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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jonathan Swift (disambiguation)">Jonathan Swift (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> writer who became <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> hence his common <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a>, "Dean Swift". His <a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">deadpan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironic">ironic</a> writing style, particularly in <a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a>, has led to such <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> being subsequently termed "Swiftian".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Reverend" title="The Very Reverend">The Very Reverend</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Jonathan Swift</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait by Charles Jervas, 1710"><img alt="Portrait by Charles Jervas, 1710" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg/220px-Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg/330px-Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg/440px-Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1736"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jervas" title="Charles Jervas">Charles Jervas</a>, 1710</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">(1667-11-30)30 November 1667 <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">19 October 1745(1745-10-19) (aged 77) Dublin, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bickerstaff" title="Isaac Bickerstaff">Isaac Bickerstaff</a></li><li>M. B. Drapier</li><li>Lemuel Gulliver</li><li>Simon Wagstaff</li><li>Esq.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li>Writer</li><li>poet</li><li>political <a href="/wiki/Pamphleteer" title="Pamphleteer">pamphleteer</a></li><li>priest</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College, Dublin">Trinity College, Dublin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/18th_century_in_literature" title="18th century in literature">18th century</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parable</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">correspondence</a></li><li>other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subjects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li>Religion</li><li>politics</li><li>other</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">From 1696</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub" title="A Tale of a Tub">A Tale of a Tub</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drapier%27s_Letters" title="Drapier's Letters">Drapier's Letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Esther_Johnson" title="Esther Johnson">Esther Johnson</a> (?)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Swift_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jonathan_Swift_signature.svg/150px-Jonathan_Swift_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jonathan_Swift_signature.svg/225px-Jonathan_Swift_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jonathan_Swift_signature.svg/300px-Jonathan_Swift_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="164"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Swift is remembered for works such as <a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub" title="A Tale of a Tub">A Tale of a Tub</a> (1704), <a href="/wiki/An_Argument_Against_Abolishing_Christianity" title="An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity">An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity</a> (1712), <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a> (1726), and A Modest Proposal (1729). He originally published all of his works under pseudonyms—including <a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Gulliver" title="Lemuel Gulliver">Lemuel Gulliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bickerstaff" title="Isaac Bickerstaff">Isaac Bickerstaff</a>, M. B. Drapier—or anonymously. He was a master of two styles of satire, the <a href="/wiki/Satire#Classifications" title="Satire">Horatian and Juvenalian</a> styles. He is regarded by the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> as the "foremost prose satirist in the English language."<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography">1 Biography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life">1.1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Adult_life">1.2 Adult life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Writer">1.2.1 Writer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Final_years">1.2.2 Final years</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-6"><a href="#Death">1.2.2.1 Death</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Swift,_Stella_and_Vanessa_%E2%80%93_an_alternative_view">1.2.3 Swift, Stella and Vanessa – an alternative view</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Works">2 Works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Major_prose_works">2.1 Major prose works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Essays,_tracts,_pamphlets,_periodicals">2.2 Essays, tracts, pamphlets, periodicals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Poems">2.3 Poems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Correspondence,_personal_writings">2.4 Correspondence, personal writings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sermons,_prayers">2.5 Sermons, prayers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Miscellany">2.6 Miscellany</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Legacy">3 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Literary">3.1 Literary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Eponymous_places">3.2 Eponymous places</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notes">5 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Online_works">7.1 Online works</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Jonathan Swift was born on 30 November 1667 in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>. He was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift (1640–1667) and his wife Abigail Erick (or Herrick) of <a href="/wiki/Frisby_on_the_Wreake" title="Frisby on the Wreake">Frisby on the Wreake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> His father was a native of <a href="/wiki/Goodrich,_Herefordshire" title="Goodrich, Herefordshire">Goodrich</a>, Herefordshire, but he accompanied his brothers to <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> to seek their fortunes in law after their <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">royalist</a> father's estate was brought to ruin during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. His maternal grandfather, James Ericke, was the vicar of <a href="/wiki/Thornton_in_Leicestershire" class="mw-redirect" title="Thornton in Leicestershire">Thornton in Leicestershire</a>. In 1634 the vicar was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> practices. Sometime thereafter, Ericke and his family, including his young daughter Abigail, fled to Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Swift's father joined his elder brother, Godwin, in the practice of law in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He died in Dublin about seven months before his namesake was born.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> He died of <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, which he said he got from dirty sheets when out of town.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> His mother returned to England after his birth, leaving him in the care of his uncle Godwin Swift (1628–1695), a close friend and confidant of <a href="/wiki/John_Temple_(judge)" title="John Temple (judge)">Sir John Temple</a>, whose son later employed Swift as his secretary.<a href="#cite_note-LS205-10">[10]</a> At the age of one, child Jonathan was taken by his <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurse</a> to her hometown of <a href="/wiki/Whitehaven" title="Whitehaven">Whitehaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>, England. He said that there he learned to read the Bible. His nurse returned him to his mother, still in Ireland, when he was three.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_Lowell_1816.7.3_-_Life_of_Jonathan_Swift,_p_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Houghton_Lowell_1816.7.3_-_Life_of_Jonathan_Swift%2C_p_8.jpg/220px-Houghton_Lowell_1816.7.3_-_Life_of_Jonathan_Swift%2C_p_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="2393"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 282px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Houghton_Lowell_1816.7.3_-_Life_of_Jonathan_Swift%2C_p_8.jpg/220px-Houghton_Lowell_1816.7.3_-_Life_of_Jonathan_Swift%2C_p_8.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Houghton_Lowell_1816.7.3_-_Life_of_Jonathan_Swift%2C_p_8.jpg/330px-Houghton_Lowell_1816.7.3_-_Life_of_Jonathan_Swift%2C_p_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Houghton_Lowell_1816.7.3_-_Life_of_Jonathan_Swift%2C_p_8.jpg/440px-Houghton_Lowell_1816.7.3_-_Life_of_Jonathan_Swift%2C_p_8.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The house in which Swift was born; 1865 illustration</figcaption></figure> Swift's family had several interesting literary connections. His grandmother Elizabeth (Dryden) Swift was the niece of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Erasmus_Dryden,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Erasmus Dryden, 1st Baronet">Sir Erasmus Dryden</a>, grandfather of poet <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>. The same grandmother's aunt Katherine (Throckmorton) Dryden was a first cousin of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Raleigh" title="Elizabeth Raleigh">Elizabeth</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Raleigh">Sir Walter Raleigh</a>. His great-great-grandmother Margaret (Godwin) Swift was the sister of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Godwin" title="Francis Godwin">Francis Godwin</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moone" title="The Man in the Moone">The Man in the Moone</a> which influenced parts of Swift's <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a>. His uncle Thomas Swift married a daughter of poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Davenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Davenant">Sir William Davenant</a>, a godson of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>. Swift's benefactor and uncle Godwin Swift took primary responsibility for the young man, sending him with one of his cousins to <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny_College" title="Kilkenny College">Kilkenny College</a> (also attended by philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a>).<a href="#cite_note-LS205-10">[10]</a> He arrived there at the age of six, where he was expected to have already learned the basic declensions in Latin. He had not and thus began his schooling in a lower form. Swift graduated in 1682, when he was 15.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Swift,_by_Thomas_Pooley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jonathan_Swift%2C_by_Thomas_Pooley.jpg/220px-Jonathan_Swift%2C_by_Thomas_Pooley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 273px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jonathan_Swift%2C_by_Thomas_Pooley.jpg/220px-Jonathan_Swift%2C_by_Thomas_Pooley.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jonathan_Swift%2C_by_Thomas_Pooley.jpg/330px-Jonathan_Swift%2C_by_Thomas_Pooley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jonathan_Swift%2C_by_Thomas_Pooley.jpg/440px-Jonathan_Swift%2C_by_Thomas_Pooley.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jonathan Swift in 1682, by Thomas Pooley. The artist had married into the Swift family.<a href="#cite_note-Hourican-13">[13]</a></figcaption></figure> He attended <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> in 1682,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> financed by Godwin's son Willoughby. The four-year course followed a curriculum largely set in the Middle Ages for the priesthood. The lectures were dominated by <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian logic">Aristotelian logic</a> and philosophy. The basic skill taught to students was debate, and they were expected to be able to argue both sides of any argument or topic. Swift was an above-average student but not exceptional, and received his B.A. in 1686 "by special grace".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult_life">Adult life</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adult life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Swift was studying for his master's degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant of <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Temple (British politician)">Sir William Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Moor_Park,_Farnham" title="Moor Park, Farnham">Moor Park, Farnham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Temple was an English diplomat who had arranged the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_of_1668" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple Alliance of 1668">Triple Alliance of 1668</a>. He had retired from public service to his country estate, to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Gaining his employer's confidence, Swift "was often trusted with matters of great importance."<a href="#cite_note-LS207-17">[17]</a> Within three years of their acquaintance, Temple introduced his secretary to <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments. Swift took up his residence at Moor Park where he met <a href="/wiki/Esther_Johnson" title="Esther Johnson">Esther Johnson</a>, then eight years old, the daughter of an impoverished widow who acted as companion to Temple's sister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Giffard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Giffard (page does not exist)">Lady Giffard</a>. Swift was her tutor and mentor, giving her the nickname "Stella", and the two maintained a close but ambiguous relationship for the rest of Esther's life.<a href="#cite_note-LS208-18">[18]</a> In 1690, Swift left Temple for Ireland because of his health, but returned to Moor Park the following year. The illness consisted of fits of vertigo or giddiness, now believed to be <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a>, and it continued to plague him throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-Bewley-19">[19]</a> During this second stay with Temple, Swift received his M.A. from <a href="/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford#Hart_Hall" title="Hertford College, Oxford">Hart Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, in 1692. He then left Moor Park, apparently despairing of gaining a better position through Temple's patronage, in order to become an ordained priest in the Established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>. He was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Prebendary" title="Prebendary">prebend</a> of Kilroot in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Connor_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="Diocese of Connor (Church of Ireland)">Diocese of Connor</a> in 1694,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> with his parish located at <a href="/wiki/Kilroot" title="Kilroot">Kilroot</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus" title="Carrickfergus">Carrickfergus</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>. Swift appears to have been miserable in his new position, being isolated in a small, remote community far from the centres of power and influence. While at Kilroot, however, he may well have become romantically involved with Jane Waring, whom he called "Varina", the sister of an old college friend.<a href="#cite_note-LS207-17">[17]</a> A letter from him survives, offering to remain if she would marry him and promising to leave and never return to Ireland if she refused. She presumably refused, because Swift left his post and returned to England and Temple's service at Moor Park in 1696, and he remained there until Temple's death. There he was employed in helping to prepare Temple's memoirs and correspondence for publication. During this time, Swift wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Books" title="The Battle of the Books">The Battle of the Books</a>, a satire responding to critics of Temple's Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning (1690), though Battle was not published until 1704. Temple died on 27 January 1699.<a href="#cite_note-LS207-17">[17]</a> Swift, normally a <a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">harsh judge of human nature</a>, said that all that was good and amiable in mankind had died with Temple.<a href="#cite_note-LS207-17">[17]</a> He stayed on briefly in England to complete editing Temple's memoirs, and perhaps in the hope that recognition of his work might earn him a suitable position in England. His eventual publication of the third volume of Temple's memoirs, in 1709,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> made enemies among some of Temple's family and friends, in particular Temple's formidable sister Martha, Lady Giffard, who objected to indiscretions included in the memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-LS208-18">[18]</a> Moreover, she noted that Swift had borrowed from her own biography, an accusation that Swift denied.<a href="#cite_note-martha-22">[22]</a> Swift's next move was to approach King William directly, based on his imagined connection through Temple and a belief that he had been promised a position. This failed so miserably that he accepted the lesser post of secretary and chaplain to the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Berkeley" title="Baron Berkeley">Earl of Berkeley</a>, one of the Lords Justice of Ireland. However, when he reached Ireland, he found that the secretaryship had already been given to another, though he soon obtained the living of Laracor, <a href="/wiki/Agher" title="Agher">Agher</a>, and Rathbeggan, and the prebend of Dunlavin<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Swift ministered to a congregation of about 15 at <a href="/wiki/Laracor" title="Laracor">Laracor</a>, which was just over four and a half miles (7.2 km) from <a href="/wiki/Summerhill,_County_Meath" title="Summerhill, County Meath">Summerhill, County Meath</a>, and twenty miles (32 km) from Dublin. He had abundant leisure for cultivating his garden, making a canal after the Dutch fashion of Moor Park, planting willows, and rebuilding the vicarage. As chaplain to Lord Berkeley, he spent much of his time in Dublin and travelled to London frequently over the next ten years. In 1701, he anonymously published the political pamphlet A Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writer">Writer</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Swift resided in <a href="/wiki/Trim,_County_Meath" title="Trim, County Meath">Trim, County Meath</a> after 1700. He wrote many of his works during this period. In February 1702, Swift received his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>. That spring he travelled to England and then returned to Ireland in October, accompanied by Esther Johnson—now 20—and his friend Rebecca Dingley, another member of William Temple's household. There is a great mystery and controversy over Swift's relationship with Esther Johnson, nicknamed "Stella". Many, notably his close friend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sheridan_(divine)" title="Thomas Sheridan (divine)">Thomas Sheridan</a>, believed that they were secretly married in 1716; others, like Swift's housekeeper Mrs Brent and Rebecca Dingley, who lived with Stella all through her years in Ireland, dismissed the story as absurd.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Yet Swift certainly did not wish her to marry anyone else: in 1704, when their mutual friend <a href="/wiki/William_Tisdall_(cleric)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Tisdall (cleric)">William Tisdall</a> informed Swift that he intended to propose to Stella, Swift wrote to him to dissuade him from the idea. Although the tone of the letter was courteous, Swift privately expressed his disgust for Tisdall as an "interloper", and they were estranged for many years. During his visits to England in these years, Swift published <a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub" title="A Tale of a Tub">A Tale of a Tub</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Books" title="The Battle of the Books">The Battle of the Books</a> (1704) and began to gain a reputation as a writer. This led to close, lifelong friendships with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gay" title="John Gay">John Gay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Arbuthnot" title="John Arbuthnot">John Arbuthnot</a>, forming the core of the Martinus <a href="/wiki/Scriblerus_Club" title="Scriblerus Club">Scriblerus Club</a> (founded in 1713). Swift became increasingly active politically in these years.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Swift had supported the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> and early in his life belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fox-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cody-28">[28]</a> As a member of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a>, he feared a return of the Catholic monarchy and "Papist" absolutism.<a href="#cite_note-Cody-28">[28]</a> From 1707 to 1709 and again in 1710, Swift was in London unsuccessfully urging upon the Whig administration of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Godolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Godolphin">Lord Godolphin</a> the claims of the Irish clergy to the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Bounty" title="Queen Anne's Bounty">First-Fruits and Twentieths</a> ("Queen Anne's Bounty"), which brought in about £2,500 a year, already granted to their brethren in England. He found the opposition <a href="/wiki/Tory_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory (British political party)">Tory</a> leadership more sympathetic to his cause, and when they came to power in 1710, he was recruited to support their cause as editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Examiner_(1710%E2%80%931714)" title="The Examiner (1710–1714)">The Examiner</a>. In 1711, Swift published the political pamphlet <a href="/wiki/The_Conduct_of_the_Allies" title="The Conduct of the Allies">The Conduct of the Allies</a>, attacking the Whig government for its inability to end the prolonged war with France. The incoming Tory government conducted secret (and illegal) negotiations with France, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> (1713) ending the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. Swift was part of the inner circle of the Tory government,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and often acted as mediator between <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John</a> (Viscount Bolingbroke), the secretary of state for foreign affairs (1710–15), and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Mortimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer">Robert Harley</a> (Earl of Oxford), lord treasurer and prime minister (1711–14). Swift recorded his experiences and thoughts during this difficult time in a long series of letters to Esther Johnson, collected and published after his death as <a href="/wiki/A_Journal_to_Stella" title="A Journal to Stella">A Journal to Stella</a>. The animosity between the two Tory leaders eventually led to the dismissal of Harley in 1714. With the death of <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> and the accession of <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> that year, the Whigs returned to power, and the Tory leaders were tried for treason for conducting secret negotiations with France. Swift has been described by scholars[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] as "a Whig in politics and Tory in religion" and Swift related his own views in similar terms, stating that as "a lover of liberty, I found myself to be what they called a Whig in politics ... But, as to religion, I confessed myself to be an High-Churchman."<a href="#cite_note-Fox-27">[27]</a> In his Thoughts on Religion, fearing the intense partisan strife waged over religious belief in seventeenth-century England, Swift wrote that "Every man, as a member of the commonwealth, ought to be content with the possession of his own opinion in private."<a href="#cite_note-Fox-27">[27]</a> However, it should be borne in mind that, during Swift's time period, terms like "Whig" and "Tory" both encompassed a wide array of opinions and factions, and neither term aligns with a modern political party or modern political alignments.<a href="#cite_note-Fox-27">[27]</a> Also during these years in London, Swift became acquainted with the Vanhomrigh family, Dutch merchants who had settled in Ireland, then moved to London, and "became involved with" one of the daughters, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Vanhomrigh" title="Esther Vanhomrigh">Esther</a>. Swift furnished Esther with the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Vanessa_(name)" title="Vanessa (name)">Vanessa</a>"—derived by adding "Essa", a pet form of Esther, to the "Van" of her surname, Vanhomrigh—and she features as one of the main characters in his poem <a href="/wiki/Cadenus_and_Vanessa" title="Cadenus and Vanessa">Cadenus and Vanessa</a>. This poem and their correspondence suggest that Esther was infatuated with Swift and that he may have reciprocated her affections, only to regret this and then try to break off the relationship.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Esther followed Swift to Ireland in 1714 and settled at her old family home, <a href="/wiki/Celbridge_Abbey" title="Celbridge Abbey">Celbridge Abbey</a>. Their uneasy relationship continued for some years; then there appears to have been a confrontation, possibly involving Esther Johnson. Esther Vanhomrigh died in 1723 at the age of 35, after having destroyed the will she had made in Swift's favour.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Another lady with whom he had a close but less intense relationship was <a href="/wiki/Anne_Long" title="Anne Long">Anne Long</a>, a "toast" of the <a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat Club</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_years">Final years</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Swift_by_Rupert_Barber,_1745,_National_Portrait_Gallery,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jonathan_Swift_by_Rupert_Barber%2C_1745%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/170px-Jonathan_Swift_by_Rupert_Barber%2C_1745%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jonathan_Swift_by_Rupert_Barber%2C_1745%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/170px-Jonathan_Swift_by_Rupert_Barber%2C_1745%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jonathan_Swift_by_Rupert_Barber%2C_1745%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/255px-Jonathan_Swift_by_Rupert_Barber%2C_1745%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jonathan_Swift_by_Rupert_Barber%2C_1745%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/340px-Jonathan_Swift_by_Rupert_Barber%2C_1745%2C_National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jonathan Swift (shown without wig) by Rupert Barber, 1745, National Portrait Gallery, London</figcaption></figure> Before the fall of the Tory government, Swift had hoped that his services would be rewarded with a church appointment in England. However, Queen Anne appeared to have taken a dislike to Swift and thwarted these efforts. Her dislike has been attributed to A Tale of a Tub, which she thought blasphemous, compounded by The Windsor Prophecy, where Swift, with a surprising lack of tact, advised the Queen on which of her bedchamber ladies she should and should not trust.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The best position his friends could secure for him was the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">Deanery of St Patrick's</a>;<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> while this appointment was not in the Queen's gift, Anne, who could be a bitter enemy, made it clear that Swift would not have received the preferment if she could have prevented it.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> With the return of the Whigs, Swift's best move was to leave England, and he returned to Ireland in disappointment, a virtual exile, to live "like a rat in a hole".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brass_plate_listing_deans_of_Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brass_plate_listing_deans_of_Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Brass_plate_listing_deans_of_Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brass_plate_listing_deans_of_Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Brass_plate_listing_deans_of_Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brass_plate_listing_deans_of_Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral.jpg/330px-Brass_plate_listing_deans_of_Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Brass_plate_listing_deans_of_Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral.jpg/440px-Brass_plate_listing_deans_of_Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>List of deans of Saint Patrick's Cathedral, including Jonathan Swift</figcaption></figure> Once in Ireland, however, Swift began to turn his pamphleteering skills in support of Irish causes, producing some of his most memorable works: Proposal for Universal Use of Irish Manufacture (1720), <a href="/wiki/Drapier%27s_Letters" title="Drapier's Letters">Drapier's Letters</a> (1724), and A Modest Proposal (1729), earned him the status of an Irish patriot.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This new role was unwelcome to the Government, which made clumsy attempts to silence him. His printer, Edward Waters, was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a> in 1720, but four years later a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> refused to find that the Drapier's Letters, which though written under a pseudonym were universally known to be Swift's work, were seditious.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Swift responded with an attack on the Irish judiciary almost unparalleled in its ferocity, his principal target being the "vile and profligate villain" <a href="/wiki/William_Whitshed" title="William Whitshed">William Whitshed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Lord Chief Justice of Ireland">Lord Chief Justice of Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Also during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships, better known as <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a>. Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade. For instance, the episode in which the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating on it can be seen as a metaphor for the Tories' illegal peace treaty, a treaty he regarded as a good thing accomplished in an unfortunate manner. In 1726 he paid a long-deferred visit to London,<a href="#cite_note-LS219-39">[39]</a> taking with him the manuscript of Gulliver's Travels. During his visit, he stayed with his old friends Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot and John Gay, who helped him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book in November 1726 It was an immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727. French, German, and Dutch translations appeared in 1727, and pirated copies were printed in Ireland. In 1727, Swift returned to England one more time and stayed once again with Alexander Pope. The visit was cut short when Swift, receiving word that Esther Johnson was dying, rushed back home to be with her.<a href="#cite_note-LS219-39">[39]</a> On 28 January 1728, Johnson died; Swift had prayed at her bedside, even composing prayers for her comfort. Swift could not bear to be present at the end, but on the night of her death he began to write his The Death of Mrs Johnson. He was too ill to attend the funeral at St Patrick's.<a href="#cite_note-LS219-39">[39]</a> Many years later, a lock of hair, assumed to be Johnson's, was found in his desk, wrapped in a paper bearing the words, "Only a woman's hair." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Death">Death</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg/220px-St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg/220px-St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg/330px-St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg/440px-St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">Bust</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> Death became a persistent preoccupation in Swift's mind from this point. In 1731 he wrote Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, his own obituary, published in 1739. In 1732, his good friend and collaborator John Gay had died. In 1735, John Arbuthnot, another friend from his days in London, also died, nd in 1738 Swift too began to show signs of illness, perhaps even suffering a stroke in 1742, losing the ability to speak and realising his worst fears of becoming mentally disabled. ("I shall be like that tree", he once said. "I shall die at the top.")<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> He became increasingly quarrelsome, and long-standing friendships, like that with Thomas Sheridan, ended without sufficient cause. To protect him from unscrupulous hangers-ons, who had begun to prey on the great man, his closest companions had him declared of "unsound mind and memory." However, it was long believed by many that Swift was actually insane at this point. In his book <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_and_Western_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature and Western Man (page does not exist)">Literature and Western Man</a>, author <a href="/wiki/J._B._Priestley" title="J. B. Priestley">J. B. Priestley</a> even cites the final chapters of Gulliver's Travels as proof of Swift's approaching "insanity". Bewley attributes his decline to 'terminal dementia'.<a href="#cite_note-Bewley-19">[19]</a> In part VIII of his series, <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" title="The Story of Civilization">The Story of Civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> describes the final years of Swift's life as exhibiting: <blockquote>Definite symptoms of madness ... [first appearing] in 1738. In 1741, guardians were appointed to take care of his affairs and watch lest in his outbursts of violence, he should do himself harm. In 1742, he suffered great pain from the inflammation of his left eye, which swelled to the size of ... [a chicken's] egg; five attendants had to restrain him from tearing out his eye. He went a whole year without uttering a word.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></blockquote> In 1744, Alexander Pope died. Then on 19 October 1745, Swift died, at nearly 78.<a href="#cite_note-LS222-42">[42]</a> After being laid out in public view for the people of Dublin to pay their last respects, he was buried in his own cathedral by Esther Johnson's side, in accordance with his wishes. The bulk of his fortune (£12,000) was left to found a hospital for the mentally ill, originally known as St Patrick's Hospital for Imbeciles, which opened in 1757, and which <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_University_Hospital" title="St Patrick's University Hospital">still exists</a> as a psychiatric hospital.<a href="#cite_note-LS222-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_epitaph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_epitaph.jpg/220px-St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_epitaph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="3069"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 316px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_epitaph.jpg/220px-St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_epitaph.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="316" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_epitaph.jpg/330px-St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_epitaph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_epitaph.jpg/440px-St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_epitaph.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">Epitaph</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin</a> near his burial site</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>(Text extracted from the introduction to The Journal to Stella by George A. Aitken and from other sources).</dd></dl> Jonathan Swift wrote his own <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a>: <table> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="poem"> Hic depositum est Corpus IONATHAN SWIFT S.T.D. Hujus Ecclesiæ Cathedralis Decani, Ubi sæva Indignatio Ulterius Cor lacerare nequit. Abi Viator Et imitare, si poteris, Strenuum pro virili Libertatis Vindicatorem. Obiit 19º Die Mensis Octobris A.D. 1745 Anno Ætatis 78º. </div> </td> <td style="padding-left:2em;"><div class="poem"> Here is laid the Body of Jonathan Swift, Doctor of Sacred Theology, Dean of this Cathedral Church, where fierce Indignation can no longer injure the Heart. Go forth, Voyager, and copy, if you can, this vigorous (to the best of his ability) Champion of Liberty. He died on the 19th Day of the Month of October, A.D. 1745, in the 78th Year of his Age. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> poetically translated it from the Latin as: <dl><dd>Swift has sailed into his rest;</dd> <dd>Savage indignation there</dd> <dd>Cannot lacerate his breast.</dd> <dd>Imitate him if you dare,</dd> <dd>World-besotted traveller; he</dd> <dd>Served human liberty.</dd></dl> His library is known through sale catalogues.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swift,_Stella_and_Vanessa_–_an_alternative_view">Swift, Stella and Vanessa – an alternative view</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Swift, Stella and Vanessa – an alternative view" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> British politician <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a> was a great admirer of Swift and wrote about him extensively. In Debts of Honour<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> he cites with approbation an explanation propounded by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Johnston" title="Denis Johnston">Denis Johnston</a> of Swift's behaviour towards Stella and Vanessa. Pointing to contradictions in the received information about Swift's origins and parentage, Johnston postulates that Swift's real father was Sir William Temple's father, <a href="/wiki/John_Temple_(judge)" title="John Temple (judge)">Sir John Temple</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">Master of the Rolls</a> in Dublin at the time. It is widely thought that Stella was Sir William Temple's illegitimate daughter. So, if these speculations are to be credited, Swift was Sir William's brother and Stella's uncle. Marriage or close relations between Swift and Stella would therefore have been <a href="/wiki/Incestuous" class="mw-redirect" title="Incestuous">incestuous</a>, an unthinkable prospect. It follows that Swift could not have married Vanessa without Stella appearing to be a cast-off mistress, which appearance he would not contemplate leaving. Johnston's theory is expounded fully in his book In Search of Swift.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> He is also cited in the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Irish_Biography" title="Dictionary of Irish Biography">Dictionary of Irish Biography</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and the theory is presented without attribution in the Concise Cambridge History of English Literature.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Swift was a prolific writer. The collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965–) comprises fourteen volumes. A 1983 edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_prose_works">Major prose works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Major prose works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jonathan_Swift" title="Special:EditPage/Jonathan Swift">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jonathan+Swift%22">"Jonathan Swift"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jonathan+Swift%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jonathan+Swift%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jonathan+Swift%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jonathan+Swift%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jonathan+Swift%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Swift_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jonathan_Swift_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18250.jpg/170px-Jonathan_Swift_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18250.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 243px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jonathan_Swift_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18250.jpg/170px-Jonathan_Swift_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18250.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jonathan_Swift_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18250.jpg/255px-Jonathan_Swift_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Jonathan_Swift_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18250.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jonathan Swift at the <a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">Deanery</a> of St Patrick's, illus. from 1905 Temple Scott edition of Works</figcaption></figure> Swift's first major prose work, <a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub" title="A Tale of a Tub">A Tale of a Tub</a>, demonstrates many of the themes and stylistic techniques he would employ in his later work. It is at once wildly playful and funny while being pointed and harshly critical of its targets. In its main thread, the Tale recounts the exploits of three sons, representing the main threads of Christianity, who receive a bequest from their father of a coat each, with the added instructions to make no alterations whatsoever. However, the sons soon find that their coats have fallen out of current fashion, and begin to look for loopholes in their father's will that will let them make the needed alterations. As each finds his own means of getting around their father's admonition, they struggle with each other for power and dominance. Inserted into this story, in alternating chapters, the narrator includes a series of whimsical "digressions" on various subjects. In 1690, Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Temple,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet">William Temple</a>, Swift's patron, published An Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning a defence of classical writing (see <a href="/wiki/Quarrel_of_the_Ancients_and_the_Moderns" title="Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns">Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns</a>), holding up the Epistles of Phalaris as an example. <a href="/wiki/William_Wotton" title="William Wotton">William Wotton</a> responded to Temple with Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning (1694), showing that the Epistles were a later forgery. A response by the supporters of the Ancients was then made by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyle,_4th_Earl_of_Orrery" title="Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery">Charles Boyle</a> (later the 4th Earl of Orrery and father of Swift's first biographer). A further retort on the Modern side came from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bentley" title="Richard Bentley">Richard Bentley</a>, one of the pre-eminent scholars of the day, in his essay Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris (1699). The final words on the topic belong to Swift in his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Books">Battle of the Books</a> (1697, published 1704) in which he makes a humorous defence on behalf of Temple and the cause of the Ancients. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swift_works.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Swift_works.png/220px-Swift_works.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="1822"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 350px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Swift_works.png/220px-Swift_works.png" data-width="220" data-height="350" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Swift_works.png/330px-Swift_works.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Swift_works.png/440px-Swift_works.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The title page to Swift's 1735 Works, depicting the author in the Dean's chair, receiving the thanks of Ireland. The <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horatian</a> motto reads, Exegi Monumentum Ære perennius, "I have completed a monument more lasting than brass." The 'brass' is a pun, for <a href="/wiki/William_Wood_(ironmaster)" title="William Wood (ironmaster)">William Wood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)">halfpennies</a> (alloyed with brass) lie scattered at his feet. <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a> award Swift a poet's laurel.</figcaption></figure> In 1708, a cobbler named <a href="/wiki/John_Partridge_(astrologer)" title="John Partridge (astrologer)">John Partridge</a> published a popular <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a> of <a href="/wiki/Astrological" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrological">astrological</a> predictions. Because Partridge falsely determined the deaths of several church officials, Swift attacked Partridge in Predictions for the Ensuing Year by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bickerstaff" title="Isaac Bickerstaff">Isaac Bickerstaff</a>, a parody predicting that Partridge would die on 29 March. Swift followed up with a pamphlet issued on 30 March claiming that Partridge had in fact died, which was widely believed despite Partridge's statements to the contrary. According to other sources,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Steele" title="Richard Steele">Richard Steele</a> used the persona of Isaac Bickerstaff, and was the one who wrote about the "death" of John Partridge and published it in <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_(1711)" title="The Spectator (1711)">The Spectator</a>, not Jonathan Swift. The Drapier's Letters (1724) was a series of pamphlets against the monopoly granted by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">English government</a> to <a href="/wiki/William_Wood_(ironmaster)" title="William Wood (ironmaster)">William Wood</a> to mint copper coinage for Ireland. It was widely believed that Wood would need to flood Ireland with debased coinage in order to make a profit. In these "letters" Swift posed as a shopkeeper—a draper—to criticise the plan. Swift's writing was so effective in undermining opinion in the project that a reward was offered by the government to anyone disclosing the true identity of the author. Though hardly a secret (on returning to Dublin after one of his trips to England, Swift was greeted with a banner, "Welcome Home, Drapier") no one turned Swift in, although there was an unsuccessful attempt to prosecute the publisher <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Harding_(printer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Harding (printer) (page does not exist)">John Harding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Thanks to the general outcry against the coinage, Wood's patent was rescinded in September 1725 and the coins were kept out of circulation.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In "Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift" (1739) Swift recalled this as one of his best achievements. <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a>, a large portion of which Swift wrote at Woodbrook House in County Laois, was published in 1726. It is regarded as his masterpiece. As with his other writings, the Travels was published under a pseudonym, the fictional Lemuel Gulliver, a ship's surgeon and later a sea captain. Some of the correspondence between printer Benj. Motte and Gulliver's also-fictional cousin negotiating the book's publication has survived. Though it has often been mistakenly thought of and published in <a href="/wiki/Bowdlerised" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowdlerised">bowdlerised</a> form as a children's book, it is a great and sophisticated satire of human nature based on Swift's experience of his times. Gulliver's Travels is an anatomy of human nature, a sardonic looking-glass, often criticised for its apparent <a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">misanthropy</a>. It asks its readers to refute it, to deny that it has adequately characterised human nature and society. Each of the four books—recounting four voyages to mostly fictional exotic lands—has a different theme, but all are attempts to deflate human pride. Critics hail the work as a satiric reflection on the shortcomings of Enlightenment thought. In 1729, Swift's <a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland Being a Burden on Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick</a> was published in Dublin by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Harding_(printer)" title="Sarah Harding (printer)">Sarah Harding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> It is a satire in which the narrator, with intentionally grotesque arguments, recommends that Ireland's poor escape their poverty by selling their children as food to the rich: "I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food ..." Following the satirical form, he introduces the reforms he is actually suggesting by deriding them: <blockquote>Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients ... taxing our absentees ... using [nothing] except what is of our own growth and manufacture ... rejecting ... foreign luxury ... introducing a vein of parsimony, prudence and temperance ... learning to love our country ... quitting our animosities and factions ... teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants. ... Therefore I repeat, let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients, till he hath at least some glympse of hope, that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays,_tracts,_pamphlets,_periodicals">Essays, tracts, pamphlets, periodicals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Essays, tracts, pamphlets, periodicals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Works_of_the_Rev._Jonathan_Swift/Volume_5/A_Meditation_Upon_a_Broomstick" class="extiw" title="s:The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 5/A Meditation Upon a Broomstick">"A Meditation upon a Broom-stick"</a> (1703–10)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Works_of_the_Rev._Jonathan_Swift/Volume_5/A_Tritical_Essay_Upon_the_Faculties_of_the_Mind" class="extiw" title="s:The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 5/A Tritical Essay Upon the Faculties of the Mind">"A Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind"</a> (1707–11)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bickerstaff-Partridge_Papers" class="extiw" title="s:Bickerstaff-Partridge Papers">The Bickerstaff-Partridge Papers</a> (1708–09)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/An_Argument_Against_Abolishing_Christianity" title="An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity">An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity</a>" (1708–11): <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Argument_Against_Abolishing_Christianity" class="extiw" title="s:An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity">Full text</a></li> <li>The Intelligencer (with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sheridan_(actor)" title="Thomas Sheridan (actor)">Thomas Sheridan</a> (1719–1788)): Text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13169">Project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630061552/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13169">Archived</a> 30 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The Examiner (1710): Texts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13169">Project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630061552/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13169">Archived</a> 30 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aproposalforcor00swifgoog/page/n3/mode/2up">"A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue" (1712)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conductofallieso00swif">"On the Conduct of the Allies" (1711)</a></li> <li>"Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation" (1713): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/27/8.html">Bartleby.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051222035903/http://www.bartleby.com/27/8.html">Archived</a> 22 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Works_of_the_Rev._Jonathan_Swift/Volume_3/The_Publick_Spirit_of_the_Whigs" class="extiw" title="s:The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 3/The Publick Spirit of the Whigs">"The Publick Spirit of the Whigs, set forth in their generous encouragement of the author of the crisis"</a> (1714)</li> <li>"A Letter to a Young Gentleman, Lately Entered into Holy Orders" (1720)</li> <li>"A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet" (1721): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/27/10.html">Bartleby.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051205021623/http://www.bartleby.com/27/10.html">Archived</a> 5 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drapier%27s_Letters" title="Drapier's Letters">Drapier's Letters</a> (1724, 1725): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12784">Project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630061532/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12784">Archived</a> 30 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"Bon Mots de Stella" (1726): a curiously irrelevant appendix to "Gulliver's Travels"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal" title="A Modest Proposal">A Modest Proposal</a>", perhaps the most notable satire in English, suggesting that the Irish should engage in cannibalism. (Written in 1729)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hOxfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA361">"An Essay on the Fates of Clergymen"</a></li> <li>"A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding": Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/27/9.html">Bartleby.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_a-modest-address-to-the-_swift-jonathan_1765/mode/2up">"A modest address to the wicked authors of the present age. Particularly the authors of Christianity not founded on argument, and of The resurrection of Jesus considered"</a> (1743–45?)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poems">Poems</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Mag_Jonathan_Swift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/International_Mag_Jonathan_Swift.jpg/220px-International_Mag_Jonathan_Swift.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="445"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 204px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/International_Mag_Jonathan_Swift.jpg/220px-International_Mag_Jonathan_Swift.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/International_Mag_Jonathan_Swift.jpg/330px-International_Mag_Jonathan_Swift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/International_Mag_Jonathan_Swift.jpg/440px-International_Mag_Jonathan_Swift.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An 1850 illustration of Swift</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>"Ode to the <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> Society", Swift's first publication, printed in <a href="/wiki/The_Athenian_Mercury" title="The Athenian Mercury">The Athenian Mercury</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JCwUAAAAQAAJ&q=%22Athenian+Oracle%22">supplement of Feb 14, 1691.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513065439/https://books.google.com/books?id=JCwUAAAAQAAJ&q=%22Athenian%20Oracle%22">Archived</a> 13 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Poems of Jonathan Swift, D.D. Texts at Project Gutenberg: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14353">Volume One</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13621">Volume Two</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707211754/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13621">Archived</a> 7 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"Baucis and Philemon" (1706–09): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130129103857/http://www.munseys.com/diskone/baucphildex.htm">Munseys</a></li> <li>"A Description of the Morning" (1709): Full annotated text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118112716/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/2062.html">U of Toronto</a>; Another text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121215113034/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607746679&textreg=3&query=&id=">U of Virginia</a></li> <li>"A Description of a City Shower" (1710): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/50578/a-description-of-a-city-shower">Poetry Foundation</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cadenus_and_Vanessa" title="Cadenus and Vanessa">Cadenus and Vanessa</a>" (1713): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130129110551/http://www.munseys.com/diskone/cadvanedex.htm">Munseys</a></li> <li>"Phillis, or, the Progress of Love" (1719): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theotherpages.org/poems/swift01.html">theotherpages.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025135224/http://theotherpages.org/poems/swift01.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Stella's birthday poems: <ul><li>1719. Full annotated text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118112721/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/2065.html">U of Toronto</a></li> <li>1720. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public-library.uk/ebooks/91/41.pdf">Full text</a></li> <li>1727. Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118112726/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/2066.html">U of Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li>"The Progress of Beauty" (1719–20): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229103503/http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/verse/chap2.htm">OurCivilisation.com</a></li> <li>"The Progress of Poetry" (1720): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theotherpages.org/poems/swift01.html">theotherpages.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025135224/http://theotherpages.org/poems/swift01.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"A Satirical Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General" (1722): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421133852/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/2064.html">U of Toronto</a></li> <li>"To Quilca, a Country House not in Good Repair" (1725): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421205103/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/2063.html">U of Toronto</a></li> <li>"Advice to the Grub Street Verse-writers" (1726): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130022050/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/2060.html">U of Toronto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.online-literature.com/swift/3504/">"The Furniture of a Woman's Mind"</a> (1727)</li> <li>"On a Very Old Glass" (1728): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060107163832/http://www.gosford.co.uk/swift.html#glass">Gosford.co.uk</a></li> <li>"A Pastoral Dialogue" (1729): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060107163832/http://www.gosford.co.uk/swift.html#pastoral">Gosford.co.uk</a></li> <li>"The Grand Question debated Whether Hamilton's Bawn should be turned into a Barrack or a Malt House" (1729): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060107163832/http://www.gosford.co.uk/swift.html#bawn">Gosford.co.uk</a></li> <li>"On Stephen Duck, the Thresher and Favourite Poet" (1730): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421110050/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/2067.html">U of Toronto</a></li> <li>"Death and Daphne" (1730): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229045103/http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/verse/chap3.htm">OurCivilisation.com</a></li> <li>"The Place of the Damn'd" (1731): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027145356/http://www.geocities.com/soho/nook/7255/damned.html">Full text</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 27 October 2009)</li> <li>"A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed" (1731): Full annotated text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051224040216/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/nymphbed.html">Jack Lynch</a>; Another text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211160734/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607752257&textreg=3&query=&id=">U of Virginia</a></li> <li>"Strephon and Chloe" (1731): Full annotated text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105205156/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/strephon.html">Jack Lynch</a>; Another text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607775280&textreg=3&query=&id=">U of Virginia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530213725/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607775280&textreg=3&query=&id=">Archived</a> 30 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"Helter Skelter" (1731): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060104003409/http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/verse/chap5.htm">OurCivilisation.com</a></li> <li>"Cassinus and Peter: A Tragical Elegy" (1731): Full annotated text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219033309/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/cassinus.html">Jack Lynch</a></li> <li>"The Day of Judgment" (1731): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000124060044/http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Nook/7255/judgement.html">Full text</a></li> <li>"Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, D.S.P.D." (1731–32): Full annotated texts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105202407/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/verses.html">Jack Lynch</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211004921/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/2068.html">U of Toronto</a>; Non-annotated text:: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211154747/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=/texts/english/modeng/publicsearch/modengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=607701505&textreg=3&query=&id=">U of Virginia</a></li> <li>"An Epistle to a Lady" (1732): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060104003603/http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/verse/chap7.htm">OurCivilisation.com</a></li> <li>"The Beasts' Confession to the Priest" (1732): Full annotated text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421133847/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/2061.html">U of Toronto</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lady%27s_Dressing_Room" title="The Lady's Dressing Room">The Lady's Dressing Room</a>" (1732): Full annotated text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231075844/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/dressing.html">Jack Lynch</a></li> <li>"On Poetry: A Rhapsody" (1733)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14353/14353-h/14353-h.htm#link2H_4_0079">"The Puppet Show"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14353/14353-h/14353-h.htm#link2H_4_0079">"The Logicians Refuted"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correspondence,_personal_writings">Correspondence, personal writings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Correspondence, personal writings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huroncitymuseums.org/wlpf/RESOLUTIONSWHENICOMETOBEOLD.htm">"When I Come to Be Old" – Swift's resolutions.</a> (1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Journal_to_Stella" title="A Journal to Stella">A Journal to Stella</a> (1710–13): Full text (presented as daily entries): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923224010/http://www.swiftiana.com/stella/">The Journal to Stella</a>; Extracts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060104214009/http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/stella/index.htm">OurCivilisation.com</a>;</li> <li>Letters: <ul><li>Selected Letters</li> <li>To Oxford and Pope: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060104231243/http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/letters/index.htm">OurCivilisation.com</a></li></ul></li> <li>The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, D.D. Edited by David Woolley. In four volumes, plus index volume. Frankfurt am Main; New York : P. Lang, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1999 – c. 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sermons,_prayers">Sermons, prayers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sermons, prayers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Three Sermons and Three Prayers. Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213024207/http://isis.library.adelaide.edu.au/pg/etext03/trsm10h.htm">U of Adelaide</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9276">Project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724050438/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9276">Archived</a> 24 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Three Sermons: I. on mutual subjection. II. on conscience. III. on the Trinity. Text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4738">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li>Writings on Religion and the Church. Text at Project Gutenberg: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12252">Volume One</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630061452/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12252">Archived</a> 30 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12746">Volume Two</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630061527/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12746">Archived</a> 30 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"The First He Wrote Oct. 17, 1727." Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/shortstories/thebattleofthebooksandothershortpieces/chap11.html">Worldwideschool.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218053841/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/shortstories/thebattleofthebooksandothershortpieces/chap11.html">Archived</a> 18 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"The Second Prayer Was Written Nov. 6, 1727." Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/shortstories/thebattleofthebooksandothershortpieces/chap12.html">Worldwideschool.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218053847/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/shortstories/thebattleofthebooksandothershortpieces/chap12.html">Archived</a> 18 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellany">Miscellany</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Miscellany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directions_to_Servants" title="Directions to Servants">Directions to Servants</a> (1731): Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151227041359/http://jonathanswiftarchive.org.uk/browse/year/text_4_18_4.html?page=d2e58">Jonathon Swift Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Complete_Collection_of_Genteel_and_Ingenious_Conversation" title="A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation">A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation</a> (1738)</li> <li>"Thoughts on Various Subjects." Full text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/s/swift/jonathan/s97th/">U of Adelaide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014200311/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/s/swift/jonathan/s97th/">Archived</a> 14 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Historical Writings: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13040">Project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630174210/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13040">Archived</a> 30 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Swift quotes at Bartleby: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/100/211.html">Bartleby.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051026001459/http://www.bartleby.com/100/211.html">Archived</a> 26 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – 59 quotations, with notes</li> <li>The Benefit of Farting Explained, published under the pseudonym Don Fartinando Puff-Indorst, Professor of Bumbast in the University of Crackow.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary">Literary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiftdeathmask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Swiftdeathmask.jpg/170px-Swiftdeathmask.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Swiftdeathmask.jpg/170px-Swiftdeathmask.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Swiftdeathmask.jpg/255px-Swiftdeathmask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Swiftdeathmask.jpg/340px-Swiftdeathmask.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Swift's <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> named him as one of the three people in history who were the most influential for him.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> named him as one of the writers he most admired, despite disagreeing with him on almost every moral and political issue.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Modernist poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Sitwell" title="Edith Sitwell">Edith Sitwell</a> wrote a fictional biography of Swift, titled <a href="/wiki/I_Live_Under_a_Black_Sun" title="I Live Under a Black Sun">I Live Under a Black Sun</a> and published in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin2003-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">A. L. Rowse</a> wrote a biography of Swift,<a href="#cite_note-RowseMajor-59">[59]</a> essays on his works,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and edited the Pan Books edition of Gulliver's Travels.<a href="#cite_note-RowseGulliver-62">[62]</a> Literary scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Stier_Goodwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Stier Goodwin (page does not exist)">Frank Stier Goodwin</a> wrote a full biography of Swift: Jonathan Swift – Giant in Chains, issued by <a href="/wiki/Liveright_Publishing_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveright Publishing Corporation">Liveright Publishing Corporation</a>, New York (1940, 450pp, with Bibliography). In 1982, Soviet playwright <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Gorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigory Gorin">Grigory Gorin</a> wrote a theatrical fantasy called The House That Swift Built based on the last years of Jonathan Swift's life and episodes of his works.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The play was filmed by director <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zakharov" title="Mark Zakharov">Mark Zakharov</a> in the 1984 two-part television movie of the <a href="/wiki/The_House_That_Swift_Built" title="The House That Swift Built">same name</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jake_Arnott" title="Jake Arnott">Jake Arnott</a> features him in his 2017 novel The Fatal Tree.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A 2017 analysis of library holdings data revealed that Swift is the most popular Irish author, and that Gulliver's Travels is the most widely held work of Irish literature in libraries globally.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The first woman to write a biography of Swift was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Shilleto_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophie Shilleto Smith (page does not exist)">Sophie Shilleto Smith</a>, who published Dean Swift in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eponymous_places">Eponymous places</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Eponymous places" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(Deimian_crater)" title="Swift (Deimian crater)">Swift crater</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">crater</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moon</a> <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a>, is named after Jonathan Swift, who predicted the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">moons of Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In honour of Swift's long-term residence in <a href="/wiki/Trim,_County_Meath" title="Trim, County Meath">Trim</a>, there are several monuments in the town. Most notable is Swift's Street, named after him. Trim also held a recurring festival in honour of Swift, called the Trim Swift Festival. In 2020, the festival was cancelled due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, and has not been held since.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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India</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/577008">Jonathan Swift</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">"Swift", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/swift/">Online literature</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803044307/http://www.online-literature.com/swift/">archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2019, retrieved 17 December 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swift&rft.btitle=Online+literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-literature.com%2Fswift%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> "What higher accolade can a reviewer pay to a contemporary satirist than to call his or her work <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Swiftian">Swiftian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171023230958/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Swiftian">Archived</a> 23 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>?" Frank Boyle, "Johnathan Swift", Ch 11 in A Companion to Satire: Ancient and Modern (2008), edited by Ruben Quintero, John Wiley & Sons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0470657952" title="Special:BookSources/0470657952">0470657952</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1898" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (1898). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Swift,_Jonathan">"Swift, Jonathan" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 55. pp. 204–227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swift%2C+Jonathan&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs2016" class="citation book cs1">Stubbs, John (2016). Jonathan Swift: The Reluctant Rebel. New York: WW Norton & Co. pp. 25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Swift%3A+The+Reluctant+Rebel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=WW+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Stubbs (2016), p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegategnoJay_Stubblefield2014" class="citation book cs1">Degategno, Paul J.; Jay Stubblefield, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=so6ZNdlRfLIC&q=jonathan+swift%27s+father+died&pg=PA412">Jonathan Swift</a>. Infobase. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438108513" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438108513"><bdi>978-1438108513</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126142416/https://books.google.com/books?id=so6ZNdlRfLIC&q=jonathan+swift%27s+father+died&pg=PA412">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. 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The Barnes & Noble Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702000858/http://bnreview.barnesandnoble.com/t5/A-Reading-Life/Jonathan-Swift-His-Life-and-His-World/ba-p/11769">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2014. 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A Critical Biography, Noonday Press, 1955, pp. 154-158 </li> <li id="cite_note-martha-22"><a href="#cite_ref-martha_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewHarrison2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/55435">"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/55435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F55435">10.1093/ref:odnb/55435</a>. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=ref%3Aodnb%2F55435&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F55435&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F55435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> "Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 2" <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(divine)" title="Henry Cotton (divine)">Cotton, H.</a> p. 165: Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848–1878. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Stephen DNB, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Stephen DNB, pp. 215–217. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Stephen DNB, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_27-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2003" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Christopher (2003). 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Yale University Press. pp. 352–353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Anne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E352-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 2" <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(divine)" title="Henry Cotton (divine)">Cotton, H.</a> pp. 104–105: Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848–1878. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Gregg (1980), p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Stephen DNB, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Stephen DNB, pp. 217–218. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>. Life of Jonathan Swift, vol. 1, Edinburgh 1814, pp. 281–282. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/F._Elrington_Ball" title="F. Elrington Ball">Ball, F. Elrington</a> (1926). The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921, London: John Murray, vol. 2 pp. 103–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-LS219-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LS219_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LS219_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LS219_39-2">c</a> Stephen DNB, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Stephen DNB, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> "The Story of Civilization," vol. 8., 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-LS222-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LS222_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LS222_42-1">b</a> Stephen DNB, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Passmann, Dirk F. 2012. “Jonathan Swift as a Book-Collector: With a Checklist of Swift Association Copies.” Swift Studies: The Annual of the Ehrenpreis Center 27: 7–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot, Michael</a> (1981) Debts of Honour. Harper & Row, New York, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Johnston" title="Denis Johnston">Johnston, Denis</a> (1959) In Search of Swift Hodges Figgis, Dublin </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/swift-jonathan-a8415">"Dictionary of Irish Biography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321055915/https://www.dib.ie/biography/swift-jonathan-a8415">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Irish+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dib.ie%2Fbiography%2Fswift-jonathan-a8415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Concise Cambridge History of English Literature, 1970, p. 387. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Murry, op. cit., p. 150, quotes Steele's Preface to the collected edition of the first four volumes of The Tatler: "I have in the dedication of the first volume made my acknowledgements to Dr. Swift, whose pleasant writings in the name of Bickerstaff created an inclination in the town towards anything that could appear in the same disguise." </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Elrington Ball. The Judges in Ireland, vol. 2 pp. 103–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltes2003" class="citation book cs1">Baltes, Sabine (2003). The Pamphlet Controversy about Wood's Halfpence (1722–25) and the Tradition of Irish Constitutional Nationalism. Peter Lang GmbH. p. 273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pamphlet+Controversy+about+Wood%27s+Halfpence+%281722%E2%80%9325%29+and+the+Tradition+of+Irish+Constitutional+Nationalism&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+GmbH&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Baltes&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraynor" class="citation news cs1">Traynor, Jessica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/irish-v-english-prizefighters-eye-gouging-kicking-and-sword-fighting-1.4133850">"Irish v English prizefighters: eye-gouging, kicking and sword fighting"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109223650/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/irish-v-english-prizefighters-eye-gouging-kicking-and-sword-fighting-1.4133850">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Irish+v+English+prizefighters%3A+eye-gouging%2C+kicking+and+sword+fighting&rft.aulast=Traynor&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fabroad%2Firish-v-english-prizefighters-eye-gouging-kicking-and-sword-fighting-1.4133850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwift2015" class="citation book cs1">Swift, Jonathan (2015). A Modest Proposal. London: Penguin. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141398181" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141398181"><bdi>978-0141398181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modest+Proposal&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0141398181&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> This work is often wrongly referred to as "A Critical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind". </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudd2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rudd, Niall (Summer 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23041663">"Swift's 'On Poetry: A Rhapsody'"</a>. Hermathena. 180 (180): 105–120. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23041663">23041663</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730170010/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23041663">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermathena&rft.atitle=Swift%27s+%27On+Poetry%3A+A+Rhapsody%27&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=180&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23041663%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rudd&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23041663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan2007" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan, Swift (2007). The Benefit of Farting. Oneworld Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847490315" title="Special:BookSources/9781847490315"><bdi>9781847490315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Benefit+of+Farting&rft.pub=Oneworld+Classics&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781847490315&rft.aulast=Jonathan&rft.aufirst=Swift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> In the preface of the 1871 edition of Sesame and Lilies Ruskin mentions three figures from literary history with whom he feels an affinity: <a href="/wiki/Guido_Guinicelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Guido Guinicelli">Guido Guinicelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Marmontel" title="Jean-François Marmontel">Marmontel</a> and Dean Swift; see John Ruskin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCUVAAAAYAAJ">Sesame and lilies: three lectures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611024316/https://books.google.com/books?id=aCUVAAAAYAAJ&dq=">Archived</a> 11 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Smith, Elder, & Co., 1871, p. xxviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Politics_vs._Literature" title="Politics vs. Literature">"Politics vs. Literature: an examination of Gulliver's Travels"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin2003-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffin2003_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriele_Griffin2003" class="citation book cs1">Gabriele Griffin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPqFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA244">Who's Who in Lesbian and Gay Writing</a>. Routledge. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134722099" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134722099"><bdi>978-1134722099</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215074310/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPqFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA244">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Lesbian+and+Gay+Writing&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1134722099&rft.au=Gabriele+Griffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNPqFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RowseMajor-59"><a href="#cite_ref-RowseMajor_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowse1975" class="citation book cs1">Rowse, A. L. (1975). Jonathan Swift Major Prophet. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-01141-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-01141-9"><bdi>0-500-01141-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Swift+Major+Prophet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-500-01141-9&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowse1944" class="citation book cs1">Rowse, A. L. (1944). "XXVI: Jonathan Swift". The English Spirit: Essays in History and Literature. London: Macmillan. pp. 182–192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXVI%3A+Jonathan+Swift&rft.btitle=The+English+Spirit%3A+Essays+in+History+and+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowse1970" class="citation book cs1">Rowse, A. L. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swift00jeff/page/134/mode/2up?view=theater">"Swift as Poet"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/A._Norman_Jeffares" title="A. Norman Jeffares">A. Norman Jeffares</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swift00jeff/mode/2up?view=theater">Swift</a>. Modern Judgements. Nashville and London: Aurora Publishers Incorporated. pp. 135–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87695-092-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87695-092-6"><bdi>0-87695-092-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swift+as+Poet&rft.btitle=Swift&rft.place=Nashville+and+London&rft.series=Modern+Judgements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.pub=Aurora+Publishers+Incorporated&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-87695-092-6&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswift00jeff%2Fpage%2F134%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RowseGulliver-62"><a href="#cite_ref-RowseGulliver_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwift1977" class="citation book cs1">Swift, Jonathan (1977). A. L. Rowse (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gulliverstravels0000swif_i1d4/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater">Gulliver's Travels</a>. London and Sydney: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-25190-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-25190-2"><bdi>0-330-25190-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulliver%27s+Travels&rft.place=London+and+Sydney&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-330-25190-2&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgulliverstravels0000swif_i1d4%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Hayford2006" class="citation web cs1">Justin Hayford (12 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209215620/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-house-that-swift-built/Content?oid=920998">"The House That Swift Built"</a>. Performing Arts Review. Chicago Reader. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-house-that-swift-built/Content?oid=920998">the original</a> on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Performing+Arts+Review&rft.atitle=The+House+That+Swift+Built&rft.date=2006-01-12&rft.au=Justin+Hayford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoreader.com%2Fchicago%2Fthe-house-that-swift-built%2FContent%3Foid%3D920998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnott2017" class="citation book cs1">Arnott, Jake (2017). The Fatal Tree. Sceptre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473637740" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473637740"><bdi>978-1473637740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatal+Tree&rft.pub=Sceptre&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1473637740&rft.aulast=Arnott&rft.aufirst=Jake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/what-is-the-most-popular-irish-book-1.3136544">"What is the most popular Irish book?"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202052535/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/what-is-the-most-popular-irish-book-1.3136544">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=What+is+the+most+popular+Irish+book%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fwhat-is-the-most-popular-irish-book-1.3136544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2007" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Louise (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6n08DwAAQBAJ&dq=Sophie+Shilleto+Smith&pg=PA71">Jonathan Swift in the Company of Women</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518866-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518866-0"><bdi>978-0-19-518866-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426072248/https://books.google.com/books?id=6n08DwAAQBAJ&dq=Sophie+Shilleto+Smith&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Swift+in+the+Company+of+Women&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518866-0&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6n08DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSophie%2BShilleto%2BSmith%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Smith, Sophie Shilleto. Dean Swift. Methuen & Company, 1910. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath151/kmath151.htm">MathPages – Galileo's Anagrams and the Moons of Mars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142432/http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath151/kmath151.htm">Archived</a> 12 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jonathanswiftfestival.ie/">"Home – The Jonathan Swift Festival"</a>. The Jonathan Swift Festival. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002173154/https://jonathanswiftfestival.ie/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jonathan+Swift+Festival&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+The+Jonathan+Swift+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjonathanswiftfestival.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamrosch2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Damrosch" title="Leo Damrosch">Damrosch, Leo</a> (2013). Jonathan Swift : His Life and His World. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16499-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16499-2"><bdi>978-0-300-16499-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Swift+%3A+His+Life+and+His+World&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16499-2&rft.aulast=Damrosch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988">. Includes almost 100 illustrations.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelany1754" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Delany,_D.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Delany, D.D.">Delany, Patrick</a> (1754). Observations Upon Lord Orrery's Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr. Jonathan Swift. London: W. Reeve. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25612897M">25612897M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observations+Upon+Lord+Orrery%27s+Remarks+on+the+Life+and+Writings+of+Dr.+Jonathan+Swift&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Reeve&rft.date=1754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25612897M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Delany&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2003" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Christopher, ed. (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Swift. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00283-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00283-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00283-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jonathan+Swift&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00283-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenpreis1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irvin_Ehrenpreis" title="Irvin Ehrenpreis">Ehrenpreis, Irvin</a> (1958). The Personality of Jonathan Swift. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-60310-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-60310-1"><bdi>978-0-416-60310-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Personality+of+Jonathan+Swift&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-416-60310-1&rft.aulast=Ehrenpreis&rft.aufirst=Irvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988">. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenpreis1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">— (1962). Swift: The Man, His Works, and the Age. Vol. I: Mr. Swift and his Contemporaries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-85830-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-85830-1"><bdi>0-674-85830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swift%3A+The+Man%2C+His+Works%2C+and+the+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-674-85830-1&rft.aulast=Ehrenpreis&rft.aufirst=Irvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenpreis1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">— (1967). Swift: The Man, His Works, and the Age. Vol. II: Dr. Swift. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-85832-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-85832-8"><bdi>0-674-85832-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swift%3A+The+Man%2C+His+Works%2C+and+the+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-674-85832-8&rft.aulast=Ehrenpreis&rft.aufirst=Irvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenpreis1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">— (1983). Swift: The Man, His Works, and the Age. Vol. III: Dean Swift. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-85835-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-85835-2"><bdi>0-674-85835-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swift%3A+The+Man%2C+His+Works%2C+and+the+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-674-85835-2&rft.aulast=Ehrenpreis&rft.aufirst=Irvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNokes1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Nokes" title="David Nokes">Nokes, David</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jonathanswifthyp0000noke">Jonathan Swift, a Hypocrite Reversed: A Critical Biography</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-812834-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-812834-2"><bdi>978-0-19-812834-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Swift%2C+a+Hypocrite+Reversed%3A+A+Critical+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-812834-2&rft.aulast=Nokes&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjonathanswifthyp0000noke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrrery1752" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Boyle,_5th_Earl_of_Cork" title="John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork">Orrery, John Boyle, Earl of</a> (1752) [1751]. Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr. Jonathan Swift (third, corrected ed.). London: Printed for A. Millar. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25612886M">25612886M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remarks+on+the+Life+and+Writings+of+Dr.+Jonathan+Swift&rft.place=London&rft.edition=third%2C+corrected&rft.pub=Printed+for+A.+Millar&rft.date=1752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25612886M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Orrery&rft.aufirst=John+Boyle%2C+Earl+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (1882). Swift. English Men of Letters. New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15812247W">15812247W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swift&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=English+Men+of+Letters&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL15812247W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"> Noted biographer succinctly critiques (pp. v–vii) biographical works by Lord Orrery, Patrick Delany, Deane Swift, John Hawkesworth, Samuel Johnson, Thomas Sheridan, Walter Scott, William Monck Mason, John Forester, John Barrett, and W.R. Wilde.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1898" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (1898). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Swift,_Jonathan">"Swift, Jonathan" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 55. pp. 204–227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swift%2C+Jonathan&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilde1849" class="citation book cs1">Wilde, W. R. (1849). The Closing Years of Dean Swift's Life. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23288983M">23288983M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Closing+Years+of+Dean+Swift%27s+Life&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Hodges+and+Smith&rft.date=1849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23288983M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>'s "Life of Swift": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/biography/johnslife.html">JaffeBros</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051107220537/http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/biography/johnslife.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. From his Lives of the Poets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a>'s influential vitriolic biography: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/biography/thackeray.html">JaffeBros</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051107220601/http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/biography/thackeray.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. From his English Humourists of The Eighteenth Century.</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsjonathan00scotgoog">Memoirs of Jonathan Swift, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><noscript><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" data-alt="Open access icon" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>. Paris: A. and W. Galignani, 1826.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhibley1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Whibley" title="Charles Whibley">Whibley, Charles</a> (1917). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" class="extiw" title="s:Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>: the Leslie Stephen lecture delivered before the University of Cambridge on 26 May 1917. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Swift%3A+the+Leslie+Stephen+lecture+delivered+before+the+University+of+Cambridge+on+26+May+1917&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Whibley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/17/gullivers-travels-nonsense-language-is-based-on-hebrew-claims-scholar">"Gulliver's Travels' 'nonsense' language is based on Hebrew, claims scholar"</a> by Alison Flood, The Guardian, 17 August 2015.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Jonathan Swift at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" class="extiw" title="c:Jonathan Swift">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" class="extiw" title="q:Jonathan Swift">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Jonathan_Swift" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Jonathan Swift">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Jonathan Swift <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Jonathan+Swift">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Jonathan+Swift&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/authors/pers00148.shtml">Jonathan Swift</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810020450/http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/authors/pers00148.shtml">Archived</a> 10 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/">Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725084318/http://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/">Archived</a> 25 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Swift,_Jonathan">"Swift, Jonathan" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 224–231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swift%2C+Jonathan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonathan+Swift" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00h3650">BBC audio file</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203150747/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00h3650">Archived</a> 3 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Swift's A modest Proposal". BBC discussion. In our time.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04388">Jonathan Swift</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215205610/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04388">Archived</a> 15 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a>, London</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F61048">Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745) Dean of St Patrick's Dublin Satirist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325225834/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F61048">Archived</a> 25 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the National Archives.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcd.ie/library/research-collections/named-collections/e.php#Elias">The Arch C. Elias Collection</a>, containing material by and about Jonathan Swift, at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Library of Trinity College Dublin">Library of Trinity College Dublin</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_works">Online works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Online works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/jonathan-swift">Works by Jonathan Swift in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/326">Works by Jonathan Swift</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Swift%2C%20Jonathan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jonathan%20Swift%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Swift%2C%20Jonathan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jonathan%20Swift%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Swift%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jonathan%20Swift%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Swift%2C%20Jonathan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jonathan%20Swift%22%29%20OR%20%28%221667-1745%22%20AND%20Swift%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Jonathan Swift</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1038">Works by Jonathan Swift</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL24522A">Works by Jonathan Swift</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41166#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?amode=start&author=Swift%2c%20Jonathan">Works by Jonathan Swift</a> at The Online Books Page</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&oldid=1275879981">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&oldid=1275879981</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Swift&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 February 2025, at 16:45 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جوناثان سويفت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوناثان سويفت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conatan_Svift" title="Conatan Svift – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Conatan Svift" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جاناتان سوییفت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاناتان سوییفت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F" title="জোনাথন সুইফট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোনাথন সুইফট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джонатан Свифт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джонатан Свифт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джонатан Свіфт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джонатан Свіфт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%9E%D1%96%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джонатан Сўіфт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джонатан Сўіфт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джонатан Суифт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джонатан Суифт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джонатан Свифт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джонатан Свифт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CF%86%CF%84" title="Τζόναθαν Σουίφτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζόναθαν Σουίφτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جاناتان سوییفت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاناتان سوییفت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%84%88%EC%84%A0_%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8" title="조너선 스위프트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조너선 스위프트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%BE%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A9" title="Ջոնաթան Սվիֆթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոնաթան Սվիֆթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="जोनाथन स्विफ्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोनाथन स्विफ्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98" title="ג'ונתן סוויפט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ונתן סוויפט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೊನಾಥನ್ ಸ್ವಿಫ್ಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೊನಾಥನ್ ಸ್ವಿಫ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჯონათან სვიფტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონათან სვიფტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джонатан Свифт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джонатан Свифт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionathan_Swift" title="Ionathan Swift – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ionathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEonatans_Svifts" title="Džonatans Svifts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džonatans Svifts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Џонатан Свифт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џонатан Свифт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോനഥൻ സ്വിഫ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോനഥൻ സ്വിഫ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჯონათან სვიფტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონათან სვიფტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جوناثان سويفت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوناثان سويفت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Жонатан Свифт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жонатан Свифт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျွန်နသန်ဆွစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျွန်နသန်ဆွစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%95%E3%83%88" title="ジョナサン・スウィフト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョナサン・スウィフト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F" title="ਜੋਨਾਥਨ ਸਵਿਫ਼ਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੋਨਾਥਨ ਸਵਿਫ਼ਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джонатан Свифт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джонатан Свифт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Свифт, Джонатан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свифт, Джонатан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джонатан Свифт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Джонатан Свифт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BF%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%BD" title="جوناٿن سوفٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جوناٿن سوفٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جۆناتان سویفت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆناتان سویفت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Џонатан Свифт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џонатан Свифт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜோனதன் ஸ்விப்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜோனதன் ஸ்விப்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джонатан Свифт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джонатан Свифт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="โจนาธาน สวิฟท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โจนาธาน สวิฟท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джонатан Свіфт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джонатан Свіфт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%81%D9%B9" title="جوناتھن سوئفٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوناتھن سوئفٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="乔纳森·斯威夫特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔纳森·斯威夫特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E6%8B%BF%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="莊拿芬·史威夫特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="莊拿芬·史威夫特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="乔纳森·斯威夫特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔纳森·斯威夫特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Jonathan Swift" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 16:45 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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