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skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Procurar en Wikipedia" aria-label="Procurar en Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Procurar neste wiki [f]" accesskey="f"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Procurar </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navegación de usuario"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice">  </div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Proxesterona</h1> <div class="tagline"> composto químico </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Editar </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> A Proxesterona ou P4 (pregn-4-ene-3,20-diona) é unha <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hormona_esteroide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hormona esteroide">hormona esteroide</a> de 21 carbonos implicada no <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ciclo_menstrual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ciclo menstrual">ciclo menstrual</a> feminino, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embarazo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Embarazo">embarazo</a> (mantén a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xestaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xestación">xestación</a>) e na <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embriox%C3%A9nese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Embrioxénese">embrioxénese</a> nos humanos e noutras especies. A proxesterona pertence a unha clase de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hormona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hormona">hormonas</a> chamadas <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxest%C3%A1xeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proxestáxeno">proxestáxenos</a>, e é o principal proxestáxeno natural humano. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Progesteron.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Progesteron.svg/220px-Progesteron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Progesteron.svg/330px-Progesteron.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Progesteron.svg/440px-Progesteron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="209"></a> <figcaption> Proxesterona. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomenclatura_da_IUPAC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nomenclatura da IUPAC">Nome IUPAC</a>: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-diona. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Progesterone-3D-vdW.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Progesterone-3D-vdW.png/220px-Progesterone-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Progesterone-3D-vdW.png/330px-Progesterone-3D-vdW.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Progesterone-3D-vdW.png/440px-Progesterone-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="880"></a> <figcaption> Modelo da proxesterona. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_CAS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Número CAS">Número CAS</a>: 57-83-0. </figcaption> </figure> Igual que outros <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esteroide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esteroide">esteroides</a>, a proxesterona consta de catro ciclos hidrocarbonados unidos. Contén grupos químicos oxixenados cun grupo <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cetona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cetona">cetona</a> no C-3, e dúas ramificacións <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metilo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metilo">metilo</a>. É <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3fobo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hidrófobo">hidrófoba</a>. A proxesterona obtense xeralmente da planta <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dioscorea (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dioscorea</a> da familia do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B1ame&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Iñame (a páxina aínda non existe)">iñame</a>. A Dioscorea produce grandes cantidades dun esteroide chamado <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diosxenina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diosxenina">diosxenina</a>, que pode converterse en proxesterona no laboratorio. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="gl" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Índice</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historia">1 Historia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fontes">2 Fontes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Animais">2.1 Animais</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Plantas">2.2 Plantas</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#S%C3%ADntese">3 Síntese</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bios%C3%ADntese">3.1 Biosíntese</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#S%C3%ADntese_no_laboratorio">3.2 Síntese no laboratorio</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Niveis">4 Niveis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Efectos">5 Efectos</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sistema_reprodutor">5.1 Sistema reprodutor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sistema_nervioso">5.2 Sistema nervioso</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Outras_s%C3%ADndromes">5.3 Outras síndromes</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Efectos_secundarios">6 Efectos secundarios</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aplicaci%C3%B3ns_m%C3%A9dicas">7 Aplicacións médicas</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Biodispo%C3%B1ibilidade">7.1 Biodispoñibilidade</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Usos_espec%C3%ADficos">7.2 Usos específicos</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Envellecemento">7.3 Envellecemento</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Danos_cerebrais">7.4 Danos cerebrais</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Outras_imaxes">8 Outras imaxes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notas">9 Notas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#V%C3%A9xase_tam%C3%A9n">10 Véxase tamén</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ligaz%C3%B3ns_externas">10.1 Ligazóns externas</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Historia»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> A proxesterona foi descuberta independentemente por catro grupos de investigación.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid17747122-1">[1]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Butenandt_1934-2">[2]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hartmann_1934-3">[3]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Slotta_1934-4">[4]</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Willard_Myron_Allen&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Willard Myron Allen (a páxina aínda non existe)">Willard Myron Allen</a> foi un codescubridor da proxesterona xunto co seu profesor de anatomía George Washington Corner na Universidade de Rochester Medical School en 1933. Allen determinou primeiro o seu punto de fusión, peso molecular, e estrutura molecular parcial. Tamén foi o que lle deu o nome de proxesterona derivado de Progestational Steroidal ketone (cetona esteroide proxestacional).<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid4922128-5">[5]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Fontes">Fontes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Fontes»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Animais">Animais</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Animais»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> A proxesterona prodúcese nos <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ovario?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ovario">ovarios</a> (polo <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corpo_l%C3%BAteo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corpo lúteo">corpo lúteo</a>), as <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gl%C3%A1ndula_adrenal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Glándula adrenal">glándulas adrenais</a> ou suprarrenais, e, durante o embarazo, na <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Placenta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Placenta">placenta</a>. A proxesterona almacénase tamén no <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tecido_adiposo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tecido adiposo">tecido adiposo</a>. Nos humanos, aumenta a produción de proxesterona durante o embarazo: <ul> <li>En primeiro lugar, a fonte é o corpo lúteo que é mantido activo pola <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gonadotropina_cori%C3%B3nica_humana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gonadotropina coriónica humana">gonadotropina coriónica humana</a> (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HCG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HCG">hCG</a>) dos tecidos do embrión.</li> <li>Despois da 8ª semana, a produción de proxesterona pasa a facerse na placenta. A placenta utiliza o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colesterol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colesterol">colesterol</a> materno como o substrato inicial para a síntese da hormona, e a maioría da proxesterona producida entra na circulación sanguínea materna, pero unha parte pasa á circulación fetal e é utilizada como substrato para a síntese de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corticosteroides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroides">corticosteroides</a> fetais. Ao termo do embarazo a placenta produce uns 250 mg de proxesterona por día.</li> <li>Unha fonte adicional de proxesterona son os produtos lácteos. Despois do consumo de produtos lácteos o nivel de proxesterona biodispoñible aumenta.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-titleResult_Content_View-6">[6]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Plantas">Plantas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Plantas»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Detectouse a presenza de proxesterona polo menos nunha planta, a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nogueira?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nogueira">nogueira</a> (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juglans_regia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Juglans regia">Juglans regia</a>).<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid20108949-7">[7]</a> Ademais, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esteroide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esteroide">esteroides</a> similares á proxesterona foron atopados na <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_mexicana&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dioscorea mexicana (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dioscorea mexicana</a> e outras Dioscorea. A Dioscorea mexicana forma parte da familia do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B1ame&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Iñame (a páxina aínda non existe)">iñame</a>, nativa de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9xico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="México">México</a>.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid12255132-8">[8]</a> Esta planta contén un esteroide chamado <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diosxenina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diosxenina">diosxenina</a> que se extrae da planta para convertelo en proxesterona no laboratorio.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid16946542-9">[9]</a> Outra planta que contén substancias doadamente convertibles en proxesterona é a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_pseudojaponica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dioscorea pseudojaponica (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dioscorea pseudojaponica</a> nativa de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiw%C3%A1n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwán">Taiwán</a>. Este iñame taiwanés contén <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saponina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saponina">saponinas</a>, esteroides que poden transformarse en diosxenina e despois en proxesterona.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid14558759-10">[10]</a> Outras das Dioscorea con este tipo de substancias esteroideas son principalmente a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_villosa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dioscorea villosa (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dioscorea villosa</a> e a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_polygonoides&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dioscorea polygonoides (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dioscorea polygonoides</a>. A Dioscorea villosa contén o 3,5% de diosxenina.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid15513824-11">[11]</a> A <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_polygonoides&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dioscorea polygonoides (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dioscorea polygonoides</a> contén o 2,64% de diosxenina.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> A maioría destas especies viven en países tropicais e subtropicais.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Síntese">Síntese</h2> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Síntese»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Biosíntese">Biosíntese</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Biosíntese»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Progesterone_biosynthesis.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Progesterone_biosynthesis.png/500px-Progesterone_biosynthesis.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="313" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="1408"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 313px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Progesterone_biosynthesis.png/500px-Progesterone_biosynthesis.png" data-width="500" data-height="313" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Progesterone_biosynthesis.png/750px-Progesterone_biosynthesis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Progesterone_biosynthesis.png/1000px-Progesterone_biosynthesis.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Arriba: Conversión do colesterol (1) en pregnenolona (3) e desta en proxesterona (6). Abaixo: A proxesterona é importante na síntese de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aldosterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldosterona">aldosterona</a> (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineralocorticoide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mineralocorticoide">mineralocorticoide</a>), e a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17-hidroxiproxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="17-hidroxiproxesterona">17-hidroxiproxesterona</a> é importante para sintetizar <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cortisol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glicocorticoide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glicocorticoide">glicocorticoide</a>), e a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Androstenediona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Androstenediona">androstenediona</a> para a síntese dos <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esteroide_sexual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esteroide sexual">esteroides sexuais</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Nos mamíferos, a proxesterona (6), igual que as outras hormonas esteroides, sintetízase a partir da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pregnenolona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pregnenolona">pregnenolona</a> (3), a cal á súa vez deriva do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colesterol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colesterol">colesterol</a> (1) (véxase a figura). O colesterol (1) sofre unha dobre oxidación para producir o 20,22-dihidroxicolesterol (2). Este <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Diol&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Diol (a páxina aínda non existe)">diol</a> é despois oxidado coa perda da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cadea_lateral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cadea lateral">cadea lateral</a> do C-22, producindo pregnenolona (3). Esta reacción é catalizada polo <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citocromo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citocromo">citocromo</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=P450scc&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="P450scc (a páxina aínda non existe)">P450scc</a>. A conversión da pregnenolona en proxesterona ten lugar en dous pasos. Primeiro, o grupo 3-<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hidroxilo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hidroxilo">hidroxilo</a> oxídase a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cetona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cetona">cetona</a> (4) e segundo, o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dobre_enlace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dobre enlace">dobre enlace</a> móvese de C-5 a C-4, por medio dunha reacción de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taut%C3%B3mero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tautómero">tautomerización</a> ceto/<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enol">enol</a>.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-isbn0-471-49641-3-14">[14]</a> Esta reacción está catalizada pola 3beta-hidroxiesteroide deshidroxenase/delta(5)-delta(4)isomerase (ou <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=3-beta-hidroxiesteroide_deshidroxenase&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="3-beta-hidroxiesteroide deshidroxenase (a páxina aínda non existe)">3-beta-hidroxiesteroide deshidroxenase</a>). A proxesterona á súa vez (ver a figura de máis abaixo) é o precursor do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mineralocorticoide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mineralocorticoide">mineralocorticoide</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aldosterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldosterona">aldosterona</a>, e despois de transformarse en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17-hidroxiproxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="17-hidroxiproxesterona">17-hidroxiproxesterona</a> (outro proxestáxeno natural) orixina o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cortisol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> e a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Androstenediona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Androstenediona">androstenediona</a>. A androstenediona pode converterse en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Testosterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Testosterona">testosterona</a>, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estrona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estrona">estrona</a> e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estradiol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>. A pregenolona e a proxesterona poden tamén sintetizarse en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9vedo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lévedo">lévedos</a> modificados xeneticamente.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid9487528-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Síntese_no_laboratorio">Síntese no laboratorio</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Síntese no laboratorio»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Marker_snythesis.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Marker_snythesis.png/300px-Marker_snythesis.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1261"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 137px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Marker_snythesis.png/300px-Marker_snythesis.png" data-width="300" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Marker_snythesis.png/450px-Marker_snythesis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Marker_snythesis.png/600px-Marker_snythesis.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A semisíntese de Marker da proxesterona a partir da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diosxenina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diosxenina">diosxenina</a>.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marker_1940-16">[16]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Unha <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Semis%C3%ADntese&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Semisíntese (a páxina aínda non existe)">semisíntese</a> industrial da proxesterona a partir da disoxenina extraída dos iñames foi desenvolvida por <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Russell_Earl_Marker&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Russell Earl Marker (a páxina aínda non existe)">Russell Marker</a> en 1940 para unha compañía farmacéutica (ver figura da dereita).<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marker_1940-16">[16]</a> Esta síntese denomínase <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Degradaci%C3%B3n_de_Marker&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Degradación de Marker (a páxina aínda non existe)">degradación de Marker</a>. Ideáronse outras semisínteses da proxesterona que empezan por outros esteroides. por exemplo, a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cortisona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cortisona">cortisona</a> pode ser simultaneamente desoxixenada en C-17 e C-21 por tratamento con iodotrimetilsilano en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cloroformo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cloroformo">cloroformo</a> para producir 11-ceto-proxesterona (cetoxestina), a cal á súa vez pode ser reducida na posición 11 para render proxesterona.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid3815593-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Progesterone_Synthesis.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Progesterone_Synthesis.png/300px-Progesterone_Synthesis.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="548" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="2472"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 548px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Progesterone_Synthesis.png/300px-Progesterone_Synthesis.png" data-width="300" data-height="548" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Progesterone_Synthesis.png/450px-Progesterone_Synthesis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Progesterone_Synthesis.png/600px-Progesterone_Synthesis.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A síntese total de Johnson da proxesterona.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid5131151-18">[18]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Unha <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=S%C3%ADntese_total&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Síntese total (a páxina aínda non existe)">síntese total</a> de proxesterona ideouna en 1971 <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=William_Summer_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="William Summer Johnson (a páxina aínda non existe)">W.S. Johnson</a> (ver figura da dereita).<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid5131151-18">[18]</a> A síntese empeza facendo reaccionar o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sal_de_fosfonio&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sal de fosfonio (a páxina aínda non existe)">sal de fosfonio</a> 7 con <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Reactivo_de_organolitio&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Reactivo de organolitio (a páxina aínda non existe)">fenil litio</a> para producir <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fosfonio_iluro&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Fosfonio iluro (a páxina aínda non existe)">fosfonio iluro</a> 8. O iluro 8 faise reaccionar cun <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aldehido?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldehido">aldehido</a> para producir o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alqueno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alqueno">alqueno</a> 9. Os grupos protectores <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cetal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetal">cetal</a> de 9 son hidrolizados para producir a dicetona 10, a cal á súa vez cíclase para formar a ciclopentenona 11. A cetona de 11 reacciona con metil litio para render o alcohol terciario 12, o cal á súa vez é tratado con ácido para producir o catión terciario 13. O paso chave da síntese é a ciclación π-catiónica de 13 na cal os aneis B, C, e D do esteroide son producidos simultaneamente orixinando 14. Este paso parécese á reacción de ciclación catiónica utilizada na <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bios%C3%ADntese_de_esteroides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosíntese de esteroides">biosíntese de esteroides</a> e por iso se denomina biomimética. No seguinte paso o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enol">enol</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Orto%C3%A9ster&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ortoéster (a páxina aínda non existe)">ortoéster</a> é hidrolizado para producir a cetona 15. O anel A <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ciclopentano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ciclopentano">ciclopentano</a> é despois aberto ao oxidalo con <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ozono?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ozono">ozono</a> para producir 16. Finalmente, a dicetona 17 sofre unha <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Condensaci%C3%B3n_ald%C3%B3lica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Condensación aldólica (a páxina aínda non existe)">condensación aldólica</a> intramolecular ao tratala con <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xido_de_potasio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hidróxido de potasio">hidróxido de potasio</a> acuoso para orixinar a proxesterona.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid5131151-18">[18]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Niveis">Niveis</h2> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Niveis»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Nas mulleres, os niveis de proxesterona son relativamente baixos durante a fase preovulatoria do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ciclo_menstrual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ciclo menstrual">ciclo menstrual</a>, aumentan despois da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ovulaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ovulación">ovulación</a>, e son elevados durante a fase lútea, como se mostra no diagrama de máis abaixo. Os niveis de proxesterona tenden a ser < 2 ng/ml antes da ovulación, e > 5 ng/ml despois da ovulación. Se se produce <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embarazo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Embarazo">embarazo</a>, libérase <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gonadotropina_cori%C3%B3nica_humana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gonadotropina coriónica humana">gonadotropina coriónica humana</a>, que mantén o corpo lúteo e permite que este manteña os niveis de proxesterona. Arredor das 12 semanas de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xestaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xestación">xestación</a> a placenta empeza a producir proxesterona en lugar do corpo lúteo; este proceso denomínase cambio lúteo-placentario. Despois do cambio lúteo-placentario os niveis de proxesterona empezan a subir máis e poden atinguir 100-200 ng/ml ao termo do embarazo. Discútese se un descenso nos niveis de proxesterona é crítico para a iniciación do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parto">parto</a> e pode ser específico de especie. Despois da expulsión da placenta e durante a lactación, os niveis de proxesterona son moi baixos. Os niveis de proxesterona son relativamente baixos en nenos e mulleres menopáusicas.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-titleHistorical_Reference_Ranges-19">[19]</a> Os homes adultos teñen niveis semellantes aos que teñen as mulleres durante a fase folicular do ciclo menstrual. <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Tipo de persoa</th> <th colspan="3"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rango_de_referencia_para_as_an%C3%A1lises_de_sangue&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rango de referencia para as análises de sangue (a páxina aínda non existe)">Rango de referencia para as análises de sangue</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>Límite inferior</th> <th>Límite superior</th> <th>Unidade</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Muller - ciclo menstrual</td> <td colspan="3">(véxase o diagrama de abaixo)</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Muller - posmenopáusica</td> <td><0,2<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nih2009-20">[20]</a></td> <td>1<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nih2009-20">[20]</a></td> <td><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nanogramo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nanogramo (a páxina aínda non existe)">ng</a>/<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mililitro&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mililitro (a páxina aínda non existe)">mL</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><0,6<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mass-21">[21]</a></td> <td>3<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mass-21">[21]</a></td> <td><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nanomol&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nanomol (a páxina aínda non existe)">nmol</a>/<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Litro">L</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Muller tomando <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contraceptivo_oral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptivo oral">contraceptivos orais</a></td> <td>0,34<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nih2009-20">[20]</a></td> <td>0,92<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nih2009-20">[20]</a></td> <td>ng/mL</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,1<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mass-21">[21]</a></td> <td>2,9<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mass-21">[21]</a></td> <td>nmol/L</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Homes ≥ 16 anos</td> <td>0,27<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nih2009-20">[20]</a></td> <td>0,9<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nih2009-20">[20]</a></td> <td>ng/mL</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0,86<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mass-21">[21]</a></td> <td>2,9<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mass-21">[21]</a></td> <td>nmol/L</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Nenas ou nenos de 1-9 anos</td> <td>0,1<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nih2009-20">[20]</a></td> <td>4,1<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nih2009-20">[20]</a> ou 4,5<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nih2009-20">[20]</a></td> <td>ng/mL</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0,3<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mass-21">[21]</a></td> <td>13<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mass-21">[21]</a></td> <td>nmol/L</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Progesterone_during_menstrual_cycle.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Progesterone_during_menstrual_cycle.png/450px-Progesterone_during_menstrual_cycle.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3682" data-file-height="1640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 450px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Progesterone_during_menstrual_cycle.png/450px-Progesterone_during_menstrual_cycle.png" data-width="450" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Progesterone_during_menstrual_cycle.png/675px-Progesterone_during_menstrual_cycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Progesterone_during_menstrual_cycle.png/900px-Progesterone_during_menstrual_cycle.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Niveis de proxesterona durante o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ciclo_menstrual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ciclo menstrual">ciclo menstrual</a>.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> - Os rangos denominados na figura By biological stage (por fase biolóxica) poden ser usados en ciclos menstruais estritamente monitorizados en relación con outros marcadores da súa progresión biolóxica, coa escala de tempo comprimida ou estirada segundo o rapidamente ou lentamente que, respectivamente, progrese o ciclo comparado cun ciclo medio. - Os rangos denominados na figura Inter-cycle variability (variabilidade entre ciclos) son máis apropiados para usalos en ciclos non monitorizados nos que só se coñece o inicio da menstruación, pero nos que a muller sabe con precisión a duración do seu ciclo medio e o momento da ovulación, e que son máis ben regulares como media, coa escala de tempo comprimida ou estirada segundo o ciclo medio da muller sexa máis curto ou máis longo, respectivamente, ca o ciclo medio da poboación. - Os rangos denominados na figura Inter-woman variability (variabilidade entre mulleres) son máis apropiados para utilizalos cando a duración do ciclo medio e o momento da ovulación non se coñecen, e só se sabe o comezo da menstruación. </figcaption> </figure> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Efectos">Efectos</h2> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Efectos»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Endometrium_ocp_use3.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Endometrium_ocp_use3.jpg/220px-Endometrium_ocp_use3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1284"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Endometrium_ocp_use3.jpg/220px-Endometrium_ocp_use3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Endometrium_ocp_use3.jpg/330px-Endometrium_ocp_use3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Endometrium_ocp_use3.jpg/440px-Endometrium_ocp_use3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Micrografía que mostra os cambios no <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Endometrio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Endometrio">endometrio</a> producidos pola proxesterona (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decidualizaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Decidualización">decidualización</a>) con <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tinguidura_de_hematoxilina-eosina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tinguidura de hematoxilina-eosina">tinguidura de hematoxilina-eosina</a>. </figcaption> </figure> A proxesterona exerce as súas principais accións por medio dun receptor intracelular chamado <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Receptor_da_proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor da proxesterona">receptor da proxesterona</a> aínda que tamén se postulou a existencia dun receptor de membrana para a proxesterona.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid9506743-23">[23]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid15684349-24">[24]</a> Ademais, a proxesterona é un antagonista moi potente do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Receptor_de_mineralocorticoides&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Receptor de mineralocorticoides (a páxina aínda non existe)">receptor de mineralocorticoides</a> (MR, o receptor da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aldosterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldosterona">aldosterona</a> e outros mineralocorticoides). A proxesterona impide a activación do MR ao unirse a dito receptor cunha afinidade que mesmo supera á da propia aldosterona e outros <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corticosteroides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroides">corticosteroides</a> como o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cortisol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> e a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corticosterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corticosterona">corticosterona</a>.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid8282004-25">[25]</a> A proxesterona ten varios efectos fisiolóxicos que son amplificados en presenza de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estr%C3%B3xeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estróxeno">estróxeno</a>. O estróxeno por medio dos receptores dos estróxenos aumenta a expresión do xene dos receptores da proxesterona.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid2328727-26">[26]</a> Ademais, os niveis elevados de proxesterona reducen potentemente a actividade de retención de sodio da aldosterona, tendo como resultado natriurese (sodio na <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urina">urina</a>) e redución do volume do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flu%C3%ADdo_extracelular?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fluído extracelular">fluído extracelular</a>. A redución da proxesterona, por outra parte, está asociada cun incremento temporal na retención de sodio (redúcese a natriurese, e increméntase o volume do fluído extracelular) debido ao incremento compensatorio na produción de aldosterona, o cal combate o bloqueo do receptor dos mineralocorticoides polos niveis previamente elevados de proxesterona.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid13263410-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sistema_reprodutor">Sistema reprodutor</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Sistema reprodutor»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> A proxesterona ten efectos moi importantes por sinalización non xenómica sobre o esperma humano cando migra a través do tracto xenital feminino antes de que ocorra a fertilización, que se exercen seguramente a través de receptores que aínda non foron identificados.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid17447210-28">[28]</a> A caracterización detallada dos eventos que ocorren no esperma en resposta á proxesterona serviron para aclarar varios fenómenos como os cambios transitorios e sostidos no calcio intracelular,<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid10837122-29">[29]</a> oscilacións lentas do calcio,<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid14606954-30">[30]</a> que agora se cre que posiblemente regulan a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motilidade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Motilidade">motilidade</a> do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espermatozoide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espermatozoide">espermatozoide</a>.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid15322137-31">[31]</a> A proxesterona tamén mostrou ter efecto sobre os espermatozoides do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polbo">polbo</a>.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid11335951-32">[32]</a> A proxesterona modula a actividade das canles catiónicas do esperma (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Canle_cati%C3%B3nica_do_esperma&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Canle catiónica do esperma (a páxina aínda non existe)">CatSper</a> ou canles de Ca2+ de apertura por voltaxe). Como o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%93vulo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Óvulo">óvulo</a> libera proxesterona, o esperma pode usar a proxesterona como un sinal diana para nadar en busca do óvulo (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quimiotaxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quimiotaxe">quimiotaxe</a>). Por tanto, as substancias que bloquean os lugares de unión da proxesterona nas canles CatSper poderían utilizarse potencialmente como un método de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Contracepci%C3%B3n_masculina&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Contracepción masculina (a páxina aínda non existe)">contracepción masculina</a>.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid21412338-33">[33]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid21412339-34">[34]</a> A proxesterona denomínase ás veces "hormona do embarazo",<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-colostate-35">[35]</a> e exerce moitas funcións relacionadas co desenvolvemento do feto: <ul> <li>A proxesterona fai que o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Endometrio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Endometrio">endometrio</a> evolucione ao seu estado secretor para preparar ao útero para a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Implantaci%C3%B3n_(embriolox%C3%ADa)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Implantación (embrioloxía)">implantación</a>. Ao mesmo tempo a proxesterona afecta ao <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epitelio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epitelio">epitelio</a> vaxinal e ao <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moco_cervical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moco cervical">moco cervical</a>, facéndoo máis mesto e impenetrable para o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esperma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperma">esperma</a>. Se non hai embarazo, os niveis de proxesterona decrecen, o que producirá no ser humano a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menstruaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Menstruación">menstruación</a>. O sangrado menstrual normal é producido pola ausencia de proxesterona. Se non hai ovulación e o corpo lúteo non se desenvolve, os niveis de proxesterona poden ser baixos, o que produce un sangrado uterino disfuncional anovulatorio (hemorraxia uterina disfuncional).</li> <li>Durante a implantación e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xestaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xestación">xestación</a>, a proxesterona parece facer diminuír a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistema_inmunitario?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistema inmunitario">resposta inmunitaria</a> materna para permitir a aceptación do embarazo.</li> <li>A proxesterona fai diminuír a contractilidade do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BAsculo_liso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Músculo liso">músculo liso</a> uterino.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-colostate-35">[35]</a></li> <li>Ademais, a proxesterona inhibe a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lactaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lactación">lactación</a> durante o embarazo. A caída nos niveis de proxesterona despois do parto é un dos causantes do comezo da produción de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leite">leite</a>.</li> <li>Unha caída dos niveis de proxesterona é posiblemente un dos eventos que facilita o comezo do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parto">parto</a>.</li> </ul> O <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feto">feto</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Metaboliza&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Metaboliza (a páxina aínda non existe)">metaboliza</a> a proxesterona placentaria na produción de esteroides <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gl%C3%A1ndula_adrenal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Glándula adrenal">adrenais</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sistema_nervioso">Sistema nervioso</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Sistema nervioso»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> A proxesterona, igual que a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pregnenolona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pregnenolona">pregnenolona</a> e a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deshidroepiandrosterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deshidroepiandrosterona">deshidroepiandrosterona</a>, pertence ao grupo dos <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Neuroesteroide&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Neuroesteroide (a páxina aínda non existe)">neuroesteroides</a>. Pode sintetizarse no <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistema_nervioso_central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistema nervioso central">sistema nervioso central</a> e tamén serve como precursor para outro neuroesteroide importante, a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alopregnanolona&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alopregnanolona (a páxina aínda non existe)">alopregnanolona</a>. Os <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Neurosteroide&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Neurosteroide (a páxina aínda non existe)">neurosteroides</a> afectan á <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinapse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinapse">sinapse</a>, son neuroprotectores, e afectan á <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mielinizaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mielinización (a páxina aínda non existe)">mielinización</a> dos nervios.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid15135772-36">[36]</a> Están investigándose polo seu potencial de mellorar a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Memoria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Memoria">memoria</a> e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognici%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cognición">capacidade cognitiva</a>. A proxesterona afecta á regulación dos xenes <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apoptose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apoptose">apoptóticos</a>. O seu efecto como neuroesteroide funciona predominantemente a través da vía beta <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GSK-3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="GSK-3 (a páxina aínda non existe)">GSK-3</a> (glicóxeno sintase quinase 3), como un inhibidor. (Outros inhibidores beta GSK-3 son estabilizadores do estado de ánimo <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trastorno_bipolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trastorno bipolar">bipolar</a>, o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Litio">litio</a> e o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%81cido_valproico&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ácido valproico (a páxina aínda non existe)">ácido valproico</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Outras_síndromes">Outras síndromes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Outras síndromes»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <ul> <li>Eleva os niveis do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Factor_de_crecemento_epid%C3%A9rmico_1&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Factor de crecemento epidérmico 1 (a páxina aínda non existe)">factor de crecemento epidérmico 1</a>, un factor que se utiliza a miúdo para inducir a proliferación e manter <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultivo_celular?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultivo celular">cultivos</a> de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9lula_nai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Célula nai">células nai</a> ou troncais.</li> <li>Incrementa a temperatura corporal basal (función termoxénica) durante a ovulación.</li> <li>Reduce os espasmos e relaxa o músculo liso. Os <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronquio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronquio">bronquios</a> alárganse e a produción de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moco">moco</a> regúlase. (O <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Receptor_de_proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Receptor de proxesterona">receptor de proxesterona</a> é abundante no tecido submucoso.)</li> <li>Actúa como un axente antiinflamatorio e regula a resposta inmunitaria.</li> <li>Reduce a actividade da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ves%C3%ADcula_biliar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vesícula biliar">vesícula biliar</a>.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid3184927-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Normaliza a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coagulaci%C3%B3n_sangu%C3%ADnea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulación sanguínea">coagulación sanguínea</a> e o ton vascular, os niveis de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cinc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinc">cinc</a> e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cobre">cobre</a>, os niveis celulares de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osíxeno">O2</a>, e o uso das graxas almacenadas para a produción de enerxía.</li> <li>Pode afectar á saúde das <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enxiva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enxiva">enxivas</a>, incrementando o risco de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Xenxivite&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Xenxivite (a páxina aínda non existe)">xenxivite</a>, e aos dentes.</li> <li>Parece impedir o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1ncer_de_endometrio&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cáncer de endometrio (a páxina aínda non existe)">cáncer de endometrio</a> ao regular os efectos do estróxeno.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Efectos_secundarios">Efectos secundarios</h2> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Efectos secundarios»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Os tratamentos con doses altas de proxesterona poden ter efectos secundarios graves. Para que funcione a pílula de "proxesterona" (que non é verdadeira proxesterona, senón unha <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxestina&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Proxestina (a páxina aínda non existe)">proxestina</a> sintética patentada), necesita tomarse a doses altas non naturais; e por esta razón pode ter importantes efectos secundarios. Por exemplo, 400 mg poden causar un incremento na retención de fluídos, o cal pode ocasionar <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epilepsia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epilepsia">epilepsia</a>, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Migra%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Migraña (a páxina aínda non existe)">migrañas</a>, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asma_(doenza)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asma (doenza)">asma</a>, e trastornos cardíacos e renais. Os coágulos de sangue que se poden formar poden orixinar ataques de corazón e apoplexías, que poden levar á morte ou a quedar permanentemente impedido, e poden orixinar émbolos pulmonares ou <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancro_de_mama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancro de mama">cancro de mama</a>. Por tanto, as altas doses de proxesterona están asociadas cun incremento do risco de trastornos trombóticos como a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tromboflebite&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tromboflebite (a páxina aínda non existe)">tromboflebite</a>, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Trastornos_cerebrovasculares&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Trastornos cerebrovasculares (a páxina aínda non existe)">trastornos cerebrovasculares</a>, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Embolismo_pulmonar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Embolismo pulmonar (a páxina aínda non existe)">embolismo pulmonar</a>, e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Trombose_retinal&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Trombose retinal (a páxina aínda non existe)">trombose retinal</a>.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ppg2004-38">[38]</a> Os efectos adversos comúns da proxesterona inclúen <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cambra&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cambra (a páxina aínda non existe)">cambras</a>, dor abdominal, dor esquelético, dor perineal, dor de cabeza, dor das articulacións, entrinximento, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dispareunia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dispareunia">dispareunia</a> (dor nas relacións sexuais), micción nocturna, diarrea, náuseas, vomitos, crecemento do peito, flatulencia, calores, decrecemento da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libido?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libido">libido</a>, sede, aumento do apetito, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ansiedade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ansiedade">nerviosismo</a>, e adormecemento. Os efectos psiquiátricos son <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Depresi%C3%B3n_(psicolox%C3%ADa)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Depresión (psicoloxía)">depresión</a>, cambios de humor, inestabilidade emocional, agresión, insomnio, perda de memoria e trastornos do sono.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ppg2004-38">[38]</a> Investigacións recentes suxiren que a proxesterona xoga un importante papel na sinalización para a liberación de insulina e na función pancreática, e pode afectar á susceptibilidade á <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> As mulleres con altos niveis de proxesterona durante o embarazo é máis probable que desenvolvan anormalidades na utilización da glicosa.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Aplicacións_médicas">Aplicacións médicas</h2> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Aplicacións médicas»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> O uso da proxesterona e os seus análogos ten moitas aplicacións médicas, tanto para tratar situacións agudas coma para tratar o declive a longo prazo da produción natural de proxesterona. A causa da escasa biodispoñibilidade da proxesterona que se toma oralmente, utilízanse proxestinas sintéticas de mellor biodispoñibilidade.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid19434889-41">[41]</a> Tamén existen xeles vaxinais de proxesterona,<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> e cápsulas de uso oral <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> inxeccións <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> e insertos vaxinais.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> En Italia e España a proxesterona véndese co nome comercial Progeffik. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Biodispoñibilidade">Biodispoñibilidade</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Biodispoñibilidade»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O modo de administración inflúe moito nos efectos do produto. Administrada oralmente ten unha gran variación dunha persoa a outra en canto á súa absorción e biodispoñibilidade, pero as proxestinas sintéticas son absorbidas rapidamente e teñen unha vida media máis longa ca a proxesterona, e manteñen niveis estables no sangue.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> A proxesterona non se disolve na auga é absórbese mal oralmente a non ser que sexa <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Micronizaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Micronización (a páxina aínda non existe)">micronizada</a> en aceite. As cápsulas conteñen proxesterona micronizada en aceite. A proxesterona pode tamén ser administrada por medio de supositorios vaxinais ou rectais ou <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pesario&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pesario (a páxina aínda non existe)">pesarios</a>, ou por xeles ou cremas transdérmicas,<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lark1999-47">[47]</a> ou por inxeccións (aínda que con estas últimas ten unha curta vida media e requiren unha administración diaria). Os produtos de "proxesterona natural" derivados de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B1ame&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Iñame (a páxina aínda non existe)">iñames</a> non requiren prescrición médica, pero non hai evidencia de que o corpo humano poida converter o seu ingrediente activo (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diosxenina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diosxenina">diosxenina</a>, o esteroide desas plantas que é transformado industrialmente en proxesterona <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marker_1940-16">[16]</a>) en proxesterona.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid9492350-48">[48]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid11428178-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Usos_específicos">Usos específicos</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Usos específicos»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <ul> <li>A proxesterona utilízase para manter o embarazo nas Tecnoloxías de Reprodución Asistida como a fertilización in vitro. Unha metaanálise recente demostrou que a administración intravaxinal é equivalente á administración por inxección diaria de proxesterona en aceite, a cal ademais non está permitida durante o embarazo.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Zarutskiea_2007-50">[50]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li>A proxesterona utilízase para controlar as hemorraxias persistentes anovulatorias. Tamén se usa para preparar o revestimento uterino nas terapias de infertilidade e para manter o embarazo. Os pacientes con casos de abortos recorrentes debidos a unha produción inadecuada de proxesterona poden recibir proxesterona.</li> <li>A proxesterona utilízase en mulleres non preñadas que teñen un atraso na súa menstruación dun mes ou máis, para permitir que o revestimento endometrial engrosado se desprenda. A proxesterona tómase oralmente durante un curto período (xeralmente unha semana), despois do cal detense a administración de proxesterona e empeza o sangrado, polo que este método denomínase sangrado por retirada da proxesterona.</li> <li>A proxesterona está sendo investigada polos seus potenciais efectos beneficiosos no tratamento da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esclerose_m%C3%BAltiple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esclerose múltiple">esclerose múltiple</a>, xa que a deterioración característica nesa doenza do illamento de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mielina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mielina">mielina</a> dos nervios cesa durante o embarazo (cando os niveis de proxesterona aumentan); a deterioración recomeza de novo cando os niveis de proxesterona baixan.</li> <li>A proxesterona administrada vaxinalmente está sendo investigada como un tratamento potencialmente beneficioso na prevención dos nacementos prematuros en mulleres con ese risco.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid12592250-52">[52]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Aínda que algúns estudos mostraron resultados beneficiosos a este respecto, outros indican que a proxesterona administrada vaxinalmente non é mellor ca o placebo neses casos,<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid17899572-54">[54]</a> ou que era beneficioso só para as mulleres con <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9rvix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cérvix">cérvix</a> curto.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid17899571-55">[55]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid17671254-56">[56]</a> Algúns traballos expoñen a utilidade da lonxitude cervical sonográfica na identificación de pacientes que se poidan beneficiar do tratamento con proxesterona.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid17899585-57">[57]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid21472815-58">[58]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-urlProgesterone_helps_cut_risk_of_pre-term_birth_-_Health_-_Womens_health_-_msnbc.com-59">[59]</a></li> <li>A proxesterona ten tamén un papel na elasticidade da pel e na resistencia dos ósos, na <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Respiraci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Respiración">respiración</a>, nos tecidos nerviosos e na sexualidade feminina, e a presenza de receptores de proxesterona en certos tecidos musculares e adiposos suxire un papel no dimorfismo sexual nas proporcións de ditos tecidos.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-medicinalchem-60">[60]</a></li> <li>Os antagonistas dos receptores da proxesterona, ou moduladores dos receptores da proxesterona selectivos (SPRM)s, como o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=RU-486&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="RU-486 (a páxina aínda non existe)">RU-486</a>, poden utilizarse par previr a concepción ou inducir o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aborto_m%C3%A9dico&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aborto médico (a páxina aínda non existe)">aborto médico</a>. (Pero téñase en conta que os métodos de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Contracepci%C3%B3n_hormonal&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Contracepción hormonal (a páxina aínda non existe)">contracepción hormonal</a> non conteñen proxesterona senón unha <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxestina&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Proxestina (a páxina aínda non existe)">proxestina</a>).</li> <li>A proxesterona pode afectar ao comportamento masculino.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid12601162-61">[61]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Envellecemento">Envellecemento</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Envellecemento»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Como nos machos a maior parte da proxesterona se crea durante a produción <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Test%C3%ADculo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Testículo">testicular</a> de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Testosterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Testosterona">testosterona</a>, e a das femias nos <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ovario?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ovario">ovarios</a>, o cesamento de produción destes órganos (por medios naturais ou químicos) ou a súa eliminación inevitablemente causa unha considerable redución nos niveis de proxesterona. A atención que se lle deu inicialmente aos proxestáxenos (como a proxesterona) na función reprodutora feminina, fixo que a proxesterona fose considerada unha "hormona feminina", e isto escureceu o papel xeral que ten a proxesterona en ambos os sexos. Os efectos regulatorios da proxesterona, a presenza dos seus receptores en moitos tecidos, e patrón de deterioración (ou formación de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tumor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tumor">tumores</a>) en moitos tecidos increméntanse na vellez cando os niveis de proxesterona baixan, o cal está motivando moitas investigacións sobre o valor potencial de manter os niveis de proxesterona tanto en homes coma en mulleres. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Danos_cerebrais">Danos cerebrais</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Danos cerebrais»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Estudos previos mostraran que a proxesterona mantén o desenvolvemento normal das neuronas do cerebro, e que a hormona ten un efecto protector sobre os tecidos cerebrais danados. Observouse en modelos animais que as femias teñen unha susceptibilidade reducida aos danos traumáticos cerebrais e propúxose que este efecto protector está causado por un incremento dos niveis circulantes de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estr%C3%B3xeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estróxeno">estróxeno</a> e proxesterona nas femias.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid10833057-62">[62]</a> Varios estudos adicionais en animais confirmaron que a proxesterona ten efectos neuroprotectores cando se administra pouco despois dun dano cerebral.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid17715141-63">[63]</a> Tamén se obtiveron resultados esperanzadores en ensaios clínicos en humanos.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid17011666-64">[64]</a><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid18447940-65">[65]</a> O mecanismo polo que a proxesterona exerce estes efectos protectores pode ser a redución da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inflamaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inflamación">inflamación</a> que segue ao trauma cerebral.<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pmid18188998-66">[66]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Outras_imaxes">Outras imaxes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Outras imaxes»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Steroidogenesis_gl.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Steroidogenesis_gl.svg/425px-Steroidogenesis_gl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="425" height="377" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1105"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 425px;height: 377px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Steroidogenesis_gl.svg/425px-Steroidogenesis_gl.svg.png" data-width="425" data-height="377" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Steroidogenesis_gl.svg/638px-Steroidogenesis_gl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Steroidogenesis_gl.svg/850px-Steroidogenesis_gl.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esteroidox%C3%A9nese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Esteroidoxénese">Esteroidoxénese</a>. A proxesterona está entre os proxestáxenos na área amarela. </figcaption> </figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6677576">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:#fff!important}</style> <div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"> <div class="main"> <div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Pregnenolone.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Pregnenolona."> <noscript> <img alt="Pregnenolona." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pregnenolone.svg/150px-Pregnenolone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="319"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 93px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pregnenolone.svg/150px-Pregnenolone.svg.png" data-alt="Pregnenolona." data-width="150" data-height="93" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pregnenolone.svg/225px-Pregnenolone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pregnenolone.svg/300px-Pregnenolone.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pregnenolona.&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pregnenolona. (a páxina aínda non existe)">Pregnenolona.</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Desoxicorticosterona."> <noscript> <img alt="Desoxicorticosterona." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg/150px-11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 103px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg/150px-11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg.png" data-alt="Desoxicorticosterona." data-width="150" data-height="103" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg/225px-11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg/300px-11-Deoxycorticosterone.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Desoxicorticosterona.&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Desoxicorticosterona. (a páxina aínda non existe)">Desoxicorticosterona.</a> </div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid17747122-1"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid17747122_1-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Allen WM (1935). "The isolation of crystalline progestin". 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Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.docguide.com/news/content.nsf/news/852571020057CCF6852573B1007803AD">o orixinal</a> o 20 de setembro de 2008. Consultado o 2008-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.au=Goodson+III+WH%2C+Handagama+P%2C+Moore+II+DH%2C+Dairkee+S&rft.btitle=Milk+products+are+a+source+of+dietary+progesterone&rft.date=2007-12-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=abstract+%23+2028&rft.pub=30th+Annual+San+Antonio+Breast+Cancer+Symposium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docguide.com%2Fnews%2Fcontent.nsf%2Fnews%2F852571020057CCF6852573B1007803AD&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20108949-7"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid20108949_7-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pauli GF, Friesen JB, Gödecke T, Farnsworth NR, Glodny B (2010). "Occurrence of Progesterone and Related Animal Steroids in Two Higher Plants". 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Properties of starches in yam (Dioscorea spp.) tuber. pp. 105–114. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/81-308-0003-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/81-308-0003-9">81-308-0003-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.au=Myoda+T%2C+Nagai+T%2C+Nagashima+T&rft.btitle=Properties+of+starches+in+yam+%28Dioscorea+spp.%29+tuber&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=81-308-0003-9&rft.pages=105-114&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-471-49641-3-14"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-isbn0-471-49641-3_14-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Dewick, Paul M. (2002). Wiley, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/medicinalnatural00dewi_015">Medicinal natural products: a biosynthetic approach</a>. New York. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/medicinalnatural00dewi_015/page/n242">244</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-471-49641-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-471-49641-3">0-471-49641-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.au=Dewick%2C+Paul+M.&rft.btitle=Medicinal+natural+products%3A+a+biosynthetic+approach&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-49641-3&rft.pages=244&rft.place=New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedicinalnatural00dewi_015&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9487528-15"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid9487528_15-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Duport C, Spagnoli R, Degryse E, Pompon D (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-biotechnology_1998-02_16_2/page/186">"Self-sufficient biosynthesis of pregnenolone and progesterone in engineered yeast"</a>. Nat. Biotechnol. 16 (2): 186–9. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9487528">9487528</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%252Fnbt0298-186">10.1038/nbt0298-186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Self-sufficient+biosynthesis+of+pregnenolone+and+progesterone+in+engineered+yeast&rft.au=Duport+C%2C+Spagnoli+R%2C+Degryse+E%2C+Pompon+D&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Biotechnol.&rft.pages=186-9&rft.volume=16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_nature-biotechnology_1998-02_16_2%2Fpage%2F186&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnbt0298-186&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9487528&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marker_1940-16">↑ <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marker_1940_16-0">16,0</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marker_1940_16-1">16,1</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marker_1940_16-2">16,2</a> <cite class="citation journal">Marker RE, Krueger J (1940). "Sterols. CXII. Sapogenins. XLI. The Preparation of Trillin and its Conversion to Progesterone". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62 (12): 3349–3350. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%252Fja01869a023">10.1021/ja01869a023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Sterols.+CXII.+Sapogenins.+XLI.+The+Preparation+of+Trillin+and+its+Conversion+to+Progesterone&rft.au=Marker+RE%2C+Krueger+J&rft.date=1940&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.pages=3349-3350&rft.volume=62&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01869a023&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3815593-17"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid3815593_17-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Numazawa M, Nagaoka M, Kunitama Y (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20121209004311/http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/english/jnlabstract_en.php?cdjournal%3Dcpb1958%26cdvol%3D34%26noissue%3D9%26startpage%3D3722">"Regiospecific deoxygenation of the dihydroxyacetone moiety at C-17 of corticoid steroids with iodotrimethylsilane"</a>. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 34 (9): 3722–6. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3815593">3815593</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1248%252Fcpb.34.3722">10.1248/cpb.34.3722</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/english/jnlabstract_en.php?cdjournal%3Dcpb1958%26cdvol%3D34%26noissue%3D9%26startpage%3D3722">o orixinal</a> o 09 de decembro de 2012. Consultado o 31 de marzo de 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Regiospecific+deoxygenation+of+the+dihydroxyacetone+moiety+at+C-17+of+corticoid+steroids+with+iodotrimethylsilane&rft.au=Numazawa+M%2C+Nagaoka+M%2C+Kunitama+Y&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Pharm.+Bull.&rft.pages=3722-6&rft.volume=34&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalarchive.jst.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Fjnlabstract_en.php%3Fcdjournal%3Dcpb1958%26cdvol%3D34%26noissue%3D9%26startpage%3D3722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1248%2Fcpb.34.3722&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3815593&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid5131151-18">↑ <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid5131151_18-0">18,0</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid5131151_18-1">18,1</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid5131151_18-2">18,2</a> <cite class="citation journal">Johnson WS, Gravestock MB, McCarry BE (1971). "Acetylenic bond participation in biogenetic-like olefinic cyclizations. II. Synthesis of dl-progesterone". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93 (17): 4332–4. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5131151">5131151</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%252Fja00746a062">10.1021/ja00746a062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Acetylenic+bond+participation+in+biogenetic-like+olefinic+cyclizations.+II.+Synthesis+of+dl-progesterone&rft.au=Johnson+WS%2C+Gravestock+MB%2C+McCarry+BE&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.pages=4332-4&rft.volume=93&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00746a062&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5131151&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-titleHistorical_Reference_Ranges-19"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-titleHistorical_Reference_Ranges_19-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">NIH Clinical Center (2004-08-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109072721/http://cclnprod.cc.nih.gov/dlm/testguide.nsf/Index/CB26894E1EB28DEF85256BA5005B000E?OpenDocument">"Progesterone Historical Reference Ranges"</a>. United States National Institutes of Health. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cclnprod.cc.nih.gov/dlm/testguide.nsf/Index/CB26894E1EB28DEF85256BA5005B000E?OpenDocument">o orixinal</a> o 09 de xaneiro de 2009. Consultado o 2008-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.au=NIH+Clinical+Center&rft.btitle=Progesterone+Historical+Reference+Ranges&rft.date=2004-08-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=United+States+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcclnprod.cc.nih.gov%2Fdlm%2Ftestguide.nsf%2FIndex%2FCB26894E1EB28DEF85256BA5005B000E%3FOpenDocument&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nih2009-20">↑ <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nih2009_20-0">20,0</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nih2009_20-1">20,1</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nih2009_20-2">20,2</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nih2009_20-3">20,3</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nih2009_20-4">20,4</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nih2009_20-5">20,5</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nih2009_20-6">20,6</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nih2009_20-7">20,7</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nih2009_20-8">20,8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cclnprod.cc.nih.gov/dlm/testguide.nsf/0/CB26894E1EB28DEF85256BA5005B000E?OpenDocument">Progesterone Reference Ranges</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813070007/http://cclnprod.cc.nih.gov/dlm/testguide.nsf/0/CB26894E1EB28DEF85256BA5005B000E?OpenDocument">Arquivado</a> 13 de agosto de 2011 en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Performed at the Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, 03Feb09</li> <li id="cite_note-mass-21">↑ <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mass_21-0">21,0</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mass_21-1">21,1</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mass_21-2">21,2</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mass_21-3">21,3</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mass_21-4">21,4</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mass_21-5">21,5</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mass_21-6">21,6</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mass_21-7">21,7</a> Convertido a partir dos valores de masa utilizando unha masa molar de 314,46 g/mol</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> References and further description of values are given in image page in Wikimedia Commons at <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Progesterone_during_menstrual_cycle.png" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Progesterone during menstrual cycle.png">Commons:File:Progesterone during menstrual cycle.png</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9506743-23"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid9506743_23-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Luconi M, Bonaccorsi L, Maggi M, Pecchioli P, Krausz C, Forti G, Baldi E (1998). "Identification and characterization of functional nongenomic progesterone receptors on human sperm membrane". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83 (3): 877–85. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9506743">9506743</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1210%252Fjc.83.3.877">10.1210/jc.83.3.877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Identification+and+characterization+of+functional+nongenomic+progesterone+receptors+on+human+sperm+membrane&rft.au=Luconi+M%2C+Bonaccorsi+L%2C+Maggi+M%2C+Pecchioli+P%2C+Krausz+C%2C+Forti+G%2C+Baldi+E&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&rft.pages=877-85&rft.volume=83&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjc.83.3.877&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9506743&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15684349-24"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid15684349_24-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jang S, Yi LS (2005). 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Nature 471 (7338): 387–91. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412339">21412339</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%252Fnature09767">10.1038/nature09767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Progesterone+activates+the+principal+Ca2%2B+channel+of+human+sperm&rft.au=Lishko+PV%2C+Botchkina+IL%2C+Kirichok+Y&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7338&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=387-91&rft.volume=471&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09767&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21412339&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colostate-35">↑ <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-colostate_35-0">35,0</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-colostate_35-1">35,1</a> <cite class="citation web">Bowen R (2000-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517165244/http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/endocrine.html">"Placental Hormones"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/endocrine.html">o orixinal</a> o 17 de maio de 2007. Consultado o 2008-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.au=Bowen+R&rft.btitle=Placental+Hormones&rft.date=2000-08-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivo.colostate.edu%2Fhbooks%2Fpathphys%2Freprod%2Fplacenta%2Fendocrine.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15135772-36"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid15135772_36-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Robert F; et al. (2004). "Local synthesis and dual actions of progesterone in the nervous system: neuroprotection and myelination". Growth Horm. 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Res. 45 (6): 505–12. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3184927">3184927</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%252F0022-4804%252888%252990137-0">10.1016/0022-4804(88)90137-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Progesterone+receptors+regulate+gallbladder+motility&rft.au=Hould+FS%2C+Fried+GM%2C+Fazekas+AG%2C+Tremblay+S%2C+Mersereau+WA&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=J.+Surg.+Res.&rft.pages=505-12&rft.volume=45&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-4804%2888%2990137-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3184927&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ppg2004-38">↑ <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ppg2004_38-0">38,0</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ppg2004_38-1">38,1</a> <cite class="citation web">Columbia Laboratories, Inc. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com/article/0022-4804(88)90137-0/pdf">"Prometrium(progesterone)"</a>. (require subscrición (<span title="As fontes non teñen por que estar dispoñibles en liña. As fontes en liña non sempre son de acceso libre. O sitio referenciado pode requirir unha subscrición de pago." style="border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help">?)).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.au=Columbia+Laboratories%2C+Inc.&rft.btitle=Prometrium%28progesterone%29&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofsurgicalresearch.com%2Farticle%2F0022-4804%2888%2990137-0%2Fpdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Picard F, Wanatabe M, Schoonjans K, Lydon J, O'Malley BW, Auwerx J (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pnas.org/content/99/24/15644.full.pdf">"Progesterone receptor knockout mice have an improved glucose homeostasis secondary to beta -cell proliferation"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.au=Picard+F%2C+Wanatabe+M%2C+Schoonjans+K%2C+Lydon+J%2C+O%27Malley+BW%2C+Auwerx+J&rft.btitle=Progesterone+receptor+knockout+mice+have+an+improved+glucose+homeostasis+secondary+to+beta+-cell+proliferation&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F99%2F24%2F15644.full.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Brănişteanu DD, Mathieu C (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12591170">"Progesterone in gestational diabetes mellitus: guilty or not guilty?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.au=Br%C4%83ni%C5%9Fteanu+DD%2C+Mathieu+C&rft.btitle=Progesterone+in+gestational+diabetes+mellitus%3A+guilty+or+not+guilty%3F&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F12591170&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19434889-41"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid19434889_41-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, Huber J, Pasqualini JR, Schweppe KW, Thijssen JH (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(03)00330-X/fulltext">"Classification and pharmacology of progestins"</a>. Maturitas 61 (1–2): 171–80. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19434889">19434889</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.maturitas.2003.09.014">10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.09.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Classification+and+pharmacology+of+progestins&rft.au=Schindler+AE%2C+Campagnoli+C%2C+Druckmann+R%2C+Huber+J%2C+Pasqualini+JR%2C+Schweppe+KW%2C+Thijssen+JH&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%932&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.pages=171-80&rft.volume=61&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maturitas.org%2Farticle%2FS0378-5122%2803%2900330-X%2Ffulltext&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2003.09.014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19434889&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/obdetail.cfm?Appl_No%3D020701%26TABLE1%3DOB_Rx">"Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations: 020701"</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Food and Drug Administration (a páxina aínda non existe)">Food and Drug Administration</a>. 2010-07-02. Consultado o 2010-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.btitle=Orange+Book%3A+Approved+Drug+Products+with+Therapeutic+Equivalence+Evaluations%3A+020701&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fscripts%2Fcder%2Fob%2Fdocs%2Fobdetail.cfm%3FAppl_No%3D020701%26TABLE1%3DOB_Rx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/obdetail.cfm?Appl_No%3D019781%26TABLE1%3DOB_Rx">"Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations: 019781"</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Food and Drug Administration (a páxina aínda non existe)">Food and Drug Administration</a>. 2010-07-02. Consultado o 2010-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.btitle=Orange+Book%3A+Approved+Drug+Products+with+Therapeutic+Equivalence+Evaluations%3A+019781&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fscripts%2Fcder%2Fob%2Fdocs%2Fobdetail.cfm%3FAppl_No%3D019781%26TABLE1%3DOB_Rx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/obdetail.cfm?Appl_No%3D075906%26TABLE1%3DOB_Rx">"Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations: 075906"</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Food and Drug Administration (a páxina aínda non existe)">Food and Drug Administration</a>. 2010-07-02. Consultado o 2010-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.btitle=Orange+Book%3A+Approved+Drug+Products+with+Therapeutic+Equivalence+Evaluations%3A+075906&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fscripts%2Fcder%2Fob%2Fdocs%2Fobdetail.cfm%3FAppl_No%3D075906%26TABLE1%3DOB_Rx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/obdetail.cfm?Appl_No%3D022057%26TABLE1%3DOB_Rx">"Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations: 022057"</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Food and Drug Administration (a páxina aínda non existe)">Food and Drug Administration</a>. 2010-07-02. Consultado o 2010-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.btitle=Orange+Book%3A+Approved+Drug+Products+with+Therapeutic+Equivalence+Evaluations%3A+022057&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessdata.fda.gov%2Fscripts%2Fcder%2Fob%2Fdocs%2Fobdetail.cfm%3FAppl_No%3D022057%26TABLE1%3DOB_Rx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> Schindler, A. E.; Campagnoli, C.; Druckmann, R.; Huber, J.; Pasqualini, J. R.; Schweppe, K. W.; Thijssen, J. H. (2003). "Classification and pharmacology of progestins". Maturitas 46 Suppl 1: S7–S16. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14670641?dopt%3DAbstract">PMID 14670641</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Lark1999-47"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lark1999_47-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Susan_Lark&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Susan Lark (a páxina aínda non existe)">Susan Lark</a> (1999). McGraw-Hill Professional, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://books.google.com/?id%3Dd3IP-dmpoNsC%26pg%3DPA22%26dq%3Dprogesterone%2B%2522skin%2Bcream%2522%2Bliver%26cd%3D3%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dprogesterone%2520%2522skin%2520cream%2522%2520liver">Making the Estrogen Decision</a>. p. 22. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9780879836962?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9780879836962">9780879836962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.au=Susan+Lark&rft.btitle=Making+the+Estrogen+Decision&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780879836962&rft.pages=22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dd3IP-dmpoNsC%26pg%3DPA22%26dq%3Dprogesterone%2B%2522skin%2Bcream%2522%2Bliver%26cd%3D3%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dprogesterone%2520%2522skin%2520cream%2522%2520liver&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9492350-48"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid9492350_48-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Blen M (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cancersupportivecare.com/estrogenherbref.html%2331">"Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices"</a>. 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Med. 217 (3): 369–78. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9492350">9492350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Estrogen+and+progestin+bioactivity+of+foods%2C+herbs%2C+and+spices&rft.au=Zava+DT%2C+Dollbaum+CM%2C+Blen+M&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Soc.+Exp.+Biol.+Med.&rft.pages=369-78&rft.volume=217&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancersupportivecare.com%2Festrogenherbref.html%2331&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9492350&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11428178-49"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid11428178_49-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Komesaroff PA, Black CV, Cable V, Sudhir K (2001). "Effects of wild yam extract on menopausal symptoms, lipids and sex hormones in healthy menopausal women". Climacteric 4 (2): 144–50. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11428178">11428178</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%252F713605087">10.1080/713605087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Effects+of+wild+yam+extract+on+menopausal+symptoms%2C+lipids+and+sex+hormones+in+healthy+menopausal+women&rft.au=Komesaroff+PA%2C+Black+CV%2C+Cable+V%2C+Sudhir+K&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.pages=144-50&rft.volume=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713605087&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11428178&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zarutskiea_2007-50"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Zarutskiea_2007_50-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Zarutskiea PW, Phillips JA (2007). "Re-analysis of vaginal progesterone as luteal phase support (LPS) in assisted reproduction (ART) cycles". Fertility and Sterility 88 (supplement 1): S113. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.fertnstert.2007.07.365">10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Re-analysis+of+vaginal+progesterone+as+luteal+phase+support+%28LPS%29+in+assisted+reproduction+%28ART%29+cycles&rft.au=Zarutskiea+PW%2C+Phillips+JA&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=supplement+1&rft.jtitle=Fertility+and+Sterility&rft.pages=S113&rft.volume=88&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2007.07.365&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> Khan N, Richter KS, Blake EJ, et al. Case-matched comparison of intramuscular versus vaginal progesterone for luteal phase support after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Presented at: 55th Annual Meeting of the Pacific Coast Reproductive Society; April 18–22, 2007; Rancho Mirage, CA.</li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12592250-52"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid12592250_52-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">da Fonseca EB, Bittar RE, Carvalho MH, Zugaib M (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_2003-02_188_2/page/419">"Prophylactic administration of progesterone by vaginal suppository to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women at increased risk: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study"</a>. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 188 (2): 419–24. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12592250">12592250</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1067%252Fmob.2003.41">10.1067/mob.2003.41</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Prophylactic+administration+of+progesterone+by+vaginal+suppository+to+reduce+the+incidence+of+spontaneous+preterm+birth+in+women+at+increased+risk%3A+a+randomized+placebo-controlled+double-blind+study&rft.au=da+Fonseca+EB%2C+Bittar+RE%2C+Carvalho+MH%2C+Zugaib+M&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Obstet.+Gynecol.&rft.pages=419-24&rft.volume=188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_2003-02_188_2%2Fpage%2F419&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1067%2Fmob.2003.41&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12592250&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Harris, Gardiner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/health/research/03preemie.html">"Hormone Is Said to Cut Risk of Premature Birth"</a>. New York Times. Consultado o 5 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.aufirst=Gardiner&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.btitle=Hormone+Is+Said+to+Cut+Risk+of+Premature+Birth&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F03%2Fhealth%2Fresearch%2F03preemie.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17899572-54"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid17899572_54-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">O'Brien JM, Adair CD, Lewis DF, Hall DR, Defranco EA, Fusey S, Soma-Pillay P, Porter K, How H, Schackis R, Eller D, Trivedi Y, Vanburen G, Khandelwal M, Trofatter K, Vidyadhari D, Vijayaraghavan J, Weeks J, Dattel B, Newton E, Chazotte C, Valenzuela G, Calda P, Bsharat M, Creasy GW (2007). "Progesterone vaginal gel for the reduction of recurrent preterm birth: primary results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30 (5): 687–96. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17899572">17899572</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%252Fuog.5158">10.1002/uog.5158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Progesterone+vaginal+gel+for+the+reduction+of+recurrent+preterm+birth%3A+primary+results+from+a+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+trial&rft.au=O%27Brien+JM%2C+Adair+CD%2C+Lewis+DF%2C+Hall+DR%2C+Defranco+EA%2C+Fusey+S%2C+Soma-Pillay+P%2C+Porter+K%2C+How+H%2C+Schackis+R%2C+Eller+D%2C+Trivedi+Y%2C+Vanburen+G%2C+Khandelwal+M%2C+Trofatter+K%2C+Vidyadhari+D%2C+Vijayaraghavan+J%2C+Weeks+J%2C+Dattel+B%2C+Newton+E%2C+Chazotte+C%2C+Valenzuela+G%2C+Calda+P%2C+Bsharat+M%2C+Creasy+GW&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Ultrasound+Obstet+Gynecol&rft.pages=687-96&rft.volume=30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fuog.5158&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17899572&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17899571-55"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid17899571_55-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">DeFranco EA, O'Brien JM, Adair CD, Lewis DF, Hall DR, Fusey S, Soma-Pillay P, Porter K, How H, Schakis R, Eller D, Trivedi Y, Vanburen G, Khandelwal M, Trofatter K, Vidyadhari D, Vijayaraghavan J, Weeks J, Dattel B, Newton E, Chazotte C, Valenzuela G, Calda P, Bsharat M, Creasy GW (2007). "Vaginal progesterone is associated with a decrease in risk for early preterm birth and improved neonatal outcome in women with a short cervix: a secondary analysis from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30 (5): 697–705. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17899571">17899571</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%252Fuog.5159">10.1002/uog.5159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Vaginal+progesterone+is+associated+with+a+decrease+in+risk+for+early+preterm+birth+and+improved+neonatal+outcome+in+women+with+a+short+cervix%3A+a+secondary+analysis+from+a+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+trial&rft.au=DeFranco+EA%2C+O%27Brien+JM%2C+Adair+CD%2C+Lewis+DF%2C+Hall+DR%2C+Fusey+S%2C+Soma-Pillay+P%2C+Porter+K%2C+How+H%2C+Schakis+R%2C+Eller+D%2C+Trivedi+Y%2C+Vanburen+G%2C+Khandelwal+M%2C+Trofatter+K%2C+Vidyadhari+D%2C+Vijayaraghavan+J%2C+Weeks+J%2C+Dattel+B%2C+Newton+E%2C+Chazotte+C%2C+Valenzuela+G%2C+Calda+P%2C+Bsharat+M%2C+Creasy+GW&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Ultrasound+Obstet+Gynecol&rft.pages=697-705&rft.volume=30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fuog.5159&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17899571&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17671254-56"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid17671254_56-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fonseca EB, Celik E, Parra M, Singh M, Nicolaides KH (2007). 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"Prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: the role of sonographic cervical length in identifying patients who may benefit from progesterone treatment". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30 (5): 675–86. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17899585">17899585</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%252Fuog.5174">10.1002/uog.5174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Prevention+of+spontaneous+preterm+birth%3A+the+role+of+sonographic+cervical+length+in+identifying+patients+who+may+benefit+from+progesterone+treatment&rft.au=Romero+R&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Ultrasound+Obstet+Gynecol&rft.pages=675-86&rft.volume=30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fuog.5174&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17899585&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21472815-58"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid21472815_58-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hassan SS, Romero R, Vidyadhari D, Fusey S, Baxter JK, Khandelwal M, Vijayaraghavan J, Trivedi Y, Soma-Pillay P, Sambarey P, Dayal A, Potapov V, O'Brien J, Astakhov V, Yuzko O, Kinzler W, Dattel B, Sehdev H, Mazheika L, Manchulenko D, Gervasi MT, Sullivan L, Conde-Agudelo A, Phillips JA, Creasy GW (2011). 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Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 38 (1): 18–31. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21472815">21472815</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%252Fuog.9017">10.1002/uog.9017</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.webmd.com/baby/news/20111214/hormone-treatment-may-drastically-reduce-preterm-births">Resumo divulgativo</a> – WebMD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Vaginal+progesterone+reduces+the+rate+of+preterm+birth+in+women+with+a+sonographic+short+cervix%3A+a+multicenter%2C+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+trial&rft.au=Hassan+SS%2C+Romero+R%2C+Vidyadhari+D%2C+Fusey+S%2C+Baxter+JK%2C+Khandelwal+M%2C+Vijayaraghavan+J%2C+Trivedi+Y%2C+Soma-Pillay+P%2C+Sambarey+P%2C+Dayal+A%2C+Potapov+V%2C+O%27Brien+J%2C+Astakhov+V%2C+Yuzko+O%2C+Kinzler+W%2C+Dattel+B%2C+Sehdev+H%2C+Mazheika+L%2C+Manchulenko+D%2C+Gervasi+MT%2C+Sullivan+L%2C+Conde-Agudelo+A%2C+Phillips+JA%2C+Creasy+GW&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Ultrasound+Obstet+Gynecol&rft.pages=18-31&rft.volume=38&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fuog.9017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21472815&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlProgesterone_helps_cut_risk_of_pre-term_birth_-_Health_-_Womens_health_-_msnbc.com-59"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-urlProgesterone_helps_cut_risk_of_pre-term_birth_-_Health_-_Womens_health_-_msnbc.com_59-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215021315/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45671241/ns/health-womens_health/%23.TutW95hOERl">"Progesterone helps cut risk of pre-term birth"</a>. Women's health. msnbc.com. 2011-12-14. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45671241/ns/health-womens_health/%23.TutW95hOERl">o orixinal</a> o 15 de decembro de 2011. Consultado o 2011-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Progesterone+helps+cut+risk+of+pre-term+birth&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F45671241%2Fns%2Fhealth-womens_health%2F%23.TutW95hOERl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-medicinalchem-60"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-medicinalchem_60-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">D. Sriram (2007). Dorling Kindersley India Pvt. Ltd. - New Delhi, ed. Medicinal Chemistry. p. 432. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/81-317-0031-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/81-317-0031-3">81-317-0031-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.au=D.+Sriram&rft.btitle=Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=81-317-0031-3&rft.pages=432&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12601162-61"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid12601162_61-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schneider JS, Stone MK, Wynne-Edwards KE, Horton TH, Lydon J, O'Malley B, Levine JE (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC151447">"Progesterone receptors mediate male aggression toward infants"</a>. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (5): 2951–6. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC151447">151447</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12601162">12601162</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%252Fpnas.0130100100">10.1073/pnas.0130100100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Progesterone+receptors+mediate+male+aggression+toward+infants&rft.au=Schneider+JS%2C+Stone+MK%2C+Wynne-Edwards+KE%2C+Horton+TH%2C+Lydon+J%2C+O%27Malley+B%2C+Levine+JE&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=2951-6&rft.volume=100&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC151447&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC151447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0130100100&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12601162&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10833057-62"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid10833057_62-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Roof RL, Hall ED (2000). 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Neurotrauma 17 (5): 367–88. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10833057">10833057</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1089%252Fneu.2000.17.367">10.1089/neu.2000.17.367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Gender+differences+in+acute+CNS+trauma+and+stroke%3A+neuroprotective+effects+of+estrogen+and+progesterone&rft.au=Roof+RL%2C+Hall+ED&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=J.+Neurotrauma&rft.pages=367-88&rft.volume=17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fneu.2000.17.367&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10833057&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17715141-63"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid17715141_63-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gibson CL, Gray LJ, Bath PM, Murphy SP (2008). "Progesterone for the treatment of experimental brain injury; a systematic review". 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Ann Emerg Med 49 (4): 391–402, 402.e1–2. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17011666">17011666</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.annemergmed.2006.07.932">10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.07.932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=ProTECT%3A+a+randomized+clinical+trial+of+progesterone+for+acute+traumatic+brain+injury&rft.au=Wright+DW%2C+Kellermann+AL%2C+Hertzberg+VS%2C+Clark+PL%2C+Frankel+M%2C+Goldstein+FC%2C+Salomone+JP%2C+Dent+LL%2C+Harris+OA%2C+Ander+DS%2C+Lowery+DW%2C+Patel+MM%2C+Denson+DD%2C+Gordon+AB%2C+Wald+MM%2C+Gupta+S%2C+Hoffman+SW%2C+Stein+DG&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Ann+Emerg+Med&rft.pages=391-402%2C+402.e1-2&rft.volume=49&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annals-of-emergency-medicine_2007-04_49_4%2Fpage%2F391&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.annemergmed.2006.07.932&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17011666&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18447940-65"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid18447940_65-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Xiao G, Wei J, Yan W, Wang W, Lu Z (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2447617">"Improved outcomes from the administration of progesterone for patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial"</a>. Crit Care 12 (2): R61. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed_Central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2447617">2447617</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447940">18447940</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%252Fcc6887">10.1186/cc6887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Improved+outcomes+from+the+administration+of+progesterone+for+patients+with+acute+severe+traumatic+brain+injury%3A+a+randomized+controlled+trial&rft.au=Xiao+G%2C+Wei+J%2C+Yan+W%2C+Wang+W%2C+Lu+Z&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Crit+Care&rft.pages=R61&rft.volume=12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2447617&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2447617&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fcc6887&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18447940&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18188998-66"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proxesterona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pmid18188998_66-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pan DS, Liu WG, Yang XF, Cao F (2007). "Inhibitory effect of progesterone on inflammatory factors after experimental traumatic brain injury". Biomed. Environ. Sci. 20 (5): 432–8. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PubMed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18188998">18188998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Inhibitory+effect+of+progesterone+on+inflammatory+factors+after+experimental+traumatic+brain+injury&rft.au=Pan+DS%2C+Liu+WG%2C+Yang+XF%2C+Cao+F&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Biomed.+Environ.+Sci.&rft.pages=432-8&rft.volume=20&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18188998&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Véxase_tamén">Véxase tamén</h2> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ligazóns_externas">Ligazóns externas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Ligazóns externas»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <ul> <li>MeshName - Progesterone <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode%3D%26term%3DProgesterone">[1]</a></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Kimball JW (2007-05-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618062909/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Progesterone.html">"Progesterone"</a>. Kimball's Biology Pages. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Progesterone.html">o orixinal</a> o 18 de xuño de 2008. Consultado o 2008-06-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Progesterone&rft.au=Kimball+JW&rft.date=2007-05-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kimball%27s+Biology+Pages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.rcn.com%2Fjkimball.ma.ultranet%2FBiologyPages%2FP%2FProgesterone.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062651/http://www.pms-menopause-progesterone.org/progesterone/">"Progesterone Resource Center"</a>. PMS, Menopause, and Progesterone Resource Center. Oasis Advanced Wellness, Inc. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pms-menopause-progesterone.org/progesterone/">o orixinal</a> o 04 de marzo de 2016. Consultado o 2008-06-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3AProxesterona&rft.atitle=Progesterone+Resource+Center&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PMS%2C+Menopause%2C+and+Progesterone+Resource+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pms-menopause-progesterone.org%2Fprogesterone%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090932/http://www.lawleybasecamp.com/media/pdf/condition-booklets/Progesterone_Booklet.pdf">General discussion document on Progesterone, its uses and applications</a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Traído desde «<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DProxesterona%26oldid%3D6679832">https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&oldid=6679832</a>» </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proxesterona&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Última edición o 18 de marzo de 2024 ás 16:44 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Linguas</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="بروجستيرون – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروجستيرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25DA%2598%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="پروژسترون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروژسترون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Прагестэрон – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прагестэрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Прогестерон – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прогестерон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="প্রোজেস্টেরন – bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোজেস্টেরন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – bosníaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníaco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterona" title="Progesterona – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Progesterona" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25DA%2595%25DB%2586%25D8%25AC%25DB%258E%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25DB%2586%25D9%2586" title="پڕۆجێسترۆن – kurdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پڕۆجێسترۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2595%25DE%25B0%25DE%2583%25DE%25AF%25DE%2596%25DE%25AC%25DE%2590%25DE%25B0%25DE%2593%25DE%25A6%25DE%2583%25DE%25AF%25DE%2582%25DE%25B0" title="ޕްރޯޖެސްޓަރޯން – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕްރޯޖެސްޓަރޯން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B5%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CF%258C%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B7" title="Προγεστερόνη – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προγεστερόνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Progesterone" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterona" title="Progesterona – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Progesterona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteroon" title="Progesteroon – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Progesteroon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterona" title="Progesterona – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Progesterona" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25DA%2598%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="پروژسترون – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروژسترون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltarauhashormoni" title="Keltarauhashormoni – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keltarauhashormoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progest%25C3%25A9rone" title="Progestérone – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Progestérone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%25C3%25B3gaist%25C3%25A9ar%25C3%25B3n" title="Prógaistéarón – irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prógaistéarón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%2592%25D7%25A1%25D7%2598%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%259F" title="פרוגסטרון – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוגסטרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A1rgatesthormon" title="Sárgatesthormon – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sárgatesthormon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258A%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D5%25A3%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BD%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6" title="Պրոգեստերոն – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոգեստերոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Progesterone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2597%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2582%25B2%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2583%2586%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%25B3" title="プロゲステロン – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロゲステロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2599%25A9%25EC%25B2%25B4_%25ED%2598%25B8%25EB%25A5%25B4%25EB%25AA%25AC" title="황체 호르몬 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황체 호르몬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procesteron" title="Procesteron – kurdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Procesteron" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Прогестерон – kirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Прогестерон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteronas" title="Progesteronas – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Progesteronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Прогестерон – macedonio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прогестерон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B5%258A%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B5%25BA" title="പ്രൊജസ്റ്റിറോൺ – malabar" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രൊജസ്റ്റിറോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabar" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2589%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="प्रोजेस्टेरॉन – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रोजेस्टेरॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterona" title="Progesterona – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Progesterona" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterona" title="Progesterona – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Progesterona" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Прогестерон – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прогестерон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Progesterone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progester%25C3%25B3n" title="Progesterón – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Progesterón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%259C%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D" title="புரோஜெஸ்டிரோன் – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரோஜெஸ்டிரோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258A%25E0%25B0%259C%25E0%25B1%2586%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%259F%25E0%25B1%2586%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B1%258D" title="ప్రొజెస్టెరాన్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రొజెస్టెరాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2599" title="โพรเจสเทอโรน – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โพรเจสเทอโรน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Прогестерон – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прогестерон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesteron" title="Progesteron – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Progesteron" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Progesterone" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25AD%2595%25E9%2585%25AE" title="孕酮 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孕酮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25BB%2583%25E9%25AB%2594%25E7%25B4%25A0" title="黃體素 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黃體素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">A última edición desta páxina foi o 18 de marzo de 2024 ás 16:44.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Todo o contido está dispoñible baixo a licenza <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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