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As the head of the ''[[Kriminalpolizei]]'' (criminal police) in Munich, Frick took part in Hitler's failed [[Beer Hall Putsch]] of 1923, for which he was convicted of [[high treason]]. He managed to avoid imprisonment and soon afterwards became a leading figure of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]. In 1930, Frick became the first Nazi to hold a ministerial-level post at any level in Germany in Thuringia as state Minister of the Interior. After Hitler became [[Chancellor of Germany]] in 1933, Frick joined the new government and was named Minister of the Interior. Additionally, on 21 May 1935, Frick was named ''Generalbevollmächtigter für die Reichsverwaltung'' (General Plenipotentiary for the Administration of the Reich).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Structure%20of%20Nazi%20Govt.htm|title=Nazi Germany - Government Structure|accessdate=8 May 2023}}</ref> He was instrumental in formulating laws that consolidated the Nazi regime (''[[Gleichschaltung]]''), as well as laws that defined the [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Nazi racial policy]], most notoriously the [[Nuremberg Laws]]. On 30 August 1939, immediately prior to the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], Frick was appointed by Hitler to the six-person [[Council of Ministers for Defense of the Reich]] which operated as a war cabinet.<ref>{{cite book |first= Martin |last= Broszat| title= The Hitler State | publisher= Longman Inc. | year= 1981| pages= 308–309 |isbn= 0-582-49200-9}}</ref> Following the rise of the [[SS]], Frick gradually lost favour within the party, and in 1943 he was replaced by [[Heinrich Himmler]] as interior minister. Frick remained in the cabinet as a minister without portfolio until Hitler's death in 1945. After World War II, Frick was tried and convicted of [[war crimes]] at the [[Nuremberg trials]] and [[Nuremberg executions|executed]] by [[hanging]]. ==Early life== Born in the [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] municipality of [[Alsenz]], then part of the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], Germany, the last of four children of Protestant teacher Wilhelm Frick sen. (d. 1918) and his wife Henriette (née Schmidt). He attended the [[Gymnasium (Germany)|gymnasium]] in [[Kaiserslautern]], passing his [[Abitur]] exams in 1896. He went on studying [[philology]] at the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|University of Munich]], but soon after turned to study law at [[Heidelberg University|Heidelberg]] and [[Humboldt University of Berlin]]. He received his doctorate of law in 1901. He joined the Bavarian civil service in 1903, working as an attorney at the [[Polizeipräsidium München|Munich Police Department]]. He was appointed a ''Bezirksamtassessor'' in [[Pirmasens]] in 1907 and became acting district executive in 1914. Rejected as unfit, Frick did not serve in World War I. He was promoted to the official rank of a ''Regierungsassessor'' and, at his own request, re-assumed his post at the Munich Police Department in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz17186.html|title=Frick, Wilhelm - Deutsche Biographie|first=Deutsche|last=Biographie|website=www.deutsche-biographie.de}}</ref> On 25 April 1910, Frick married Elisabetha Emilie Nagel (1890–1978) in Pirmasens. They had two sons and a daughter. The marriage ended in an ugly divorce in 1934. A few weeks later, on 12 March, Frick remarried in [[Münchberg]] Margarete Schultze-Naumburg (1896–1960), the former wife of the Nazi [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] MP [[Paul Schultze-Naumburg]]. Margarete gave birth to a son and a daughter. ==Nazi career== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00344A, München, nach Hitler-Ludendorff Prozess.jpg|thumb|left|Frick (3rd from left) among the defendants in the Munich Beer Hall Putsch trial, 1924. [[Adolf Hitler]] is 4th from the right.]] In Munich, Frick witnessed the end of the war and the [[German Revolution of 1918–1919]]. He sympathized with right-wing ''[[Freikorps]]'' paramilitary units. Chief of Police [[Ernst Pöhner]] introduced him to [[Adolf Hitler]], whom he helped willingly with obtaining permission to hold political rallies and demonstrations. Elevated to the rank of an ''Oberamtmann'' and head of the Political department of the Munich police from 1923, he and Pöhner participated in Hitler's failed [[Beer Hall Putsch]] on 9 November. Frick tried to suppress the [[Bavarian State Police|State Police]]'s operation, wherefore he was arrested and imprisoned, and tried for aiding and abetting [[high treason]] by the [[People's Court (Bavaria)|People's Court]] in April 1924. After several months in custody, he was given a suspended sentence of 15 months' imprisonment and was dismissed from his police job. Later during the disciplinary proceedings, the dismissal was declared unfair and revoked, on the basis that his treasonous intention had not been proven. Frick went on to work at the Munich [[social insurance]] office from 1926 onwards, in the rank of a ''Regierungsrat'' 1st class by 1933. In the aftermath of the putsch, Wilhelm Frick was elected a member of the German ''[[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]'' parliament in the [[May 1924 German federal election|federal election of May 1924]]. He had been nominated by the [[National Socialist Freedom Movement]], an [[electoral list]] of the far-right [[German Völkisch Freedom Party]] and then [[Ban (law)|banned]] [[Nazi Party]]. On 1 September 1925, Frick joined the re-established Nazi Party. On 20 May 1928, he was one of the first 12 deputies elected to the ''Reichstag'' as Nazi Party members. He associated himself with the radical [[Gregor Strasser]]; making his name by aggressive anti-democratic and [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] Reichstag speeches, he climbed to the post of the Nazi [[parliamentary group leader]] (''Fraktionsführer'') in 1928.<ref name="Rulers Index">{{cite web|url=http://rulers.org/indexf2.html|title=Index Fo-Fy|website=rulers.org}}</ref> He would continue to be elected to the ''Reichstag'' in every subsequent election in the Weimar and Nazi regimes. In 1929, as the price for joining the [[coalition government]] of the ''Land'' (state) of [[Thuringia]], the NSDAP received the state ministries of the Interior and Education. On 23 January 1930, Frick was appointed to these ministries, becoming the first Nazi to hold a ministerial-level post at any level in Germany (though he remained a member of the Reichstag).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjornetjenesten.dk/teksterdk/Nurnbergprocessen/nurnberg-biogr.htm|title=Nurnbergprocessen 1|website=www.bjornetjenesten.dk|access-date=7 December 2008|archive-date=14 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114172648/http://www.bjornetjenesten.dk/teksterdk/Nurnbergprocessen/nurnberg-biogr.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Frick used his position to dismiss [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist]] and [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic]] officials and replace them with Nazi Party members, so Thuringia's federal subsidies were temporarily suspended by Reich Minister [[Carl Severing]]. Frick also appointed the eugenicist [[Hans F. K. Günther]] as a professor of [[social anthropology]] at the [[University of Jena]], banned several newspapers, and banned [[Pacifism|pacifist]] drama and anti-war films such as ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)|All Quiet on the Western Front]]''. He was removed from office by a Social Democratic [[motion of no confidence]] in the Thuringian [[Landtag]] parliament on 1 April 1931. ==Reich Minister== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H28422, Reichskabinett Adolf Hitler.jpg|thumb|left|Press session after the first meeting of Hitler's cabinet on 30 January 1933: Frick standing 4th from left]] When Reich president [[Paul von Hindenburg]] appointed Hitler chancellor on [[Machtergreifung|30 January 1933]], Frick joined his government as ''[[Reichsminister]]'' of the Interior. Together with Reichstag President [[Hermann Göring]], he was one of only two Nazi ''Reichsministers'' in the original Hitler Cabinet, and the only one who actually had a portfolio; Göring served as [[minister without portfolio]] until 5 May. Though Frick held a key position, especially in organizing the [[March 1933 German federal election|federal elections of March 1933]], he initially had far less power than his counterparts in the rest of Europe. Notably, he had no authority over the police; in Germany law enforcement has traditionally been a [[States of Germany|state]] and local matter. Indeed, the main reason that Hindenburg and [[Franz von Papen]] agreed to give the Interior Ministry to the Nazis was that it was almost powerless at the time. A mighty rival arose in the establishment of the [[Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda|Propaganda Ministry]] under [[Joseph Goebbels]] on 13 March. Frick's power dramatically increased as a result of the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]] and the [[Enabling Act of 1933]]. The provision of the Reichstag Fire Decree giving the cabinet the power to take over state governments on its own authority was actually his idea; he saw the fire as a chance to increase his power and begin the process of Nazifying the country.<ref>{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Richard J.|author-link=Richard J. Evans|title=[[The Third Reich Trilogy#The Coming of the Third Reich|The Coming of the Third Reich]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin Press]]|location=[[New York City]]|date=2003|isbn=978-0141009759}}</ref> He was responsible for drafting many of the ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' laws that consolidated the Nazi regime.<ref name=":0" /> Within two weeks of the Enabling Act's passage, Frick helped draft the "[[Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich]]" (7 April 1933) appointing ''[[Reichsstatthalter]]'' (Reich Governors) to take over the state governments. He also initiated and drafted the [[Law Against the Formation of Parties]] (14 July 1933) that formally made the NSDAP the only legal party in Germany. Under the 30 January 1934 "[[Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich]]", which converted Germany into a highly centralized state, state parliaments were dissolved and the newly implemented ''[[Reichsstatthalter]]'' were made directly responsible to him. He also drafted the [[Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat]] (14 February 1934) that abolished the upper chamber of the Reich parliament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2011525363_NT_Nazi_Vol-II/|title=Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Office of the United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality ("Red Series"): Volume 5, pp. 658–659|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA|accessdate=8 May 2023}}</ref> Frick also was made a member of [[Hans Frank]]'s [[Academy for German Law]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2011525363_NT_Nazi_Vol-V/|title=Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Office of the United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality ("Red Series"): Volume 5, p. 231, Document 2481-PS|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA|accessdate=8 May 2023}}</ref> On 10 October 1933, Hitler appointed Frick a ''[[Reichsleiter]]'', the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party. On 1 May 1934, he replaced [[Minister-President]] Göring as [[Free State of Prussia|Prussian]] Minister of the Interior, which gave him control over the police in Prussia. As a member of the Prussian cabinet, he also became an ''[[ex officio]]'' member of the [[Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)|Prussian State Council]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lilla |first=Joachim |title=Der Prußische Staatsrat 1921–1933: Ein biographisches Handbuch |publisher= Droste Verlag |location= Düsseldorf |year= 2005 |pages= 31, 295 |isbn= 978-3-770-05271-4}}</ref> By 1935, he also had near-total control over local government. He had the sole power to appoint the mayors of all municipalities with populations greater than 100,000 (except for the [[city state]]s of [[Berlin]] and [[Hamburg]], where Hitler reserved the right to appoint the mayors himself if he deemed it necessary). He also had considerable influence over smaller towns as well; while their mayors were appointed by the state governors, as mentioned earlier the governors were responsible to him. [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 121-0008, Sudetenland, Besuch Wilhelm Frick.jpg|thumb|Frick (2nd from left) with [[Konrad Henlein]] on visit in Sudetenland, 1938]] Frick was instrumental in the [[racial policy of Nazi Germany]] drafting laws against [[History of the Jews in Germany|Jewish]] citizens, like the "[[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service]]" and the notorious [[Nuremberg Laws]] in September 1935.<ref name="Rulers Index" /> Already in July 1933, he had implemented the [[Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring]] including [[Compulsory sterilization|forced sterilizations]], which later culminated in the killings of the [[Action T4]] "euthanasia" programme supported by his ministry. Frick also took a leading part in [[German re-armament|Germany's re-armament]] in violation of the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles Treaty]]. He drafted laws introducing universal military conscription and extending the [[Wehrmacht]] service law to [[Austria]] after the 1938 ''[[Anschluss]]'', as well as to the "[[Sudetenland]]" territories of the [[First Czechoslovak Republic]] annexed according to the [[Munich Agreement]]. In the summer of 1938 Frick was named the patron ''(Schirmherr)'' of the [[Deutsches Turn- und Sportfest 1938|Deutsches Turn- und Sportfest]] in [[Wroclaw|Breslau]], a patriotic sports festival attended by Hitler and much of the Nazi leadership. In this event he presided the ceremony of "handing over" the new [[Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen|Nazi Reich Sports League]] (NSRL) standard to ''Reichssportführer'' [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]], marking the further nazification of sports in Germany. On 11 November 1938, Frick promulgated the Regulations Against Jews' Possession of Weapons. From the mid-to-late 1930s Frick lost favour irreversibly within the Nazi Party after a power struggle involving attempts to resolve the lack of coordination within the Reich government.<ref>A legalistic follower, rather than an initiator, Frick the servant increasingly lost favour with his master, apparently because he misunderstood the basic nature of the Fuhrer's governance. Whereas the Third Reich thrived on inconsistencies, rivalries, and constant evolutionary change, Frick's juristic mind longed for order and legal stabilization. The incongruity was [[wikt:insuperable|insuperable]] and it was thus logical enough that in 1943 the minister, whose share of practical power had rapidly diminished in the second half of the 1930s, ultimately even lost his official post.[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_/ai_n28622877 Udo Sautter, Canadian Journal of History]</ref> For example, in 1933 he tried to restrict the widespread use of "protective custody" orders that were used to send people to concentration camps, only to be begged off by ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'' [[Heinrich Himmler]]. His power was greatly reduced in June 1936 when Hitler named Himmler the Chief of German Police, which effectively united the police with the SS. On paper, Frick was Himmler's immediate superior. In fact, the police were now independent of Frick's control, since the SS was responsible only to Hitler.<ref>Longerich, Peter (2012). ''Heinrich Himmler: A Life'', Oxford University Press, p. 204.</ref><ref>Williams, Max (2001). ''Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography: Volume 1'', Ulric, p. 77.</ref> A long-running power struggle between the two culminated in Frick's being replaced by Himmler as ''Reichsminister'' of the Interior in August 1943. However, he remained in the cabinet as a ''Reichsminister'' without portfolio. Besides Hitler, he and [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk]] were the only members of the [[Hitler Cabinet|Third Reich's cabinet]] to serve continuously from Hitler's appointment as Chancellor until his death. Frick's replacement as ''Reichsminister'' of the Interior did not reduce the growing administrative chaos and infighting between party and state agencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghi-dc.org/publications/ghipubs/bu/027/b27mommsenframe.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807133453/http://www.ghi-dc.org/publications/ghipubs/bu/027/b27mommsenframe.html|url-status=dead|title=Hans Mommsen, ''The Dissolution of the Third Reich (1943–1945)''|archivedate=7 August 2008|accessdate=8 May 2023}}</ref> Frick was then appointed as [[List of rulers of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Protector of Bohemia and Moravia]], making him Hitler's personal representative in the [[Czech lands]]. Its capital [[Prague]], where Frick used ruthless methods to counter dissent, was one of the last [[Axis powers|Axis]]-held cities to fall at the [[end of World War II in Europe]].<ref>[http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/wilhelm_frick_247.html Trial:Wilhelm Frick] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202100547/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/wilhelm_frick_247.html |date=2 December 2008 }}</ref> ==Trial and execution== [[File:Nuremberg Trials defendant Wilhelm Frick in his cell 1945.jpeg|thumb|left|Frick in his cell, November 1945]] Frick was arrested, and was arraigned at the [[Nuremberg trials]], where he was the only defendant besides [[Rudolf Hess]] who refused to testify on his own behalf.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/08-31-46.asp|title=The trial of German major war criminals : proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany|website=avalon.law.yale.edu}}</ref> Frick was convicted of planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression, [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]], and for his role, as Minister of the Interior, in formulating the [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]] and the [[Nuremberg Laws]] – laws under which people were deported to [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camps]], many of them being murdered there. Frick was also accused of being one of the most senior people responsible for the existence of the concentration camps.<ref name="Wilhelm Frick 1877-1946">{{cite web |title=Nuremberg Trial Defendants: Wilhelm Frick |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Frick.html |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> [[File:Dead wilhelmfrick.jpg|thumb|The corpse of Frick after his execution at Nuremberg, October 1946. Injuries were caused from hitting his head on the trap door.]] [[Nuremberg executions|Frick was sentenced to death on 1 October 1946]], and was [[hanging|hanged]] at Nuremberg Prison on 16 October. Of his execution, journalist Joseph Kingsbury-Smith wrote:{{Quotation|The sixth man to leave his prison cell and walk with handcuffed wrists to the death house was 69-year-old Wilhelm Frick. He entered the execution chamber at 2.05&nbsp;am, six minutes after [[Alfred Rosenberg|Rosenberg]] had been pronounced dead. He seemed the least steady of any so far and stumbled on the thirteenth step of the gallows. His only words were, "Long live eternal Germany", before he was hooded and dropped through the trap.<ref>[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERfrick.htm Joseph Kingsbury-Smith, who witnessed the execution of Wilhelm Frick and nine other leaders of the Nazi Party on 1st October 1946] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024060214/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERfrick.htm |date=24 October 2008 }}</ref>}} His body, along with those of the other nine executed men and the corpse of [[Hermann Göring]], was cremated at the [[Ostfriedhof (Munich)|Ostfriedhof Cemetery]] in [[Munich]], and the ashes were scattered in the river [[Isar]].<ref>{{citation |title=Ein Glücksfall der Geschichte |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-39916258.html |author=Thomas Darnstädt |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |year=2005 |issue=14 |series=13 September |pages=128}}</ref>{{sfn|Manvell|2011|p=393}}{{sfn|Overy|2001|p=205}} ==See also== * [[Glossary of Nazi Germany]] * [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Sources== * {{cite book | last = Manvell | first = Roger | title = Goering | publisher = Skyhorse | year = 2011 | orig-year = 1962 | isbn = 978-1-61608-109-6 }} * {{cite book | last=Overy | first=Richard J. | author-link=Richard Overy | title=The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality | location=New York | publisher=W.W. Norton | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-393-02008-3 }} ==Further reading== * [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_/ai_n28622877Udo Sautter, ''Wilhelm Frick: Der Legalist des Unrechtsstaates: Eine politische Biographie'', Canadian Journal of History, April 1993] ==External links== * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{Commonscatinline}} * {{PM20|FID=pe/005580}} {{S-start}} {{s-off}} {{succession box|before=[[Franz Bracht]]|title=[[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)|German Minister of the Interior]]|years=1933–1943|after=[[Heinrich Himmler]]}} {{s-gov}} {{succession box|before=[[Konstantin von Neurath]]<br />[[Kurt Daluege]] (acting)|title=[[List of rulers of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia|Protector of Bohemia and Moravia]]|years=1943–1945|after=Office abolished}} {{S-end}} {{Hitler's Cabinet}} {{Interior Ministers of Germany}} {{NSDAP}} {{Czechoslovakia in World War II}} {{Rulers of Bohemia and Moravia}} {{Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials}} {{Authority control}} 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