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href="#part_2">袪械谢懈谐懈褟</a></li> <ul> <li><a href="#part_3">袪褍褋褋泻邪褟袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪邪褟笑械褉泻芯胁褜</a></li> <li><a href="#part_4">小褌邪褉芯芯斜褉褟写褔械褋褌胁芯</a></li> <li><a href="#part_5">袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪邪褟袗胁褌芯薪芯屑薪邪褟笑械褉泻芯胁褜</a></li> <li><a href="#part_6">袣邪褌芯谢懈褔械褋褌胁芯</a></li> <li><a href="#part_7">袗褉屑褟薪褋泻邪褟袗锌芯褋褌芯谢褜褋泻邪褟笑械褉泻芯胁褜</a></li> <li><a href="#part_8">袩褉芯褌械褋褌邪薪褌褘</a></li> <li><a href="#part_9">袠褋谢邪屑</a></li> <li><a href="#part_10">袠褍写邪懈蟹屑</a></li> <li><a href="#part_11">小械泻褌褘懈薪芯胁褘械褉械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪褘械写胁懈卸械薪懈褟</a></li> </ul> </ul> </div> <div class="toc_bottom"></div> </div> <h1 class="article_title" itemprop="title">袘袗楔袣袨袪孝袨小孝袗袧</h1> <div itemprop="content"><p> <div class=" right_image" style="width: 206px"><div class="image" style="float: right; width: 206px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this)" href="/data/661/462/1234/1i400.jpg" ><img src="/data/661/462/1234/1i200.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="176" height="200" alt="" title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align=" right" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>(袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪袘邪褕泻芯褉褌芯褋褌邪薪), 褋褍斜褗械泻褌袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄肖械写械褉邪褑懈懈. 孝械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈褟: 143,6 褌褘褋. 泻胁. 泻屑. 小褌芯谢懈褑邪: 校褎邪. <span style="font-weight:bold;">袚械芯谐褉邪褎懈褟.</span> 袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪邪胁袩褉械写褍褉邪谢褜械懈薪邪褋泻谢芯薪邪褏挟卸. 校褉邪谢邪, 薪邪褋械胁械褉械谐褉邪薪懈褔懈褌褋 <a href="/text/袩械褉屑褋泻芯泄.html"style="font-style:italic;">袩械褉屑褋泻芯泄</a> 懈 <a href="/text/小胁械褉写谢芯胁褋泻芯泄.html"style="font-style:italic;">小胁械褉写谢芯胁褋泻芯泄</a> 芯斜谢邪褋褌褟屑懈, 薪邪胁芯褋褌芯泻械 - 褋 <a href="/text/效械谢褟斜懈薪褋泻芯泄.html"style="font-style:italic;">效械谢褟斜懈薪褋泻芯泄</a> 芯斜谢., 薪邪褞谐芯-胁芯褋褌芯泻械, 褞谐械懈褞谐芯-蟹邪锌邪写械 - 褋 <a href="/text/袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻芯泄.html"style="font-style:italic;">袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻芯泄</a> 芯斜谢., 薪邪蟹邪锌邪写械 - 褋 <a href="/text/孝邪褌邪褉褋褌邪薪芯屑.html"style="font-style:italic;">孝邪褌邪褉褋褌邪薪芯屑</a>, 薪邪褋械胁械褉芯-蟹邪锌邪写械 - 褋 <a href="/text/校写屑褍褉褌懈械泄.html"style="font-style:italic;">校写屑褍褉褌懈械泄</a>. 袣褉褍锌薪械泄褕邪褟褉械泻邪薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈袘.- 袘械谢邪褟, 锌褉懈褌芯泻袣邪屑褘. 袘. 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟褋芯褋褌邪胁薪芯泄褔邪褋褌褜褞校褉邪谢褜褋泻芯谐芯褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯褉-薪邪, 薪邪褉芯写薪芯-褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁械薪薪褘泄泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋胁泻谢褞褔邪械褌胁褋械斜褟屑薪芯谐芯芯褌褉邪褋谢械胁褍褞锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯褋褌褜懈褋械谢褜褋泻芯械褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁芯. <span style="font-weight:bold;">袧邪褋械谢械薪懈械:</span> 4 屑谢薪 90,6 褌褘褋. 褔械谢. (薪邪 1 褟薪胁. 2002). 袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褘泄褋芯褋褌邪胁: 褉褍褋褋泻懈械 - 芯泻. 39,5%, 褌邪褌邪褉褘 - 芯泻. 29,5, 斜邪褕泻懈褉褘 - 芯泻. 22%, 写褉. 薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯褋褌懈 - 褔褍胁邪褕懈, 屑邪褉懈泄褑褘, 褍写屑褍褉褌褘, 褍泻褉邪懈薪褑褘, 斜械谢芯褉褍褋褘. <span style="font-weight:bold;">袗写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褌懈胁薪芯械褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁芯.</span> 袙 1557 谐. 斜邪褕泻懈褉褘锌褉懈薪褟谢懈褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯械锌芯写写邪薪褋褌胁芯, 写芯薪邪褔. XVIII 胁. 褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈褟褋芯胁褉. 袘. 胁褏芯写懈谢邪胁校褎懈屑褋泻懈泄, 袙械褉褏芯褌褍褉褋泻懈泄懈孝芯斜芯谢褜褋泻懈泄褍械蟹写褘. 袙 1700 谐. 斜褘谢邪芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪邪校褎懈屑褋泻邪褟锌褉芯胁. (褋 1708 胁褋芯褋褌邪胁械袣邪蟹邪薪褋泻芯泄谐褍斜.), 胁 1737 谐. 薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈袘邪褕泻懈褉褋泻芯谐芯袟邪褍褉邪谢褜褟褋芯蟹写邪薪邪袠褋械褌褋泻邪褟锌褉芯胁. 袙 1744 谐. 薪邪芯褋薪芯胁械校褎懈屑褋泻芯泄懈袠褋械褌褋泻芯泄锌褉芯胁懈薪褑懈泄斜褘谢邪褍褔褉械卸写械薪邪袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻邪褟谐褍斜. 袙 1781 谐. 谐褍斜械褉薪懈褞褍锌褉邪蟹写薪懈谢懈, 懈薪芯胁芯褍褔褉械卸写械薪薪芯械校褎懈屑褋泻芯械薪邪屑械褋褌薪懈褔械褋褌胁芯胁泻谢褞褔懈谢芯胁褋械斜褟袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻褍褞懈校褎懈屑褋泻褍褞芯斜谢邪褋褌懈. 袙 1796 谐. 薪邪屑械褋褌薪懈褔械褋褌胁芯斜褘谢芯锌械褉械懈屑械薪芯胁邪薪芯胁袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻褍褞谐褍斜. (褋 1797 褑械薪褌褉 - 袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐, 褋 1802 - 校褎邪). 袙 1865 谐. 械械褉邪蟹写械谢懈谢懈薪邪袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻褍褞懈校褎懈屑褋泻褍褞谐褍斜械褉薪懈懈. 袙 1919 谐. 斜褘谢邪芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪邪袘邪褕泻懈褉褋泻邪褟袗小小袪 (褑械薪褌褉 - 褋. 孝械屑褟褋芯胁芯, 褋 1920 - 谐. 小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻), 胁褋芯褋褌邪胁泻-褉芯泄胁芯褕谢懈芯褌写械谢褜薪褘械褍械蟹写褘袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻芯泄, 校褎懈屑褋泻芯泄懈袩械褉屑褋泻芯泄谐褍斜械褉薪懈泄, 挟屑褉邪薪-孝邪斜褘薪褋泻邪褟胁芯谢. 袘褍蟹褍谢褍泻褋泻芯谐芯褍. 小邪屑邪褉褋泻芯泄谐褍斜. 袙 1922 谐., 锌芯褋谢械褍锌褉邪蟹写薪械薪懈褟校褎懈屑褋泻芯泄谐褍斜., 械械褍械蟹写褘褌邪泻卸械胁芯褕谢懈胁褋芯褋褌邪胁袘邪褕泻懈褉褋泻芯泄袗小小袪, 褑械薪褌褉芯屑泻-褉芯泄褋褌邪谢邪校褎邪. 12 懈褞薪褟 1990 谐. 斜褘谢邪锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褕械薪邪袛械泻谢邪褉邪褑懈褟芯谐芯褋. 褋褍胁械褉械薪懈褌械褌械袘., 24 写械泻. 1993 谐. 锌褉懈薪褟褌邪薪芯胁邪褟袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈褟袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻懈袘. 袙褘褋褕懈泄锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢褜薪褘泄懈蟹邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜薪褘泄芯褉谐邪薪 - 袚芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯械小芯斜褉邪薪懈械 (袣褍褉褍谢褌邪泄), 泻-褉芯械懈屑械械褌袩邪谢邪褌褍锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械泄懈袟邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜薪褍褞锌邪谢邪褌褍. 12 写械泻. 1993 谐. 胁袘. 懈蟹斜褉邪薪袩褉械蟹懈写械薪褌袦. 袚. 袪邪褏懈屑芯胁 (胁 1998 锌械褉械懈蟹斜褉邪薪薪邪 2-泄褋褉芯泻). 袙褘褋褕懈泄芯褉谐邪薪懈褋锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄胁谢邪褋褌懈 - 袣邪斜懈薪械褌屑懈薪懈褋褌褉芯胁, 泻-褉褘泄锌芯写芯褌褔械褌械薪袚芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯屑褍小芯斜褉邪薪懈褞懈袩褉械蟹懈写械薪褌褍袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻懈. 25 褎械胁褉. 1999 谐. 锌褉懈薪褟褌袟邪泻芯薪袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻懈袘. 芦袨褟蟹褘泻邪褏薪邪褉芯写芯胁袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻懈袘邪褕泻芯褉褌芯褋褌邪薪禄, 胁泻-褉芯屑蟹邪泻褉械锌谢械薪褘谐芯褋. 褋褌邪褌褍褋褉褍褋. 懈斜邪褕泻懈褉. 褟蟹褘泻芯胁. 袙袘. 54 邪写屑. 褉邪泄芯薪邪, 21 谐芯褉芯写. 袧邪懈斜芯谢械械泻褉褍锌薪褘械谐芯褉芯写邪 - 校褎邪, 小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻, 小邪谢邪胁邪褌. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span> </p> <h3><a class="an" name="part_2">袪械谢懈谐懈褟</a></h3> <div class="section_3"> <p> 袧邪 1 褟薪胁. 2002 谐. 胁袘. 斜褘谢芯蟹邪褉械谐懈褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪薪芯 947 褉械谢懈谐. 芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈泄, 泻-褉褘械懈屑械褞褌 630 屑芯谢懈褌胁械薪薪褘褏蟹写邪薪懈泄, 懈蟹薪懈褏 250 斜褘谢懈褋芯芯褉褍卸械薪褘锌芯褋谢械 1990 谐. 袧邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈袘. 锌褉械芯斜谢邪写邪褞褌懈褋谢邪屑, 泻-褉褘泄懈褋锌芯胁械写褍褞褌胁芯褋薪芯胁薪芯屑斜邪褕泻懈褉褘懈褌邪褌邪褉褘, 懈袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁懈械, 泻-褉芯谐芯锌褉懈写械褉卸懈胁邪褞褌褋褟褉褍褋褋泻懈械, 褍泻褉邪懈薪褑褘, 斜械谢芯褉褍褋褘, 屑芯褉写胁邪, 褍写屑褍褉褌褘懈褔褍胁邪褕懈. 袩褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢懈写褉. 泻芯薪褎械褋褋懈泄懈褉械谢懈谐. 写胁懈卸械薪懈泄薪械屑薪芯谐芯褔懈褋谢械薪薪褘. 袪械谢懈谐. 卸懈蟹薪褜胁袘. 蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪芯邪泻褌懈胁懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪谢邪褋褜褋锌褉懈薪褟褌懈械屑蟹邪泻芯薪邪芦袨褋胁芯斜芯写械褋芯胁械褋褌懈懈褉械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪褘褏芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈褟褏胁袘邪褕泻懈褉褋泻芯泄小小袪禄芯褌 20 懈褞薪褟 1991 谐., 胁 2001 谐. 褝褌芯褌蟹邪泻芯薪斜褘谢锌褉懈胁械写械薪胁褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁懈械褋褎械写械褉邪谢褜薪褘屑懈蟹邪泻芯薪邪屑懈. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span> </p> <h4><a class="an" name="part_3">袪褍褋褋泻邪褟袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪邪褟笑械褉泻芯胁褜</a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <div class="left_image" style="width: 230px"><div class="image" style="float: left; width: 230px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this, {captionId:'img_caption_156427_45'})" href="/data/145/461/1234/i400.jpg" ><img src="/data/145/461/1234/i200.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="200" height="148" alt="袦芯薪-褉褜胁褔械褋褌褜校褋锌械薪懈褟袘芯卸懈械泄袦邪褌械褉懈胁校褎械. 肖芯褌芯谐褉邪褎懈褟. 2002 谐." title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="center" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a><div class="highslide-caption" id="img_caption_156427_45">袦芯薪-褉褜胁褔械褋褌褜校褋锌械薪懈褟袘芯卸懈械泄袦邪褌械褉懈胁校褎械. 肖芯褌芯谐褉邪褎懈褟. 2002 谐.</div></div><br><small>袦芯薪-褉褜胁褔械褋褌褜校褋锌械薪懈褟袘芯卸懈械泄袦邪褌械褉懈胁校褎械. 肖芯褌芯谐褉邪褎懈褟. 2002 谐.</small></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p> 袪褍褋. 锌芯褋械谢械薪懈褟懈锌褉邪胁芯褋谢. 褏褉邪屑褘薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褋芯胁褉. 袘. 锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜胁芯 2-泄锌芯谢. XVI 胁. 袙 1579 谐. 胁校褎懈屑褋泻芯屑芯褋褌褉芯谐械 (芯褋薪芯胁邪薪胁 1574) 斜褘谢邪锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪邪锌械褉胁邪褟写械褉械胁褟薪薪邪褟褑. 胁褔械褋褌褜袣邪蟹邪薪褋泻芯泄懈泻芯薪褘袘芯卸懈械泄袦邪褌械褉懈. 小 80-90-褏谐谐. XVI 胁. 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪褘小械褉谐懈械胁懈校褋锌械薪褋泻懈泄屑褍卸. 屑芯薪-褉懈胁校褎械, 袙芯蟹薪械褋械薪褋泻懈泄屑褍卸. 屑芯薪-褉褜薪邪褉. 校褋芯谢泻邪 (褋芯胁褉. 袚邪褎褍褉懈泄褋泻懈泄褉-薪), 褋 XVII 胁.- 褍褎懈屑褋泻懈泄胁褔械褋褌褜袪芯卸写械褋褌胁邪啸褉懈褋褌芯胁邪卸械薪. 屑芯薪-褉褜. 袙泻芯薪. XVI-XVIII 胁. 锌褉邪胁芯褋谢. 锌褉懈褏芯写褘泻褉邪褟斜褘谢懈锌芯写褔懈薪械薪褘袣邪蟹邪薪褋泻芯泄泻邪褎械写褉械, 蟹邪褍褉邪谢褜褋泻邪褟褔邪褋褌褜袘. 胁 1621 谐. 胁芯褕谢邪胁褋芯褋褌邪胁 <a href="/text/孝芯斜芯谢褜褋泻芯泄械锌邪褉褏懈懈.html"style="font-style:italic;">孝芯斜芯谢褜褋泻芯泄械锌邪褉褏懈懈</a>. 袙 1721 谐. 斜褘谢芯褋芯蟹写邪薪芯校褎懈屑褋泻芯械写褍褏芯胁薪芯械锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械, 泻-褉芯械胁芯蟹谐谢邪胁懈谢薪邪褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜褍褎懈屑褋泻芯谐芯校褋锌械薪褋泻芯谐芯屑芯薪-褉褟. 27 褋械薪褌. 1799 谐. 褍褔褉械写懈谢懈袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻褍褞懈校褎懈屑褋泻褍褞械锌邪褉褏懈褞褋褑械薪褌褉芯屑胁校褎械. 袙屑邪褉褌械 1859 谐. 械械褉邪蟹写械谢懈谢懈薪邪袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻褍褞懈校褉邪谢褜褋泻褍褞, 校褎懈屑褋泻褍褞懈袦械薪蟹械谢懈薪褋泻褍褞械锌邪褉褏懈懈 (褋 1928 校褎懈屑褋泻邪褟懈袛邪胁谢械泻邪薪芯胁褋泻邪褟, 褋 1942 校褎懈屑褋泻邪褟懈袦械薪蟹械谢懈薪褋泻邪褟, 褋 1945 校褎懈屑褋泻邪褟懈袘邪褕泻懈褉褋泻邪褟, 褋 1952 <a href="/text/校褎懈屑褋泻邪褟懈小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻褋泻邪褟.html"style="font-style:italic;">校褎懈屑褋泻邪褟懈小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻褋泻邪褟</a>). </p> <p> 袙薪邪褋褌. 胁褉械屑褟褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈褟袘. 褋芯胁锌邪写邪械褌褋谐褉邪薪懈褑邪屑懈校褎懈屑褋泻芯泄懈小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻褋泻芯泄械锌邪褉褏懈懈袪袩笑, 褉邪蟹写械谢械薪薪芯泄薪邪 14 斜谢邪谐芯褔懈薪薪懈褔械褋泻懈褏芯泻褉褍谐芯胁. 袙褟薪胁. 2002 谐. 胁校褎懈屑褋泻芯泄械锌邪褉褏懈懈褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 156 锌褉懈褏芯写芯胁, 150 斜芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械斜薪褘褏蟹写邪薪懈泄 (懈蟹薪懈褏 - 67 褏褉邪屑芯胁), 4 屑芯薪-褉褟 (<a href="/text/褍褎懈屑褋泻懈泄胁褔械褋褌褜校褋锌械薪懈褟袩褉械褋胁袘芯谐芯褉芯写懈褑褘屑褍卸褋泻芯泄.html"style="font-style:italic;">褍褎懈屑褋泻懈泄胁褔械褋褌褜校褋锌械薪懈褟袩褉械褋胁. 袘芯谐芯褉芯写懈褑褘屑褍卸褋泻芯泄</a>, <a href="/text/孝邪斜褘薪褋泻芯泄懈泻芯薪褘袘芯卸懈械泄袦邪褌械褉懈卸械薪褋泻懈泄.html"style="font-style:italic;">孝邪斜褘薪褋泻芯泄懈泻芯薪褘袘芯卸懈械泄袦邪褌械褉懈卸械薪褋泻懈泄</a> (袚邪褎褍褉懈泄褋泻懈泄褉-薪), 胁芯懈屑褟 <a href="/text/袠谢懈懈锌褉芯褉芯泻邪屑褍卸褋泻芯泄.html"style="font-style:italic;">袠谢懈懈锌褉芯褉芯泻邪屑褍卸褋泻芯泄</a> 胁褋. 袦械褋褟谐褍褌芯胁芯袛褍胁邪薪褋泻芯谐芯褉-薪邪, 袩芯泻褉芯胁褋泻懈泄屑褍卸. 胁褋. 袛械写芯胁械肖褢写芯褉芯胁褋泻芯谐芯褉-薪邪). 袣谢懈褉械锌邪褉褏懈懈褋芯褋褌芯褟谢懈蟹 179 褋胁褟褖械薪薪芯褋谢褍卸懈褌械谢械泄. </p> </div><p> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span> </p> <h4><a class="an" name="part_4">小褌邪褉芯芯斜褉褟写褔械褋褌胁芯</a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <p> 小胁械写械薪懈褟芯锌褉芯薪懈泻薪芯胁械薪懈懈褋褌邪褉芯芯斜褉褟写褑械胁 (胁芯褋薪芯胁薪芯屑斜械褋锌芯锌芯胁褑械胁) 薪邪挟卸. 校褉邪谢芯褌薪芯褋褟褌褋褟泻泻芯薪. XVII 胁. 袩械褉胁褘械锌芯褋械谢械薪懈褟褋褌邪褉芯芯斜褉褟写褑械胁胁芯蟹薪懈泻谢懈胁袘邪褕泻懈褉褋泻芯屑袟邪褍褉邪谢褜械, 蟹邪褌械屑褑械薪褌褉芯屑褋褌邪褉芯芯斜褉褟写褔械褋褌胁邪胁泻褉邪械褋褌邪谢邪孝邪斜褘薪褋泻邪褟泻褉械锌芯褋褌褜, 褋 40-褏谐谐. XVIII 胁.- 效械谢褟斜懈薪褋泻懈泄褍. 袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻芯泄谐褍斜. 袣褋械褉. XVIII 胁. 胁袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻芯泄谐褍斜. 卸懈谢懈芯泻. 17 褌褘褋. 褋褌邪褉芯芯斜褉褟写褑械胁-斜械褋锌芯锌芯胁褑械胁. 袙褋械褉. XIX 胁. 薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褋芯胁褉. 袘. 锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜锌芯锌芯胁褑褘. 袦械褋褌邪屑懈泻芯屑锌邪泻褌薪芯谐芯锌褉芯卸懈胁邪薪懈褟斜械谐谢芯锌芯锌芯胁褑械胁斜褘谢袘械谢械斜械械胁褋泻懈泄褍., 褋褌芯褉芯薪薪懈泻芯胁 <a href="/text/袘袝袥袨袣袪袠袧袠笑袣袗携袠袝袪袗袪啸袠携.html"style="font-style:italic;">袘械谢芯泻褉懈薪懈褑泻芯泄懈械褉邪褉褏懈懈</a> - 袘械谢械斜械械胁褋泻懈泄懈小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻褋泻懈泄褍械蟹写褘袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻芯泄谐褍斜. 袣 1913 谐. 胁校褎懈屑褋泻芯泄谐褍斜. 卸懈谢懈芯泻. 38 褌褘褋. 褋褌邪褉芯芯斜褉褟写褑械胁. 袙 70-褏谐谐. XX 胁. 褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 5 褋褌邪褉芯芯斜褉褟写褔械褋泻懈褏芯斜褖懈薪 (4 斜械褋锌芯锌芯胁褑械胁懈 1 斜械谐谢芯锌芯锌芯胁褑械胁). 袣 2002 谐. 薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈袘. 蟹邪褉械谐懈褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪薪褘 4 芯斜褖懈薪褘 <a href="/text/斜械褋锌芯锌芯胁褑械胁.html"style="font-style:italic;">斜械褋锌芯锌芯胁褑械胁</a> (<a href="/text/小锌邪褋芯胁邪褋芯谐谢邪褋懈褟.html"style="font-style:italic;">小锌邪褋芯胁邪褋芯谐谢邪褋懈褟</a> 胁校褎械, 小邪谢邪胁邪褌械, 袠褕懈屑斜邪械懈 <a href="/text/锌芯屑芯褉褋泻芯谐芯褋芯谐谢邪褋懈褟.html"style="font-style:italic;">锌芯屑芯褉褋泻芯谐芯褋芯谐谢邪褋懈褟</a> 胁校褎械) 懈 1 芯斜褖懈薪邪 <a href="/text/斜械谐谢芯锌芯锌芯胁褑褘.html"style="font-style:italic;">斜械谐谢芯锌芯锌芯胁褑械胁</a> 胁褋. 校褋械薪褜-袠胁邪薪芯胁褋泻芯械袘械谢械斜械械胁褋泻芯谐芯褉-薪邪. 袙袘. 写械泄褋褌胁褍褞褌薪械蟹邪褉械谐懈褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘械芯斜褖懈薪褘袘械谢芯泻褉懈薪懈褑泻芯泄懈械褉邪褉褏懈懈, 锌芯屑芯褉褑械胁, <a href="/text/褎械写芯褋械械胁褑械胁.html"style="font-style:italic;">褎械写芯褋械械胁褑械胁</a>, <a href="/text/褉褟斜懈薪芯胁褑械胁.html"style="font-style:italic;">褉褟斜懈薪芯胁褑械胁</a> 懈 <a href="/text/褋褌褉邪薪薪懈泻芯胁.html"style="font-style:italic;">褋褌褉邪薪薪懈泻芯胁</a>. </p> </div><p> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span> </p> <h4><a class="an" name="part_5">袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪邪褟袗胁褌芯薪芯屑薪邪褟笑械褉泻芯胁褜</a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <p> (袪袩袗笑) 懈屑械械褌胁校褎械芦笑械褉泻芯胁褜胁芯蟹褉芯卸写械薪懈褟胁褔械褋褌褜小胁. 孝褉芯懈褑褘禄 (褋 1997), 泻-褉邪褟胁褏芯写懈褌胁小褍蟹写邪谢褜褋泻褍褞械锌邪褉褏懈褞袪袩袗笑. </p> </div><p> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span> </p> <h4><a class="an" name="part_6">袣邪褌芯谢懈褔械褋褌胁芯</a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <p> 袣邪褌芯谢懈泻懈薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褋芯胁褉. 袘. 锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜胁 XVII 胁., 锌芯褋谢械锌褉懈斜褘褌懈褟褋褞写邪薪邪褋谢褍卸斜褍懈蟹袩芯谢芯褑泻邪懈小屑芯谢械薪褋泻邪锌芯谢褜褋泻. 懈谢懈褌芯胁. 褕谢褟褏褌懈褔械泄. 袙芯 2-泄锌芯谢. XVIII 胁. 胁袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻褍褞谐褍斜. 斜褘谢懈褋芯褋谢邪薪褘锌谢械薪薪褘械锌芯谢褜褋泻. 泻芯薪褎械写械褉邪褌褘-泻邪褌芯谢懈泻懈, 胁 XIX 胁.- 褍褔邪褋褌薪懈泻懈锌芯谢褜褋泻. 胁芯褋褋褌邪薪懈褟, 褔谢械薪褘褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪褘褏锌芯谢褜褋泻. 锌邪褌褉懈芯褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏谐褉褍锌锌. 袙 1863 谐. 胁校褎械斜褘谢邪芯褌泻褉褘褌邪泻邪锌谢懈褑邪, 胁 1890 谐. 芯褋胁褟褖械薪泻芯褋褌械谢 (蟹邪泻褉褘褌胁 1938). 袙 2002 谐. 胁袘. 写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 4 泻邪褌芯谢懈褔. 芯斜褖懈薪褘: 胁校褎械, 袛邪胁谢械泻邪薪芯胁械, 袨泻褌褟斜褉褜褋泻芯屑懈胁褋. 袗谢械泻褋械械胁泻邪袘谢邪谐芯胁邪褉褋泻芯谐芯褉-薪邪, 谐写械锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪泻芯褋褌械谢. </p> </div><p> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span> </p> <h4><a class="an" name="part_7">袗褉屑褟薪褋泻邪褟袗锌芯褋褌芯谢褜褋泻邪褟笑械褉泻芯胁褜</a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <p> (袗袗笑) 懈屑械械褌褋 2001 谐. 胁校褎械锌褉懈褏芯写胁芯懈屑褟褋胁. 袚褉懈谐芯褉懈褟袩褉芯褋胁械褌懈褌械谢褟, 泻-褉褘泄芯褌薪芯褋懈褌褋褟泻袧芯胁芯薪邪褏懈褔械胁邪薪褋泻芯泄懈袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄械锌邪褉褏懈懈袗袗笑. </p> </div><p> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span> </p> <h4><a class="an" name="part_8">袩褉芯褌械褋褌邪薪褌褘</a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <p> 袩芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褋芯胁褉. 袘. 胁芯 2-泄锌芯谢. XVIII 胁. 小薪邪褔. XIX 胁. 胁校褎械褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪谢邪谢褞褌械褉邪薪. 泻懈褉褏邪 (蟹邪泻褉褘褌邪胁 1930). 袙 2002 谐. 胁袘. 写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 4 谢褞褌械褉邪薪. 芯斜褖懈薪褘: 胁校褎械, 小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻械, 袨泻褌褟斜褉褜褋泻芯屑, 褋. 袩褉懈褕懈斜袘谢邪谐芯胁邪褉褋泻芯谐芯褉-薪邪 (胁 1996 - 4, 胁 2000 - 6). 袩械褉胁褘械 <a href="/text/斜邪锌褌懈褋褌褘.html"style="font-style:italic;">斜邪锌褌懈褋褌褘</a> 薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褋芯胁褉. 袘. 锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜胁薪邪褔. XX 胁., 泻芯谐写邪胁袘械谢械斜械械胁褋泻芯屑褍. 胁芯蟹薪懈泻谢邪泻芯谢芯薪懈褟锌械褉械褋械谢械薪褑械胁懈蟹啸邪褉褜泻芯胁褋泻芯泄谐褍斜. 袟邪褌械屑斜邪锌褌懈褋褌. 芯斜褖懈薪褘褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪懈谢懈褋褜胁校褎懈屑褋泻芯屑懈小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻褋泻芯屑褍械蟹写邪褏, 胁袛邪胁谢械泻邪薪芯胁械懈校褎械. 袣 1913 谐. 芯斜褖邪褟褔懈褋谢械薪薪芯褋褌褜斜邪锌褌懈褋褌芯胁写芯褋褌懈谐谢邪 623 褔械谢., 泻 1927 谐.- 芯泻. 2 褌褘褋. 褔械谢. 袙 1945 谐. 芯斜褖懈薪褘袙褋械褋芯褞蟹薪芯谐芯褋芯胁械褌邪械胁邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻懈褏褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪-斜邪锌褌懈褋褌芯胁斜褘谢懈蟹邪褉械谐懈褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪薪褘胁校褎械, 小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻械, 写械褉. 楔邪褉芯胁泻械袘械谢械斜械械胁褋泻芯谐芯褉-薪邪, 胁 70-80-褏谐谐.- 胁袛邪胁谢械泻邪薪芯胁械, 袘懈褉褋泻械, 袣褍屑械褉褌邪褍. 袙薪邪褔. 2002 谐. 械胁邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻懈械褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪械-斜邪锌褌懈褋褌褘袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯谐芯小芯褞蟹邪, 胁褏芯写褟褖懈械胁袪械谐懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯械芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈械袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻懈袘. (蟹邪褉械谐懈褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪薪芯胁 1994), 懈屑械谢懈 22 芯斜褖懈薪褘 (胁校褎械, 小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻械, 袣褍屑械褉褌邪褍, 袧械褎褌械泻邪屑褋泻械, 小邪谢邪胁邪褌械); 械胁邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻懈械褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪械-斜邪锌褌懈褋褌褘芯褌小芯胁械褌邪笑械褉泻胁械泄 (芦懈薪懈褑懈邪褌懈胁薪懈泻懈禄, 芯褌写械谢懈谢懈褋褜芯褌袙褋械褋芯褞蟹薪芯谐芯褋芯胁械褌邪械胁邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻懈褏褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪-斜邪锌褌懈褋褌芯胁胁 1961) - 6 芯斜褖懈薪 (胁校褎械 (2), 袛邪胁谢械泻邪薪芯胁械, 袘械谢芯褉械褑泻械, 袧械褎褌械泻邪屑褋泻械, 袘懈褉褋泻械). </p> <p> 啸褉懈褋褌懈邪薪械胁械褉褘械胁邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻芯泄 <a href="/text/(锌褟褌懈写械褋褟褌薪懈泻懈).html"style="font-style:italic;">(锌褟褌懈写械褋褟褌薪懈泻懈)</a> 胁薪邪褔. 2002 谐. 懈屑械谢懈 30 芯斜褖懈薪 (薪邪懈斜芯谢械械泻褉褍锌薪褘械 - 胁校褎械, 袘谢邪谐芯胁械褖械薪褋泻械懈袘谢邪谐芯胁械褖械薪褋泻芯屑褉-薪械), 胁褏芯写懈胁褕懈褏胁袪械谐懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯械芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈械褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪胁械褉褘械胁邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻芯泄袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻懈袘. (蟹邪褉械谐懈褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪薪芯胁 1997). 袙袗褋褋芯褑懈邪褑懈褞薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑褘褏褏褉懈褋褌. 褑械褉泻胁械泄褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪胁械褉褘械胁邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻芯泄胁褏芯写懈褌 9 芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈泄 (薪邪懈斜芯谢械械泻褉褍锌薪褘械 - 胁袠褕懈屑斜邪械, 小邪谢邪胁邪褌械, 袧械褎褌械泻邪屑褋泻械, 小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻械). 袙袘. 蟹邪褉械谐懈褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪薪褘芦笑械褉泻芯胁褜胁校褎械禄 (2000), 泻-褉邪褟芯褌薪芯褋懈褌褋褟泻袗褋褋芯褑懈邪褑懈懈锌芯屑械褋褌薪褘褏褑械褉泻胁械泄械胁邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻懈褏褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪, 懈芦小芯褞蟹褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪禄 (1995), 胁褏芯写褟褖懈泄胁袗褋褋芯褑懈邪褑懈褞褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋泻懈褏褑械褉泻胁械泄芦小芯褞蟹邪褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪禄 (褑械薪褌褉 - 胁小.-袩械褌械褉斜褍褉谐械). </p> </div><p> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span> </p> <h4><a class="an" name="part_9">袠褋谢邪屑</a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <p> 袩芯褟胁懈谢褋褟胁蟹邪锌. 褔邪褋褌懈褋芯胁褉. 袘. 胁 X 胁., 胁 XIV 胁. 芯薪褋褌邪谢谐芯褋. 褉械谢懈谐懈械泄袟芯谢芯褌芯泄袨褉写褘, 胁谢邪褋褌褜泻-褉芯泄褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褟谢邪褋褜薪邪斜邪褕泻懈褉, 胁 XV 胁. 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈谢邪懈薪褌械薪褋懈胁薪邪褟懈褋谢邪屑懈蟹邪褑懈褟泻褉邪褟. 袘邪褕泻懈褉. 屑褍褋褍谢褜屑. 写褍褏芯胁械薪褋褌胁芯胁 XV - c械褉. XVI 胁. 锌芯写褔懈薪褟谢芯褋褜泻邪蟹邪薪褋泻芯屑褍褋械懈褌褍. 袣芯胁褉械屑械薪懈锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟斜邪褕泻懈褉泻袪褍褋褋泻芯屑褍谐芯褋-胁褍懈褋谢邪屑褋褌邪谢懈褏芯褋薪芯胁薪芯泄褉械谢懈谐懈械泄, 懈芯写薪懈屑懈蟹褍褋谢芯胁懈泄褋芯谐谢邪褕械薪懈褟锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械泄斜邪褕泻懈褉. 锌谢械屑械薪芯胁褏芯卸写械薪懈懈胁褋芯褋褌邪胁袪褍褋褋泻芯谐芯谐芯褋-胁邪斜褘谢芯锌褉懈蟹薪邪薪懈械褑邪褉褋泻懈屑锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯屑锌褉邪胁邪斜邪褕泻懈褉卸懈褌褜锌芯屑褍褋褍谢褜屑. 芯斜褘褔邪褟屑. 袙 1788 谐. 胁校褎械锌芯褍泻邪蟹褍懈屑锌. <a href="/text/袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪褘 II.html"style="font-style:italic;">袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪褘 II</a> 斜褘谢芯褍褔褉械卸写械薪芯袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻芯械屑邪谐芯屑械褌邪薪褋泻芯械写褍褏芯胁薪芯械褋芯斜褉邪薪懈械胁芯谐谢邪胁械褋屑褍褎褌懈械屑, 胁褋胁芯械泄写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌懈褉褍泻芯胁芯写褋褌胁芯胁邪胁褕械械褋褟褋胁芯械芯斜褉邪蟹薪褘屑褋懈薪褌械蟹芯屑褕邪褉懈邪褌邪懈褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯谐芯蟹邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪. 袙 1-泄锌芯谢. XIX 胁. 胁袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐褋泻芯泄谐褍斜. 写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 1258 屑械褔械褌械泄, 锌芯褔褌懈胁泻邪卸写芯泄懈蟹薪懈褏斜褘谢懈屑械泻褌械斜懈屑械写褉械褋械. 袩芯锌械褉械锌懈褋懈 1897 谐., 胁校褎懈屑褋泻芯泄谐褍斜. 卸懈谢懈 1 屑谢薪 98 褌褘褋. 982 屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪懈薪邪 (50,03% 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟谐褍斜械褉薪懈懈). 袙泻芯薪. XIX - 薪邪褔. 啸啸胁. 斜褘谢懈芯褌泻褉褘褌褘写卸邪写懈写懈褋褌褋泻懈械屑械写褉械褋械 (懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪胁褕懈械屑械褌芯写懈泻褍蟹胁褍泻芯胁芯谐芯芯斜褍褔械薪懈褟谐褉邪屑芯褌械 - 芦褍褋褍谢-懈-写卸邪写懈写禄): 芦啸褍褋邪懈薪懈褟禄胁袨褉械薪斜褍褉谐械, 芦袪邪褋褍谢懈褟禄胁孝褉芯懈褑泻械, 芦袚邪谢懈褟禄懈芦袚褍褋屑邪薪懈褟禄胁校褎械懈写褉.; 胁薪懈褏薪邪褉褟写褍褋褉械谢懈谐. 懈蟹褍褔邪谢懈褋褜褋胁械褌褋泻懈械写懈褋褑懈锌谢懈薪褘. 袙 1917-1923 谐谐. 薪芯褉屑褘懈褋谢邪屑邪锌芯谢褍褔懈谢懈芯褌褉邪卸械薪懈械胁锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌懈谢懈写械褉邪斜邪褕泻懈褉. 薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯谐芯写胁懈卸械薪懈褟袗. 袟. 袙邪谢懈写芯胁邪懈懈薪懈褑懈邪褌芯褉邪芦屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪褋泻芯谐芯泻芯屑屑褍薪懈蟹屑邪禄袦. 小. 小褍谢褌邪薪谐邪谢懈械胁邪. </p> <p> 袙 1917-1936 谐谐. 薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褋芯胁褉. 袘. 写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪谢芯褋邪屑芯褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜薪芯械笑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪芯械写褍褏芯胁薪芯械褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪袘邪褕泻懈褉褋泻芯泄袗小小袪 (笑袛校袦袘袗小小袪), 泻-褉芯械泻芯薪泻褍褉懈褉芯胁邪谢芯褋笑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪褘屑写褍褏芯胁薪褘屑褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械屑屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪袪小肖小袪 (笑袛校袦袪小肖小袪). 袙 1926 谐. 胁胁械写械薪懈懈笑袛校袦袘袗小小袪薪邪褏芯写懈谢懈褋褜芯泻. 700 屑械褔械褌械泄 (胁 1935 - 300), 胁胁械写械薪懈懈笑袛校袦袪小肖小袪 - 1718 (胁 1935 - 700). 袙 1936 谐. 袘邪褕泻懈褉褋泻懈泄屑褍褎褌懈褟褌斜褘谢谢懈泻胁懈写懈褉芯胁邪薪, 胁褘褋褕械械写褍褏芯胁械薪褋褌胁芯芯斜芯懈褏屑褍褋褍谢褜屑. 褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈泄斜褘谢芯锌芯写胁械褉谐薪褍褌芯褉械锌褉械褋褋懈褟屑. 袙 1941 谐. 胁袘邪褕泻懈褉褋泻芯泄袗小小袪写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 12 屑褍褋褍谢褜屑. 芯斜褖懈薪. 袙泻芯薪. 80-褏谐谐. 啸啸胁. 薪邪褔邪谢芯褋褜胁芯褋褋褌邪薪芯胁谢械薪懈械褋褌邪褉褘褏懈褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯薪芯胁褘褏屑械褔械褌械泄, 芯褌泻褉褘褌懈械屑械写褉械褋械. </p> <p> 袙薪邪褋褌. 胁褉械屑褟胁校褎械褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪褘笑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪芯械写褍褏芯胁薪芯械褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪袪芯褋褋懈懈 (笑袛校袦, 褍褔褉械卸写械薪芯 22 褋械薪褌. 1788) 懈袛褍褏芯胁薪芯械褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻懈袘. (袛校袦袪袘, 褍褔褉械卸写械薪芯 21 邪胁谐. 1992). 袧邪 1 褟薪胁. 2002 谐. 胁袘. 写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 609 屑褍褋褍谢褜屑. 芯斜褖懈薪: 334 胁锌芯写褔懈薪械薪懈懈袛校袦袪袘, 271 胁锌芯写褔懈薪械薪懈懈笑袛校袦, 4 胁锌芯写褔懈薪械薪懈懈袛褍褏芯胁薪芯谐芯褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪芦袗褋褋芯褑懈邪褑懈懈屑械褔械褌械泄禄 (褑械薪褌褉 - 胁袦芯褋泻胁械). 袙袘. 屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪邪屑锌褉懈薪邪写谢械卸邪褌 464 泻褍谢褜褌芯胁褘褏蟹写邪薪懈褟, 懈蟹薪懈褏 310 屑械褔械褌械泄 (215 胁芯蟹胁械写械薪褘锌芯褋谢械 1990), 褋 1991 谐. 写械泄褋褌胁褍褞褌褍褎懈屑褋泻懈泄袠褋谢邪屑褋泻懈泄懈薪-褌懈屑. 袪. 肖邪褏褉械褌写懈薪芯胁邪 (笑袛校袦), 屑械写褉械褋械芦袚邪谢懈褟禄懈懈屑. 袦. 小褍谢褌邪薪芯胁芯泄胁校褎械, 屑械写褉械褋械胁袘械谢芯褉械褑泻械 (袛校袦袪袘). </p> </div><p> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span> </p> <h4><a class="an" name="part_10">袠褍写邪懈蟹屑</a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <p> 袘褘谢锌褉懈薪械褋械薪薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈褞褋芯胁褉. 袘. 胁褋械褉. XIX 胁. 褋芯谢写邪褌邪屑懈-械胁褉械褟屑懈, 胁蟹褟褌褘屑懈胁泻邪薪褌芯薪懈褋褌褋泻懈械褕泻芯谢褘, 胁写邪谢褜薪械泄褕械屑褔懈褋谢械薪薪芯褋褌褜懈褍写械械胁褍胁械谢懈褔懈谢邪褋褜胁褋胁褟蟹懈褋屑懈谐褉邪褑懈械泄胁泻褉邪泄械胁褉械械胁. 袝胁褉. 褉械谢懈谐. 芯斜褖懈薪褘写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈胁校褎械, 袛邪胁谢械泻邪薪芯胁械懈锌芯褋. 袠谐谢懈薪芯. 袩械褉胁褘泄屑芯谢械谢褜薪褘泄写芯屑写谢褟懈褍写械械胁锌芯褟胁懈谢褋褟胁校褎械胁泻芯薪. XIX 胁., 胁 1915 谐. 薪邪褋褉械写褋褌胁邪懈褍写械泄褋泻芯泄芯斜褖懈薪褘斜褘谢邪锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪邪褋懈薪邪谐芯谐邪. 袙 70-褏谐谐. XX 胁. 懈褍写械泄褋泻邪褟芯斜褖懈薪邪胁袘邪褕泻懈褉褋泻芯泄袗小小袪锌褉械泻褉邪褌懈谢邪褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪薪懈械. 袙薪邪褋褌. 胁褉械屑褟胁校褎械写械泄褋褌胁褍褞褌 2 懈褍写械泄褋泻懈械芯斜褖懈薪褘 (胁芯蟹薪懈泻谢懈胁 1993 懈 2000), 芯写薪邪懈蟹泻-褉褘褏芯褌薪芯褋懈褌褋褟泻肖械写械褉邪褑懈懈械胁褉械泄褋泻懈褏芯斜褖懈薪小袧袚, 写褉.- 泻袨斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈褞褉械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪芯谐芯褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯谐芯懈褍写邪懈蟹屑邪胁袪芯褋褋懈懈. </p> </div><p> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span> </p> <h4><a class="an" name="part_11">小械泻褌褘懈薪芯胁褘械褉械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪褘械写胁懈卸械薪懈褟</a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <p> 袣薪邪褔. 2002 谐. 胁袘. 蟹邪褉械谐懈褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪薪芯 15 芯斜褖懈薪 <a href="/text/袗袛袙袝袧孝袠小孝蝎.html"style="font-style:italic;">邪写胁械薪褌懈褋褌芯胁</a> 褋械写褜屑芯谐芯写薪褟: 胁校褎械, 袘谢邪谐芯胁械褖械薪褋泻械, 袘械谢芯褉械褑泻械, 袦械卸谐芯褉褜械, 袧械褎褌械泻邪屑褋泻械, 小邪谢邪胁邪褌械, 小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻械, 小懈斜邪械, 袨泻褌褟斜褉褜褋泻芯屑, 校褔邪谢邪褏, 携薪邪褍谢械, 袘懈褉褋泻械, 袠褕懈屑斜邪械, 写械褉. 袣邪蟹邪薪泻械袗褉褏邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻芯谐芯褉-薪邪. 袙袘. 邪写胁械薪褌懈褋褌褘锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜胁泻芯薪. 70-褏谐谐. 啸啸胁., 胁 2000 谐. 写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 34 芯斜褖懈薪褘, 胁 2001 谐.- 13. 袙 2002 谐. 泻褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪邪屑胁械褉褘械胁邪薪谐械谢褜褋泻芯泄芦袨斜褖械薪懈械袣邪谢胁邪褉懈禄胁袘. 锌褉懈薪邪写谢械卸邪谢懈 25 芯斜褖懈薪 (薪邪懈斜芯谢械械泻褉褍锌薪褘械 - 胁校褎械). <a href="/text/袧芯胁芯邪锌芯褋褌芯谢褜褋泻邪褟褑械褉泻芯胁褜.html"style="font-style:italic;">袧芯胁芯邪锌芯褋褌芯谢褜褋泻邪褟褑械褉泻芯胁褜</a> 懈屑械谢邪胁薪邪褔. 2002 谐. 17 芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈泄 (锌械褉胁褘械芯斜褖懈薪褘蟹邪褉械谐懈褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪薪褘胁 1996), 胁 1997 谐. 胁小褌械褉谢懈褌邪屑邪泻械斜褘谢褋芯蟹写邪薪校褉邪谢褜褋泻懈泄褉械谐懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褘泄褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪褔械褋泻懈泄褑械薪褌褉袧芯胁芯邪锌芯褋褌芯谢褜褋泻芯泄褑械褉泻胁懈. 小 1994-1995 谐谐. 胁袘. 写械泄褋褌胁褍械褌 <a href="/text/ 笑械褉泻芯胁褜袨斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈褟 .html"style="font-style:italic;">芦笑械褉泻芯胁褜袨斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈褟禄</a> (屑褍薪懈褌褘), 胁泻-褉褍褞胁褏芯写褟褌芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈褟芦袣邪褉锌禄 (褋褌褍写械薪褔械褋泻芯泄屑芯谢芯写械卸懈) 懈芦袞械薪褖懈薪褘胁斜芯褉褜斜械蟹邪屑懈褉禄. 笑械褉泻芯胁褜袠懈褋褍褋邪啸褉懈褋褌邪褋胁褟褌褘褏锌芯褋谢械写薪懈褏写薪械泄 <a href="/text/(屑芯褉屑芯薪褘).html"style="font-style:italic;">(屑芯褉屑芯薪褘)</a>, 胁褏芯写褟褖邪褟胁袪械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪褍褞邪褋褋芯褑懈邪褑懈褞 (褑械薪褌褉 - 胁袦芯褋泻胁械), 懈屑械械褌胁袘. 1 芯褉谐-褑懈褞, 泻泻-褉芯泄芯褌薪芯褋褟褌褋褟 4 褎懈谢懈邪谢邪 (锌褉懈褏芯写邪) 胁校褎械, 袨泻褌褟斜褉褜褋泻芯屑, 袘懈褉褋泻械, 袘谢邪谐芯胁械褖械薪褋泻械. 袙 2002 谐. 胁袘. 褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 17 褉械谢懈谐. 芯斜褖懈薪 <a href="/text/袠械谐芯胁褘小胁懈写械褌械谢懈.html"style="font-style:italic;">袠械谐芯胁褘褋胁懈写械褌械谢械泄</a> (胁 2000-2001 - 22 芯斜褖懈薪褘, 锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜胁褉械谐懈芯薪械胁 1994-1995). 袨斜-胁芯芦小芯蟹薪邪薪懈械袣褉懈褕薪褘禄, 写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪胁褕械械胁袘. 褋褋械褉. 90-褏谐谐. 啸啸胁., 胁 2000 谐. 芯斜褗褟胁懈谢芯芯褋邪屑芯褉芯褋锌褍褋泻械. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span> </p> <p> 袙写芯懈褋谢邪屑褋泻懈泄锌械褉懈芯写懈褋褌芯褉懈懈褍斜邪褕泻懈褉锌芯谢褍褔懈谢懈褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈械褉邪蟹薪芯芯斜褉邪蟹薪褘械 <span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">锌芯谢懈褌械懈褋褌懈褔械褋泻懈械</span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">胁械褉芯胁邪薪懈褟:</span> <a href="/text/邪薪懈屑懈蟹屑.html"style="font-style:italic;">邪薪懈屑懈蟹屑</a> (锌芯泻谢芯薪械薪懈械写褍褏褍谐芯褉, 褏芯蟹褟懈薪褍写芯屑邪), <a href="/text/褎械褌懈褕懈蟹屑.html"style="font-style:italic;">褎械褌懈褕懈蟹屑</a> (泻褍谢褜褌泻邪屑薪褟), <a href="/text/褌芯褌械屑懈蟹屑.html"style="font-style:italic;">褌芯褌械屑懈蟹屑</a> (泻褍谢褜褌胁芯谢泻邪懈卸褍褉邪胁谢褟), <a href="/text/蟹芯褉芯邪褋褌褉懈蟹屑.html"style="font-style:italic;">蟹芯褉芯邪褋褌褉懈蟹屑</a> 懈褌械薪谐褉懈邪薪褋褌胁芯. 袩芯褋胁械写械薪懈褟屑邪褉邪斜. 锌褍褌械褕械褋褌胁械薪薪懈泻邪懈锌懈褋邪褌械谢褟 1-泄锌芯谢. X 胁. 袠斜薪肖邪写谢邪薪邪, 褋褉械写懈斜邪褕泻懈褉胁褋褌褉械褔邪谢懈褋褜屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪械懈褟蟹褘褔薪懈泻懈, 锌芯泻谢芯薪褟胁褕懈械褋褟锌邪薪褌械芯薪褍斜芯谐芯胁胁芯谐谢邪胁械褋胁械褉褏芯胁薪褘屑薪械斜械褋薪褘屑斜芯谐芯屑. 袙锌械褉懈芯写, 泻芯谐写邪褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪谢褋褟褋芯褞蟹斜邪褕泻懈褉. 锌谢械屑械薪, 胁械褉褏芯胁薪褘泄斜芯谐孝械薪谐褉褝 (褋屑. 褋褌. <a href="/text/孝械薪谐褉懈.html"style="font-style:italic;">孝械薪谐褉懈</a>) 褋褌邪谢胁芯褋锌褉懈薪懈屑邪褌褜褋褟泻邪泻芯斜褗械写懈薪褟褞褖邪褟写褍褏芯胁薪邪褟褋懈谢邪, 锌芯写邪胁谢褟褞褖邪褟蟹谢褘褏写褍褏芯胁 (胁薪褍褌褉械薪薪懈褏懈胁薪械褕薪懈褏胁褉邪谐芯胁). 袧械褋屑芯褌褉褟薪邪褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈械懈褋谢邪屑邪, 褋褉械写懈斜邪褕泻懈褉褋芯褏褉邪薪褟褞褌褋褟褝谢械屑械薪褌褘写褉械胁薪懈褏褟蟹褘褔械褋泻懈褏胁械褉芯胁邪薪懈泄, 屑薪. 褌褞褉泻芯褟蟹褘褔薪褘械屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪械锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪褞褌褍锌芯褌褉械斜谢褟褌褜泻邪泻懈写械薪褌懈褔薪褘械锌芯薪褟褌懈褟芦袗谢谢邪褏禄懈芦孝械薪谐褉褝禄. </p> <div class="reference"> 袥懈褌.: <span style="font-style:italic;">袙邪褋懈谢褜械胁邪</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">袨</span>. <span style="font-style:italic;">袙</span>.<span style="font-style:italic;">,</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">袥邪褌褘锌芯胁邪</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">袙</span>. <span style="font-style:italic;">袙</span>. 袛芯褉芯谐邪泻褏褉邪屑褍: 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟褉械谢懈谐. 褍褔褉械卸写械薪懈泄谐. 校褎褘. 校褎邪, 1993; <span style="font-style:italic;">肖邪懈蟹芯胁</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">袚</span>. <span style="font-style:italic;">袘</span>. 袚芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯-懈褋谢邪屑褋泻懈械芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褟胁袩芯胁芯谢卸褜械懈袩褉懈褍褉邪谢褜械. 校褎邪, 1993; <span style="font-style:italic;">小械褉谐械械胁</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">挟</span>. <span style="font-style:italic;">袧</span>. 袪械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪褘械胁械褉芯胁邪薪懈褟薪邪褉芯写芯胁袘邪褕泻芯褉褌芯褋褌邪薪邪 // 袨褔械褉泻懈锌芯泻褍谢褜褌褍褉械薪邪褉芯写芯胁袘邪褕泻芯褉褌芯褋褌邪薪邪. 校褎邪, 1994; <span style="font-style:italic;">芯薪</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">卸械</span>. 袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪邪褟褑械褉泻芯胁褜胁袘邪褕泻芯褉褌芯褋褌邪薪械 (2-褟锌芯谢. XVI - c械褉. XIX 胁.). 校褎邪, 1996; <span style="font-style:italic;">芯薪</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">卸械</span>. 袘邪锌褌懈蟹屑胁袘邪褕泻懈褉懈懈: 袨褔械褉泻懈懈褋褌芯褉懈懈 (泻芯薪. XIX-啸啸胁.). 校褎邪, 1998; <span style="font-style:italic;">楔懈褉谐邪蟹懈薪</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">袗</span>. <span style="font-style:italic;">袪</span>. 袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪褘械褏褉邪屑褘袘邪褕泻懈褉懈懈: 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟懈邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌褍褉邪. 校褎邪, 1995; 袪械谢懈谐懈懈胁袘邪褕泻芯褉褌芯褋褌邪薪械: 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟懈褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯褋褌褜: 袦邪褌-谢褘泻芯薪褎. 校褎邪, 1999; <span style="font-style:italic;">挟薪褍褋芯胁邪</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">袗</span>. <span style="font-style:italic;">袘</span>. 袠褋谢邪屑胁袘邪褕泻芯褉褌芯褋褌邪薪械. 校褎邪, 1999; <span style="font-style:italic;">袛邪薪懈谢泻芯</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">袝</span>. <span style="font-style:italic;">小</span>. 小褌邪褉芯芯斜褉褟写褔械褋褌胁芯薪邪挟卸薪芯屑校褉邪谢械: 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟, 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉邪, 褋芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯褋褌褜. 袦., 2000; <span style="font-style:italic;">小械褉谐械械胁</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">挟</span>. <span style="font-style:italic;">袧</span>.<span style="font-style:italic;">,</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">袗斜写褍谢芯胁</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">袧</span>. <span style="font-style:italic;">孝</span>. 校褎懈屑褋泻邪褟械锌邪褉褏懈褟胁 1943-1964 谐谐.: 袨褔械褉泻懈懈褋褌芯褉懈懈谐芯褋.-褑械褉泻. 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈泄. 校褎邪, 2000. <table class="onepixdot"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="author"><span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">袦. 袚. 袙邪谢械械胁邪</span></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="see_also_kw"> <div class="header">袪褍斜褉懈泻懈:</div> <span><a href="/rubrics/122282.html">袠褋褌芯褉懈褟褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋褌胁邪锌芯褋褌褉邪薪邪屑懈褉械谐懈芯薪邪屑</a></span> <meta itemprop="category" content="袠褋褌芯褉懈褟褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋褌胁邪锌芯褋褌褉邪薪邪屑懈褉械谐懈芯薪邪屑" /> <span><a href="/rubrics/122582.html">袠褋谢邪屑薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褉邪蟹薪褘褏褋褌褉邪薪</a></span> <meta itemprop="category" content="袠褋谢邪屑薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褉邪蟹薪褘褏褋褌褉邪薪" /> <span><a href="/rubrics/123286.html">小褌褉邪薪芯胁械写械薪懈械</a></span> <meta itemprop="category" content="小褌褉邪薪芯胁械写械薪懈械" /> <span><a href="/rubrics/123416.html">袚械芯谐褉邪褎懈褟 (褋屑. 褌邪泻卸械 "袠褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻邪褟谐械芯谐褉邪褎懈褟")</a></span> <meta itemprop="category" content="袚械芯谐褉邪褎懈褟 (褋屑. 褌邪泻卸械 "袠褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻邪褟谐械芯谐褉邪褎懈褟")" /> <span><a href="/rubrics/185301.html">小褌褉邪薪芯胁械写械薪懈械. 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟肖械写械褉邪褑懈褟</a></span> <meta itemprop="category" content="小褌褉邪薪芯胁械写械薪懈械. 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟肖械写械褉邪褑懈褟" /> <span><a href="/rubrics/315108.html">小械泻褌邪薪褌褋褌胁芯薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褉邪蟹薪褘褏褋褌褉邪薪</a></span> <meta itemprop="category" content="小械泻褌邪薪褌褋褌胁芯薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褉邪蟹薪褘褏褋褌褉邪薪" /> <span><a href="/rubrics/364343.html">袠褋褌芯褉懈褟褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋褌胁邪锌芯褋褌褉邪薪邪屑懈褉械谐懈芯薪邪屑. 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟肖械写械褉邪褑懈褟</a></span> <meta itemprop="category" content="袠褋褌芯褉懈褟褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋褌胁邪锌芯褋褌褉邪薪邪屑懈褉械谐懈芯薪邪屑. 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟肖械写械褉邪褑懈褟" /> </div> <div class="see_also_kw"> <div class="header">袣谢褞褔械胁褘械褋谢芯胁邪:</div> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=612359">袠褋谢邪屑薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褉邪蟹薪褘褏褋褌褉邪薪</a></span> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=613388">小褌褉邪薪芯胁械写械薪懈械. 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟肖械写械褉邪褑懈褟</a></span> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=630684">袠褍写邪懈蟹屑薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褉邪蟹薪褘褏褋褌褉邪薪</a></span> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=653179">袘邪褕泻芯褉褌芯褋褌邪薪, 褋褍斜褗械泻褌袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄肖械写械褉邪褑懈懈</a></span> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=655958">袪械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪芯械蟹邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯. 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟肖械写械褉邪褑懈褟</a></span> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=655996">袪械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪邪褟褋懈褌褍邪褑懈褟薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褉邪蟹薪褘褏褋褌褉邪薪. 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟肖械写械褉邪褑懈褟. 袘邪褕泻芯褉褌芯褋褌邪薪</a></span> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=1282735">啸褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋褌胁芯薪邪褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈褉邪蟹薪褘褏褋褌褉邪薪. 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟肖械写械褉邪褑懈褟. 袘邪褕泻芯褉褌芯褋褌邪薪</a></span> <div class="header">小屑.褌邪泻卸械:</div> <div class="article_in_list"><a href="/text/168606.html">袛袗袚袝小孝袗袧</a> [袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪袛邪谐械褋褌邪薪 - 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