicles (in Latin). e Typographia regia. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historia+Arabum%28History+of+the+Arabs%29&rft.btitle=Chronicon+orientale%2C+nunc+primum+Latinitate+donatum+ab+Abrahamo+Ecchellensi+Syro+Maronita+e+Libano%2C+linguarum+Syriacae%2C+...+cui+accessit+eiusdem+Supplementum+historiae+orientalis+%28The+Oriental+Chronicles&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=e+Typographia+regia&rft.date=1651&rft.au=Abraham+of+Hekel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPDxSjZkOS8C%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> Translated in paraphrase in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell1748" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, Thomas (1748). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QdNbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA269">"Letter Seventeenth"</a>. Letters Concerning Mythology. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+Seventeenth&rft.btitle=Letters+Concerning+Mythology&rft.pages=269&rft.date=1748&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQdNbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Radicals" title="Philosophical Radicals">Anonymous</a> review of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpham1829" class="citation book cs1">Upham, Edward (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoJEAAAAcAAJ">The History and Doctrine of Budhism: Popularly Illustrated: with Notices of the Kappooism, Or Demon Worship, and of the Bali, Or Planetary Incantations, of Ceylon</a>. R. Ackermann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Doctrine+of+Budhism%3A+Popularly+Illustrated%3A+with+Notices+of+the+Kappooism%2C+Or+Demon+Worship%2C+and+of+the+Bali%2C+Or+Planetary+Incantations%2C+of+Ceylon&rft.pub=R.+Ackermann&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Upham&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBoJEAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/westminsterrevi09wasogoog#page/n56/mode/2up">the Westminster Review, No. XXIII, Art. III, p. 44</a>. Rob't Heward (London), 1829. Accessed 20 Aug 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> "According to the rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moses_Ben_Maimon" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Ben Maimon">Moses Ben Maimon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enos_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enos (Bible)">Enos</a>, discoursing on the splendor of the heavenly bodies, insisted that, since God had thus exalted them above the other parts of creation, it was but reasonable that we should praise, extol, and honour them. The consequence of this exhortation, says the rabbi, was the building of temples to the stars, and the establishment of idolatry throughout the world. By the Arabian divines, the imputation is laid upon the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>; who, they say, on coming out from the dark cave in which he had been brought up, was so astonished at the sight of the stars, that he worshipped Hesperus, the Moon, and the Sun successively as they rose.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> These two stories are good illustrations of the origin of "myths", by means of which, even the most natural sentiment is traced to its cause in the circumstances of fabulous history.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19654,5Myths_are_often_associated_with_theology_and_ritual._Their_main_characters_are_not_usually_human_beings,_but_they_often_have_human_attributes;_they_are_animals,_deities,_or_culture_heroes,_whose_actions_are_set_in_an_earlier_world,_when_the_earth_was_different_from_what_it_is_today,_or_in_another_world_such_as_the_sky_or_underworld....Legends_are_more_often_secular_than_sacred,_and_their_principal_characters_are_human._They_tell_of_migrations,_wars_and_victories,_deeds_of_past_heroes,_chiefs,_and_kings,_and_succession_in_ruling_dynasties.-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19654,5Myths_are_often_associated_with_theology_and_ritual._Their_main_characters_are_not_usually_human_beings,_but_they_often_have_human_attributes;_they_are_animals,_deities,_or_culture_heroes,_whose_actions_are_set_in_an_earlier_world,_when_the_earth_was_different_from_what_it_is_today,_or_in_another_world_such_as_the_sky_or_underworld....Legends_are_more_often_secular_than_sacred,_and_their_principal_characters_are_human._They_tell_of_migrations,_wars_and_victories,_deeds_of_past_heroes,_chiefs,_and_kings,_and_succession_in_ruling_dynasties._32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19654,5Myths_are_often_associated_with_theology_and_ritual._Their_main_characters_are_not_usually_human_beings,_but_they_often_have_human_attributes;_they_are_animals,_deities,_or_culture_heroes,_whose_actions_are_set_in_an_earlier_world,_when_the_earth_was_different_from_what_it_is_today,_or_in_another_world_such_as_the_sky_or_underworld....Legends_are_more_often_secular_than_sacred,_and_their_principal_characters_are_human._They_tell_of_migrations,_wars_and_victories,_deeds_of_past_heroes,_chiefs,_and_kings,_and_succession_in_ruling_dynasties._32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBascom1965">Bascom 1965</a>, p. 4,5, Myths are often associated with theology and ritual. Their main characters are not usually human beings, but they often have human attributes; they are animals, deities, or culture heroes, whose actions are set in an earlier world, when the earth was different from what it is today, or in another world such as the sky or underworld....Legends are more often secular than sacred, and their principal characters are human. They tell of migrations, wars and victories, deeds of past heroes, chiefs, and kings, and succession in ruling dynasties.. </li> <li id="cite_note-oflaherty3-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oflaherty3_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oflaherty3_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger_O'Flaherty1975" class="citation book cs1">Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Af7TFlN5hmsC&pg=PA19">Hindu Myths</a>. Penguin. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044306-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044306-6"><bdi>978-0-14-044306-6</bdi></a>. <q>I think it can be well argued as a matter of principle that, just as 'biography is about chaps', so mythology is about gods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Myths&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044306-6&rft.aulast=Doniger+O%27Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAf7TFlN5hmsC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_literary3-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_literary3_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_literary3_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_literary3_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2015" class="citation book cs1">Baldick, Chris (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198715443.001.0001/acref-9780198715443-e-646?rskey=Nc4w5m&result=9">Legend</a> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press – Oxford Reference Online. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871544-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871544-3"><bdi>978-0-19-871544-3</bdi></a>. <q>A story or group of stories handed down through popular oral tradition, usually consisting of an exaggerated or unreliable account of some actually or possibly historical person—often a saint, monarch, or popular hero. <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legends</a> are sometimes distinguished from myths in that they concern humans rather than gods, and sometimes in that they have some sort of historical basis whereas myths do not; but these distinctions are difficult to maintain consistently. The term was originally applied to accounts of saints' lives..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legend&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Reference+Online&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871544-3&rft.aulast=Baldick&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198715443.001.0001%2Facref-9780198715443-e-646%3Frskey%3DNc4w5m%26result%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-35"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinzeler2008" class="citation book cs1">Winzeler, Robert L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPJb-Yka0xAC">Anthropology and Religion: What We Know, Think, and Question</a>. Rowman Altamira. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-1046-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-1046-5"><bdi>978-0-7591-1046-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+and+Religion%3A+What+We+Know%2C+Think%2C+and+Question&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-1046-5&rft.aulast=Winzeler&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPJb-Yka0xAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19654–5Myths_are_often_associated_with_theology_and_ritual...Their_main_characters_are_not_usually_human_beings,_but_they_often_have_human_attributes;_they_are_animals,_deities,_or_culture_heroes,_whose_actions_are_set_in_an_earlier_world,_when_the_earth_was_different_from_what_it_is_today,_or_in_another_world_such_as_the_sky_or_underworld._Myths_account_for_the_origin_of_the_world,_of_mankind,_of_death...-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19654–5Myths_are_often_associated_with_theology_and_ritual...Their_main_characters_are_not_usually_human_beings,_but_they_often_have_human_attributes;_they_are_animals,_deities,_or_culture_heroes,_whose_actions_are_set_in_an_earlier_world,_when_the_earth_was_different_from_what_it_is_today,_or_in_another_world_such_as_the_sky_or_underworld._Myths_account_for_the_origin_of_the_world,_of_mankind,_of_death..._36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBascom1965">Bascom 1965</a>, p. 4–5, Myths are often associated with theology and ritual...Their main characters are not usually human beings, but they often have human attributes; they are animals, deities, or culture heroes, whose actions are set in an earlier world, when the earth was different from what it is today, or in another world such as the sky or underworld. Myths account for the origin of the world, of mankind, of death.... </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198441–42,_49-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonko198441–42,_49_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonko198441–42,_49_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonko198441–42,_49_37-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHonko1984">Honko 1984</a>, pp. 41–42, 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosada2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Losada, José Manuel (2022). Mitocrítica cultural. Una definición del mito (in Spanish). Madrid: Akal. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-460-5267-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-460-5267-8"><bdi>978-84-460-5267-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitocr%C3%ADtica+cultural.+Una+definici%C3%B3n+del+mito&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Akal&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-84-460-5267-8&rft.aulast=Losada&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosada2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Losada, José Manuel (2014). "Myth and Extraordinary Event". International Journal of Language and Literature. 2 June: 31–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Language+and+Literature&rft.atitle=Myth+and+Extraordinary+Event&rft.volume=2+June&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Losada&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZgoll2020" class="citation book cs1">Zgoll, Christian (2020). Zgoll, Annette and Christian (ed.). Mythische Sphärenwechsel. Methodisch neue Zugänge zu antiken Mythen in Orient und Okzident. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 75–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-065252-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-065252-9"><bdi>978-3-11-065252-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythische+Sph%C3%A4renwechsel.+Methodisch+neue+Zug%C3%A4nge+zu+antiken+Mythen+in+Orient+und+Okzident&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-11-065252-9&rft.aulast=Zgoll&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundes1984147-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundes1984147_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDundes1984">Dundes 1984</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty200411–12-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoty200411–12_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoty2004">Doty 2004</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20155-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal20155_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2015">Segal 2015</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk198457-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk198457_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirk1984">Kirk 1984</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk197374-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk197374_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirk1973">Kirk 1973</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollodorus19763-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollodorus19763_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApollodorus1976">Apollodorus 1976</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"myth". <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</a> (10th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>, Inc. 1993. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00spri/page/770">770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=myth&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Collegiate+Dictionary&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=770&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Inc&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SALAMON-GOLDBERG-2012-48"><a href="#cite_ref-SALAMON-GOLDBERG-2012_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalamonGoldberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Salamon, Hagar; Goldberg, Harvey E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhsdhM9tI3EC&pg=PA125">"Myth-Ritual-Symbol"</a>. In Bendix, Regina F.; Hasan-Rokem, Galit (eds.). A Companion to Folklore. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405194990" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405194990"><bdi>978-1405194990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myth-Ritual-Symbol&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Folklore&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1405194990&rft.aulast=Salamon&rft.aufirst=Hagar&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Harvey+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhsdhM9tI3EC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19657-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19657_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBascom1965">Bascom 1965</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom19659,_17-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom19659,_17_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBascom1965">Bascom 1965</a>, pp. 9, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade199810–11-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade199810–11_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliade1998">Eliade 1998</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni198499–101-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettazzoni198499–101_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPettazzoni1984">Pettazzoni 1984</a>, pp. 99–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_literary-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_literary_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2015" class="citation book cs1">Baldick, Chris (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198715443.001.0001/acref-9780198715443-e-646?rskey=Nc4w5m&result=9">Legend</a> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press – Oxford Reference Online. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871544-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871544-3"><bdi>978-0-19-871544-3</bdi></a>. <q>A story or group of stories handed down through popular oral tradition, usually consisting of an exaggerated or unreliable account of some actually or possibly historical person—often a saint, monarch, or popular hero. Legends are sometimes distinguished from myths in that they concern humans rather than gods, and sometimes in that they have some sort of historical basis whereas myths do not; but these distinctions are difficult to maintain consistently. The term was originally applied to accounts of saints' lives..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legend&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Reference+Online&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871544-3&rft.aulast=Baldick&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198715443.001.0001%2Facref-9780198715443-e-646%3Frskey%3DNc4w5m%26result%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk197322,_32-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk197322,_32_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirk1973">Kirk 1973</a>, pp. 22, 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk198455-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk198455_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirk1984">Kirk 1984</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty2004114-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoty2004114_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoty2004">Doty 2004</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascom196513-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascom196513_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBascom1965">Bascom 1965</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/romance-literature-and-performance#toc50951">"romance | literature and performance"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=romance+%7C+literature+and+performance&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fromance-literature-and-performance%23toc50951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowells1999" class="citation book cs1">Howells, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=34BdSTbnSKUC&q=myth+pejorative&pg=PA37">The Myth of the Titanic</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22148-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22148-5"><bdi>978-0-312-22148-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Titanic&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22148-5&rft.aulast=Howells&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D34BdSTbnSKUC%26q%3Dmyth%2Bpejorative%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a>. 1967. Myths, Dreams and Mysteries. pp. 23, 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Winzeler, Robert L. 2012. Anthropology and Religion: What We Know, Think, and Question. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Dic_Bib-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dic_Bib_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2010" class="citation book cs1">Browning, W. R. F. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001/acref-9780199543984-e-1296?rskey=PjDvHe&result=9">Myth</a>. Oxford University Press – Oxford Reference Online. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954398-4"><bdi>978-0-19-954398-4</bdi></a>. <q>In modern parlance, a myth is a legend or fairy‐story unbelievable and untrue but nevertheless disseminated. It has a more technical meaning in biblical studies and covers those stories or narratives which describe the actions of the other‐worldly in terms of this world, in both OT and NT. In Genesis the Creation and the Fall are myths, and are markedly similar to the creation stories of Israel's Near Eastern neighbours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Reference+Online&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954398-4&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=W.+R.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199543984.001.0001%2Facref-9780199543984-e-1296%3Frskey%3DPjDvHe%26result%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Leeming2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">David Leeming (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PR7">"Preface"</a>. The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. p. vii, xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515669-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515669-0"><bdi>978-0-19-515669-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+Mythology&rft.pages=vii%2C+xii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515669-0&rft.au=David+Leeming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQFtlva3HaYC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk19738-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk19738_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirk1973">Kirk 1973</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-grassie-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grassie_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grassie_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrassie1998" class="citation journal cs1">Grassie, William (March 1998). "Science as Epic? Can the modern evolutionary cosmology be a mythic story for our time?". Science & Spirit. 9 (1). <q>The word 'myth' is popularly understood to mean idle fancy, fiction, or falsehood; but there is another meaning of the word in academic discourse... Using the original Greek term mythos is perhaps a better way to distinguish this more positive and all-encompassing definition of the word.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Spirit&rft.atitle=Science+as+Epic%3F+Can+the+modern+evolutionary+cosmology+be+a+mythic+story+for+our+time%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1998-03&rft.aulast=Grassie&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719000015/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mythography">Mythography</a>." <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a>. 1994–2000. Medieval Mythography, 2 vols. Gainesville. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2015" class="citation web cs1">Horton, Katie (3 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthgr.colostate.edu/2015/08/snodgrass-bioculturalism/">"Dr. Snodgrass editor of new blog series: Bioculturalism"</a>. Colorado State University. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+State+University&rft.atitle=Dr.+Snodgrass+editor+of+new+blog+series%3A+Bioculturalism&rft.date=2015-08-03&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanthgr.colostate.edu%2F2015%2F08%2Fsnodgrass-bioculturalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2004" class="citation journal cs1">Snodgrass, Jeffrey G. (2004). "Hail to the Chief?: The Politics and Poetics of a Rajasthani 'Child Sacrifice'". Culture and Religion. 5 (1): 71–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0143830042000200364">10.1080/0143830042000200364</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-5629">1475-5629</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54683133">54683133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144663317">144663317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture+and+Religion&rft.atitle=Hail+to+the+Chief%3F%3A+The+Politics+and+Poetics+of+a+Rajasthani+%27Child+Sacrifice%27&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54683133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144663317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1475-5629&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0143830042000200364&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOSADA-2015-70"><a href="#cite_ref-LOSADA-2015_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosada2015" class="citation book cs1">Losada, José Manuel (2015). "Mitocrítica y metodología". Nuevas formas del mito. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logos_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logos Verlag (page does not exist)">Logos Verlag</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-4040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-4040-1"><bdi>978-3-8325-4040-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mitocr%C3%ADtica+y+metodolog%C3%ADa&rft.btitle=Nuevas+formas+del+mito&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Logos+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-8325-4040-1&rft.aulast=Losada&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804051551/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a>." <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 31 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia_(poem)" title="Mythopoeia (poem)">Mythopoeia (poem)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> Tolkien, J. R. R. [1964] 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JW-cQ-cypwwC">Tree and Leaf; Mythopoeia; The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211183157/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JW-cQ-cypwwC">Archived</a> 11 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-710504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-710504-5">978-0-00-710504-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELittleton197332-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittleton197332_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLittleton1973">Littleton 1973</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade19988-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade19988_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliade1998">Eliade 1998</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198451-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonko198451_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonko198451_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHonko1984">Honko 1984</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade199819-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade199819_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEliade1998">Eliade 1998</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthes1972[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthes1972[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthes1972[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarthes1972">Barthes 1972</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2016" class="citation web cs1">Sinha, Namya (4 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/no-society-can-exist-without-myth-says-devdutt-pattanaik/story-PG1v4iB17j07dV5Vyv86QN.html">"No society can exist without myth, says Devdutt Pattanaik"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=No+society+can+exist+without+myth%2C+says+Devdutt+Pattanaik&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Namya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbooks%2Fno-society-can-exist-without-myth-says-devdutt-pattanaik%2Fstory-PG1v4iB17j07dV5Vyv86QN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaikh2018" class="citation web cs1">Shaikh, Jamal (8 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/interview-devdutt-pattanaik-facts-are-everybody-s-truth-fiction-is-nobody-s-truth-myths-are-somebody-s-truth/story-bF0Y9JzlqKyLMAiKYNGTbL.html">"Interview: Devdutt Pattanaik "Facts are everybody's truth. Fiction is nobody's truth. Myths are somebody's truth""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Devdutt+Pattanaik+%22Facts+are+everybody%27s+truth.+Fiction+is+nobody%27s+truth.+Myths+are+somebody%27s+truth%22&rft.date=2018-07-08&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbrunch%2Finterview-devdutt-pattanaik-facts-are-everybody-s-truth-fiction-is-nobody-s-truth-myths-are-somebody-s-truth%2Fstory-bF0Y9JzlqKyLMAiKYNGTbL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulfinch2004194-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulfinch2004194_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulfinch2004194_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulfinch2004194_80-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulfinch2004">Bulfinch 2004</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonko198445-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonko198445_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonko198445_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonko198445_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonko198445_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonko198445_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonko198445_81-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHonko1984">Honko 1984</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> "Euhemerism." <a href="/wiki/The_Concise_Oxford_Dictionary_of_World_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal201520-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal201520_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal201520_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2015">Segal 2015</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulfinch2004195-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulfinch2004195_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulfinch2004">Bulfinch 2004</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen20134-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen20134_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen2013">Frankfort et al. 2013</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen201315-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen201315_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen2013">Frankfort et al. 2013</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal201561-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal201561_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2015">Segal 2015</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf199640-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf199640_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraf1996">Graf 1996</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeletinsky201419–20-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeletinsky201419–20_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeletinsky2014">Meletinsky 2014</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal201563-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal201563_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2015">Segal 2015</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazer1913711-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazer1913711_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazer1913711_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrazer1913">Frazer 1913</a>, p. 711. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Lanoue, Guy. Foreword. In <a href="#CITEREFMeletinsky2014">Meletinsky (2014)</a>, p. viii.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20151-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal20151_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal20151_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2015">Segal 2015</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> "On the Gods and the World." ch. 5; See: Collected Writings on the Gods and the World. Frome: The Prometheus Trust. 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Perhaps the most extended passage of philosophic interpretation of myth is to be found in the fifth and sixth essays of Proclus’ Commentary on the Republic (to be found in The Works of Plato I, trans. Thomas Taylor, The Prometheus Trust, Frome, 1996); Porphyry's <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cave_of_the_Nymphs_in_the_Odyssey" title="On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey">analysis of the Homeric Cave of the Nymphs</a> is another important work in this area (Select Works of Porphyry, Thomas Taylor The Prometheus Trust, Frome, 1994). See the external links below for a full English translation. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516084101/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298">"The Myth of Io"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298">the original</a> on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Io.&rft.pub=The+Walters+Art+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F18298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> For more information on this panel, please see Zeri catalogue number 64, pp. 100–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-shippey-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shippey_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shippey_98-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a>. 2005. "A Revolution Reconsidered: Mythography and Mythology in the Nineteenth Century." pp. 1–28 in The Shadow-Walkers: Jacob Grimm’s Mythology of the Monstrous, edited by T. Shippey. Tempe, AZ: <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Center_for_Medieval_and_Renaissance_Studies" title="Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies">Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies</a>. pp. 4–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20153–4-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal20153–4_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2015">Segal 2015</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_100-1">b</a> McKinnell, John. 2005. Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Brewers_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewers Publications">Brewer</a>. pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20154-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal20154_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2015">Segal 2015</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMâche1992" class="citation book cs1">Mâche, Francois-Bernard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YNCVOY423HsC&pg=PA8">Music, Myth and Nature, or The Dolphins of Arion</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-5321-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-5321-8"><bdi>978-3-7186-5321-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music%2C+Myth+and+Nature%2C+or+The+Dolphins+of+Arion&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-7186-5321-8&rft.aulast=M%C3%A2che&rft.aufirst=Francois-Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYNCVOY423HsC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dorson" title="Richard Dorson">Dorson, Richard M.</a> 1955. "The Eclipse of Solar Mythology." pp. 25–63 in Myth: A Symposium, edited by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">T. A. Sebeok</a>. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal201567–68-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal201567–68_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2015">Segal 2015</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20153-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal20153_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal20153_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2015">Segal 2015</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Boeree.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2015113-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegal2015113_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegal2015">Segal 2015</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Birenbaum, Harvey. 1988. Myth and Mind. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. pp. 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Bultmann, Rudolf</a>. 1958. Jesus Christ and Mythology. New York: <a href="/wiki/Scribner_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribner (publisher)">Scribner</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyers1984107-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyers1984107_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHyers1984">Hyers 1984</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> For example: McKinnell, John. 1994. Both One and Many: Essays on Change and Variety in Late Norse Heathenism, (Philologia: saggi, ricerche, edizioni 1, edited by T. Pàroli). Rome. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="/wiki/A._K._Ramanujan" title="A. K. Ramanujan">Ramanujan, A. K.</a> 1991. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3j49n8h7&chunk.id=d0e1254&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1254&brand=ucpress">Three Hundred Rāmāyaṇas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation</a>." pp. 22–48 in Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia, edited by P. Richman. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archival_Resource_Key" title="Archival Resource Key">ark:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3j49n8h7/">13030/ft3j49n8h7/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514082733/http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3j49n8h7/">Archived</a> 14 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Ramanujan, A. K. [1991] 2004. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trans-techresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/three-hundred-Ramayanas-A-K-Ramanujan.pdf">Three Hundred Rāmāyaṇas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005173023/http://www.trans-techresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/three-hundred-Ramayanas-A-K-Ramanujan.pdf">Archived</a> 5 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." pp. 131–160 in The Collected Essays of A. K. Ramanujan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566896-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566896-4">978-0-19-566896-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> For example: <a href="/wiki/Ken_Dowden" title="Ken Dowden">Dowden, Ken</a>. 1992. The Uses of Greek Mythology. London: Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Zgoll, Christian (2019). Tractatus mythologicus. Theorie und Methodik zur Erforschung von Mythen als Grundlegung einer allgemeinen, transmedialen und komparatistischen Stoffwissenschaft (= Mythological Studies 1). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 25–31. ISBN 978-3-11054119-9. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idw-online.de/de/news824208">"Auszeichnung in der Altorientalistik und Klassischen Philologie"</a>. Informationsdienst Wissenschaft. 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Informationsdienst+Wissenschaft&rft.atitle=Auszeichnung+in+der+Altorientalistik+und+Klassischen+Philologie&rft.date=2023-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidw-online.de%2Fde%2Fnews824208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Zgoll, Christian (2019). Tractatus mythologicus. Theorie und Methodik zur Erforschung von Mythen als Grundlegung einer allgemeinen, transmedialen und komparatistischen Stoffwissenschaft (= Mythological Studies 1). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 109–118. 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Knopf Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-36729-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-36729-7"><bdi>978-0-307-36729-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Myth+%28Myths+series%29&rft.pub=Knopf+Canada&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-36729-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHbE9hRA10gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthes1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes, Roland</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLYyrScm1YC">Mythologies</a>. Translated by Annette Lavers. Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-37-452150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-37-452150-9"><bdi>978-0-37-452150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologies&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-37-452150-9&rft.aulast=Barthes&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBuLYyrScm1YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBascom1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Bascom" title="William Bascom">Bascom, William Russell</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AU0hNAAACAAJ">The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives</a>. University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forms+of+Folklore%3A+Prose+Narratives&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Bascom&rft.aufirst=William+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAU0hNAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowker2005" class="citation book cs1">Bowker, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e2315">"Euhemerism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhF1QgAACAAJ">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861053-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861053-3"><bdi>978-0-19-861053-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Euhemerism&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861053-3&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fviews%2FENTRY.html%3Fsubview%3DMain%26entry%3Dt101.e2315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulfinch2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bulfinch" title="Thomas Bulfinch">Bulfinch, Thomas</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OskAy9XOnIsC">Bulfinch's Mythology</a>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-1109-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-1109-9"><bdi>978-1-4191-1109-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulfinch%27s+Mythology&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-1109-9&rft.aulast=Bulfinch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOskAy9XOnIsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorner1999" class="citation book cs1">Corner, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta9kAAAAMAAJ">Critical Ideas in Television Studies</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874221-0"><bdi>978-0-19-874221-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Ideas+in+Television+Studies&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874221-0&rft.aulast=Corner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTa9kAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2004" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzlCthJ4SLkC">Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook Translated from the Sanskrit</a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190375-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190375-0"><bdi>978-0-14-190375-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Myths%3A+A+Sourcebook+Translated+from+the+Sanskrit&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-190375-0&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzlCthJ4SLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoty2004" class="citation book cs1">Doty, William G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qeI5UC1rmwwC">Myth: A Handbook</a>. 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Continuum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess%3A+Mythological+Images+of+the+Feminine&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7yNnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Dundes" title="Alan Dundes">Dundes, Alan</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgsTmeRHpeUC&pg=PA147">"Madness in Method Plus a Plea for Projective Inversion in Myth"</a>. In L. L. Patton and W. Doniger (ed.). Myth and Method. University of Virginia Press. pp. 147–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1657-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1657-6"><bdi>978-0-8139-1657-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madness+in+Method+Plus+a+Plea+for+Projective+Inversion+in+Myth&rft.btitle=Myth+and+Method&rft.pages=147-&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1657-6&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgsTmeRHpeUC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li>— (1997). "Binary Opposition in Myth: The Propp/Levi-Strauss Debate in Retrospect." <a href="/wiki/Western_Folklore" title="Western Folklore">Western Folklore</a> 56(Winter): 39–50.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes1984" class="citation book cs1">—, ed. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5Om2ALAFbEC">Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05192-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05192-8"><bdi>978-0-520-05192-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Narrative%3A+Readings+in+the+Theory+of+Myth&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05192-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl5Om2ALAFbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Honko, Lauri. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5Om2ALAFbEC&pg=PA41">The Problem of Defining Myth</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFDundes1984">Dundes (1984)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Kirk, G. S. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5Om2ALAFbEC&pg=PA53">On Defining Myths</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFDundes1984">Dundes (1984)</a>, pp. 53–61.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Pettazzoni, Raffaele. "The Truth of Myth". In <a href="#CITEREFDundes1984">Dundes (1984)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1999" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Bruce (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QL9MFJqMrB0C&q=mythos+Greece&pg=PA223">"The Prehistory of Mythos and Logos"</a>. Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48202-6"><bdi>978-0-226-48202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Prehistory+of+Mythos+and+Logos&rft.btitle=Theorizing+Myth%3A+Narrative%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Scholarship&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-226-48202-6&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQL9MFJqMrB0C%26q%3Dmythos%2BGreece%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliade1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWZSvgAACAAJ">Myths, dreams, and mysteries: the encounter between contemporary faiths and archaic realities</a>. Translated by Mairet, Philip. Harvill Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131320-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131320-2"><bdi>978-0-06-131320-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths%2C+dreams%2C+and+mysteries%3A+the+encounter+between+contemporary+faiths+and+archaic+realities&rft.pub=Harvill+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-06-131320-2&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWZSvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliade1998" class="citation book cs1">— (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CaIUAAAAQBAJ">Myth and Reality</a>. Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-0861-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-0861-5"><bdi>978-1-4786-0861-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+and+Reality&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4786-0861-5&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCaIUAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fupress.com/Archivio/pdf/3622.pdf">Fabiani, Paolo "The Philosophy of the Imagination in Vico and Malebranche". F.U.P. (Florence UP), English edition 2009.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512160701/http://www.fupress.com/Archivio/pdf/3622.pdf">Archived</a> 12 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankfortFrankfortWilsonJacobsen2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Frankfort" title="Henri Frankfort">Frankfort, Henri</a>; Frankfort, H.A.; Wilson, John A.; Jacobsen, Thorkild; Irwin, William A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSECAAAAQBAJ">The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man: An Essay of Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11256-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11256-5"><bdi>978-0-226-11256-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intellectual+Adventure+of+Ancient+Man%3A+An+Essay+of+Speculative+Thought+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-226-11256-5&rft.aulast=Frankfort&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.au=Frankfort%2C+H.A.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Thorkild&rft.au=Irwin%2C+William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSECAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Frazer, Sir James George</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3sIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR10">The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion</a>. Macmillan and Company, limited. pp. 10–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Bough%3A+A+Study+in+Magic+and+Religion&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Company%2C+limited&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=Sir+James+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3sIAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraf1996" class="citation book cs1">Graf, Fritz (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2yMRI5xML8C">Greek Mythology: An Introduction</a>. Translated by Marier, Thomas. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5395-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5395-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-5395-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Mythology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5395-1&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2yMRI5xML8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey2012" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, Sheryl (2012). The Haunted Garden: Death and Transfiguration in the Folklore of Plants. New York: DCA Art Fund Grant from the Council on the Arts and Humanities for Staten Island and public funding from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Cultural_Affairs" title="New York City Department of Cultural Affairs">New York City Department of Cultural Affairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-300-55364-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-300-55364-9"><bdi>978-1-300-55364-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haunted+Garden%3A+Death+and+Transfiguration+in+the+Folklore+of+Plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=DCA+Art+Fund+Grant+from+the+Council+on+the+Arts+and+Humanities+for+Staten+Island+and+public+funding+from+the+New+York+City+Department+of+Cultural+Affairs&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-300-55364-9&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Sheryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyers1984" class="citation book cs1">Hyers, Conradl (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meaningofcreatio0000hyer">The Meaning of Creation: Genesis and Modern Science</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8042-0125-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8042-0125-4"><bdi>978-0-8042-0125-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Creation%3A+Genesis+and+Modern+Science&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8042-0125-4&rft.aulast=Hyers&rft.aufirst=Conradl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeaningofcreatio0000hyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndick2004" class="citation journal cs1">Indick, William (2004). "Classical Heroes in Modern Movies: Mythological Patterns of the Superhero". Journal of Media Psychology. 9 (3): 93–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Media+Psychology&rft.atitle=Classical+Heroes+in+Modern+Movies%3A+Mythological+Patterns+of+the+Superhero&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Indick&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1973" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Geoffrey Stephen (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXtfRwFwGzMC">Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02389-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02389-5"><bdi>978-0-520-02389-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth%3A+Its+Meaning+and+Functions+in+Ancient+and+Other+Cultures&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02389-5&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXtfRwFwGzMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoven2003" class="citation journal cs1">Koven, Mikel J. (22 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/42709">"Folklore Studies and Popular Film and Television: A Necessary Critical Survey"</a>. Journal of American Folklore. 116 (460): 176–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjaf.2003.0027">10.1353/jaf.2003.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-1882">1535-1882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163091590">163091590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Folklore+Studies+and+Popular+Film+and+Television%3A+A+Necessary+Critical+Survey&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=460&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.date=2003-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163091590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1535-1882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjaf.2003.0027&rft.aulast=Koven&rft.aufirst=Mikel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F42709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2007" class="citation web cs1">Leonard, Scott (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227094045/http://www.as.ysu.edu/~saleonard/History%20of%20Mythology%201.html">"The History of Mythology: Part I"</a>. Youngstown State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.as.ysu.edu/~saleonard/History%20of%20Mythology%201.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Mythology%3A+Part+I&rft.pub=Youngstown+State+University&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.as.ysu.edu%2F~saleonard%2FHistory%2520of%2520Mythology%25201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittleton1973" class="citation book cs1">Littleton, C. Scott (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KuSy6xW99agC&pg=PA1">The New Comparative Mythology: An Anthropological Assessment of the Theories of Georges Dumézil</a>. University of California Press. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02404-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02404-5"><bdi>978-0-520-02404-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Comparative+Mythology%3A+An+Anthropological+Assessment+of+the+Theories+of+Georges+Dum%C3%A9zil&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02404-5&rft.aulast=Littleton&rft.aufirst=C.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKuSy6xW99agC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatira2008" class="citation journal cs1">Matira, Lopamundra (2008). "Children's Oral Literature and Modern Mass Media". Indian Folklore Research Journal. 5 (8): 55–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Folklore+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Children%27s+Oral+Literature+and+Modern+Mass+Media&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Matira&rft.aufirst=Lopamundra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeletinsky2014" class="citation book cs1">Meletinsky, Eleazar M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzmlAgAAQBAJ">The Poetics of Myth</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-59913-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-59913-3"><bdi>978-1-135-59913-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetics+of+Myth&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-59913-3&rft.aulast=Meletinsky&rft.aufirst=Eleazar+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzmlAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Northup, Lesley (2006). "Myth-Placed Priorities: Religion and the Study of Myth." <a href="/wiki/Religious_Studies_Review" title="Religious Studies Review">Religious Studies Review</a> 32(1):5–10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-0922.2006.00018.x">10.1111/j.1748-0922.2006.00018.x</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1748-0922">1748-0922</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Olson, Eric L. (3 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32929">Great Expectations: the Role of Myth in 1980s Films with Child Heroes</a>. Virginia Polytechnic Scholarly Library (Thesis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10919%2F32929">10919/32929</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119012708/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172011-113805/unrestricted/OLSON_EL_T_2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Great+Expectations%3A+the+Role+of+Myth+in+1980s+Films+with+Child+Heroes&rft.inst=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+And+State+University&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10919%2F32929&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Eric+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10919%2F32929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegal2015" class="citation book cs1">Segal, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJu9CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">Myth: A Very Short Introduction</a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 19–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103769-6"><bdi>978-0-19-103769-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=19-&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-103769-6&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJu9CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Simpson" title="Jacqueline Simpson">Simpson, Jacqueline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Roud" title="Steve Roud">Steve Roud</a>, eds. 2003. "Myths." In A Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191726644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191726644">978-0191726644</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2010" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Irving (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhrTiQW16-gC&pg=PA1">Cinematic Mythmaking: Philosophy in Film</a>. MIT Press. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26484-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26484-6"><bdi>978-0-262-26484-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinematic+Mythmaking%3A+Philosophy+in+Film&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-262-26484-6&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhrTiQW16-gC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlattery2015" class="citation book cs1">Slattery, Dennis Patrick (2015). Bridge Work: Essays on Mythology, Literature and Psychology. Carpinteria: Mandorla Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+Work%3A+Essays+on+Mythology%2C+Literature+and+Psychology&rft.place=Carpinteria&rft.pub=Mandorla+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Slattery&rft.aufirst=Dennis+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiles2000" class="citation book cs1">Wiles, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYWkzOawLyIC&q=mythos+Greece&pg=PA5">"Myth"</a>. Greek Theatre Performance: An Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64857-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64857-8"><bdi>978-0-521-64857-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myth&rft.btitle=Greek+Theatre+Performance%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64857-8&rft.aulast=Wiles&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYWkzOawLyIC%26q%3Dmythos%2BGreece%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyth" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Folklore">Folklore</a> genres and types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_tale" title="Animal tale">Animal tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall tales">Tall tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_narrative" title="Personal narrative">Personal narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">False</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">Nursery rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">Proverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle" title="Riddle">Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_game" title="Word game">Word game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_belief" title="Folk belief">Folk belief</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" 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