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<div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Sejarah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Sejarah </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penemuan-penemuan_saintifik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penemuan-penemuan_saintifik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Penemuan-penemuan saintifik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penemuan-penemuan_saintifik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengekstrakan_dan_kegunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengekstrakan_dan_kegunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Pengekstrakan dan kegunaan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengekstrakan_dan_kegunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ciri-ciri </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ciri-ciri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Ciri-ciri </button> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atom_helium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atom_helium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Atom helium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atom_helium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Helium_dalam_mekanik_kuantum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helium_dalam_mekanik_kuantum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Helium dalam mekanik kuantum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helium_dalam_mekanik_kuantum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kestabilan_nukleus_helium-4_dan_petala_elektron_yang_berkaitan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kestabilan_nukleus_helium-4_dan_petala_elektron_yang_berkaitan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Kestabilan nukleus helium-4 dan petala elektron yang berkaitan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kestabilan_nukleus_helium-4_dan_petala_elektron_yang_berkaitan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasa_gas_dan_plasma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasa_gas_dan_plasma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Fasa gas dan plasma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasa_gas_dan_plasma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasa_pepejal_dan_cecair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasa_pepejal_dan_cecair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Fasa pepejal dan cecair </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasa_pepejal_dan_cecair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keadaan_helium_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keadaan_helium_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Keadaan helium I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keadaan_helium_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keadaan_helium_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keadaan_helium_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Keadaan helium II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keadaan_helium_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Isotop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sebatian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebatian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sebatian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebatian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kejadian_dan_penghasilan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kejadian_dan_penghasilan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Kejadian dan penghasilan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kejadian_dan_penghasilan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Kejadian dan penghasilan </button> <ul id="toc-Kejadian_dan_penghasilan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kelimpahan_semula_jadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelimpahan_semula_jadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Kelimpahan semula jadi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelimpahan_semula_jadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengekstrakan_moden_dan_pengagihan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengekstrakan_moden_dan_pengagihan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pengekstrakan moden dan pengagihan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengekstrakan_moden_dan_pengagihan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyokong_pemuliharaan_helium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyokong_pemuliharaan_helium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Penyokong pemuliharaan helium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyokong_pemuliharaan_helium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Penggunaan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penggunaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Penggunaan </button> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atmosfera_terkawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosfera_terkawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Atmosfera terkawal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosfera_terkawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyaduran_arka_gas_tungsten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyaduran_arka_gas_tungsten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Penyaduran arka gas tungsten </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyaduran_arka_gas_tungsten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegunaan_kecil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan_kecil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Kegunaan kecil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan_kecil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pengesan_kebocoran_industri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengesan_kebocoran_industri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Pengesan kebocoran industri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengesan_kebocoran_industri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penerbangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penerbangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Penerbangan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penerbangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegunaan_rekreasi_dan_komersial_kecil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan_rekreasi_dan_komersial_kecil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Kegunaan rekreasi dan komersial kecil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan_rekreasi_dan_komersial_kecil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegunaan_saintifik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan_saintifik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 Kegunaan saintifik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan_saintifik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhalasi_dan_keselamatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhalasi_dan_keselamatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Inhalasi dan keselamatan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inhalasi_dan_keselamatan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Inhalasi dan keselamatan </button> <ul id="toc-Inhalasi_dan_keselamatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kesan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Kesan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bahaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imej_tambahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imej_tambahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Imej tambahan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imej_tambahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Lihat juga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Rujukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliografi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Pautan luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Togol isi kandungan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Helium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 193 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-193" aria-hidden="true" > 193 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%92%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ሒሊየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሒሊየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हीलियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हीलियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="هيليوم – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيليوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio" title="Helio – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Helio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="হিলিয়াম – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিলিয়াম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Heliu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हेलियम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हेलियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataveve" title="Tataveve – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tataveve" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="هلیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هلیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lium" title="Hélium – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hélium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="হিলিয়াম – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিলিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Гелій – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гелій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гель – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हीलियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हीलियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elyo" title="Elyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧེ་རླུང་། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧེ་རླུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helij" title="Helij – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Helij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliom" title="Heliom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Heliom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хелий – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хелий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Гели – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гели" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heli" title="Heli – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helyo" title="Helyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Helyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliu" title="Eliu – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Eliu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliwm" title="Heliwm – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Heliwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="هيليوم – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هيليوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AD%C5%82ch%CA%BCi_%C3%A1sz%C3%B3l%C3%AD" title="Níłchʼi ászólí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Níłchʼi ászólí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heelium" title="Heelium – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heelium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%89%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ήλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ήλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ali" title="Êli – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Êli" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio" title="Helio – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Helio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumo" title="Heliumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heliumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio" title="Helio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Helio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="هلیوم – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هلیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lium" title="Hélium – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hélium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli" title="Eli – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Eli" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9iliam" title="Héiliam – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Héiliam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailium" title="Hailium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hailium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio" title="Helio – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Helio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="氦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Kikuya" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="હીલિયમ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હીલિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoi" title="Hoi – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hoi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гелион – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Гелион" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A5%A8" title="헬륨 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헬륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiliuma" title="Hiliuma – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hiliuma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հելիում – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հելիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हिलियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिलियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helij" title="Helij – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Helij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio" title="Helio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Helio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio" title="Helio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Helio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHwelanga" title="IHwelanga – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IHwelanga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel%C3%ADn" title="Helín – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Helín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio" title="Elio – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="הליום – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הליום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A8liyum" title="Hèliyum – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hèliyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heelim" title="Heelim – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Heelim" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹೀಲಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೀಲಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჰელიუმი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰელიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliom" title="Heliom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Heliom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heli" title="Heli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Heli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely%C3%B2m" title="Elyòm – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hely%C3%BBm" title="Helyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Helyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie" title="Elie – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Elie" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93lijs" title="Hēlijs – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hēlijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helis" title="Helis – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Helis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio" title="Elio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Elio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliy%C3%BAmu" title="Eliyúmu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Eliyúmu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio" title="Elio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Elio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/solnavni" title="solnavni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="solnavni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keriyaamu_(Herium)" title="Keriyaamu (Herium) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Keriyaamu (Herium)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_(element_chimich)" title="Elio (element chimich) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Elio (element chimich)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lium" title="Hélium – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hélium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хелиум – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хелиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഹീലിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹീലിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elju" title="Elju – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Elju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haum%C4%81m%C4%81" title="Haumāmā – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Haumāmā" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हेलियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेलियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ჰელიუმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰელიუმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="هيليوم – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيليوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯍꯤꯂꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯤꯂꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2i" title="Hâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Гели – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гели" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဟီလီယမ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟီလီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonatiuhyoh" title="Tonatiuhyoh – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tonatiuhyoh" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हिलियम – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिलियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हिलियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिलियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ヘリウム – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heelium" title="Heelium – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Heelium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88li" title="Èli – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Èli" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heeliyeemii" title="Heeliyeemii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Heeliyeemii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geliy" title="Geliy – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Geliy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਹੀਲੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੀਲੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="हेलियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हेलियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="ہیلیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیلیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဟီလီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟီလီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="هېليوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هېليوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiliom" title="Iiliom – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iiliom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98" title="អេល្យូម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេល្យូម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio" title="Elio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Elio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_(pierwiastek)" title="Hel (pierwiastek) – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hel (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%89%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ήλιον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ήλιον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lio" title="Hélio – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hélio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Heliu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyu" title="Ilyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ilyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="हीलियम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हीलियम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88liu" title="Èliu – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Èliu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumi" title="Heliumi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Heliumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88liu" title="Èliu – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Èliu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="හීලියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හීලියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%85" title="هيليئم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هيليئم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lium" title="Hélium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hélium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helij" title="Helij – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Helij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%97%D1%A5" title="Илїѥ – Slavik Gereja" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Илїѥ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Slavik Gereja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiliyaam" title="Hiliyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hiliyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ھیلیۆم – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیلیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хелијум – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хелијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helij" title="Helij – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Helij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lium" title="Hélium – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hélium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahilyum" title="Ahilyum – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ahilyum" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elyo" title="Elyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈலியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈலியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="హీలియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హీలియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ฮีเลียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮีเลียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heli" title="Heli – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Heli" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ҳелий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳелий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8C%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%AF%E1%8E%A8_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%B4" title="ᎦᏌᎧᎯᎨ ᎤᏃᎴ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏌᎧᎯᎨ ᎤᏃᎴ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helyum" title="Helyum – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Helyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гелий" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Гелій – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гелій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ہیلیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیلیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A" title="گېلىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېلىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelii" title="Gelii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gelii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helin" title="Helin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Helin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliom" title="Eliom – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Eliom" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Helium" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helyo" title="Helyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Helyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="העליום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="העליום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADl%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m%C3%B9" title="Hílíọ̀mù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hílíọ̀mù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helyum" title="Helyum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Helyum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helis" title="Helis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Helis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ – Tamazight Maghribi Standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maghribi Standard" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q560#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c">Rencana</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Helium" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t">Perbincangan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> 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sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=history">Lihat sejarah</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Helium" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j">Pautan ke laman ini</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Helium" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan berkaitan</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u">Muat 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turun kod QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Helium">Cipta buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Helium&action=show-download-screen">Muat turun sebagai PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi boleh cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Helium" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q560" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g">Butir Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Helium,  2He</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Helium_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/220px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/330px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Helium_discharge_tube.jpg/440px-Helium_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Helium_spectra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Helium_spectra.jpg/220px-Helium_spectra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Helium_spectra.jpg/330px-Helium_spectra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Helium_spectra.jpg/440px-Helium_spectra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="63" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Garis spektrum helium</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc">Ciri-ciri umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;">Sebutan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/English" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA/English">/ˈhiːliəm/</a> <a href="/wiki/IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA">HEE-lee-əm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;">Rupa</th><td class="infobox-data">gas tidak berwarna, berkilau merah-jingga apabila diletakkan di dalam medan elektrik bervoltan tinggi</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc">Helium dalam <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">jadual berkala</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; border-width:1px; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:10px"> <table class="nogrid" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color:transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show; border:none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen (bukan logam diatom)"><img alt="Hidrogen (bukan logam diatom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff; border:1px solid black; margin:-1px;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium (gas adi)"><img alt="Helium (gas adi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium (logam alkali)"><img alt="Litium (logam alkali)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium (logam alkali bumi)"><img alt="Berilium (logam alkali bumi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron (metaloid)"><img alt="Boron (metaloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon (bukan logam poliatom)"><img alt="Karbon (bukan logam poliatom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen (bukan logam diatom)"><img alt="Nitrogen (bukan logam diatom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen (bukan logam diatom)"><img alt="Oksigen (bukan logam diatom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin (bukan logam diatom)"><img alt="Fluorin (bukan logam diatom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon (gas adi)"><img alt="Neon (gas adi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium (logam alkali)"><img alt="Natrium (logam alkali)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium (logam alkali bumi)"><img alt="Magnesium (logam alkali bumi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium (logam pascaperalihan)"><img alt="Aluminium (logam pascaperalihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon (metaloid)"><img alt="Silikon (metaloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus (bukan logam poliatom)"><img alt="Fosforus (bukan logam poliatom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur (bukan logam poliatom)"><img alt="Sulfur (bukan logam poliatom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin (bukan logam diatom)"><img alt="Klorin (bukan logam diatom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon (gas adi)"><img alt="Argon (gas adi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium (logam alkali)"><img alt="Kalium (logam alkali)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium (logam alkali bumi)"><img alt="Kalsium (logam alkali bumi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Skandium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Titanium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Vanadium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Kromium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Mangan (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Besi (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Kobalt (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Nikel (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kuprum" title="Kuprum (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Kuprum (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zink" title="Zink (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Zink (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium (logam pascaperalihan)"><img alt="Galium (logam pascaperalihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium (metaloid)"><img alt="Germanium (metaloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik (metaloid)"><img alt="Arsenik (metaloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium (bukan logam poliatom)"><img alt="Selenium (bukan logam poliatom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin (bukan logam diatom)"><img alt="Bromin (bukan logam diatom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton (gas adi)"><img alt="Kripton (gas adi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium (logam alkali)"><img alt="Rubidium (logam alkali)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium (logam alkali bumi)"><img alt="Strontium (logam alkali bumi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytrium" title="Ytrium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Ytrium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Zirkonium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Niobium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Molibdenum (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Teknetium" title="Teknetium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Teknetium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Rutenium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Rodium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Paladium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Perak (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Kadmium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium (logam pascaperalihan)"><img alt="Indium (logam pascaperalihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah (logam pascaperalihan)"><img alt="Timah (logam pascaperalihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni (metaloid)"><img alt="Antimoni (metaloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium (metaloid)"><img alt="Telurium (metaloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin (bukan logam diatom)"><img alt="Iodin (bukan logam diatom)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon (gas adi)"><img alt="Xenon (gas adi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none"> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium (logam alkali)"><img alt="Sesium (logam alkali)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium (logam alkali bumi)"><img alt="Barium (logam alkali bumi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum (lantanid)"><img alt="Lantanum (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium (lantanid)"><img alt="Serium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium (lantanid)"><img alt="Praseodimium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium (lantanid)"><img alt="Neodimium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium (lantanid)"><img alt="Prometium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium (lantanid)"><img alt="Samarium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium (lantanid)"><img alt="Europium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium (lantanid)"><img alt="Gadolinium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium (lantanid)"><img alt="Terbium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium (lantanid)"><img alt="Disprosium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium (lantanid)"><img alt="Holmium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium (lantanid)"><img alt="Erbium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium (lantanid)"><img alt="Tulium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Yterbium" title="Yterbium (lantanid)"><img alt="Yterbium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium (lantanid)"><img alt="Lutetium (lantanid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Hafnium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Tantalum (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Tungsten (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Renium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Osmium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Iridium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Platinum (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Emas (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Merkuri (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Merkuri (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium (logam pascaperalihan)"><img alt="Talium (logam pascaperalihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Plumbum" title="Plumbum (logam pascaperalihan)"><img alt="Plumbum (logam pascaperalihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut (logam pascaperalihan)"><img alt="Bismut (logam pascaperalihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium (logam pascaperalihan)"><img alt="Polonium (logam pascaperalihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin (metaloid)"><img alt="Astatin (metaloid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon (gas adi)"><img alt="Radon (gas adi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium (logam alkali)"><img alt="Fransium (logam alkali)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium (logam alkali bumi)"><img alt="Radium (logam alkali bumi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium (aktinid)"><img alt="Aktinium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium (aktinid)"><img alt="Torium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium (aktinid)"><img alt="Protaktinium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium (aktinid)"><img alt="Uranium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium (aktinid)"><img alt="Neptunium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium (aktinid)"><img alt="Plutonium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium (aktinid)"><img alt="Amerisium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium (aktinid)"><img alt="Kurium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium (aktinid)"><img alt="Berkelium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium (aktinid)"><img alt="Kalifornium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium (aktinid)"><img alt="Einsteinium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium (aktinid)"><img alt="Fermium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium (aktinid)"><img alt="Mendelevium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium (aktinid)"><img alt="Nobelium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium (aktinid)"><img alt="Lawrencium (aktinid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Rutherfordium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Dubnium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Seaborgium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Bohrium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Hasium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)"><img alt="Meitnerium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)"><img alt="Darmstadtium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)"><img alt="Roentgenium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium (logam peralihan)"><img alt="Kopernisium (logam peralihan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)"><img alt="Nihonium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)"><img alt="Flerovium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)"><img alt="Moscovium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)"><img alt="Livermorium (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)"><img alt="Tennessin (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:6px; height:8px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)"><img alt="Oganesson (ciri kimia tidak diketahui)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">- ↑ He ↓ <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> ← <a class="mw-selflink selflink">helium</a> → <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Nombor_atom" title="Nombor atom">Nombor atom</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_jadual_berkala" title="Kumpulan jadual berkala">Kumpulan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kala_jadual_berkala" title="Kala jadual berkala">kala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gas_nadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas nadir">kumpulan 18 (gas nadir)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_1" title="Unsur kala 1">kala 1</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Blok_jadual_berkala" title="Blok jadual berkala">Blok</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blok_s" title="Blok s">Blok s</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berat_atom_piawai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berat atom piawai (laman tidak wujud)">Berat atom piawai</a> (Ar)</th><td class="infobox-data">4.002602(2) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1s2 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><div style="font-weight:normal;">Bil. elektron per petala/cengkerang</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc">Ciri-ciri fizikal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Fasa_jirim" title="Fasa jirim">Fasa</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Takat_lebur" title="Takat lebur">Takat lebur</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(pada 2.5 MPa) 0.95 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−272.20 °C, −457.96 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Takat_didih" title="Takat didih">Takat didih</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.22 K (−268.93 °C, −452.07 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ketumpatan" title="Ketumpatan">Ketumpatan</a> pada <abbr title="suhu dan tekanan piawai">stp</abbr> (0 °C dan 101.325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.1786 g/L</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;">apabila cecair, pada <abbr title="takat lebur">t.l.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data">0.145 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;">apabila cecair, pada <abbr title="takat didih">t.d.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data">0.125 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Titik_genting_(termodinamik)" title="Titik genting (termodinamik)">Titik genting</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.19 K, 0.227 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Entalpi_pelakuran" title="Entalpi pelakuran">Haba pelakuran</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0138 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Entalpi_pengewapan" title="Entalpi pengewapan">Haba pengewapan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0829 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Muatan_haba" title="Muatan haba">Muatan haba molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5<a href="/wiki/Pemalar_gas" title="Pemalar gas">R</a>/2 = 20.786 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_wap" title="Tekanan wap">Tekanan wap</a> (ditakrifkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Skala_Suhu_Antarabangsa_1990" title="Skala Suhu Antarabangsa 1990">ITS-90</a>)<div style="margin:0 auto;"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Tekanan (dalam Pascal)">T</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>pada <abbr title="Suhu (dalam Kelvin)">S</abbr> (K) </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>1.23 </td> <td>1.67 </td> <td>2.48 </td> <td>4.21 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc">Ciri-ciri atom</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Keadaan_pengoksidaan" title="Keadaan pengoksidaan">Keadaan pengoksidaan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Keelektronegatifan" title="Keelektronegatifan">Keelektronegatifan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Skala Pauling: tiada data </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Jejari_kovalen" title="Jejari kovalen">Jejari kovalen</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1_E-11_m" class="mw-redirect" title="1 E-11 m">28</a> <a href="/wiki/Pikometer" title="Pikometer">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Jejari_van_der_Waals" title="Jejari van der Waals">Jejari van der Waals</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1_E-10_m" class="mw-redirect" title="1 E-10 m">140</a> pm </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc">Rampaian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Struktur_hablur" title="Struktur hablur">Struktur hablur</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> heksagon disusun rapat<div style="float:right;"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms&wpDestFile=Heksagon_disusun_rapat" class="new" title="Fail:Heksagon disusun rapat">Struktur hablur heksagon disusun rapat bagi helium</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Kelajuan_bunyi" title="Kelajuan bunyi">Kelajuan bunyi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">972 <a href="/wiki/Meter_per_saat" title="Meter per saat">m/s</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Daya_pengaliran_terma" class="mw-redirect" title="Daya pengaliran terma">Daya pengaliran terma</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.1513 W/(m·K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Kemagnetan" title="Kemagnetan">Sifat kemagnetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnet">diamagnet</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Nombor_Pendaftaran_CAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nombor Pendaftaran CAS">Nombor CAS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-59-7 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc">Sejarah</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_masa_penemuan_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis masa penemuan unsur kimia (laman tidak wujud)">Penemuan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janssen" title="Pierre Janssen">Pierre Janssen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a> (1868)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.75em;">Pengasiangan pertama</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Per_Teodor_Cleve" title="Per Teodor Cleve">Per Teodor Cleve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Langlet" title="Abraham Langlet">Abraham Langlet</a> (1895)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotop_bagi_helium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotop bagi helium (laman tidak wujud)">Isotop utama bagi helium</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_semula_jadi" title="Kelimpahan semula jadi">Kelimpahan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Separuh_hayat" title="Separuh hayat">Separuh hayat</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Reputan_radioaktif" title="Reputan radioaktif">Mod reputan</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasil_reput&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasil reput (laman tidak wujud)">Produk</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">3He</a> </th> <td style="">0.000137%* </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;">adalah <a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> dengan 1 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">4He</a> </th> <td style="">99.999863%* </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;">adalah <a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> dengan 2 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>Nilai atmosfera, kelimpahan mungkin berbeza di tempat-tempat berbeza.</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="background: #ccc"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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wujud)">lihat</a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Kotak_info_helium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Kotak info helium (laman tidak wujud)">bincang</a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kotak_info_helium&action=edit">sunting</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_rujukan_data_untuk_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai rujukan data untuk unsur kimia (laman tidak wujud)">rujukan</a> | <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560" class="extiw" title="d:Q560">dalam Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Helium (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: ‏<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5953951">.mw-parser-output .script-Adlm{font-family:"Noto Sans Adlam"}.mw-parser-output .script-Aghb{font-family:"Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"}.mw-parser-output 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.script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style>هيليوم‎code: ms is deprecated ‎) adalah sejenis <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Simbol_kimia" title="Simbol kimia">simbol</a> He dan <a href="/wiki/Nombor_atom" title="Nombor atom">nombor atom</a> 2. Ia merupakan <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_monoatom" title="Gas monoatom">monoatom</a> tidak berwarna, tidak berbau, tidak berasa, tidak beracun dan <a href="/wiki/Lengai" title="Lengai">lengai</a> yang terletak di tempat teratas dalam kumpulan <a href="/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi">gas adi</a> (kumpulan 18) dalam <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">jadual berkala</a>. Helium mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Takat_didih" title="Takat didih">takat didih</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Takat_lebur" title="Takat lebur">lebur</a> yang terendah berbanding semua unsur lain serta wujud dalam bentuk gas kecuali dalam keadaan-keadaan ekstrem. Helium adalah unsur kedua paling ringan dan kedua <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur-unsur_kimia" title="Kelimpahan unsur-unsur kimia">terbanyak</a> di dalam <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta">alam semesta</a> boleh cerap. Ia membentuk 24% daripada keseluruhan jisim unsur—12 kali ganda jisim kesemua unsur lain (kecuali <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>) digabungkan. Peratusan kelimpahan helium di alam semesta adalah sama dengan peratusannya di dalam <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a> dan planet <a href="/wiki/Musytari" title="Musytari">Musytari</a>. Ini disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_pengikatan_nuklear" title="Tenaga pengikatan nuklear">tenaga pengikatan nuklear</a> (setiap <a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleon</a>) <a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">helium-4</a> yang sangat tinggi berbanding dengan tenaga pengikatan nuklear bagi tiga unsur selepasnya. Tenaga pengikatan helium-4 ini juga menjelaskan kebiasaannya diperolehi daripada <a href="/wiki/Lakuran_nuklear" title="Lakuran nuklear">pelakuran nuklear</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pereputan_radioaktif" class="mw-redirect" title="Pereputan radioaktif">pereputan radioaktif</a>. Kebanyakan helium di alam semesta ialah helium-4, dan ia dipercayai telah dihasilkan sewaktu <a href="/wiki/Letupan_Besar" title="Letupan Besar">Letupan Besar</a>. Kini, helium yang baharu dihasilkan oleh pelakuran hidrogen di dalam teras bintang-bintang. Helium dinamakan bersempena nama dewa Matahari dalam kepercayaan orang Yunani, <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>. Ia telah dikesan buat pertama kali melalui penemuan satu <a href="/wiki/Garis_spektrum" title="Garis spektrum">garis spektrum</a> kuning yang tidak diketahui di dalam cahaya matahari sewaktu <a href="/wiki/Gerhana_matahari_18_Ogos_1868" title="Gerhana matahari 18 Ogos 1868">gerhana matahari pada 1868</a> oleh seorang ahli falak Perancis, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janssen" title="Pierre Janssen">Jules Janssen</a>. Janssen diberikan penghargaan kerana menemui helium bersama-sama dengan <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a>. Janssen telah memerhati sewaktu kejadian gerhana matahari pada 1868 itu, sementara Lockyer memerhatikan dari Britain. Lockyer merupakan orang pertama yang mencadangkan yang garis spektrum baru itu disebabkan oleh satu unsur baru, yang beliau kemudiannya namakan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penemuan_unsur-unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penemuan unsur-unsur kimia (laman tidak wujud)">Penemuan unsur itu</a> secara rasmi telah dibuat pada tahun 1895 oleh dua ahli kimia Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Per_Teodor_Cleve" title="Per Teodor Cleve">Per Teodor Cleve</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nils_Abraham_Langlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nils Abraham Langlet">Nils Abraham Langlet</a>; mereka menemui unsur itu muncul daripada sejenis bijih <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> bernama <a href="/wiki/Kleveit" title="Kleveit">kleveit</a> (cleveite). Pada 1903, simpanan helium yang besar telah ditemui di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_gas_asli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan gas asli (laman tidak wujud)">medan-medan gas asli</a> di kawasan-kawasan Amerika Syarikat, yang sehingga hari ini menjadi pengeluar terbesar gas helium. Helium digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kriogenik" title="Kriogenik">kriogenik</a> (suku daripada jumlah pengeluaran digunakan dalam bidang ini, menjadikannya pengguna terbanyak helium), terutama sekali dalam penyejukan <a href="/wiki/Magnet_pengalir_lampau" title="Magnet pengalir lampau">magnet pengalir lampau</a> (superconducting magnets), dan kegunaan komersialnya yang utama adalah di dalam pengimbas <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>. Kegunaan industri helium yang lain sebagai gas pemberi tekanan dan penyingkiran, serta sebagai atmosfera pelindung untuk <a href="/wiki/Kimpalan_arka" title="Kimpalan arka">kimpalan arka</a> dan di dalam proses-proses seperti penumbuhan kristal untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Wafer_silikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wafer silikon">wafer silikon</a>, merangkumi separuh daripada penggunaan gas helium yang dihasilkan. Kegunaan kecil helium yang lebih diketahui ialah sebagai gas pengangkat di dalam <a href="/wiki/Belon" title="Belon">belon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kapal_udara" title="Kapal udara">kapal udara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Seperti mana gas-gas lain yang lebih ringan daripada udara, jika gas ini disedut sedikit, ia akan mengubah kedalaman suara manusia untuk seketika. Dalam kajian saintifik, perilaku dua fasa cecair helium-4 (helium I dan helium II) adalah penting kepada para pengkaji yang mengkaji tentang <a href="/wiki/Mekanik_kuantum" title="Mekanik kuantum">mekanik kuantum</a> (lebih tepat lagi, ciri-ciri <a href="/wiki/Kebendaliran_lampau" title="Kebendaliran lampau">kebendaliran lampau</a>) dan juga kepada mereka yang memerhatikan fenomena yang suhu hampir <a href="/wiki/Sifar_mutlak" title="Sifar mutlak">sifar mutlak</a> sebabkan pada <a href="/wiki/Jirim" title="Jirim">jirim</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kesuperkonduksian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesuperkonduksian">keberaliran lampau</a>. Di Bumi, gas ini agak jarang, dengan kelimpahan dalam atmosfera bumi hanya sebanyak 0.00052% mengikut isipadu. Kebanyakan helium dari Bumi yang wujud pada hari ini dihasilkan melalui <a href="/wiki/Pereputan_radioaktif" class="mw-redirect" title="Pereputan radioaktif">pereputan radioaktif</a> unsur-unsur radioaktif yang berat (<a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>). <a href="/wiki/Zarah_alfa" title="Zarah alfa">Zarah-zarah alfa</a> yang dipancarkan dalam pereputan ini terdiri daripada <a href="/wiki/Nukleus" class="mw-disambig" title="Nukleus">nukelus-nukleus</a> helium-4. Helium <a href="/wiki/Radiogenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenik">radiogenik</a> ini terperangkap dengan <a href="/wiki/Gas_asli" title="Gas asli">gas asli</a>, dengan kepekatan sehingga 7% mengikut isipadu. Dari situ, ia diekstrak secara komersial melalui proses pemisahan bersuhu rendah yang dinamakan <a href="/wiki/Penyulingan_berperingkat" title="Penyulingan berperingkat">penyulingan berperingkat</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penemuan-penemuan_saintifik">Penemuan-penemuan saintifik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Penemuan-penemuan saintifik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penemuan-penemuan saintifik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Bukti kewujudan helium yang pertama adalah satu garis spektrum kuning terang dengan <a href="/wiki/Panjang_gelombang" title="Panjang gelombang">panjang gelombang</a> 587.49 nanometer di dalam <a href="/wiki/Spektrum_pancaran" title="Spektrum pancaran">spektrum pancaran</a> <a href="/wiki/Kromosfera" title="Kromosfera">kromosfera</a> <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a> yang telah ditemui pada 18 Ogos 1868 oleh ahli falak Perancis, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janssen" title="Pierre Janssen">Jules Janssen</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Gerhana_matahari" title="Gerhana matahari">gerhana matahari</a> penuh di <a href="/wiki/Guntur" class="mw-disambig" title="Guntur">Guntur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raj_British" title="Raj British">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frnch-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a> Garisan ini pada asalnya dianggap dipancarkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a>. Pada 20 Oktober pada tahun yang sama, ahli falak England, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a> telah memerhatikan satu garis kuning dalam spektrum suria yang dinamakannya <a href="/wiki/Garis_Fraunhofer" class="mw-redirect" title="Garis Fraunhofer">garis Fraunhofer</a> D3 kerana ia berada berdekatan dengan garis natrium D1 dan D2 yang telah diketahui.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Beliau merumuskan yang garisan itu disebabkan oleh satu unsur dalam Matahari yang belum ditemui di Bumi. Lockyer dan ahli kimia England, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> menamakan unsur ini dengan perkataan Yunani untuk Matahari, ἥλιος (<a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">helios</a>).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Helium_spectrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Helium_spectrum.jpg/250px-Helium_spectrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Helium_spectrum.jpg/375px-Helium_spectrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Helium_spectrum.jpg/500px-Helium_spectrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Garis spektrum helium.</figcaption></figure> Pada tahun 1882, ahli fizik Itali, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Palmieri" title="Luigi Palmieri">Luigi Palmieri</a> telah mengesan helium di <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> buat kali pertama melalui garis spektrum D3 unsur itu. Beliau menemuinya ketika menganalisa <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Vesuvius" title="Gunung Vesuvius">Gunung Vesuvius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:William_Ramsay_working.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/William_Ramsay_working.jpg/160px-William_Ramsay_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/William_Ramsay_working.jpg/240px-William_Ramsay_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/William_Ramsay_working.jpg/320px-William_Ramsay_working.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a>, penemu helium di Bumi</figcaption></figure>Pada 26 Mac 1895, ahli kimia Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Ramsay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Ramsay">Sir William Ramsay</a> telah mengasingkan helium di Bumi dengan merawat mineral <a href="/wiki/Kleveit" title="Kleveit">kleveit</a> (salah satu jenis <a href="/wiki/Uraninit" title="Uraninit">bijih uranium</a> dengan kira-kira 10% <a href="/wiki/Unsur_nadir_bumi" title="Unsur nadir bumi">unsur nadir bumi</a>) dengan <a href="/wiki/Asid" title="Asid">asid</a> mineral. Ramsay sebenarnya sedang mencari gas <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, tetapi setelah beliau mengasingkan <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> daripada gas yang dibebaskan oleh <a href="/wiki/Asid_sulfurik" title="Asid sulfurik">asid sulfurik</a>, beliau telah menemui satu garis spektrum kuning yang serupa dengan garis D3 yang diperhatikan dalam spektrum Matahari.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Sampel ini dikenalpasti sebagai helium oleh Lockyer dan ahli fizik Britain, <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a>. Ia juga telah diasingkan daripada kleveit pada tahun yang sama secara berasingan oleh ahli-ahli kimia bernama <a href="/wiki/Per_Teodor_Cleve" title="Per Teodor Cleve">Per Teodor Cleve</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Langlet" title="Abraham Langlet">Abraham Langlet</a> di <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. Mereka telah mengumpul cukup banyak helium untuk menentukan <a href="/wiki/Berat_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom">berat atomnya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Helium telah diasingkan oleh ahli geokimia Amerika, <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Hillebrand" title="William Francis Hillebrand">William Francis Hillebrand</a> sebelum Ramsay melakukannya, apabila beliau menemui garisan-garisan spektrum yang luar biasa sewaktu menguji satu sampel mineral uraninit. Namun, beliau menganggap yang garisan-garisan itu dipancarkan oleh nitrogen. Hillebrand telah menghantar surat ucapan tahniah kepada Ramsay atas penemuannya. Satu kes "penemuan" dan "hampir ditemui" dalam sains dapat dilihat di sini.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Pada 1907, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> dan Thomas Royds telah menunjukkan yang <a href="/wiki/Zarah_alfa" title="Zarah alfa">zarah-zarah alfa</a> terdiri daripada <a href="/wiki/Nukleus" class="mw-disambig" title="Nukleus">nukleus</a> helium. Mereka telah mendemonstrasikannya dengan membenarkan zarah-zarah ini menembusi dinding kaca nipis satu tiub yang dikosongkan, lalu mengadakan satu nyahcas di dalam tiub tersebut untuk mengkaji spektrum gas baru didalamnya. Pada 1908, helium pertama kali dicecairkan oleh ahli fizik Belanda, <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a>, dengan menyejukkan gas itu ke suhu kurang daripada satu <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Beliau turut mencuba untuk mengeraskan gas itu dengan terus mengurangkan suhu tetapi gagal kerana helium tidak mempunyai suhu <a href="/wiki/Titik_tigaan" title="Titik tigaan">titik tigaan</a> di mana fasa pepejal, cecair dan gas berada dalam keseimbangan. Seorang pelajar Onnes, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_Hendrik_Keesom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem Hendrik Keesom (laman tidak wujud)">Willem Hendrik Keesom</a>, akhirnya dapat mengeraskan 1 cm3 helium dengan mengenakan tekanan luaran tambahan.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Pada 1938, ahli fizik Rusia, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Leonidovich_Kapitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa">Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa</a> mendapati yang <a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">helium-4</a> langsung tidak mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Kelikatan" title="Kelikatan">kelikatan</a> pada suhu hampir dengan <a href="/wiki/Sifar_mutlak" title="Sifar mutlak">sifar mutlak</a>. Fenomena ini kini dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kebendaliran_lampau" title="Kebendaliran lampau">kebendaliran lampau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> dan ia berkaitan dengan <a href="/wiki/Hasil_pemeluwapan_Bose-Einstein" title="Hasil pemeluwapan Bose-Einstein">pemeluwapan Bose-Einstein</a>. Pada 1972, fenomena yang sama telah ditemui pada <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> oleh ahli-ahli fizik Amerika, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Douglas D. Osheroff</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_M._Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David M. Lee (laman tidak wujud)">David M. Lee</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Robert C. Richardson</a>, tetapi ia berlaku pada suhu yang lebih hampir dengan sifar mutlak. Fenomena yang berlaku dalam helium-3 dikatakan berkaitan dengan pasangan-pasangan <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermion</a> helium-3 untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">boson</a> yang lebih kurang sama dengan <a href="/wiki/Pasangan_Cooper" title="Pasangan Cooper">pasangan-pasangan elektron Cooper</a> yang menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Kesuperkonduksian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesuperkonduksian">kesuperkonduksian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengekstrakan_dan_kegunaan">Pengekstrakan dan kegunaan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengekstrakan dan kegunaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengekstrakan dan kegunaan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Selepas satu operasi menggerudi minyak di <a href="/wiki/Dexter,_Kansas" title="Dexter, Kansas">Dexter, Kansas</a> pada tahun 1903 mengeluarkan satu pancutan gas yang tidak boleh terbakar, ahli geologi negeri Kansas, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus_Haworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erasmus Haworth (laman tidak wujud)">Erasmus Haworth</a> telah mengumpul contoh-contoh gas yang terlepas itu dan membawanya kembali ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Kansas (laman tidak wujud)">Universiti Kansas</a> di Lawrence. Dengan bantuan ahli-ahli kimia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_Cady&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamilton Cady (laman tidak wujud)">Hamilton Cady</a> dan David McFarland, beliau telah menemui yang isipadu gas itu terdiri daripada 72% nitrogen, 15% <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">metana</a> (satu peratusan yang <a href="/wiki/Keterbakaran" title="Keterbakaran">boleh terbakar</a> jika adanya jumlah oksigen yang cukup), 1% <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> dan 12% gas yang tidak dikenalpasti.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Selepas analisis lanjut, Cady dan McFarland telah mendapati yang 1.84% sampel itu adalah gas helium.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Ini menunjukkan bahawa meskipun ia agak jarang di Bumi, helium tertumpu dalam kuantiti yang banyak di bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dataran_Besar_Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dataran Besar Amerika (laman tidak wujud)">Dataran Besar Amerika</a>, sedia untuk diekstrak sebagai bahan sampingan gas asli.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Ini membolehkan Amerika Syarikat menjadi pembekal helium terbesar di dunia. Selepas satu cadangan oleh Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Threlfall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Threlfall (laman tidak wujud)">Richard Threlfall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Laut_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat">Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat</a> telah menaja tiga logi helium percubaan kecil sewaktu <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Pertama" title="Perang Dunia Pertama">Perang Dunia Pertama</a>. Tujuannya adalah untuk membekalkan <a href="/wiki/Belon_bedilan" title="Belon bedilan">belon-belon bedilan</a> dengan gas yang lebih ringan daripada udara dan tidak boleh terbakar itu. Sejumlah 5,700 m3 gas dengan 92% helium telah dihasilkan sepanjang program tersebut, walaupun sebelum itu kurang daripada satu meter padu gas telah diperolehi.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Sebahagian daripada gas ini telah digunakan di dalam kapal udara helium pertama di dunia, C-7 milik Tentera Laut A.S., yang melalukan penerbangan pertamanya dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hampton_Roads,_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hampton Roads, Virginia (laman tidak wujud)">Hampton Roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Bolling_Field" title="Bolling Field">Bolling Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> pada 1 Disember 1921.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Walaupun proses pengekstrakan helium yang menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Pencecairan_gas" title="Pencecairan gas">pencecairan gas</a> pada suhu yang rendah tidak dibangunkan cukup awal untuk memberi kesan yang penting dalam Perang Dunia Pertama, pengeluaran tetap diteruskan. Helium digunakan terutamanya sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_pengangkat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gas pengangkat (laman tidak wujud)">gas pengangkat</a> di dalam kapal-kapal udara. Permintaan helium meningkat untuk kegunaan ini sewaktu <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a>, begitu juga dengan permintaan untuk <a href="/wiki/Kimpalan" title="Kimpalan">kimpalan</a> arka dihadang. <a href="/wiki/Spektrometer_jisim_helium" title="Spektrometer jisim helium">Spektrometer jisim helium</a> juga penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Projek_Manhattan" title="Projek Manhattan">Projek Manhattan</a> yang menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Bom_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bom atom">bom-bom atom</a> pertama dunia.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Amerika_Syarikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Amerika Syarikat">Kerajaan Amerika Syarikat</a> telah menubuhkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizab_Helium_Kebangsaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizab Helium Kebangsaan (laman tidak wujud)">Rizab Helium Kebangsaan</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarillo,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amarillo, Texas (laman tidak wujud)">Amarillo, Texas</a> pada tahun 1925 dengan tujuan untuk membekalkan helium kepada <a href="/wiki/Kapal_udara" title="Kapal udara">kapal-kapal udara</a> tentera sewaktu perang dan kepada kapal-kapal udara komersial sewaktu damai.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Oleh kerana sekatan yang dikenakan oleh tentera Amerika Syarikat ke atas Jerman, bekalan helium kepada negara itu disekat dan <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin-zeppelin</a> Jerman seperti <a href="/wiki/LZ_129_Hindenburg" title="LZ 129 Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> terpaksa menggunakan hidrogen sebagai gas pengangkat. Kegunaan helium selepas <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a> berkurangan tetapi rizab ini dikembangkan pada tahun 1950-an untuk memastikan bekalan berterusan <a href="/wiki/Helium_cecair" title="Helium cecair">helium cecair</a> sebagai penyejuk untuk menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahan_api_roket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahan api roket (laman tidak wujud)">bahan api roket</a> oksigen/hidrogen (dalam banyak-banyak kegunaan lain) sewaktu <a href="/wiki/Perlumbaan_Angkasa" title="Perlumbaan Angkasa">Perlumbaan Angkasa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a>. Kegunaan helium di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1965 adalah kira-kira lapan kali ganda kegunaan puncak sewaktu masa perang.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Selepas "Akta Pemindaan Helium 1960" (Undang-undang Awam 86-777), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biro_Lombong-lombong_Amerika_Syarikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biro Lombong-lombong Amerika Syarikat (laman tidak wujud)">Biro Lombong-lombong A.S.</a> telah menyusun lima loji swasta untuk mendapatkan helium daripada gas asli. Untuk program pemuliharaan helium ini, Biro ini telah membina satu talian paip sepanjang 684 km dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bushton,_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushton, Kansas (laman tidak wujud)">Bushton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, untuk menyambungkan loji-loji swasta itu dengan medan gas Cliffside milik kerajaan yang hampir habis, berhampiran Amarillo, Texas. Campuran hidrogen-nitrogen ini disuntik dan disimpan di dalam medan gas Cliffside sehingga ia diperlukan; ketika itu barulah ia ditulenkan.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Menjelang tahun 1995, satu bilion meter padu (109 m3) gas itu telah dikumpulkan dan rizab ini berhutang sebanyak US$1.4 bilion, dan ini memaksa <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Kongres Amerika Syarikat">Kongres Amerika Syarikat</a> untuk menghentikan rizab ini secara berperingkat pada 1996.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-stwertka-28">[28]</a> "Akta Penswastaan Helium 1996" yang terhasil <a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> (Undang-undang Awam 104-273) mengarahkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabatan_Dalaman_Amerika_Syarikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabatan Dalaman Amerika Syarikat (laman tidak wujud)">Jabatan Dalaman Amerika Syarikat</a> untuk memulakan pengosongan rizab ini menjelang 2005.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Helium yang telah dihasilkan antara 1930 hingga 1945 mempunyai ketulenan kira-kira 98.3% (2% nitrogen) yang sesuai untuk kapal-kapal udara. Pada 1945, sejumlah kecil helium berketulenan 99.9% telah dihasilkan untuk tujuan pengimpalan. Menjelang 1949, sejumlah helium komersial Gred A berketulenan 99.95% boleh didapati.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Selama beberapa tahun, Amerika Syarikat telah menghasilkan lebih 90% helium boleh guna komersial di dunia, manakala bakinya dihasilkan di loji-loji pengekstrakan di <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> dan beberapa negara lain. Pada pertengahan 1990-an, satu loji baru di <a href="/wiki/Arzew" title="Arzew">Arzew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> memulakan operasi. Ia menghasilkan 17 juta meter padu helium, dan jumlah ini cukup untuk memenuhi permintaan helium Eropah. Sementara itu, menjelang tahun 2000, penggunaan helium di dalam Amerika Syarikat telah meningkat sehingga lebih 15 juta kilogram setahun.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Pada tahun 2004-2006, dua loji baru telah dibangunkan di <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Perindustrian_Ras_Laffan" title="Bandar Perindustrian Ras Laffan">Ras Laffan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Skikda</a>, Algeria. Algeria dengan pantas menjadi penghasil helium kedua terbesar di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-wwsupply-33">[33]</a> Sepanjang tempoh ini, penggunaan helium dan kos pengeluarannya telah meningkat.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan2007-34">[34]</a> Dalam tempoh masa antara 2002 hingga 2007, harga helium telah berganda.<a href="#cite_note-Basu2007-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/HeNe_Laser_Build.webm/220px--HeNe_Laser_Build.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="HeNe_Laser_Build.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fail:HeNe_Laser_Build.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/HeNe_Laser_Build.webm/HeNe_Laser_Build.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/HeNe_Laser_Build.webm/HeNe_Laser_Build.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/HeNe_Laser_Build.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/HeNe_Laser_Build.webm/HeNe_Laser_Build.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/HeNe_Laser_Build.webm/HeNe_Laser_Build.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeNe_Laser_Build.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>laser helium</figcaption></figure> Setakat 2012, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizab_Helium_Kebangsaan_Amerika_Syarikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizab Helium Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat (laman tidak wujud)">Rizab Helium Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat</a> merangkumi 30 peratus helium seluruh dunia.<a href="#cite_note-Newcomb-36">[36]</a> Rizab itu dijangka akan kehabisan helium pada tahun 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Newcomb-36">[36]</a> Meskipun begitu, satu rang undang-undang yang diusulkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Senat_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Senat Amerika Syarikat">Senat Amerika Syarikat</a> akan membenarkan rizab ini untuk terus menjual helium. Rizab-rizab besar yang lain adalah di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Gas_Asli_Hugoton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Gas Asli Hugoton (laman tidak wujud)">Hugoton</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> dan medan-medan gas berdekatan Kansas dan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panhandle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panhandle (laman tidak wujud)">panhandle</a> <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. Loji-loji helium yang baru dijadualkan untuk dibuka pada tahun 2012 di <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> dan negeri <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> di Amerika Syarikat, namun pembukaan loji-loji ini tidak dijangka akan memulihkan kekurangan gas ini.<a href="#cite_note-Newcomb-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri">Ciri-ciri</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atom_helium">Atom helium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Atom helium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Atom helium">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Atom_helium" title="Atom helium">Atom helium</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helium_dalam_mekanik_kuantum">Helium dalam mekanik kuantum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Helium dalam mekanik kuantum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Helium dalam mekanik kuantum">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Helium_atom_QM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/300px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/450px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/600px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Atom helium. Imej di atas menggambarkan <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_atom" title="Nukleus atom">nukleus</a> (merah jambu) dan penyebaran <a href="/wiki/Awan_elektron" class="mw-redirect" title="Awan elektron">awan elektron</a> (hitam). Nukleus (atas kanan) helium-4 sebenarnya simetri secara sfera dan amat sama dengan awan elektron, namun untuk nukleus-nukleus yang lebih rumit ia tidak selalunya begitu.</figcaption></figure> Dalam perspektif <a href="/wiki/Mekanik_kuantum" title="Mekanik kuantum">mekanik kuantum</a>, helium ialah <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> kedua paling ringkas untuk dimodelkan selepas <a href="/wiki/Atom_hidrogen" title="Atom hidrogen">atom hidrogen</a>. Helium terdiri daripada dua elektron di dalam <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">orbital atom</a> yang mengelilingi satu nukleus yang mempunyai dua proton dan beberapa neutron. Seperti dalam mekanik Newton, tidak ada sistem dengan lebih daripada dua zarah boleh diselesaikan dengan pendekatan matematik analitik yang tepat (lihat <a href="/wiki/Masalah_tiga_jasad" title="Masalah tiga jasad">masalah tiga jasad</a>) dan atom helium tidak terkecuali. Oleh itu, langkah matematik berangka diperlukan walaupun untuk menyelesaikan sistem dengan satu nukleus dan dua elektron. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_pengiraan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia pengiraan (laman tidak wujud)">Kimia pengiraan</a> seperti ini telah digunakan untuk membentuk satu gambaran mekanik kuantum untuk pengikatan elektron helium yang tepat sehingga <2% nilai yang sebenar, dalam beberapa langkah pengiraan.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Dalam model-model sebegini, telah didapati bahawa setiap elektron dalam helium menghalang secara separa nukleus atom daripada elektron yang lain, dan oleh itu cas nuklear berkesan Z yang dilihat oleh setiap elektron ialah kira-kira 1.69 unit dan bukannya 2 unit seperti yang nukleus helium klasik yang "terdedah". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kestabilan_nukleus_helium-4_dan_petala_elektron_yang_berkaitan">Kestabilan nukleus helium-4 dan petala elektron yang berkaitan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Kestabilan nukleus helium-4 dan petala elektron yang berkaitan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kestabilan nukleus helium-4 dan petala elektron yang berkaitan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Nukleus atom helium-4 adalah sama dengan satu <a href="/wiki/Zarah_alfa" title="Zarah alfa">zarah alfa</a>. Uji kaji penyerakan elektron bertenaga tinggi menunjukkan yang casnya menurun secara eksponen daripada takat maksimum di titik tengah, tepat seperti mana kepadatan cas <a href="/wiki/Awan_elektron" class="mw-redirect" title="Awan elektron">awan elektron</a> helium sendiri. Simetri ini menunjukkan fizik dasar yang sama: pasangan neutron dan pasangan proton dalam nukleus helium mengikuti peraturan mekanik kuantum yang sama dengan pasangan elektron helium (walaupun zarah-zarah nukleus tertakluk kepada kemampuan pengikatan nuklear yang berbeza), jadi semua <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermion</a> ini menduduki sepenuhnya orbital <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">1s</a> secara berpasangan, tiada satu pun fermion yang memiliki momentum sudutan orbit dan setiap satu membatalkan spin intrinsik yang lain. Jika salah satu daripada zarah-zarah ini ditambah, ia akan memerlukan momentum sudutan dan akan melepaskan tenaga yang lebih sedikit (malahan, tidak ada nukleus dengan lima nukleon yang stabil). Oleh itu, susunan ini adalah sangat stabil dari segi tenaga bagi zarah-zarah ini, dan kestabilan ini menerangkan pelbagai ciri helium dalam alam semula jadi. Contohnya, awan elektron helium yang stabil dan rendah tenaganya menjelaskan kenadiran unsur itu serta kekurangan interaksi antara atom-atom helium yang menyebabkan helium mempunyai takat didih dan lebur yang paling rendah antara semua unsur kimia. Dalam cara yang sama, kestabilan tenaga nukleus atom helium-4 yang disebabkan oleh kesan yang sama menjelaskan betapa mudahnya helium-4 dihasilkan dalam tindak balas atom seperti pemancaran zarah berat dan pelakuran. Ada beberapa atom <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> yang stabil dihasilkan dalam tindak balas pelakuran hidrogen, tetapi jumlahnya amatlah kecil berbanding dengan jumlah helium-4 yang dihasilkan. Kestabilan helium-4 adalah sebab hidrogen ditukarkan kepada helium-4 (bukannya <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> atau helium-3 atau unsur-unsur yang lebih berat) dalam Matahari. Ia juga penyebab mengapa <a href="/wiki/Zarah_alfa" title="Zarah alfa">zarah alfa</a> ialah jenis zarah barion yang paling biasa dilenting daripada satu nukleus atom; dengan erti kata lain, <a href="/wiki/Pereputan_alfa" title="Pereputan alfa">pereputan alfa</a> adalah lebih biasa daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pereputan_kluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pereputan kluster (laman tidak wujud)">pereputan kluster</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg/500px-Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg/750px-Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg/1000px-Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Tenaga pengikatan setiap nukleon bagi isotop-isotop biasa. Tenaga pengikatan setiap zarah helium-4 adalah lebih besar daripada mana-mana nuklid yang berdekatan.</figcaption></figure>Kestabilan luar biasa helium-4 juga penting dari segi kosmologi: ia menjelaskan mengapa beberapa minit selepas <a href="/wiki/Letupan_Besar" title="Letupan Besar">Letupan Besar</a>, sedang satu "sup" proton dan neutron bebas yang pada asalnya telah terhasil dalam nisbah 6:1 menyejuk sehingga pengikatan nuklear boleh terjadi, hampir semua nukleus atom gabungan yang pertama sekali terbentuk ialah helium-4. Ikatan helium-4 adalah sangat kuat sehingga penghasilan helium-4 memakan hampir semua neutron bebas dalam beberapa minit sebelum ia boleh mereput beta, dan turut meninggalkan beberapa untuk menghasilkan atom-atom yang lebih berat seperti litium, berilium atau boron. Pengikatan nuklear helium-4 setiap nukleon adalah lebih kuat daripada mana-mana unsur ini (lihat <a href="/wiki/Nukleosintesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleosintesis">nukleosintesis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_pengikatan" title="Tenaga pengikatan">tenaga pengikatan</a>). Justeru, setelah helium dihasilkan, tidak ada lagi pacuan tenaga yang ada untuk menghasilkan unsur 3, 4 dan 5. Helium lebih mudah melakur membentuk unsur seterusnya dengan tenaga yang lebih rendah setiap <a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleon</a>, karbon. Namun, oleh kerana kekurangan unsur-unsur pertengahan, proses ini memerlukan tiga atom helium melanggar satu sama lain hampir serentak (lihat <a href="/wiki/Proses_alfa_ganda_tiga" title="Proses alfa ganda tiga">proses alfa ganda tiga</a>). Oleh itu, tidak ada cukup masa untuk jumlah karbon yang banyak terbentuk dalam minit-minit pertama selepas Letupan Besar sebelum alam semesta awal yang sedang berkembang menyejuk sehingga pelakuran helium kepada karbon tidak lagi boleh dilakukan. Ini menyebabkan alam semesta awal mempunyai nisbah hidrogen/helium yang sama seperti yang diperhatikan pada hari ini (3 bahagian hidrogen kepada 1 bahagian helium-4 mengikut berat), dengan hampir semua neutron di angkasa terkandung dalam helium-4. Semua unsur yang lebih berat (termasuklah unsur-unsur yang perlu untuk membentuk planet berbatu seperti Bumi, dan untuk hidupan berasaskan karbon dan lain-lain) telah dihasilkan selepas Letupan Besar dalam bintang-bintang yang cukup panas untuk melakur helium. Semua unsur selain hidrogen dan helium merangkumi hanya 2% jisim atom alam semesta. Sebaliknya, helium-4 membentuk 23% jirim biasa alam semesta — hampir semua jirim biasa alam semesta yang bukan hidrogen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasa_gas_dan_plasma">Fasa gas dan plasma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Fasa gas dan plasma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Fasa gas dan plasma">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:HeTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/150px-HeTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/225px-HeTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/300px-HeTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tiub nyahcas helium yang dibentukkan sama dengan simbol atom unsur itu.</figcaption></figure> Helium ialah <a href="/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi">gas adi</a> kedua paling <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kereaktifan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kereaktifan (laman tidak wujud)">tidak bertindak balas</a> selepas <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> dan oleh itu adalah yang kedua paling tidak bertindak balas antara semua unsur kimia;<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> ia <a href="/wiki/Lengai" title="Lengai">lengai</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gas_monoatom" title="Gas monoatom">beratom tunggal</a> dalam keadaan-keadaan piawai. Disebabkan jisim mol (atom) helium yang agak rendah, <a href="/wiki/Daya_pengaliran_terma" class="mw-redirect" title="Daya pengaliran terma">daya pengaliran terma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haba_tertentu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haba tertentu (laman tidak wujud)">haba tertentu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kelajuan_bunyi" title="Kelajuan bunyi">kelajuan bunyi</a> helium dalam fasa gas adalah lebih rendah daripada mana-mana <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> lain kecuali <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>. Untuk sebab yang sama, dan juga disebabkan oleh saiz atom-atom helium yang kecil, kadar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembauran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembauran (laman tidak wujud)">pembauran</a> helium merentasi pepejal adalah tiga kali ganda kadar pembauran udara dan 65% kadar pembauran hidrogen.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Helium ialah gas monoatom yang paling kurang <a href="/wiki/Keterlarutan" title="Keterlarutan">terlarut</a> dalam air<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> dan juga yang paling tidak larut antara semua gas (CF4, SF6 dan C4F8 mempunyai keterlarutan pecahan mol yang lebih rendah, iaitu masing-masing 0.3802, 0.4394, dan 0.2372 x2/10−5, berbanding helium: 0.70797 x2/10−5),<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Indeks_pembiasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indeks pembiasan">indeks pembiasan</a> helium adalah lebih hampir kepada satu daripada mana-mana gas lain.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Helium mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Pekali_Joule-Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Pekali Joule-Thomson">pekali Joule-Thomson</a> negatif dalam suhu persekitaran biasa, yang bermaksud ia memanas apabila dibiarkan mengembang dengan bebas. Ia hanya akan menyejuk jika dibiarkan mengembang dengan bebas apabila ia berada di bawah <a href="/wiki/Suhu_penyonsangan_Joule-Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhu penyonsangan Joule-Thomson">suhu penyonsangan Joule-Thomson</a> (kira-kira 32 ke 50 K bertekanan 1 atmosfera).<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Apabila diprasejukkan di bawah suhu ini, helium boleh dicecairkan melalui penyejukan pengembangan. Kebanyakan helium di angkasa ditemui dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Plasma" class="mw-disambig" title="Plasma">plasma</a> dengan ciri-ciri yang agak berbeza daripada helium berbentuk atom. Dalam plasma, elektron-elektron helium tidak terikat kepada nukleus masing-masing dan ini menjadikan helium plasma mempunyai kebolehaliran elektrik yang sangat tinggi walaupun gas ini hanya diionkan separa. Zarah-zarah bercas amat dipengaruhi oleh medan magnet dan medan elektrik. Misalnya, zarah-zarah hidrogen terion dalam <a href="/wiki/Angin_suria" title="Angin suria">angin suria</a> bertindak balas dengan <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera">magnetosfera</a> Bumi dan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Arus_Birkeland" title="Arus Birkeland">arus-arus Birkeland</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aurora" class="mw-disambig" title="Aurora">aurora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasa_pepejal_dan_cecair">Fasa pepejal dan cecair</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Fasa pepejal dan cecair" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Fasa pepejal dan cecair">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:2_Helium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/2_Helium.png/220px-2_Helium.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/2_Helium.png/330px-2_Helium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/2_Helium.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Helium yang dicecairkan. Helium ini bukan sahaja cecair, malah ia telah disejukkan sehingga mencapai kebendaliran super. Titisan di bawah gelas ini adalah cecair helium yang dengan sendirinya melalui dinding bekas ini dan keluar, dan akan mengosongkan bekas ini. Tenaga yang memacu proses ini dibekalkan oleh tenaga keupayaan helium yang sedang jatuh. Lihat <a href="/wiki/Kebendaliran_lampau" title="Kebendaliran lampau">bendalir lampau</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Helium_cecair" title="Helium cecair">Helium cecair</a></div> Tidak seperti unsur-unsur lain, helium akan terus berada dalam fasa cecair sehingga dalam suhu <a href="/wiki/Sifar_mutlak" title="Sifar mutlak">sifar mutlak</a> dalam tekanan biasa. Ini adalah kesan terus mekanik kuantum: lebih tepat lagi, <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_titik_sifar" title="Tenaga titik sifar">tenaga titik sifar</a> sistem ini terlalu tinggi untuk membolehkan pembekuan. Helium pepejal memerlukan suhu 1-1.5 K (kira-kira −272 °C) dan tekanan 25 bar (2.5 MPa).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Biasanya, sukar untuk membezakan antara helium pepejal dengan helium cecair kerana <a href="/wiki/Indeks_pembiasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indeks pembiasan">indeks pembiasan</a> kedua-duanya adalah lebih kurang sama. Pepejal helium mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Takat_didih" title="Takat didih">takat didih</a> yang mendadak dan struktur <a href="/wiki/Kristal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristal">kristal</a>, tetapi sangat <a href="/wiki/Ketermampatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketermampatan">boleh mampat</a>; jika tekanan dikenakan keatasnya di dalam makmal, isipadunya akan berkurang sebanyak lebih 30%.<a href="#cite_note-LANL.gov-44">[44]</a> Dengan <a href="/wiki/Modulus_pukal" title="Modulus pukal">modulus pukal</a> kira-kira 27 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> ia lebih kurang 100 kali ganda lebih boleh mampat daripada air. Helium pepejal mempunyai kepadatan 0.214 ± 0.006 g/cm3 pada 1.15K dan 66 atm; kepadatan yang diramalkan pada 0 K dan 25 bar (2.5 MPa) ialah 0.187 ± 0.009 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keadaan_helium_I">Keadaan helium I</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Keadaan helium I" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Keadaan helium I">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a> helium-4 wujud dalam keadaan cecair tidak berwarna biasa yang dikenali dengan nama helium I di bawah <a href="/wiki/Takat_didih" title="Takat didih">takat didihnya</a> 4.22 K dan di atas <a href="/wiki/Titik_lambda" title="Titik lambda">titik lambdanya</a> 2.1768 K.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Seperti cecair-cecair <a href="/wiki/Kriogenik" title="Kriogenik">kriogenik</a> yang lain, helium I mendidih apabila dipanaskan dan mengecut apabila suhunya direndahkan. Helium I mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Indeks_pembiasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indeks pembiasan">indeks pembiasan</a> seperti gas, 1.026. Ini menjadikan permukaannya terlalu sukar untuk dilihat sehinggakan pelampung-pelampung <a href="/wiki/Styrofoam" class="mw-redirect" title="Styrofoam">styrofoam</a> perlu digunakan untuk menunjukkan kedudukan permukaan cecair ini.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Cecair tidak berwarna ini mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Kelikatan" title="Kelikatan">kelikatan</a> yang sangat rendah iaitu 0.145–0.125 g/mL (antara 0 dan 4 K);<a href="#cite_note-crc6120-47">[47]</a> nilai ini hanya satu perempat daripada nilai yang diramalkan daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_klasik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizik klasik (laman tidak wujud)">fizik klasik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mekanik_kuantum" title="Mekanik kuantum">Mekanik kuantum</a> diperlukan untuk menjelaskan sifat ini. Oleh itu, kedua-dua jenis helium cecair dipanggil bendalir kuantum, yakni ia memaparkan ciri-ciri atomnya pada skala makroskopik. Ini mungkin kesan daripada takat didihnya berada sangat hampir dengan sifar mutlak yang menghalang pergerakan molekul rawak (<a href="/wiki/Tenaga_haba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenaga haba">tenaga haba</a>) daripada menutup ciri-ciri atomnya.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keadaan_helium_II">Keadaan helium II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Keadaan helium II" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Keadaan helium II">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Apabila helium cecair disejukkan di bawah titik lambdanya, ia dikenali sebagai helium II dan mula menunjukkan ciri-ciri luar biasa. Helium II tidak boleh mendidih disebabkan <a href="/wiki/Daya_pengaliran_terma" class="mw-redirect" title="Daya pengaliran terma">daya pengaliran termanya</a> yang tinggi; jika haba dikenakan ke atas helium II, ia akan terus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengewapan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengewapan (laman tidak wujud)">mengewap</a> kepada bentuk gas. <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">Helium-3</a> juga mempunyai fasa <a href="/wiki/Kebendaliran_lampau" title="Kebendaliran lampau">bendalir lampau</a>, tetapi hanya di suhu yang lebih rendah; kesannya, tidak banyak yang diketahui tentang ciri-ciri seperti itu dalam isotop ini.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Helium-II-creep.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satu lukisan keratan rentas yang menunjukkan satu bekas di dalam satu lagi. Ada cecair di dalam bekas di luar dan ia cenderung untuk mengalir ke dalam bekas dalaman di atas dinding-dindingnya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Helium-II-creep.svg/170px-Helium-II-creep.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Helium-II-creep.svg/255px-Helium-II-creep.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Helium-II-creep.svg/340px-Helium-II-creep.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Tidak seperti cecair-cecair biasa, helium II akan merayap sepanjang permukaan-permukaan untuk mencapai paras yang sama; selepas seketika, paras di dalam kedua-dua bekas akan menjadi sama. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filem_Rollin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filem Rollin (laman tidak wujud)">Filem Rollin</a> juga meliputi bahagian dalam bekas yang lebih besar; jika ia tidak ditutup, helium II akan merayap keluar dan terlepas.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> Helium II ialah sejenis bendalir lampau, iaitu satu keadaan jirim mekanik kuantum (lihat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenomena_kuantum_makroskopik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenomena kuantum makroskopik (laman tidak wujud)">fenomena kuantum makroskopik</a>) dengan ciri-ciri yang aneh. Contohnya, apabila ia mengalir melalui rerambut (kapilari) bersaiz 10-7 ke 10-8 m, ia tidak mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Kelikatan" title="Kelikatan">kelikatan</a> yang boleh diukur.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a> Namun, apabila ukuran diambil daripada dua cakera bergerak, satu kelikatan yang lebih kurang dengan kelikatan gas helium telah diperoleh. Teori kini menjelaskannya dengan model dua bendalir untuk helium II. Dalam model ini, helium cecair di bawah titik lambda dilihat seperi ia mempunyai sebahagian atom helium dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keadaan_asas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keadaan asas (laman tidak wujud)">keadaan asas</a> yang merupakan bendalir lampau dan mengalir dengan tepat sifar kelikatan, dan sebahagian atom helium dalam keadaan teruja yang berkelakuan lebih seperti bendalir biasa.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Dalam kesan air pancut, satu bekas yang disambungkan dengan satu takungan helium II oleh satu cakera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyinteran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyinteran (laman tidak wujud)">tersinter</a> yang helium bendalir lampau boleh lalui dengan mudah tetapi helium bukan bendalir lampau tidak boleh, dibina. Jika bahagian dalam bekas ini dipanaskan, helium bendalir lampau akan bertukar kepada helium bukan bendalir lampau. Untuk mengekalkan pecahan keseimbangan helium bendalir lampau, helium bendalir lampau membocor dan meningkatkan tekanan, menyebabkan cecair memancut keluar daripada bekas itu.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Daya pengaliran terma helium II adalah lebih besar daripada mana-mana bahan lain yang diketahui; sejuta kali ganda daripada helium I dan beberapa ratus kali ganda daripada <a href="/wiki/Kuprum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuprum">kuprum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Ini kerana pengaliran haba berlaku dengan mekanisma kuantum yang luar biasa. Kebanyakan bahan yang mengalirkan haba dengan baik mempunyai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalur_valens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalur valens (laman tidak wujud)">jalur valens</a> elektron bebas yang berfungsi sebagai pemindah haba. Helium II tidak mempunyai jalur sebegini tetapi ia tetap mengalirkan haba dengan baik. <a href="/wiki/Pemindahan_haba" title="Pemindahan haba">Aliran habanya</a> dikawal oleh persamaan-persamaan yang serupa dengan <a href="/wiki/Persamaan_gelombang" title="Persamaan gelombang">persamaan gelombang</a> yang digunakan untuk mencirikan penyebaran bunyi dalam udara. Apabila haba dikenakan, ia bergerak melalui helium II bersuhu 1.8 K pada kelajuan 20 meter sesaat dalam bentuk gelombang. Gelombang ini dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bunyi_kedua" title="Bunyi kedua">bunyi kedua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Helium II juga memiliki sifat merayap. Apabila satu permukaan dijangkau melepasi paras helium II, helium II akan merayap di atas permukaan ini melawan daya <a href="/wiki/Graviti" title="Graviti">graviti</a>. Helium II akan melepaskan diri daripada satu bekas yang tidak ditutup dengan merangkak di sepanjang permukaan dalaman sehingga ia mencapai satu kawasan yang lebih panas lalu menyejat. Ia bergerak dalam bentuk lapisan setebal 30 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer">nm</a> tidak kira jenis bahan permukaan. Lapisan ini dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filem_Rollin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filem Rollin (laman tidak wujud)">filem Rollin</a> dan dinamakan sempena orang yang pertama kali mencirikan sifat ini, Bernard V. Rollin.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Disebabkan oleh sifat merayap ini dan kebolehan helium II membocor dengan cepat melalui bukaan kecil, sukar untuk mengurung helium cecair. Melainkan bekas itu dibina dengan teliti, helium II akan merayap di sepanjang permukaan dan melalui injap-injap sehingga ia mencapai tempat yang lebih panas, di mana ia akan mengewap. Gelombang yang tersebar sepanjang satu filem Rollin dikawal oleh persamaan yang sama dengan <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_graviti" title="Gelombang graviti">gelombang graviti</a> dalam air yang cetek, tetapi berbanding graviti, daya yang mengembalikan semula ialah <a href="/wiki/Daya_van_der_Waals" title="Daya van der Waals">daya van der Waals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Gelombang ini dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyi_ketiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunyi ketiga (laman tidak wujud)">bunyi ketiga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotop">Isotop</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Isotop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Isotop">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Isotop_helium" title="Isotop helium">Isotop helium</a></div> Helium mempunyai lapan <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> yang diketahui, tetapi hanya <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">helium-4</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a>. Di dalam atmosfera Bumi, ada satu atom 3He di antara setiap sejuta atom 4He.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a> Tidak seperti unsur-unsur lain, kelimpahan isotop helium berbeza dengan banyak mengikut asal-usul kerana proses penghasilan yang berbeza. Isotop helium yang paling biasa, helium-4, dihasilkan di Bumi melalui <a href="/wiki/Pereputan_alfa" title="Pereputan alfa">pereputan alfa</a> unsur-unsur radioaktif yang lebih berat; zarah alfa yang terbentuk adalah nukleus helium-4 yang diionkan sepenuhnya. Helium-4 mempunyai nukleus yang luar biasa kestabilannya kerana <a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleon-nukleonnya</a> disusun dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_petala_nukleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model petala nukleus (laman tidak wujud)">petala-petala penuh</a>. Ia juga dihasilkan dengan banyaknya sewaktu <a href="/wiki/Nukleosintesis_Letupan_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleosintesis Letupan Besar">nukleosintesis Letupan Besar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bigbang-54">[54]</a> Helium-3 terdapat di Bumi dalam jumlah yang sedikit; kebanyakannya sejak kewujudan Bumi, walaupun sesetengahnya jatuh ke Bumi terperangkap dalam <a href="/wiki/Debu_kosmik" class="mw-redirect" title="Debu kosmik">debu kosmik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heliumfundamentals-55">[55]</a> Jumlah yang sedikit juga dihasilkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Pereputan_beta" title="Pereputan beta">pereputan beta</a> <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Batuan di kerak Bumi mempunyai nisbah isotop yang bezanya sehingga mencapai sepuluh kali ganda isotop lain, dan nisbah-nisbah ini boleh digunakan untuk mengkaji asal-usul batu-batu dan komposisi <a href="/wiki/Mantel" title="Mantel">mantel</a> Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-heliumfundamentals-55">[55]</a> 3He lebih banyak di bintang-bintang kerana ia adalah hasil pelakuran nuklear. Oleh itu, dalam <a href="/wiki/Medium_antara_bintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium antara bintang">medium antara bintang</a> perkadaran 3He kepada 4He adalah kira-kira 100 kali lebih tinggi daripada di Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Bahan-bahan luar planet, seperti <a href="/wiki/Regolith" class="mw-redirect" title="Regolith">regolith</a> bulan dan asteroid, mempunyai jumlah helium-3 yang kecil yang diperolehi daripada pelanggaran dengan <a href="/wiki/Angin_suria" title="Angin suria">angin suria</a>. Permukaan <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a> mempunyai helium-3 dengan tumpuan sebanyak 0.01 <a href="/wiki/Bahagian_per_sejuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahagian per sejuta">ppm</a>, lebih banyak daripada kira-kira 5 <a href="/wiki/Bahagian_per_setrilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahagian per setrilion">ppt</a> yang ditemui di atmosfera Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Beberapa orang, bermula dengan Gerald Kulcinski pada 1986,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> telah mencadangkan untuk meneroka Bulan, melombong regolith di permukaannya dan gunakan helium-3 di dalamnya untuk <a href="/wiki/Pelakuran_nuklear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelakuran nuklear">pelakuran</a>. Helium-4 cecair boleh disejukkan ke suhu 1 kelvin dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyejukan_penyejatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyejukan penyejatan (laman tidak wujud)">penyejukan penyejatan</a> di dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periuk_1-K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periuk 1-K (laman tidak wujud)">periuk 1-K</a>. Helium-3 dengan takat didih yang lebih rendah boleh disejukkan dengan cara yang sama ke suhu 0.2 kelvin di dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peti_sejuk_helium-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peti sejuk helium-3 (laman tidak wujud)">peti sejuk helium-3</a>. Campuran sama 3He dan 4He cecair di bawah suhu 0.8 K akan terasing kepada dua fasa tak terlarutcampur kerana ketidaksamaan mereka (ia mengikut <a href="/wiki/Statistik_kuantum" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistik kuantum">statistik kuantum</a> yang berbeza: atom helium-4 adalah <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">boson</a> manakala atom helium-3 adalah <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermion</a>).<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peti_sejuk_cairan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peti sejuk cairan (laman tidak wujud)">Peti sejuk cairan</a> menggunakan ketidakterlarutcampuran ini untuk mencapai suhu di bawah beberapa milikelvin. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotop_helium_eksotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotop helium eksotik (laman tidak wujud)">Isotop helium eksotik</a> boleh dihasilkan, namun ia akan mereput dan membentuk bahan lain dengan cepat. Isotop berat helium dengan jangka hayat yang terpendek ialah helium-5 dengan <a href="/wiki/Separuh_hayat" title="Separuh hayat">separuh hayat</a> sepanjang 7.6 × 10-22 saat. Helium-6 mereput dengan memancarkan satu <a href="/wiki/Zarah_beta" title="Zarah beta">zarah beta</a> dan mempunyai separuh hayat selama 0.8 saat. Helium-7 juga memancarkan zarah beta dan juga <a href="/wiki/Sinar_gama" title="Sinar gama">sinar gama</a>. Helium-7 dan helium-8 dihasilkan dalam sesetengah tindak balas nuklear.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Helium-6 dan helium-8 diketahui mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_halo" title="Nukleus halo">nukleus halo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sebatian">Sebatian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Sebatian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sebatian">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Sebatian_gas_adi" title="Sebatian gas adi">Sebatian gas adi</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Helium-hydride-cation-3D-SF.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Helium-hydride-cation-3D-SF.png/150px-Helium-hydride-cation-3D-SF.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Helium-hydride-cation-3D-SF.png/225px-Helium-hydride-cation-3D-SF.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Helium-hydride-cation-3D-SF.png/300px-Helium-hydride-cation-3D-SF.png 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Struktur <a href="/wiki/Ion_helium_hidrida" title="Ion helium hidrida">ion helium hidrida</a>, HeH+.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Fluoroheliate-ion-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fluoroheliate-ion-3D-vdW.png/200px-Fluoroheliate-ion-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fluoroheliate-ion-3D-vdW.png/300px-Fluoroheliate-ion-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fluoroheliate-ion-3D-vdW.png/400px-Fluoroheliate-ion-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Struktur anion fluoroheliat, OHeF-.</figcaption></figure> Helium mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Valens_(kimia)" title="Valens (kimia)">valens</a> sifar dan tidak bertindak balas secara kimia dalam semua keadaan biasa.<a href="#cite_note-LANL.gov-44">[44]</a> Ia merupakan perintang elektrik melainkan jika ia <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">diionkan</a>. Seperti mana gas-gas adi yang lain, helium mempunyai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paras_tenaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paras tenaga (laman tidak wujud)">paras tenaga</a> metastabil yang membolehkannya untuk terus terion di dalam nyahcas elektrik dengan <a href="/wiki/Voltan" title="Voltan">voltan</a> di bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keupayaan_pengionan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keupayaan pengionan (laman tidak wujud)">keupayaan pengionannya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Helium boleh menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Sebatian_kimia" title="Sebatian kimia">sebatian-sebatian</a> tidak stabil, yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksimer (laman tidak wujud)">eksimer</a>, dengan tungsten, iodin, fluorin, sulfur dan fosforus apabila ia dikenakan <a href="/wiki/Nyahcas_berbara" title="Nyahcas berbara">nyahcas berbara</a>, pelanggaran elektron, ataupun jika ia berada dalam keadaan <a href="/wiki/Plasma" class="mw-disambig" title="Plasma">plasma</a>. Sebatian kimia HeNe, HgHe10 dan WHe2, dan juga ion-ion molekul He+ 2, He2+ 2, <a href="/wiki/Ion_helium_hidrida" title="Ion helium hidrida">HeH+</a> dan HeD+ telah dihasilkan dengan cara ini.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> HeH+ stabil dalam keadaan dasarnya, tetapi ia sangat reaktif—ia merupakan <a href="/wiki/Asid_Br%C3%B8nsted" class="mw-redirect" title="Asid Brønsted">asid Brønsted</a> yang terkuat diketahui, dan oleh itu ia hanya boleh wujud dalam pengasingan kerana ia akan memprotonkan mana-mana molekul atau anion yang bersentuh dengannya. Teknik ini juga telah membolehkan penghasilan molekul neutral He2 yang mempunyai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalur_spektrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalur spektrum (laman tidak wujud)">sistem jalur</a> yang banyak, dan HgHe yang nampaknya dicantumkan oleh daya pengutuban sahaja.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Secara teori, sebatian-sebatian sebenar yang lain boleh wujud, contohnya helium fluorohidrida (HHeF) yang akan menjadi analog kepada <a href="/wiki/Argon_fluorohidrida" title="Argon fluorohidrida">HArF</a> yang telah ditemui pada tahun 2000.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Kiraan menunjukkan bahawa dua sebatian baru dengan ikatan helium-oksigen berkemungkinan stabil.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Dua spesis molekul baru yang diramalkan dengan teori, CsFHeO dan N(CH3)4FHeO adalah terbitan daripada anion metastabil [F-HeO] yang pertama sekali diteorikan pada tahun 2005 oleh satu kumpulan dari Taiwan. Jika ia dapat dibuktikan melalui uji kaji, sebatian-sebatian ini akan menjadi penamat kepada kenadiran helium, dan <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> akan menjadi unsur nadir yang terakhir dalam jadual berkala.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Helium pernah diletakkan di dalam molekul sangkar berongga karbon (<a href="/wiki/Fulerena" title="Fulerena">fulerena</a>) melalui pemanasan dalam tekanan tinggi. Molekul-molekul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulerena_endohedra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fulerena endohedra (laman tidak wujud)">fulerena endohedra</a> yang terbentuk adalah stabil walaupun dalam suhu tinggi. Apabila terbitan kimia dihasilkan daripada fulerena ini, atom helium kekal di dalamnya.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Sekiranya <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> telah digunakan, ia boleh diperhatikan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_resonans_magnetik_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi resonans magnetik nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">spektroskopi resonans magnetik nuklear</a> helium.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Banyak fulerena yang mengandungi helium-3 telah dilaporkan. Walaupun atom helium itu tidak diikat oleh sebarang ikatan kovalen atau ion, bahan-bahan ini mempunyai ciri-ciri tersendiri dan komposisi tertentu, sama seperti mana-mana sebatian kimia stoikiometri. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kejadian_dan_penghasilan">Kejadian dan penghasilan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Kejadian dan penghasilan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kejadian dan penghasilan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kelimpahan_semula_jadi">Kelimpahan semula jadi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Kelimpahan semula jadi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kelimpahan semula jadi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Walaupun helium tidak banyak di Bumi, ia adalah unsur kedua terbanyak dalam alam semesta yang diketahui (selepas <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>) dan membentuk kira-kira 23% jisim <a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">barionnya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a> Sejumlah besar helium terhasil dalam <a href="/wiki/Sintesis_nuklear_Letupan_Besar" title="Sintesis nuklear Letupan Besar">sintesis nuklear Letupan Besar</a> yang berlaku lebih kurang tiga minit selepas kejadian <a href="/wiki/Letupan_Besar" title="Letupan Besar">Letupan Besar</a>. Oleh itu, pengiraan kelimpahannya menyumbang kepada model-model kosmologi. Di dalam <a href="/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang">bintang-bintang</a>, ia terbentuk melalui <a href="/wiki/Pelakuran_nuklear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelakuran nuklear">pelakuran nuklear</a> hidrogen di dalam <a href="/wiki/Tindak_balas_berantai_proton-proton" class="mw-redirect" title="Tindak balas berantai proton-proton">tindak balas berantai proton-proton</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kitaran_CNO" title="Kitaran CNO">kitaran CNO</a> yang merupakan sebahagian daripada <a href="/wiki/Sintesis_nuklear_najam" title="Sintesis nuklear najam">sintesis nuklear najam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bigbang-54">[54]</a> Di dalam <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_Bumi" title="Atmosfera Bumi">atmosfera Bumi</a>, kepekatan helium mengikut isipadu hanyalah 5.2 bahagian per sejuta.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Kepekatannya rendah dan agak malar meskipun penghasilan helium yang berterusan kerana kebanyakan helium di atmosfera Bumi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelepasan_atmosfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelepasan atmosfera (laman tidak wujud)">terlepas ke angkasa</a> melalui beberapa proses.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-TalkOriginsCreationism-71">[71]</a> Di dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterosfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterosfera (laman tidak wujud)">heterosfera</a> Bumi (sebahagian daripada atmosfera atas), helium dan gas-gas ringan yang lain adalah unsur yang paling banyak. Kebanyakan helium di Bumi terhasil daripada <a href="/wiki/Pereputan_radioaktif" class="mw-redirect" title="Pereputan radioaktif">pereputan radioaktif</a>. Helium ditemui dengan banyaknya di dalam mineral-mineral <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Kleveit" title="Kleveit">kleveit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitchblende&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitchblende (laman tidak wujud)">pitchblende</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnotit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnotit (laman tidak wujud)">karnotit</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Monazit" title="Monazit">monazit</a> kerana ia pancarkan zarah alfa (nukleus helium, He2+) yang digabungkan dengan elektron sebaik sahaja zarah itu dihentikan oleh batu. Dengan cara ini, sebanyak lebih kurang 3000 tan metrik helium dihasilkan setiap tahun di seluruh <a href="/wiki/Litosfera" title="Litosfera">litosfera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cook-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Di dalam kerak Bumi, kepekatan helium ialah 8 bahagian per sebilion. Dalam air laut, kepekatannya hanyalah 4 bahagian per setrilion. Gas ini juga terdapat dalam jumlah yang kecil di <a href="/wiki/Mata_air" title="Mata air">mata-mata air</a> mineral, gas gunung berapi dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besi_meteor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besi meteor (laman tidak wujud)">besi meteor</a>. Oleh kerana helium terperangkap di bawah tanah dalam keadaan-keadaan yang juga memerangkap gas-gas asli, kepekatan semula jadi helium terbesar di dunia ditemui dalam gas asli, dari mana kebanyakan helium komersial dikeluarkan. Kepekatannya berbeza dalam julat yang besar daripada beberapa bahagian per sejuta hingga ke lebih 7% di sebuah medan gas kecil di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daerah_San_Juan,_New_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daerah San Juan, New Mexico (laman tidak wujud)">Daerah San Juan, New Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengekstrakan_moden_dan_pengagihan">Pengekstrakan moden dan pengagihan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengekstrakan moden dan pengagihan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengekstrakan moden dan pengagihan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Bagi kegunaan berskala besar, helium diekstrak melalui <a href="/wiki/Penyulingan_berperingkat" title="Penyulingan berperingkat">penyulingan berperingkat</a> gas asli yang boleh mengandungi sehingga 7% helium.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Oleh kerana helium mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Takat_didih" title="Takat didih">takat didih</a> yang lebih rendah daripada mana-mana unsur lain, suhu rendah dan tekanan tinggi digunakan untuk mencecairkan hampir semua gas lain (kebanyakannya <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">metana</a>). Gas helium mentah yang terhasil ditulenkan dengan pendedahan berturut-turut kepada suhu yang menurun, di mana hampir semua gas nitrogen dan gas-gas lain yang tinggal dimendakkan keluar daripada campuran gas itu. <a href="/wiki/Arang_diaktifkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arang diaktifkan">Arang diaktifkan</a> digunakan dalam langkah penulenan yang terakhir dan biasanya menghasilkan helium Gred A dengan ketulenan 99.995%.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Bendasing utama dalam helium Gred A adalah <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>. Dalam langkah penghasilan yang terakhir, kebanyakan helium yang terbentuk dicecairkan melalui proses <a href="/wiki/Kriogenik" title="Kriogenik">kriogenik</a>. Ini perlu untuk penggunaan-penggunaan yang memerlukan helium cecair dan turut membolehkan pembekal helium mengurangkan kos penghantaran jarak jauh, kerana kontena-kontena helium cecair terbesar mempunyai kapasiti lima kali ganda daripada treler-treler tiub gas helium terbesar.<a href="#cite_note-wwsupply-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Pada tahun 2008, kira-kira 169 juta meter padu piawai (SCM) helium telah diekstrak daripada gas asli atau dikeluarkan daripada rizab-rizab helium; kira-kira 78% daripadanya adalah daripada Amerika Syarikat, 10% daripada Algeria dan selebihnya daripada Rusia, Poland dan Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Di Amerika Syarikat, kebanyakan helium diekstrak daripada gas asli di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Gas_Asli_Hugoton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Gas Asli Hugoton (laman tidak wujud)">Kawasan Gas Asli Hugoton</a> dan medan-medan gas berdekatan di Kansas, Oklahoma dan Texas.<a href="#cite_note-wwsupply-33">[33]</a> Kebanyakan gas ini pernah dihantar melalui paip ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizab_Helium_Kebangsaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizab Helium Kebangsaan (laman tidak wujud)">Rizab Helium Kebangsaan</a>, tetapi sejak 2005 rizab ini sedang semakin kosong dan dijual. Satu lagi langkah untuk memperoleh dan menulenkan gas helium ialah melalui pembauran gas asli mentah melalui <a href="/wiki/Membran_separa_telap" title="Membran separa telap">membran separa telap</a> khas dan pengadang-pengadang lain.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Pada tahun 1996, Amerika Syarikat mempunyai rizab-rizab helium yang terbukti ada, yang mengandungi kira-kira 147 bilion kaki padu piawai (4.2 bilion SCM) di dalam kompleks-kompleks telaga gas seperti ini.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Berdasarkan kadar penggunaan pada masa itu (72 juta SCM setahun di A.S.; lihat carta pai di bawah) jumlah ini cukup untuk menampung penggunaan helium A.S. selama kira-kira 58 tahun, dan kurang daripada jumlah itu bagi penggunaan helium dunia (mungkin 80% daripada masa itu). Dianggarkan jumlah helium dalam gas asli yang masih belum dibuktikan di A.S. adalah kira-kira 31-35 trilion SCM, atau 1000 kali ganda jumlah rizab yang terbukti ada.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Helium perlu diekstrak daripada gas asli kerana kewujudannya dalam udara hanyalah sebahagian daripada jumlah neon dalam udara, tetapi permintaan untuknya adalah jauh lebih tinggi. Dianggarkan sekiranya setiap operasi pengeluaran neon ditukarkan untuk memproses helium, hanya 0.1% permintaan helium dunia boleh dipenuhi. Serupa juga, hanya 1% permintaan helium dunia boleh dipenuhi sekiranya setiap setiap loji penyulingan udara dipasang semula.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Helium boleh disintesis melalui pelanggaran sama ada <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> dengan proton berkelajuan tinggi, tetapi proses ini adalah sangat tidak menguntungkan.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Helium boleh didapati secara komersial dalam bentuk gas atau cecair. Dalam bentuk cecair, ia boleh dibekalkan di dalam bekas-bekas kecil berpenebat bernama "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelalang_dewar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelalang dewar (laman tidak wujud)">dewar</a>" yang boleh menampung sehingga 1,000 liter helium, atau di dalam bekas-bekas ISO besar yang mempunyai isipadu nominal sehingga 42 m3 (kira-kira 11,000 <a href="/wiki/Gelen" title="Gelen">gelen</a> A.S.). Dalam bentuk gas, sejumlah kecil helium dibekalkan di dalam silinder-silinder bertekanan tinggi yang boleh mengandungi sehingga 8 m3 helium (atau lebih kurang 282 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaki_padu_piawai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaki padu piawai (laman tidak wujud)">kaki padu piawai</a>), manakala kuantiti besar gas bertekanan tinggi disalurkan melalui treler tiub yang mempunyai kapasiti sehingga 4,860 m3 (kira-kira 172,000 kaki padu piawai). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyokong_pemuliharaan_helium">Penyokong pemuliharaan helium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Penyokong pemuliharaan helium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penyokong pemuliharaan helium">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Menurut penyokong pemuliharaan helium seperti <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Robert Coleman Richardson</a>, harga pasaran helium yang bebas telah menyumbang kepada penggunaan helium yang "membazir" (misalnya dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belon_helium_tertambat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belon helium tertambat (laman tidak wujud)">belon helium</a>). Harga helium pada tahun 2000-an telah diturunkan selepas keputusan oleh Kongres A.S. yang telah memutuskan untuk menjual simpanan helium yang besar negara itu menjelang 2015.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Kata Richardson, harga helium masa kini perlu digandakan dengan 20 untuk mengelakkan pembaziran berlebihan helium. Dalam buku mereka, Future of helium as a natural resource (Routledge, 2012), Nuttall, Clarke & Glowacki (2012) juga mencadangkan penubuhan sebuah Agensi Helium Antarabangsa (IHA) untuk membentuk satu pasaran boleh ditampung bagi komoditi berharga ini.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penggunaan">Penggunaan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Penggunaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penggunaan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Modern_3T_MRI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/220px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/330px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Modern_3T_MRI.JPG/440px-Modern_3T_MRI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Penggunaan tunggal helium yang terbesar ialah untuk menyejukkan magnet pengaliran super di dalam pengimbas MRI moden.</figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 93.906250581749px; border-left-color:aqua"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:aqua"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:aqua"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 72.654252800536px; border-left-color:fuchsia"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:fuchsia"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:fuchsia"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 39.592800879772px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:72.896862742141px 68.454710592869px 0 0; border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:0px 100px 0 0; border-top-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 47.056428121225px 100px 0; border-right-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Anggaran pecahan penggunaan helium di Amerika Syarikat pada 2013. Kegunaan keseluruhan ialah 47 juta meter padu.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5537384">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Kriogenik (32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  Penekanan dan penyingkiran (18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  Penyaduran (13%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  Atmosfera terkawal (18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  Pengesanan bocor (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  Campuran gas pernafasan (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  Other (13%)</div> </div> </div></div> Helium digunakan dalam pelbagai tujuan yang memerlukan sesetengah ciri-ciri uniknya seperti <a href="/wiki/Takat_didih" title="Takat didih">takat didih</a> rendah, <a href="/wiki/Ketumpatan" title="Ketumpatan">ketumpatan</a> rendah, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebolehlarutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebolehlarutan (laman tidak wujud)">kebolehlarutan</a> rendah, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaliran_terma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengaliran terma (laman tidak wujud)">pengaliran terma</a> yang tinggi, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenadiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenadiran (laman tidak wujud)">kenadiran</a>. Daripada jumlah pengeluaran helium dunia pada tahun 2008 sebanyak kira-kira 32 juta kg (193 juta meter padu standard) helium setahun, penggunaan terbesarnya adalah dalam penggunaan kriogenik (kira-kira 22% jumlah pada tahun 2008), kebanyakannya melibatkan penyejukkan magnet pengaliran super di dalam pengimbas <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Penggunaan utama lain helium (berjumlah kira-kira 78% penggunaan 1996) adalah dalam sistem penekanan dan penyingkiran, pengekalan atmosfera terkawal dan penyaduran. Penggunaan lain mengikut kategori adalah agak kecil.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosfera_terkawal">Atmosfera terkawal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Atmosfera terkawal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Atmosfera terkawal">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Helium digunakan sebagai gas pelindung dalam pertumbuhan kristal <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, dalam penghasilan <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">zirkonium</a>, dan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_gas" title="Kromatografi gas">kromatografi gas</a><a href="#cite_note-LANL.gov-44">[44]</a> kerana gas ini nadir. Disebabkan kenadirannya, sifatnya yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_ideal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gas ideal (laman tidak wujud)">sempurna dari segi terma dan kalori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelajuan_bunyi" title="Kelajuan bunyi">kelajuan bunyinya</a> yang tinggi dan nilai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nisbah_kapasiti_haba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nisbah kapasiti haba (laman tidak wujud)">nisbah kapasiti habanya</a> yang tinggi, ia juga berguna dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terowong_angin_supersonik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terowong angin supersonik (laman tidak wujud)">terowong angin supersonik</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemudahan_impuls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemudahan impuls (laman tidak wujud)">kemudahan impuls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyaduran_arka_gas_tungsten">Penyaduran arka gas tungsten</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Penyaduran arka gas tungsten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penyaduran arka gas tungsten">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyaduran_arka_gas_tungsten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyaduran arka gas tungsten (laman tidak wujud)">Penyaduran arka gas tungsten</a></div> Helium digunakan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_pengadang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gas pengadang (laman tidak wujud)">gas pengadang</a> dalam proses-proses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyaduran_arka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyaduran arka (laman tidak wujud)">penyaduran arka</a> bahan-bahan yang boleh dicemari atau dilemahkan oleh udara atau nitrogen pada suhu penyaduran.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a> Beberapa gas pengadang nadir digunakan dalam penyaduran arka gas tungsten, tetapi helium digunakan berbanding gas <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> yang lebih murah terutama sekali untuk menyadur bahan-bahan yang mempunyai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaliran_terma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengaliran terma (laman tidak wujud)">pengaliran terma</a> yang lebih tinggi seperti <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kegunaan_kecil">Kegunaan kecil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Kegunaan kecil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kegunaan kecil">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pengesan_kebocoran_industri">Pengesan kebocoran industri</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengesan kebocoran industri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengesan kebocoran industri">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ac-system_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gambar satu alat berangka besi yang besar (kira-kira 3×1×1.5 m) di dalam sebuah bilik." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ac-system_2.jpg/220px-Ac-system_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ac-system_2.jpg/330px-Ac-system_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ac-system_2.jpg/440px-Ac-system_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Mesin pengesan kebocoran helium berkebuk dua.</figcaption></figure> Salah satu kegunaan industri bagi helium ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengesanan_kebocoran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengesanan kebocoran (laman tidak wujud)">pengesanan kebocoran</a>. Oleh sebab helium membaur melalui pepejal tiga kali lebih pantas daripada udara, ia digunakan sebagai gas pengesan untuk mengesan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bocor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bocor (laman tidak wujud)">kebocoran</a> di dalam peralatan-peralatan vakum tinggi (seperti tangki kriogenik) dan tangki-tangki bertekanan tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-nostrand-92">[92]</a> Objek yang diuji diletakkan di dalam satu kebuk yang kemudiannya dikosongkan dan diisi dengan helium. Helium yang terlepas melalui bocor-bocor dikesan oleh alat yang sensitif (<a href="/wiki/Spektrometer_jisim_helium" title="Spektrometer jisim helium">spektrometer jisim helium</a>) yang boleh mengesan kadar kebocoran serendah 10-9 mbar·L/s (10-10 Pa·m3/s). Prosedur pengukuran ini biasanya automatik dan dinamakan ujian kamiran helium (helium integral test). Langkah yang lebih mudah adalah dengan mengisi objek yang diuji dengan helium dan mengesan kebocoran helium secara manual dengan alatan tangan.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Kebocoran helium melalui rekahan berbeza daripada peresapan gas melalui bahan pukal. Walaupun helium mempunyai pemalar peresapan melalui kaca, seramik dan bahan sintetik yang telah dicatatkan (oleh itu, kadar peresapan yang boleh dikira), gas nadir seperti helium tidak akan meresap melalui kebanyakan bahan pukal.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penerbangan">Penerbangan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bahagian: Penerbangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penerbangan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Goodyear-blimp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kapal udara Goodyear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Goodyear-blimp.jpg/220px-Goodyear-blimp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Goodyear-blimp.jpg/330px-Goodyear-blimp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Goodyear-blimp.jpg/440px-Goodyear-blimp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>Oleh kerana helium tidak boleh terbakar dan mempunyai ketumpatan rendah, ia menjadi gas pilihan untuk mengisi kapal-kapal udara seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal_udara_Goodyear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapal udara Goodyear (laman tidak wujud)">kapal udara Goodyear</a>.</figcaption></figure> Oleh kerana ia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebih_ringan_daripada_udara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebih ringan daripada udara (laman tidak wujud)">lebih ringan daripada udara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapal_udara" title="Kapal udara">kapal-kapal udara</a> dan belon-belon diisi dengan helium untuk memperoleh daya angkat. Walaupun gas <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> adalah kira-kira 7% lebih mengapung, helium mempunyai kelebihan iaitu sifatnya yang tidak boleh terbakar (dan juga menghalang kebakaran). Satu lagi kegunaan kecil helium ialah dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sains_roket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sains roket (laman tidak wujud)">sains roket</a>, di mana helium digunakan sebagai medium pengisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekosongan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekosongan (laman tidak wujud)">kekosongan</a> yang menggantikan tempat bahan api dan bahan pengoksida dalam tangki simpanan, dan untuk memeluwapkan hidrogen dan oksigen untuk membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahan_api_roket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahan api roket (laman tidak wujud)">bahan api roket</a>. Ia juga digunakan untuk menyingkirkan bahan api dan bahan pengoksida daripada peralatan bantuan bumi sebelum pelancaran dan untuk menyejuk sebelum hidrogen cecair dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenderaan_luar_angkasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenderaan luar angkasa (laman tidak wujud)">kenderaan luar angkasa</a>. Misalnya, roket <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> yang digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo">program Apollo</a> memerlukan kira-kira 370,000 m3 (13 juta kaki3) helium untuk dilancarkan.<a href="#cite_note-LANL.gov-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kegunaan_rekreasi_dan_komersial_kecil">Kegunaan rekreasi dan komersial kecil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bahagian: Kegunaan rekreasi dan komersial kecil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kegunaan rekreasi dan komersial kecil">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Sebagai gas pernafasan, helium tidak mempunyai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narkosis_nitrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narkosis nitrogen (laman tidak wujud)">sifat-sifat narkotik</a>, oleh itu campuran-campuran helium seperti trimix, heliox dan heliair digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyelaman_laut_dalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyelaman laut dalam (laman tidak wujud)">penyelaman laut dalam</a> bagi mengurangkan kesan narkosis.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-thomas-96">[96]</a> Pada kedalaman melebihi 150 meter (490 kaki), penyelam yang bernafas campuran gas helium–oksigen akan mula mengalami <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindrom_saraf_tekanan_tinggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sindrom saraf tekanan tinggi (laman tidak wujud)">sindrom saraf tekanan tinggi</a>; penyelam akan mula terketar-ketar dan fungsi psikomotornya akan menurun.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Kesan-kesan ini boleh diatasi sedikit sebanyak dengan menambahkan jumlah tertentu gas narkotik seperti hidrogen atau nitrogen ke dalam campuran gas helium–oksigen.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Pada kedalaman sebegini, ketumpatan rendah helium didapati mengurangkan kesukaran bernafas dengan banyak.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_helium%E2%80%93neon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laser helium–neon (laman tidak wujud)">Laser helium–neon</a>, sejenis laser berkuasa rendah yang menghasilkan pancaran berwarna merah, mempunyai pelbagai kegunaan praktikal termasuklah sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembaca_kod_bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembaca kod bar (laman tidak wujud)">pembaca kod bar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penunjuk_laser" title="Penunjuk laser">penunjuk laser</a>, sebelum ia digantikan hampir secara meluas oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_diod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laser diod (laman tidak wujud)">laser diod</a> yang lebih murah.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a> Disebabkan sifat helium yang lengai, tinggi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keraliran_haba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keraliran haba (laman tidak wujud)">keraliran haba</a> dan kelutsinaran terhadap neutron, serta tidak membentuk isotop radioaktif dalam persekitaran reaktor, helium digunakan sebagai medium pemindah haba dalam sesetengah <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_nuklear" title="Reaktor nuklear">reaktor nuklear</a> yang disejukkan gas.<a href="#cite_note-nostrand-92">[92]</a> Helium yang dicampurkan dengan gas yang lebih berat seperti xenon berguna bagi tujuan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyejukan_termoakustik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyejukan termoakustik (laman tidak wujud)">penyejukan termoakustik</a> kesan daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nisbah_muatan_haba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nisbah muatan haba (laman tidak wujud)">nisbah muatan haba</a> yang tinggi dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angka_Prandtl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angka Prandtl (laman tidak wujud)">angka Prandtl</a> rendah hasil daripada gabungan kedua-dua gas.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Kelengaian helium mempunyai kelebihan dari segi persekitaran berbanding sistem-sistem penyejukan konvensional yang menyumbang kepada penipisan lapisan ozon atau pemanasan global.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Helium juga digunakan dalam sesetengah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemacu_cakera_keras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemacu cakera keras (laman tidak wujud)">pemacu cakera keras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kegunaan_saintifik">Kegunaan saintifik</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bahagian: Kegunaan saintifik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kegunaan saintifik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Penggunaan helium mengurangkan kesan herotan yang berpunca daripada perbezaan suhu di dalam ruang antara <a href="/wiki/Kanta" title="Kanta">kanta</a> dalam sesetengah <a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">teleskop</a>, disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Indeks_biasan" title="Indeks biasan">indeks biasan</a> helium yang amat rendah.<a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Kaedah ini selalunya digunakan dalam teleskop suria di mana tiub teleskop kedap vakum akan menjadi terlalu berat.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Helium ialah gas pengangkut yang biasa digunakan bagi <a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_gas" title="Kromatografi gas">kromatografi gas</a>. Usia batuan dan mineral yang mengandungi <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a> boleh dianggarkan dengan mengira jumlah helium dalam proses yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentarikhan_helium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentarikhan helium (laman tidak wujud)">pentarikhan helium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-enc-5">[5]</a> Helium pada suhu yang rendah digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kriogenik" title="Kriogenik">kriogenik</a>, dan dalam beberapa kegunaan kriogenik. Antara contoh penggunaannya ialah penyejukan logam-logam tertentu menggunakan helium cecair sehingga mencapai suhu yang teramat rendah yang diperlukan bagi <a href="/wiki/Keberaliran_lampau" title="Keberaliran lampau">keberaliran lampau</a>, seperti dalam <a href="/wiki/Magnet_pengalir_lampau" title="Magnet pengalir lampau">magnet pengalir lampau</a> bagi tujuan <a href="/wiki/Pengimejan_resonans_magnet" title="Pengimejan resonans magnet">pengimejan resonans magnet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pelanggar_Hadron_Besar" title="Pelanggar Hadron Besar">Pelanggar Hadron Besar</a> (LHC) di <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> menggunakan 96 <a href="/wiki/Tan_metrik" title="Tan metrik">tan metrik</a> helium cecair untuk mengekalkan suhunya pada 1.9 kelvin.<a href="#cite_note-CERN-LHC-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inhalasi_dan_keselamatan">Inhalasi dan keselamatan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bahagian: Inhalasi dan keselamatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Inhalasi dan keselamatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kesan">Kesan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bahagian: Kesan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kesan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Helium neutral dalam keadaan standard bersifat tidak bertoksik, tidak mempunyai fungsi biologi dan ditemui dalam jumlah yang amat sedikit dalam darah manusia. <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em;"><table style="width:100%; background:transparent; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Helium_article_read_with_helium.ogg" title="Fail:Helium article read with helium.ogg">Kesan helium kepada suara manusia</a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="Helium_article_read_with_helium.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Helium_article_read_with_helium.ogg/Helium_article_read_with_helium.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Helium_article_read_with_helium.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding:0;">Kesan helium kepada suara manusia</td> </tr><tr> <td><hr /></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em;">Masalah mendengarkan ? Sila lihat <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bantuan_audio" title="Wikipedia:Bantuan audio">bantuan media</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Kelajuan_bunyi" title="Kelajuan bunyi">Kelajuan bunyi</a> dalam helium adalah kira-kira tiga kali ganda kelajuannya dalam udara. Oleh kerana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frekuensi_asas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frekuensi asas (laman tidak wujud)">frekuensi asas</a> ruang berongga berisi gas berkadaran terus dengan kelajuan bunyi dalam gas tersebut, apabila helium disedut peningkatan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frekuensi_resonans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frekuensi resonans (laman tidak wujud)">frekuensi resonans</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saluran_suara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saluran suara (laman tidak wujud)">saluran suara</a> akan berlaku kesan daripadanya.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Frekuensi asas (kadang kala dinamakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelangsingan_(suara)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelangsingan (suara) (laman tidak wujud)">kelangsingan</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Pic" title="Pic">pic</a>) tidak berubah kerana ia dihasilkan melalui getaran terus lipatan vokal yang tidak berubah.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Namun, frekuensi resonans yang lebih tinggi menyebabkan perubahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbre (laman tidak wujud)">timbre</a> atau warna bunyi, menghasilkan suara bersifat rid dan seperti itik. Kesan bertentangannya, frekuensi resonans yang lebih rendah, boleh diperoleh dengan menyedut gas yang lebih tumpat seperti <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_heksafluorida" title="Sulfur heksafluorida">sulfur heksafluorida</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahaya">Bahaya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bahagian: Bahaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bahaya">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Helium jika disedut boleh jadi bahaya jika ia berlebihan disebut, kerana helium ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_penyesak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gas penyesak (laman tidak wujud)">gas penyesak</a> ringkas dan boleh menggantikan oksigen di dalam peparu yang diperlukan bagi proses pernafasan normal.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grass-108">[108]</a> Kematian-kematian telah direkodkan, salah satunya melibatkan seorang belia yang tersesak nafas di Vancouver pada 2003 dan dua orang dewasa yang tersesak nafas di Florida Selatan pada 2006.<a href="#cite_note-sptimes.com-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-110">[110]</a> Pada tahun 1998, seorang perempuan Australia (usia tidak diketahui) dari Victoria telah pengsan dan kulitnya bertukar biru setelah menyedut keseluruhan isi belon parti.<a href="#cite_note-balloonartists.com.au-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-lousballoons.com.au-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-bouncetime.co.uk-113">[113]</a> Menyedut helium tulen secara berterusan akan menyebabkan kematian disebabkan <a href="/wiki/Asfiksia" title="Asfiksia">asfiksia</a> dalam beberapa minit. Ini digunakan dalam reka bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beg_bunuh_diri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beg bunuh diri (laman tidak wujud)">beg bunuh diri</a>. Menyedut helium secara terus daripada silinder bertekanan adalah teramat berbahaya kerana kadar aliran yang tinggi dari silinder boleh menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a> dan meletupkan tisu-tisu peparu sehingga membawa maut.<a href="#cite_note-Grass-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-slate-114">[114]</a> Jarang berlaku kematian disebabkan helium. Kes pertama yang direkod media adalah berkenaan perempuan berusia 15 tahun dari Texas yang meninggal dunia pada 1998 disebabkan inhalasi helium di parti rumah kawannya; jenis tepat kematian helium dalam kes ini tidak dapat dipastikan.<a href="#cite_note-balloonartists.com.au-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-lousballoons.com.au-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-bouncetime.co.uk-113">[113]</a> Di Amerika Syarikat, hanya dua kematian disebabkan helium dilaporkan antara 2000 hingga 2004, termasuklah kematian seorang lelaki di Carolina Utara disebabkan barotrauma pada 2002.<a href="#cite_note-sptimes.com-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-slate-114">[114]</a> Seorang belia telah lemas disebabkan helium di Vancouver pada 2003, dan lelaki 27 tahun di Australia telah mengalami embolisme akibat bernafas terus daripada silinder helium pada 2000.<a href="#cite_note-sptimes.com-109">[109]</a> Sejak itu, dua orang dewasa telah tersesak nafas di Florida Selatan pada 2006,<a href="#cite_note-sptimes.com-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> dan terdapat beberapa kes pada 2009 dan 2010, satunya melibatkan belia California yang ditemui dengan sebuah beg di kepalanya, bersambung dengan tangki helium<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> dan seorang lagi remaja di Ireland Utara mati disebabkan asfiksia.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eagle_Point,_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eagle Point, Oregon (laman tidak wujud)">Eagle Point, Oregon</a> seorang remaja perempuan mati pada tahun 2012 disebabkan barotrauma ketika berada di sebuah parti.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-dailymail.co.uk-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-today.com-121">[121]</a> Seorang perempuan dari Michigan mati akibat hipoksia kemudiannya dalam tahun itu.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Isu keselamatan bagi helium kriogen adalah serupa dengan <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cecair" title="Nitrogen cecair">nitrogen cecair</a>; suhunya yang teramat rendah boleh menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Reput_fros" title="Reput fros">bakaran sejuk</a>, dan nisbah pengembangan cecair ke gas helium boleh menyebabkan letupan sekiranya tidak ada alatan pelepas tekanan dipasang. Penyimpan gas helium pada 5 ke 10 K perlu dikendalikan seolah-olah ia mengandungi helium cecair kerana <a href="/wiki/Pengembangan_terma" title="Pengembangan terma">pengembangan terma</a> yang pantas dan ketara yang berlaku apabila gas helium pada suhu kurang daripada 10 K dipanaskan pada <a href="/wiki/Suhu_bilik" title="Suhu bilik">suhu bilik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LANL.gov-44">[44]</a> Pada tekanan tinggi (melebihi 20 atm atau 2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megapascal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megapascal (laman tidak wujud)">MPa</a>), campuran helium dan oksigen (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliox (laman tidak wujud)">heliox</a>) boleh menyebabkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindrom_saraf_tekanan_tinggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sindrom saraf tekanan tinggi (laman tidak wujud)">sindrom saraf tekanan tinggi</a>, sejenis kesan anestetik terbalik; masalah ini boleh ditangani dengan memasukkan sedikit nitrogen ke dalam campuran tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imej_tambahan">Imej tambahan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bahagian: Imej tambahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Imej tambahan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Blausen_0476_HeliumAtom.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Skematik 3D atom helium."><img alt="Skematik 3D atom helium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Blausen_0476_HeliumAtom.png/100px-Blausen_0476_HeliumAtom.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Blausen_0476_HeliumAtom.png/150px-Blausen_0476_HeliumAtom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Blausen_0476_HeliumAtom.png/200px-Blausen_0476_HeliumAtom.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skematik 3D atom helium.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Cari <a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/Khas:Gelintar/Helium" class="extiw" title="wikt:Khas:Gelintar/Helium">Helium</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary">Wikikamus</a> bahasa Melayu, kamus bebas.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asal-usul_petroleum_abiogeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asal-usul petroleum abiogeni (laman tidak wujud)">Asal-usul petroleum abiogeni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perejangan_helium-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perejangan helium-3 (laman tidak wujud)">Perejangan helium-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesan_Leidenfrost" title="Kesan Leidenfrost">Kesan Leidenfrost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pepejal_kuantum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pepejal kuantum (laman tidak wujud)">Pepejal kuantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendalir_lampau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendalir lampau">Bendalir lampau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaedah_ujian_kebocoran_gas_pengesan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaedah ujian kebocoran gas pengesan (laman tidak wujud)">Kaedah ujian kebocoran gas pengesan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds</a>, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=35225">Helium: Up, Up and Away?</a> Melinda Rose, Photonics Spectra, Okt. 2008. Diakses Feb 27, 2010. Untuk carta pai 1996 yang lebih berwibawa tetapi lebih tua yang menunjukkan penggunaan helium A.S. mengikut sektor, yang memaparkan hasil yang lebih kurang sama, lihat carta yang dihasilkan semula dalam bahagian "Penggunaan" rencana ini. </li> <li id="cite_note-frnch-3"><a href="#cite_ref-frnch_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFKochhar,_R._K.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Kochhar, R. K. (1991). "French astronomers in India during the 17th – 19th centuries". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 101 (2): 95–100. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JBAA..101...95K">1991JBAA..101...95K</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=French+astronomers+in+India+during+the+17th+%E2%80%93+19th+centuries&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-100&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JBAA..101...95K&rft.au=Kochhar%2C+R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbb-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_4-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley,_John2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. m/s. 175–179. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-19-850341-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-19-850341-5"><bdi>0-19-850341-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=175-179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-850341-5&rft.au=Emsley%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-enc-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enc_5-22">w</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFClifford_A._Hampel1968" class="citation book cs1">Clifford A. Hampel (1968). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. m/s. 256–268. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-442-15598-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-442-15598-0"><bdi>0-442-15598-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=256-268&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-442-15598-0&rft.au=Clifford+A.+Hampel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balloonprofessional.co.uk/decoration_balloons/balloon-helium-gas/">Sir Norman Lockyer – discovery of the element that he named helium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090921141210/http://balloonprofessional.co.uk/decoration_balloons/balloon-helium-gas/">Diarkibkan</a> 2009-09-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Balloon Professional Magazine, 7 August 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50104457?">"Helium"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helium&rft.pub=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50104457%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_William" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, William (Aug. 3, 1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=IogCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA268#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Inaugural Address of Sir William Thompson"</a>. Nature. 4: 261–278 [268]. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1871Natur...4..261.">1871Natur...4..261.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F004261a0">10.1038/004261a0</a>. <q>Frankland and Lockyer find the yellow prominences to give a very decided bright line not far from D, but hitherto not identified with any terrestrial flame. It seems to indicate a new substance, which they propose to call Helium</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Inaugural+Address+of+Sir+William+Thompson&rft.chron=Aug.+3%2C+1871&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=261-278+268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F004261a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1871Natur...4..261.&rft.au=Thomson%2C+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIogCAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA268%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_Alfred_Walter2008" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Alfred Walter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=pIqhPFfDMXwC&pg=PA201">Recent Advances in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry</a>. BiblioBazaar, LLC. m/s. 201. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-554-80513-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-554-80513-8"><bdi>0-554-80513-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Advances+in+Physical+and+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-554-80513-8&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Alfred+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DpIqhPFfDMXwC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay,_William1895" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay, William</a> (1895). "On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3 , One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 58 (347–352): 65–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1895.0006">10.1098/rspl.1895.0006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+a+Gas+Showing+the+Spectrum+of+Helium%2C+the+Reputed+Cause+of+D3+%2C+One+of+the+Lines+in+the+Coronal+Spectrum.+Preliminary+Note&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=347%E2%80%93352&rft.pages=65-67&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1895.0006&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay,_William1895" class="citation journal cs1">Ramsay, William (1895). "Helium, a Gaseous Constituent of Certain Minerals. Part I". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 58 (347–352): 80–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1895.0010">10.1098/rspl.1895.0010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Helium%2C+a+Gaseous+Constituent+of+Certain+Minerals.+Part+I&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=347%E2%80%93352&rft.pages=80-89&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1895.0010&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay,_William1895" class="citation journal cs1">Ramsay, William (1895). "Helium, a Gaseous Constituent of Certain Minerals. Part II--". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 59 (1): 325–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1895.0097">10.1098/rspl.1895.0097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Helium%2C+a+Gaseous+Constituent+of+Certain+Minerals.+Part+II--&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=325-330&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1895.0097&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> (Jerman) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLanglet,_N._A.1895" class="citation journal cs1">Langlet, N. A. (1895). "Das Atomgewicht des Heliums". Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie (dalam bahasa German). 10 (1): 289–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.18950100130">10.1002/zaac.18950100130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+anorganische+Chemie&rft.atitle=Das+Atomgewicht+des+Heliums&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=289-292&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.18950100130&rft.au=Langlet%2C+N.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver,_E.R.1919" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, E.R. (1919). "Bibliography of Helium Literature". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bibliography+of+Helium+Literature&rft.btitle=Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Weaver%2C+E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMunday,_Pat1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Munday&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pat Munday (laman tidak wujud)">Munday, Pat</a> (1999). John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (penyunting). Biographical entry for W.F. 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Oxford University Press. m/s. 808–9, 227–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+entry+for+W.F.+Hillebrand+%281853%E2%80%931925%29%2C+geochemist+and+U.S.+Bureau+of+Standards+administrator+in+American+National+Biography&rft.pages=808-9%2C+227-8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Munday%2C+Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Delft,_Dirk2008" class="citation journal cs1">van Delft, Dirk (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625064354/http://www-lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/cold/VanDelftHKO_PT.pdf">"Little cup of Helium, big Science"</a> (PDF). Physics today: 36–42. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/cold/VanDelftHKO_PT.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2008-06-25. Dicapai pada 2008-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+today&rft.atitle=Little+cup+of+Helium%2C+big+Science&rft.pages=36-42&rft.date=2008&rft.au=van+Delft%2C+Dirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-lorentz.leidenuniv.nl%2Fhistory%2Fcold%2FVanDelftHKO_PT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721134040/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,751945,00.html">"Coldest Cold"</a>. Time Inc. 1929-06-10. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,751945,00.html">yang asal</a> pada 2013-07-21. Dicapai pada 2008-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coldest+Cold&rft.date=1929-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C751945%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKapitza,_P.1938" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Leonidovich_Kapitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa">Kapitza, P.</a> (1938). "Viscosity of Liquid Helium below the λ-Point". Nature. 141 (3558): 74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938Natur.141...74K">1938Natur.141...74K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F141074a0">10.1038/141074a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Viscosity+of+Liquid+Helium+below+the+%CE%BB-Point&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=3558&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F141074a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1938Natur.141...74K&rft.au=Kapitza%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFOsheroff,_D._D.;_Richardson,_R._C.;_Lee,_D._M.1972" class="citation journal cs1">Osheroff, D. D.; Richardson, R. C.; Lee, D. M. (1972). "Evidence for a New Phase of Solid He3". Phys. Rev. Lett. 28 (14): 885–888. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972PhRvL..28..885O">1972PhRvL..28..885O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.28.885">10.1103/PhysRevLett.28.885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+a+New+Phase+of+Solid+He%3Csup%3E3%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=885-888&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.28.885&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972PhRvL..28..885O&rft.au=Osheroff%2C+D.+D.%3B+Richardson%2C+R.+C.%3B+Lee%2C+D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarland,_D._F.1903" class="citation journal cs1">McFarland, D. 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Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 19: 60–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3624173">10.2307/3624173</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3624173">3624173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Kansas+Academy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Composition+of+Gas+from+a+Well+at+Dexter%2C+Kan&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=60-62&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3624173&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3624173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=McFarland%2C+D.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060520213956/http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/helium/helium.html">"The Discovery of Helium in Natural Gas"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Chemical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Chemical Society (laman tidak wujud)">American Chemical Society</a>. 2004. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/helium/helium.html">yang asal</a> pada 2006-05-20. Dicapai pada 2008-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Helium+in+Natural+Gas&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facswebcontent.acs.org%2Flandmarks%2Flandmarks%2Fhelium%2Fhelium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCady,_H.P.1906" class="citation journal cs1">Cady, H.P. (1906). "Helium in Natural Gas". Science. 24 (611): 344. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1906Sci....24..344D">1906Sci....24..344D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.24.611.344">10.1126/science.24.611.344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17772798">17772798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Helium+in+Natural+Gas&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=611&rft.pages=344&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17772798&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.24.611.344&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1906Sci....24..344D&rft.au=Cady%2C+H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCady,_H.P.;_McFarland,_D._F.1906" class="citation journal cs1">Cady, H.P.; McFarland, D. F. (1906). "Helium in Kansas Natural Gas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 20: 80–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3624645">10.2307/3624645</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3624645">3624645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Kansas+Academy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Helium+in+Kansas+Natural+Gas&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=80-81&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3624645&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3624645%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Cady%2C+H.P.%3B+McFarland%2C+D.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFEmme,_Eugene_M._comp.1961" class="citation book cs1">Emme, Eugene M. comp., penyunting (1961). "Aeronautics and Astronautics Chronology, 1920–1924". Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915–1960. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>. m/s. 11–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aeronautics+and+Astronautics+Chronology%2C+1920%E2%80%931924&rft.btitle=Aeronautics+and+Astronautics%3A+An+American+Chronology+of+Science+and+Technology+in+the+Exploration+of+Space%2C+1915%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=11-19&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|chapterurl=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHilleret,_N.1999" class="citation book cs1">Hilleret, N. 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CRC Press. m/s. 493. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-8247-9834-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-8247-9834-1"><bdi>0-8247-9834-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High-vacuum+technology%3A+a+practical+guide&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8247-9834-1&rft.au=Hablanian%2C+M.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D5L8uIAFm4SoC%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFEkin,_Jack_W.2006" class="citation book cs1">Ekin, Jack W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Q9tmZQTDPiYC">Experimental Techniques for Low-Temperature measurements</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-19-857054-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-19-857054-6"><bdi>0-19-857054-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experimental+Techniques+for+Low-Temperature+measurements&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-857054-6&rft.au=Ekin%2C+Jack+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DQ9tmZQTDPiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerAcklesG1985" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, B; Ackles, KN; G, Porlier (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3019">"Effects of inert gas narcosis on behavior—a critical review"</a>. 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Res. 1 (1): 1–28. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0093-5387">0093-5387</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2068005">2068005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4619860">4619860</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2661">yang asal</a> pada 2010-12-25. 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Dicapai pada 2008-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undersea+Biomed.+Res.&rft.atitle=The+causes%2C+mechanisms+and+prevention+of+the+high-pressure+nervous+syndrome&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2068005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4619860&rft.au=Hunger%2C+Jr.%2C+W.+L.%3B+Bennett.%2C+P.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F2661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bahagian: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bibliografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="references-small"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Mines1967" class="citation book cs1">Bureau of Mines (1967). 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Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minerals+yearbook+mineral+fuels+Year+1965%2C+Volume+II+%281967%29&rft.pub=U.+S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Bureau+of+Mines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_the_Impact_of_Selling_the_Federal_Helium_Reserve,_Commission_on_Physical_Sciences,_Mathematics,_and_Applications,_Commission_on_Engineering_and_Technical_Systems,_National_Research_Council2000" class="citation book cs1">Committee on the Impact of Selling the Federal Helium Reserve, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9860&page=27">The Impact of Selling the Federal Helium Reserve</a>. The National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-309-07038-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-309-07038-4"><bdi>0-309-07038-4</bdi></a>. Dicapai pada 2010-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Selling+the+Federal+Helium+Reserve&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-309-07038-4&rft.au=Committee+on+the+Impact+of+Selling+the+Federal+Helium+Reserve%2C+Commission+on+Physical+Sciences%2C+Mathematics%2C+and+Applications%2C+Commission+on+Engineering+and+Technical+Systems%2C+National+Research+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D9860%26page%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley,_John1998" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (1998). The Elements (ed. 3rd). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-855818-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-855818-7"><bdi>978-0-19-855818-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-855818-7&rft.au=Emsley%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/helium/heliumcs07.pdf">"Mineral Information for Helium"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey (usgs.gov). Dicapai pada 2007-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+Information+for+Helium&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey+%28usgs.gov%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fhelium%2Fheliumcs07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVercheval,_J.2003" class="citation web cs1">Vercheval, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050101090349/http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/Public/Research/Thermo/Thermotxt.en.html">"The thermosphere: a part of the heterosphere"</a>. Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/Public/Research/Thermo/Thermotxt.en.html">yang asal</a> pada 2005-01-01. Dicapai pada 2008-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+thermosphere%3A+a+part+of+the+heterosphere&rft.pub=Belgian+Institute+for+Space+Aeronomy&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Vercheval%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oma.be%2FBIRA-IASB%2FPublic%2FResearch%2FThermo%2FThermotxt.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium&action=edit&section=33" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Umum</dt></dl> <ul><li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/newsroom/2007/january/NR0701_2.html">Biro Pengurusan Tanah Kerajaan A.S.: Sumber, Penapisan dan Kekurangan.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725060842/http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/newsroom/2007/january/NR0701_2.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2008-07-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dengan sedikit sejarah helium.</li> <li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/helium/">Terbitan Tinjauan Geologi A.S. berkenaan helium</a> bermula 1996: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/helium/mcs-2012-heliu.pdf">Helium</a></li> <li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aga.com/international/web/lg/aga/like35agacom.nsf/0/BEF74B49AFC3099DC1257A2200473157">Di mana semua helium?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110030719/http://www.aga.com/international/web/lg/aga/like35agacom.nsf/0/BEF74B49AFC3099DC1257A2200473157">Diarkibkan</a> 2012-11-10 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Laman sesawang Aga</li> <li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele002.html">It's Elemental – Helium</a></li> <li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp">Podkas Chemistry in its element podcast</a> (MP3) daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemistry_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemistry World (laman tidak wujud)">Chemistry World</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persatuan_Kimia_Diraja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persatuan Kimia Diraja (laman tidak wujud)">Persatuan Kimia Diraja</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_Helium_48kbps_tcm18-133173.mp3">Helium</a></li> <li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0603.html">Kad Keselamatan Kimia Antarabangsa – Helium</a>; mengandungi maklumat kesihatan dan keselamatan berkenaan pendedahan secara tidak sengaja kepada helium</li></ul> <dl><dt>Maklumat lanjut</dt></dl> <ul><li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/002.htm">Helium</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Periodic Table of Videos (laman tidak wujud)">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (Universiti Nottingham)</li> <li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boojum.hut.fi/research/theory/helium.html">Helium</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Teknologi_Helsinki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Teknologi Helsinki (laman tidak wujud)">Universiti Teknologi Helsinki</a>; termasuk gambar rajah fasa tekanan-suhu bagi helium-3 dan helium-4</li> <li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.lancs.ac.uk/research/condmatt/ult/index.htm">Universiti Lancaster, Fizik Tekanan Ultra Rendah</a> – termasuk ringkasan beberapa teknik suhu rendah</li></ul> <dl><dt>Lain-lain</dt></dl> <ul><li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/PHYSICS_!/SPEECH_HELIUM/speech.html">Physics in Speech</a> dengan contoh audio yang mendemonstrasi pic suara yang tidak berubah</li> <li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/helium.htm">Rencana tentang helium dan gas-gas adi lain</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kekurangan helium</dt></dl> <ul><li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41438">America’s Helium Supply: Options for Producing More Helium from Federal Land: Oversight Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources of the Committee on Natural Resources, Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Syarikat, Kongres Keseratus Tiga Belas, Sesi Pertama, Khamis, 11 Julai 2013</a></li> <li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo35149">Helium Program: Urgent Issues Facing BLM's Storage and Sale of Helium Reserves: Testimony before the Committee on Natural Resources, Dewan Perwakilan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabatan_Akauntabiliti_Kerajaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabatan Akauntabiliti Kerajaan (laman tidak wujud)">Jabatan Akauntabiliti Kerajaan</a></li> <li>(Inggeris) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2012" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, David (22 Mei 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027123611/http://www.physicstoday.org/daily_edition/politics_and_policy/senate_bill_would_preserve_us_helium_reserve">"Senate bill would preserve US helium reserve: Measure would give scientists first dibs on helium should a shortage develop. Physics Today web site"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicstoday.org/daily_edition/politics_and_policy/senate_bill_would_preserve_us_helium_reserve">yang asal</a> pada 2012-10-27. Dicapai pada 2014-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+bill+would+preserve+US+helium+reserve%3A+Measure+would+give+scientists+first+dibs+on+helium+should+a+shortage+develop.+Physics+Today+web+site&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicstoday.org%2Fdaily_edition%2Fpolitics_and_policy%2Fsenate_bill_would_preserve_us_helium_reserve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHelium" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(Inggeris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://eolus.phys.northwestern.edu/CM_Theory_Group/Photos/Pages/QFS2009_files/Helium_Shortages_Chan-Richardson.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614095643/http://eolus.phys.northwestern.edu/CM_Theory_Group/Photos/Pages/QFS2009_files/Helium_Shortages_Chan-Richardson.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> 2015-06-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="32"><div style="float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style=""><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Jadual_berkala_padat" title="Templat:Jadual berkala padat">p</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Jadual_berkala_padat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Jadual berkala padat (laman tidak wujud)">b</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Jadual_berkala_padat&action=edit">s</a></li></ul></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">Jadual berkala</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" colspan="30">  </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Zink" class="mw-redirect" title="Zink">Zn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik">As</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Teknetium" title="Teknetium">Tc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Antimoni" title="Antimoni">Sb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Plumbum" title="Plumbum">Pb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td 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