CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="robots" content="all,index,follow" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://www.journalssystem.com/_static/g/c/js_favicon.ico?v=1" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/es-static/esfontsv5/styles.css?v6" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.journalssystem.com/_static/common/bootstrap-4.6.0-dist/css/bootstrap.css" /> <style type="text/css"> a {color: #0682E7;} a:link {text-decoration:none;color: #0682E7;} a:visited {text-decoration:none;color: #0682E7;} a:focus {text-decoration:underline;color: #0682E7;} a:active {text-decoration:none;color: #0682E7;} a:hover {text-decoration:underline;color: #0682E7;} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/es-static/css/styles_v2.css?v33" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/es-static/css/v2-box.css?v1.1" /> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="http://www.journalssystem.com/_static/common/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="http://www.journalssystem.com/_static/common/bootstrap-4.6.0-dist/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="http://www.journalssystem.com/_static/common/jquery.fancybox.min.js?v=3"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.journalssystem.com/_static/common/jquery.fancybox.min.css?v=3" type="text/css" media="screen" /> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="http://www.journalssystem.com/_static/js/scripts.js?v=v2.123"></script> <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Monitoring-of-winter-wheat-growth-in-categories-of-frost-damage-and-production-potential,195732,0,2.html" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Monitoring of winter wheat growth in categories of frost damage and production potential using SAR and optical images" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Remote sensing plays an increasingly important role in agriculture, especially in monitoring the quality of agricultural crops. Optical sensing is often limited in Central Europe due to cloud cover; therefore, synthetic aperture radar data is increasingly being used. However, synthetic aperture..." /> <style type="text/css"> @media (min-width: 1px) { img.articleImg {width: 100px;} img.articleImgList {width: 100px;} div.articleInfo {} } @media (min-width: 768px) { img.articleImg {width: 190px;} img.articleImgList {width: 110px;} div.articleInfo {width: calc(100% - 200px); float: left;} } div.magBibliography2 a:hover {color: #0682E7;} div.rightBox0:hover .boxIcon {color:#fb1f01;} div.rightBox1:hover .boxIcon {color:#fb1f01;} div.articleTopInner a.articleTopL:hover {border-bottom:2px solid #0682E7; color: #0682E7;} a.articleNavArrow:hover {color: #0682E7;} a.magStats:hover {color: #0682E7;} a.advSearch:hover {color: #0682E7;} div.logosMore a:hover {color: #0682E7;} a.cookieAccept {background: #0682E7;} a.cookieDecline {color: #0682E7;border:1px solid #0682E7;} a.cookieMore {color: #0682E7;} div.refExternalLink .icon {color: #0682E7;} div.otherArticles a:hover {color: #0682E7;} div.scrollArrow a:hover {color: #0682E7;} .bgMain {background-color: #fb1f01 !important;} a.magArticleTitle:hover {color: #0682E7;} div.topMenuFullClose a:hover {color: #0682E7;} a.cookieAlertClose:hover {color: #0682E7;} div.topMenuFull a.menuOpt:hover {color: #0682E7;} div.tabsIn a.tabCur {border-top: 1px solid #fb1f01;} div.impOptionsBorder {border-color: #fb1f01;} a.impOptionSubmit {background: #fb1f01;} a.impOptionSubmit:hover {background: ;} a.impOption {border-color: #fb1f01; color: #fb1f01;} a.impOption:hover {background: #fb1f01;} div.menu a.menuCurrentPos {border-color: #fb1f01;} div.pagingDiv a {color: #fb1f01; } div.pagingDiv a:hover {background: #fb1f01; border: 1px solid #fb1f01; } div.pagingDiv b {background: #fb1f01;} div.subtitleUnderline { border-bottom: 2px solid #fb1f01;} div.rightBoxOptLine { border-bottom:2px solid #fb1f01; } div.logosMoreLine { border-bottom:2px solid #fb1f01; } div.highlights ul li::before { color: #fb1f01;} body { background: ;} ul.tops li.current { border-bottom-color:#fb1f01;} div.header { background: #385d40; border-bottom:0;} div.metricValueImp { color:#fb1f01;} div.metrics a { color:#0682E7;} input.emailAlertsButton {color: #0682E7;} div.linksColorBackground {background: #0682E7;} div.whiteLogoOut {background: #385d40;} div.abstractSup {background: #0682E7;} div.abstractSupLink {color: #0682E7; } div.abstractSupLink:hover {background: #0682E7; color:#fff; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> function pdfStats(articleId) { $.get('http://www.international-agrophysics.org/CountStats/'+articleId+'/PDF/'); } jQuery(document).ready(function() { $(".db-orcid").each(function(){ var elementContent = $(this).html(); elementContent = '<div class="icon icon-orcid"></div>'+elementContent; $(this).html(elementContent); }); $(".db-googlescholar").each(function(){ var elementContent = $(this).html(); elementContent = '<div class="icon icon-googlescholar"></div>'+elementContent; $(this).html(elementContent); }); $(".db-researcherid").each(function(){ var elementContent = $(this).html(); elementContent = '<div class="icon icon-researcher-id"></div>'+elementContent; $(this).html(elementContent); }); $(".db-scopus").each(function(){ var elementContent = $(this).html(); elementContent = '<div class="icon icon-scopus"></div>'+elementContent; $(this).html(elementContent); }); }); </script> <script src="http://www.journalssystem.com/_static/common/jcanvas.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="http://www.journalssystem.com/_static/common/es.canvas.js?v2" type="text/javascript"></script> <meta name="description" content="Remote sensing plays an increasingly important role in agriculture, especially in monitoring the quality of agricultural crops. Optical sensing is often limited in Central Europe due to cloud cover; therefore, synthetic aperture radar data is increasingly being used. However, synthetic aperture..." /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Monitoring of winter wheat growth in categories of frost damage and production potential using SAR and optical images" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.31545/intagr/195732" /> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.31545/intagr/195732" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Agrophysics" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0236-8722" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2300-8725" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="39" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Bohdan Dobrzański Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences" /> <meta name="citation_language" content="english" /> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Int. Agrophys." /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Miloš Láznička" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lukáš Tůma" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Věra Vandírková" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Marie Wohlmuthová" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Martin Kotek" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="František Kumhála" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jitka Kumhálová" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2025/01/28" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2025/01/28" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="99" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="111" /> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/pdf-195732-120837?filename=Monitoring of winter.pdf" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Sentinel-1; polarizations; spring frost; field variability; logistic regression model" /> <title> Monitoring of winter wheat growth in categories of frost damage and production potential using SAR and optical images </title> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=647f0be740353a0019caf2e3&product=inline-share-buttons&source=platform" async="async"></script>  </head> <body> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="d-none d-md-block"> </div> <div class="d-block d-md-none"> <div class="mMenu"> <a href="#" onclick="$('#mMenuCollapse').slideToggle(400); $('#mSearchCollapse').hide(); return false;" class="dirRight menuOpt mobileMenuIcoOpt"> <div class="icon icon-reorder"></div> </a> <a href="#" onclick="$('#mSearchCollapse').slideToggle(150); $('#mMenuCollapse').hide(); return false;" class="dirRight menuOpt mobileMenuIcoOpt"> <div class="icon icon-search"></div> </a> <div class="clearAll"> </div> <div class="mobileMenuHiddenDiv" id="mMenuCollapse"> <div class="mobileMenu"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/" class="menuOpt menuCurrentGroup menuCurrentPos">Current issue</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Archive" class="menuOpt ">Archive</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Online-first" class="menuOpt ">Online first</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Information-for-Authors,1644.html" class="menuOpt ">Information for Authors</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/About-the-Journal,1640.html" class="menuOpt ">About the Journal</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Editorial-Board,1641.html" class="menuOpt menuSub ">Editorial Board</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Contact-us,1643.html" class="menuOpt menuSub ">Contact us</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Publisher,1646.html" class="menuOpt menuSub ">Publisher</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Instructions-for-Reviewers,1645.html" class="menuOpt ">Instructions for Reviewers</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Reviewers,2227.html" class="menuOpt ">Reviewers</a> </div> </div> <div class="mobileMenuHiddenDiv" id="mSearchCollapse"> <div class="mobileSearch"> <div class="divRelative"> <form action="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Search/" name="searchFormmobile" method="get"> <input name="s" type="text" class="mobileSearchInput" value=""/> <div class="searchBut"><a href="#" onclick="document.searchFormmobile.submit();return false;"><div class="icon icon-angle-right"></div></a></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row d-none d-md-block"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="topMenuUnder"></div> <div class="topMenu" id="topMenuId"> <div class="topMenuIn"> <a href="#" class="menuOpt dirRight" id="searchButtonId" onclick="toggleSearchForm(); return false;"><div class="menuIcon icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true"></div></a> <div class="searchArea" id="searchAreaId"><div class="searchAreaIn"> <div class="searchButton"> <a href="#" onclick="document.getElementById('searchFormId').submit();">SEARCH</a> </div> <form action="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Search/" id="searchFormId" name="searchForm" method="get"> <input name="s" id="searchInputId" type="text" value=""/> </form> </div></div> <script type="text/javascript"> function toggleSearchForm(){ $('#searchAreaId').toggle(); $('#searchButtonId').toggleClass('menuOptSubmenuOpen'); document.getElementById('searchInputId').focus(); } function hideSearchForm() { $('#searchAreaId').hide(); $('#searchButtonId').removeClass('menuOptSubmenuOpen'); } function setSubmenuWidth(menuPosId) { $("#submenu"+menuPosId).css("min-width", $("#menuPos"+menuPosId).outerWidth() + "px"); } $(window).scroll(function () { hideSearchForm(); }); </script> <div class="dirLeft" > <a id="menuPos1637" href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/" class="menuOpt menuCurrentPos"> <div class="dirLeft icon icon-home" aria-hidden="true"></div> Current issue </a> </div> <div class="dirLeft" > <a id="menuPos1638" href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Archive" class="menuOpt "> Archive </a> </div> <div class="dirLeft" > <a id="menuPos1639" href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Online-first" class="menuOpt "> Online first </a> </div> <div class="dirLeft" > <a id="menuPos1644" href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Information-for-Authors,1644.html" class="menuOpt "> Information for Authors </a> </div> <div class="dirLeft" onmouseover="$('#submenu1640').show(0, setSubmenuWidth(1640)); $('#menuPos1640').addClass('menuOptSubmenuOpen');" onmouseout="$('#submenu1640').hide(); $('#menuPos1640').removeClass('menuOptSubmenuOpen');"> <a id="menuPos1640" href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/About-the-Journal,1640.html" class="menuOpt "> About the Journal </a> <div class="submenu" id="submenu1640"><div class="submenuIn"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Editorial-Board,1641.html" class="menuSubOpt">Editorial Board</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Contact-us,1643.html" class="menuSubOpt">Contact us</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Publisher,1646.html" class="menuSubOpt">Publisher</a> </div></div> </div> <div class="dirLeft" > <a id="menuPos1645" href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Instructions-for-Reviewers,1645.html" class="menuOpt "> Instructions for Reviewers </a> </div> <div class="dirLeft"> <a href="#" class="menuOpt" id="desktopFullMenuLinkId" onclick="$('#topMenuId').addClass('topMenuHidden'); $('#topMenuFullId').addClass('topMenuFullVisible'); hideSearchForm(); return false;"> <div class="menuIcon icon icon-reorder"></div> </a> </div> <div class="clearAll"></div> </div> <div class="topMenuFull" id="topMenuFullId"> <div class="topMenuFullIn"> <div class="container-fluid stdRow"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-6 topMenuFullLogo"> <div> <img src="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/_static/logo_v2.png" alt="Logo of the journal: International Agrophysics" border="0" class="hLogo" style="max-width:190%;" /> </div> </div> <div class="col-6 topMenuFullClose"> <a href="#" onclick="$('#topMenuFullId').removeClass('topMenuFullVisible'); $('#topMenuId').removeClass('topMenuHidden'); return false;"> <div class="icon icon-close-empty"></div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/" class="menuOpt"> Current issue </a> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Archive" class="menuOpt"> Archive </a> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Online-first" class="menuOpt"> Online first </a> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Information-for-Authors,1644.html" class="menuOpt"> Information for Authors </a> </div> </div><div class="row topMenuFullLineOut"><div class="col-12 topMenuFullLine"></div></div><div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/About-the-Journal,1640.html" class="menuOpt"> About the Journal </a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Editorial-Board,1641.html" class="menuSubOpt">Editorial Board</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Contact-us,1643.html" class="menuSubOpt">Contact us</a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Publisher,1646.html" class="menuSubOpt">Publisher</a> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Instructions-for-Reviewers,1645.html" class="menuOpt"> Instructions for Reviewers </a> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Reviewers,2227.html" class="menuOpt"> Reviewers </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row header"> <div class="container-fluid stdRow"> <div class="row" id="jsHeaderId"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="headLogo headLogoNoPad"> <div class="d-none d-md-block"> </div> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/"> <img src="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/_static/logo_v2.png" alt="Logo of the journal: International Agrophysics" border="0" class="hLogo" style="" /> </a> <div class="d-none d-md-block"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row mainBG"> <div class="container-fluid stdRow"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-8 mainDiv"> <div class="articleTop"> <div class="articleTopInner"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Issue-2-2025,15311" class="articleTopL dirLeft">2/2025 vol. 39</a> <div class="articleTopLinkSpacer dirLeft"></div> <a href="#" class="articleTopL dirRight" data-fancybox="popup" data-type="ajax" data-src="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/stats/195732/?langId=2"><div class="icon icon-bar-chart"></div><span class="d-none d-md-inline-block">Stats</span></a> <div class="articleTopLinkSpacer dirRight"></div> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="articleTopL dirRight"><div class="icon icon-cc"></div><span class="d-none d-md-inline-block">CC-BY 4.0</span></a> <div class="articleTopLinkSpacer dirRight"></div> <a href="#" class="articleTopL dirRight" data-fancybox="ungrouped" data-type="ajax" data-src="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/cite/195732/?langId=2"><div class="icon icon-quote-left"></div><span class="d-none d-md-inline-block">Get citation</span></a> <div class="clearAll"></div> </div> </div> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Pyrolysis-as-a-method-of-refining-plant-biomass-residues-from-poppy-Papaver-somniferum,197319,0,2.html" title="NEXT" class="dirRight articleNavArrow"><div class="icon icon-angle-right"></div></a> <div class="articleNavSpacer dirRight"></div> <div class="dirLeft magArticleTypeAbstract">RESEARCH PAPER</div> <div class="clearAll"></div> <div class=""> <div class="articleTitle">Monitoring of winter wheat growth in categories of frost damage and production potential using SAR and optical images</div> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function(){ $.get('http://www.international-agrophysics.org/CountStats/195732/VIEW/'); }); </script> <div class="subtitleUnderline"></div> <div class="magAbstractAuthors"> <div class="dirLeft"> <div class="dirLeft " id="author_292396" onmouseover="highlightAffs('1', 1, 292396); return false;" onmouseout="highlightAffs('1', 0, 292396); return false;"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Author-Miloš-Láznička/292396" class="black">Miloš Láznička</a> <span class=""> <sup> 1 </sup> </span> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a href="mailto:laznickam@tf.czu.cz"><div class="icon icon-envelope-o"></div></a></div> <div class="dirLeft pad-right-5">,</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="dirLeft"> <div class="dirLeft " id="author_292397" onmouseover="highlightAffs('1', 1, 292397); return false;" onmouseout="highlightAffs('1', 0, 292397); return false;"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Author-Lukáš-Tůma/292397" class="black">Lukáš Tůma</a> <span class=""> <sup> 1 </sup> </span> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a href="mailto:ltuma@tf.czu.cz"><div class="icon icon-envelope-o"></div></a></div> <div class="dirLeft pad-right-5">,</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="dirLeft"> <div class="dirLeft " id="author_292398" onmouseover="highlightAffs('2', 1, 292398); return false;" onmouseout="highlightAffs('2', 0, 292398); return false;"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Author-Věra-Vandírková/292398" class="black">Věra Vandírková</a> <span class=""> <sup> 2 </sup> </span> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a href="mailto:vandirkova.vera@gmail.com"><div class="icon icon-envelope-o"></div></a></div> <div class="dirLeft pad-right-5">,</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="dirLeft"> <div class="dirLeft " id="author_149540" onmouseover="highlightAffs('3', 1, 149540); return false;" onmouseout="highlightAffs('3', 0, 149540); return false;"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Author-Marie-Wohlmuthová/149540" class="black">Marie Wohlmuthová</a> <span class=""> <sup> 3 </sup> </span> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a href="mailto:wohlmuth@tf.czu.cz"><div class="icon icon-envelope-o"></div></a></div> <div class="dirLeft pad-right-5">,</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="dirLeft"> <div class="dirLeft " id="author_292399" onmouseover="highlightAffs('2', 1, 292399); return false;" onmouseout="highlightAffs('2', 0, 292399); return false;"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Author-Martin-Kotek/292399" class="black">Martin Kotek</a> <span class=""> <sup> 2 </sup> </span> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a href="mailto:kotekm@tf.czu.cz"><div class="icon icon-envelope-o"></div></a></div> <div class="dirLeft pad-right-5">,</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="dirLeft"> <div class="dirLeft " id="author_149542" onmouseover="highlightAffs('1', 1, 149542); return false;" onmouseout="highlightAffs('1', 0, 149542); return false;"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Author-František-Kumhála/149542" class="black">František Kumhála</a> <span class=""> <sup> 1 </sup> </span> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a href="mailto:kumhala@tf.czu.cz"><div class="icon icon-envelope-o"></div></a></div> <div class="dirLeft pad-right-5">,</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="dirLeft"> <div class="dirLeft " id="author_112265" onmouseover="highlightAffs('2', 1, 112265); return false;" onmouseout="highlightAffs('2', 0, 112265); return false;"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Author-Jitka-Kumhálová/112265" class="black">Jitka Kumhálová</a> <span class=""> <sup> 2 </sup> </span> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a href="mailto:kumhalova@tf.czu.cz"><div class="icon icon-envelope-o"></div></a></div> <div class="dirLeft"> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0867-411X" target="_blank"><div class="icon icon-orcid"></div></a> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div style="height: 10px;line-height: 10px;font-size: 0;"> </div> <a class="articleDetails" href="#" onclick="$('#articleDetailsId').toggle(200); $('#moreDetailsId').toggle(); $('#hideDetailsId').toggle(); $('[rel=contributionRel]').toggle(200); return false; " id="moreDetailsId"><div class="dirLeft icon icon-angle-down"></div>More details</a> <a class="articleDetails" href="#" onclick="$('#articleDetailsId').toggle(200); $('#hideDetailsId').toggle(); $('#moreDetailsId').toggle(); $('[rel=contributionRel]').toggle(200); return false; " id="hideDetailsId"><div class="dirLeft icon icon-angle-up"></div>Hide details</a> <div id="articleDetailsId"> <div class="affiliations"> <div class="simple-list"> <div class="list-row-small" id="aff_1" onmouseover="highlightAuthors('292396,292397,149542', 1, 1); return false;" onmouseout="highlightAuthors('292396,292397,149542', 0, 1); return false;"> <div class="dirLeft w-23px pad-left-4 em-08">1</div> <div class="dirLeft w-100-c23 em-095">Department of Agricultural Machines, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="list-row-small" id="aff_2" onmouseover="highlightAuthors('292398,292399,112265', 1, 2); return false;" onmouseout="highlightAuthors('292398,292399,112265', 0, 2); return false;"> <div class="dirLeft w-23px pad-left-4 em-08">2</div> <div class="dirLeft w-100-c23 em-095">Department of Vehicles and Ground Transport, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="list-row-small" id="aff_3" onmouseover="highlightAuthors('149540', 1, 3); return false;" onmouseout="highlightAuthors('149540', 0, 3); return false;"> <div class="dirLeft w-23px pad-left-4 em-08">3</div> <div class="dirLeft w-100-c23 em-095">Department of Mathematics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="simple-list pad-top-12 pad-bot-10"> <div class="list-row-small-2"> <div class="dirLeft w-23px"> </div> <div class="dirLeft w-100-c23 em-08">Final revision date: 2024-10-22</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="list-row-small-2"> <div class="dirLeft w-23px"> </div> <div class="dirLeft w-100-c23 em-08">Acceptance date: 2024-11-08</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="list-row-small-2"> <div class="dirLeft w-23px"> </div> <div class="dirLeft w-100-c23 em-08">Publication date: 2025-01-28</div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="simple-list"> <div class="list-row-small"> <div class="dirLeft w-23px"> </div> <div class="dirLeft w-100-c23"> <div class="em-085"><b>Corresponding author</b></div> <div class="em-095"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Author-Jitka-Kumhálová/112265" class="corrAuthorLink" class="black">Jitka Kumhálová</a>   <a href="mailto:kumhalova@tf.czu.cz"><div class="icon icon-envelope-o"></div></a><br/> Department of Vehicles and Ground Transport, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> function highlightAuthors(a, on, aff){ var a = a.split(','); if(on == 1) $('#aff_'+aff).stop().animate({backgroundColor: "#FFFAA8"}, 166); else $('#aff_'+aff).stop().animate({backgroundColor: "#fff"}, 166); for(i = 0; i < a.length; i++){ if(on == 1) $('#author_'+a[i]).stop().animate({backgroundColor: "#FFFAA8"}, 166); else $('#author_'+a[i]).stop().animate({backgroundColor: "#fff"}, 166); } } function highlightAffs(affs, on, author){ var affs = affs.split(','); if(on == 1) $('#author_'+author).stop().animate({backgroundColor: "#FFFAA8"}, 166); else $('#author_'+author).stop().animate({backgroundColor: "#fff"}, 166); for(i = 0; i < affs.length; i++){ if(on == 1) $('#aff_'+affs[i]).stop().animate({backgroundColor: "#FFFAA8"}, 166); else $('#aff_'+affs[i]).stop().animate({backgroundColor: "#fff"}, 166); } } </script> <div style="height: 8px;line-height: 8px;font-size: 0;"> </div> <div class="magBibliography2">Int. Agrophys. 2025, 39(2): 99-111</div>  <div class="magBibliography2"> <div class="dirLeft" style="padding-top: 7px; padding-right: 10px;"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/195732"><div class="dirLeft icon icon-angle-right"></div>DOI: <span class="magBibliographyDOI">https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/195732</span></a> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> <div class="abstractButtons"> <a class="abstractFullText dirLeft" target="_blank" onclick="pdfStats(195732);return true;" href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/pdf-195732-120837?filename=Monitoring of winter.pdf"> <div class="abstractFullTextButton dirLeft"> <div class="dirLeft icon icon-file-pdf-o"></div> Article <span class="block">(PDF)</span> </div> </a> <a href="#references" class="abstractLink dirLeft"> <span class="block">References</span><span class="block"> </span><span class="block">(62)</span> </a> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> Data availability: The data used for this paper is available upon request from the corresponding author. The data used in this study were downloaded from the Copernicus Open Access Hub and Czech Cadastre. <div class="highlights"> <div class="abstractLabel">HIGHLIGHTS</div> <div class=""> <ul> <li>Information from SAR images can be used to assess within field variability</li> <li>RVI, VH and VV polarization showed differences between observed categories</li> <li>Logistic regression model resulted better for higher spatial resolutions</li> <li>Modern statistical methods bring information from SAR closer to practical use</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="abstractLabel">KEYWORDS</div> <div class="abstractContent"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Keyword-Sentinel-1/268518" class="singleKeyword">Sentinel-1<div class="icon icon-circle dirRight"></div></a><a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Keyword-polarizations/601973" class="singleKeyword">polarizations<div class="icon icon-circle dirRight"></div></a><a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Keyword-spring+frost/507140" class="singleKeyword">spring frost<div class="icon icon-circle dirRight"></div></a><a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Keyword-field+variability/601974" class="singleKeyword">field variability<div class="icon icon-circle dirRight"></div></a><a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Keyword-logistic+regression+model/132993" class="singleKeyword">logistic regression model</a> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="abstractLabel">TOPICS</div> <div class="abstractContent"> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Topic-Agricultural+and+Biosystems+Engineering/18912" class="singleKeyword">Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering<div class="icon icon-circle dirRight"></div></a><a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Topic-Crop+Responses+to+Abiotic+Stresses/18960" class="singleKeyword">Crop Responses to Abiotic Stresses</a> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <div class="abstractLabel">ABSTRACT</div> <div class="abstractContent realAbstract" >Remote sensing plays an increasingly important role in agriculture, especially in monitoring the quality of agricultural crops. Optical sensing is often limited in Central Europe due to cloud cover; therefore, synthetic aperture radar data is increasingly being used. However, synthetic aperture radar data is limited by more difficult interpretation mainly due to the influence of speckles. For this reason, its use is often limited to larger territorial units and field blocks. The main aim of this study therefore was to verify the possibility of using satellite synthetic aperture radar images to assess the within-field variability of winter wheat. The lowest radar vegetation index values corresponded to the area of the lowest production potential and the greatest damage to the stand. Also for VH and VV polarizations, the highest values corresponded to the area of the lowest stand quality. Qualitative changes in the stand across the zones defined by frost damage and production potential were assessed with the help of the logistic regression model with resampled data for 10, 50, and 100 m pixel size. The best correlation coefficients were achieved at a spatial resolution of 50 m for both options. The F-score still yielded a promising result ranging from 0.588 to 0.634 for frost damage categories. The regression model of the production potential performed slightly better in terms of the F-score, recall, and precision at higher resolutions. It was proved that modern statistical methods could be used to reduce problems associated with speckles of radar images for practical purposes.</div> <a class="anchor" id="acknowledgements"></a> <div class="abstractLabel">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</div> <div class="abstractContentReal"> <div class="">We would like to thank to the management of agriculture company Lupofyt for providing agronomic data.</div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="funding"></a> <div class="abstractLabel">FUNDING</div> <div class="abstractContentReal"> <div class="">This work was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, research project NAZV QK 22010014; and Internal Grant of Faculty of Engineering CZU 2021:31150/1312/3113.</div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="conflictOfInterests"></a> <div class="abstractLabel">CONFLICT OF INTEREST</div> <div class="abstractContentReal"> <div class="">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="references"></a> <div class="abstractLabel"><span class="block">REFERENCES</span><span class="block"> </span><span class="block">(62)</span></div> <div class="abstractContent"> <a class="anchor" id="1"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_1"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">1.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Atzberger, C., 2013. Advances in remote sensing of agriculture: context description, existing operational monitoring systems and major information needs. Remote Sensing 5, 949-981 5, 949-981. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5084124">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5084...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5084124">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Atzberger, C., 2013. Advances in remote sensing of agriculture: context description, existing operational monitoring systems and major information needs. Remote Sensing 5, 949-981 5, 949-981. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5084124.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="2"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_2"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">2.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Balážová, K., Chyba, J., Kumhálová, J., Mašek, J., Petrásek, S., 2021. Monitoring of Khorasan (Triticum turgidum ssp. Turanicum) and modern kabot spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties by UAV and sensor technologies under different soil tillage. Agronomy 11(7), 1348. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071348">https://doi.org/10.3390/agrono...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071348">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Balážová, K., Chyba, J., Kumhálová, J., Mašek, J., Petrásek, S., 2021. Monitoring of Khorasan (Triticum turgidum ssp. Turanicum) and modern kabot spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties by UAV and sensor technologies under different soil tillage. Agronomy 11(7), 1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071348.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="3"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_3"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">3.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Bao, X., Zhang, R., Lv, J., Wu, R., Zhang, H., Chen, J., et al., 2023. Vegetation descriptors from Sentinel-1 SAR data for crop growth monitoring. ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sensing 203, 86-114. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2023.07.023">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ispr...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2023.07.023">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bao, X., Zhang, R., Lv, J., Wu, R., Zhang, H., Chen, J., et al., 2023. Vegetation descriptors from Sentinel-1 SAR data for crop growth monitoring. ISPRS J. Photogrammetry Remote Sensing 203, 86-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2023.07.023.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="4"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_4"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">4.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Barlow, K.M., Christy, B.P., O’Leary, G.J., Riffkin, P.A., Nuttall, J.G., 2015. Simulating the impact of extreme heat and frost events on wheat crop production: A review. Field Crops Res. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.11.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr....</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.11.010">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Barlow, K.M., Christy, B.P., O’Leary, G.J., Riffkin, P.A., Nuttall, J.G., 2015. Simulating the impact of extreme heat and frost events on wheat crop production: A review. Field Crops Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.11.010.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="5"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_5"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">5.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Brown, S.C.M., Quegan, S., Morrison, K., Bennett, J.C., Cookmartin, G., 2003. High-resolution measurements of scattering in wheat canopies-implications for crop parameter retrieval. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41, 1602-1610. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.814132">https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.814132">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Brown, S.C.M., Quegan, S., Morrison, K., Bennett, J.C., Cookmartin, G., 2003. High-resolution measurements of scattering in wheat canopies-implications for crop parameter retrieval. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41, 1602-1610. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.814132.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="6"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_6"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">6.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Challinor, A.J., Wheeler, T.R., Craufurd, P.Q., Slingo, J.M., 2005. Simulation of the impact of high temperature stress on annual crop yields. Agric. Meteorol. 135, 180-189. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.11.015">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrf...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.11.015">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Challinor, A.J., Wheeler, T.R., Craufurd, P.Q., Slingo, J.M., 2005. Simulation of the impact of high temperature stress on annual crop yields. Agric. Meteorol. 135, 180-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.11.015.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="7"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_7"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">7.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Charbonneau, F., Trudel, M., Fernandes, R., 2005. Use of dual polarization and multi-incidence SAR for soil permeability mapping. Proc. 2005 Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) workshop, St-Hubert, QC, Canada.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Charbonneau, F., Trudel, M., Fernandes, R., 2005. Use of dual polarization and multi-incidence SAR for soil permeability mapping. Proc. 2005 Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) workshop, St-Hubert, QC, Canada.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="8"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_8"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">8.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Chen, D., Hu, H., Liao, C., Ye, J., Bao, W., Mo, J., et al., 2023. Crop NDVI time series construction by fusing Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and environmental data with an ensemble-based framework. Comput. Electron. Agric. 215. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108388">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comp...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108388">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chen, D., Hu, H., Liao, C., Ye, J., Bao, W., Mo, J., et al., 2023. Crop NDVI time series construction by fusing Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and environmental data with an ensemble-based framework. Comput. Electron. Agric. 215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108388.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="9"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_9"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">9.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Dalmannsdottir, S., Jørgensen, M., Rapacz, M., Østrem, L., Larsen, A., Rødven, R., et al., 2017. Cold acclimation in warmer extended autumns impairs freezing tolerance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and timothy (Phleum pratense). Physiol. Plant. 160, 266-281. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12548">https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12548">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dalmannsdottir, S., Jørgensen, M., Rapacz, M., Østrem, L., Larsen, A., Rødven, R., et al., 2017. Cold acclimation in warmer extended autumns impairs freezing tolerance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and timothy (Phleum pratense). Physiol. Plant. 160, 266-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12548.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="10"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_10"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">10.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">de Blas, C.S., Valcarce-Diñeiro, R., Sipols, A.E., Sánchez Martín, N., Arias-Pérez, B., Santos-Martín, M.T., 2021. Prediction of crop biophysical variables with panel data techniques and radar remote sensing imagery. Biosyst. Eng. 205, 76-92. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2021.02.014">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2021.02.014">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=de Blas, C.S., Valcarce-Diñeiro, R., Sipols, A.E., Sánchez Martín, N., Arias-Pérez, B., Santos-Martín, M.T., 2021. Prediction of crop biophysical variables with panel data techniques and radar remote sensing imagery. Biosyst. Eng. 205, 76-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2021.02.014.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="11"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_11"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">11.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Domínguez, J.A., Kumhálová, J., Novák, P., 2015. Winter oilseed rape and winter wheat growth prediction using remote sensing methods. 61, 410-416. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.17221/412/2015-PSE">https://doi.org/10.17221/412/2...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.17221/412/2015-PSE">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Domínguez, J.A., Kumhálová, J., Novák, P., 2015. Winter oilseed rape and winter wheat growth prediction using remote sensing methods. 61, 410-416. https://doi.org/10.17221/412/2015-PSE.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="12"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_12"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">12.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">El Hajj, M., Baghdadi, N., Zribi, M., Belaud, G., Cheviron, B., Courault, D., et al., 2016. Soil moisture retrieval over irrigated grassland using X-band SAR data. Remote Sens.Environ. 176, 202-218. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.01.027">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse....</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.01.027">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=El Hajj, M., Baghdadi, N., Zribi, M., Belaud, G., Cheviron, B., Courault, D., et al., 2016. Soil moisture retrieval over irrigated grassland using X-band SAR data. Remote Sens.Environ. 176, 202-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.01.027.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="13"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_13"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">13.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">ESA - Copernicus [WWW Document], n.d. URL <a target="_blank" href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus">https://www.esa.int/Applicatio...</a> (accessed 4.2.24).</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=ESA - Copernicus [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus (accessed 4.2.24).">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="14"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_14"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">14.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Evans, L.T., 1996. Crop evolution, adaptation and yield. Cambridge University Press, UK, ISBN 0-521-29588-0, 500 pp.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Evans, L.T., 1996. Crop evolution, adaptation and yield. Cambridge University Press, UK, ISBN 0-521-29588-0, 500 pp.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="15"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_15"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">15.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Fieuzal, R., Baup, F., Marais-Sicre, C., 2013. Monitoring wheat and rapeseed by using synchronous optical and radar satellite data-from temporal signatures to crop parameters estimation. ARS 02, 162-180. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.4236/ars.2013.22020">https://doi.org/10.4236/ars.20...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.4236/ars.2013.22020">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fieuzal, R., Baup, F., Marais-Sicre, C., 2013. Monitoring wheat and rapeseed by using synchronous optical and radar satellite data-from temporal signatures to crop parameters estimation. ARS 02, 162-180. https://doi.org/10.4236/ars.2013.22020.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="16"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_16"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">16.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Filipponi, F., 2019. Sentinel-1 GRD Preprocessing Workflow. Proceedings 18, 11-18 <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ECRS-3-06201">https://doi.org/10.3390/ECRS-3...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ECRS-3-06201">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Filipponi, F., 2019. Sentinel-1 GRD Preprocessing Workflow. Proceedings 18, 11-18 https://doi.org/10.3390/ECRS-3-06201.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="17"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_17"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">17.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Fowler, D.B., Limin, A.E., Ritchie, J.T., 1999. Low-Temperature tolerance in cereals: Model and genetic interpretation. Crop Sci. 39, 626-633. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X003900020002x">https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsc...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X003900020002x">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fowler, D.B., Limin, A.E., Ritchie, J.T., 1999. Low-Temperature tolerance in cereals: Model and genetic interpretation. Crop Sci. 39, 626-633. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X003900020002x.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="18"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_18"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">18.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Frate, F. Del, Ferrazzoli, P., Guerriero, L., Strozzi, T., Wegmuller, U., Cookmartin, G., et al., 2004. Wheat cycle monitoring using radar data and a neural network trained by a model. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 42, 35-44. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.817200">https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.817200">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Frate, F. Del, Ferrazzoli, P., Guerriero, L., Strozzi, T., Wegmuller, U., Cookmartin, G., et al., 2004. Wheat cycle monitoring using radar data and a neural network trained by a model. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 42, 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.817200.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="19"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_19"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">19.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Fuglie, K., 2021. Climate change upsets agriculture. Nature Climate Change 2021 11:4 11, 294-295. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01017-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01017-6">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fuglie, K., 2021. Climate change upsets agriculture. Nature Climate Change 2021 11:4 11, 294-295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01017-6.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="20"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_20"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">20.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Gao, Y., Pan, Y., Zhu, X., Li, L., Ren, S., Zhao, C., et al., 2023. FARM: A fully automated rice mapping framework combining Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 multi-temporal imagery. Comput. Electron. Agric. 213. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108262">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comp...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108262">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gao, Y., Pan, Y., Zhu, X., Li, L., Ren, S., Zhao, C., et al., 2023. FARM: A fully automated rice mapping framework combining Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 multi-temporal imagery. Comput. Electron. Agric. 213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108262.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="21"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_21"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">21.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Guilpart, N., Grassini, P., Sadras, V.O., Timsina, J., Cassman, K.G., 2017. Estimating yield gaps at the cropping system level. Field Crops Res. 206, 21-32. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.02.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr....</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.02.008">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Guilpart, N., Grassini, P., Sadras, V.O., Timsina, J., Cassman, K.G., 2017. Estimating yield gaps at the cropping system level. Field Crops Res. 206, 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.02.008.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="22"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_22"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">22.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Harfenmeister, K., Spengler, D., Weltzien, C., 2019. Analyzing temporal and spatial characteristics of crop parameters using sentinel-1 backscatter data. Remote Sensing 11, 1569. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11131569">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1113...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11131569">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Harfenmeister, K., Spengler, D., Weltzien, C., 2019. Analyzing temporal and spatial characteristics of crop parameters using sentinel-1 backscatter data. Remote Sensing 11, 1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11131569.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="23"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_23"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">23.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Hernández, M., Borges, A.A., Francisco-Bethencourt, D., 2022. Mapping stressed wheat plants by soil aluminum effect using C-band SAR images: implications for plant growth and grain quality. Precis. Agric. 23, 1072-1092. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-022-09875-6">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-022-09875-6">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hernández, M., Borges, A.A., Francisco-Bethencourt, D., 2022. Mapping stressed wheat plants by soil aluminum effect using C-band SAR images: implications for plant growth and grain quality. Precis. Agric. 23, 1072-1092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-022-09875-6.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="24"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_24"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">24.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Jelínek, Z., Kumhálová, J., Chyba, J., Wohlmuthová, M., Madaras, M., Kumhála, F., 2020. Landsat and Sentinel-2 images as a tool for the effective estimation of winter and spring cultivar growth and yield prediction in the Czech Republic. Int. Agrophys. 34, 391-406. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/126593">https://doi.org/10.31545/intag...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/126593">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jelínek, Z., Kumhálová, J., Chyba, J., Wohlmuthová, M., Madaras, M., Kumhála, F., 2020. Landsat and Sentinel-2 images as a tool for the effective estimation of winter and spring cultivar growth and yield prediction in the Czech Republic. Int. Agrophys. 34, 391-406. https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/126593.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="25"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_25"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">25.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Jin, X., Yang, G., Xu, X., Yang, H., Feng, H., Li, Z., et al., 2015. Combined multi-temporal optical and radar parameters for estimating LAI and biomass in winter wheat using HJ and RADARSAR-2 Data. Remote Sensing 7, 13251-13272. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71013251">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs7101...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71013251">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jin, X., Yang, G., Xu, X., Yang, H., Feng, H., Li, Z., et al., 2015. Combined multi-temporal optical and radar parameters for estimating LAI and biomass in winter wheat using HJ and RADARSAR-2 Data. Remote Sensing 7, 13251-13272. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71013251.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="26"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_26"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">26.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Kajla, M., Yadav, V.K., Khokhar, J., Singh, S., Chhokar, R.S., Meena, R.P., et al., 2015. Increase in wheat production through management of abiotic stresses: A review. J. Appl. Natural Sci. 7, 1070-1080. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.733">https://doi.org/10.31018/jans....</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.733">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kajla, M., Yadav, V.K., Khokhar, J., Singh, S., Chhokar, R.S., Meena, R.P., et al., 2015. Increase in wheat production through management of abiotic stresses: A review. J. Appl. Natural Sci. 7, 1070-1080. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.733.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="27"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_27"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">27.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Kaplan, G., Fine, L., Lukyanov, V., Manivasagam, V.S., Tanny, J., Rozenstein, O., 2021. Normalizing the local incidence angle in sentinel-1 imagery to improve leaf area index, vegetation height, and crop coefficient estimations. Land (Basel) 10, 680. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070680">https://doi.org/10.3390/land10...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070680">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kaplan, G., Fine, L., Lukyanov, V., Manivasagam, V.S., Tanny, J., Rozenstein, O., 2021. Normalizing the local incidence angle in sentinel-1 imagery to improve leaf area index, vegetation height, and crop coefficient estimations. Land (Basel) 10, 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070680.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="28"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_28"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">28.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Kim, Y., Jackson, T., Bindlish, R., Lee, H., Hong, S., 2012. Radar vegetation index for estimating the vegetation water content of rice and soybean. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 9, 564-568. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2011.2174772">https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2011.2174772">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kim, Y., Jackson, T., Bindlish, R., Lee, H., Hong, S., 2012. Radar vegetation index for estimating the vegetation water content of rice and soybean. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 9, 564-568. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2011.2174772.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="29"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_29"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">29.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Kumar Sahadevan, D., Rao Sitiraju, S., Dinesh Kumar, S., Srinivasa Rao, S., Sharma, J.R., 2013. Radar Vegetation Index as an Alternative to NDVI for Monitoring of Soyabean and Cotton, Indian Cartographer.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kumar Sahadevan, D., Rao Sitiraju, S., Dinesh Kumar, S., Srinivasa Rao, S., Sharma, J.R., 2013. Radar Vegetation Index as an Alternative to NDVI for Monitoring of Soyabean and Cotton, Indian Cartographer.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="30"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_30"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">30.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Kumhálová, J., Kumhála, F., Kroulík, M., Matějková, Š., 2011. The impact of topography on soil properties and yield and the effects of weather conditions. Precis. Agric. 12, 813-830. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-011-9221-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-011-9221-x">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kumhálová, J., Kumhála, F., Kroulík, M., Matějková, Š., 2011. The impact of topography on soil properties and yield and the effects of weather conditions. Precis. Agric. 12, 813-830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-011-9221-x.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="31"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_31"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">31.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Kumhálová, J., Kumhála, F., Novák, P., Matějková, Š., 2013. Airborne laser scanning data as a source of field topographical characteristics. <a target="_blank" href="https://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/188/2013-PSE.html">https://pse.agriculturejournal...</a> 59, 423-431. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.17221/188/2013-PSE">https://doi.org/10.17221/188/2...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.17221/188/2013-PSE">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kumhálová, J., Kumhála, F., Novák, P., Matějková, Š., 2013. Airborne laser scanning data as a source of field topographical characteristics. https://pse.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/188/2013-PSE.html 59, 423-431. https://doi.org/10.17221/188/2013-PSE.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="32"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_32"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">32.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Kumhálová, J., Zemek, F., Novák, P., Brovkina, O., Mayerová, M., 2014. Use of Landsat images for yield evaluation within a small plot. Plant Soil Environ. 60, 501-506. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.17221/515/2014-PSE">https://doi.org/10.17221/515/2...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.17221/515/2014-PSE">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kumhálová, J., Zemek, F., Novák, P., Brovkina, O., Mayerová, M., 2014. Use of Landsat images for yield evaluation within a small plot. Plant Soil Environ. 60, 501-506. https://doi.org/10.17221/515/2014-PSE.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="33"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_33"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">33.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Landsat Science [WWW Document], n.d. URL <a target="_blank" href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/">https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/</a> (accessed 4.2.24).</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Landsat Science [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ (accessed 4.2.24).">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="34"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_34"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">34.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Lapaz Olveira, A.M., Castro-Franco, M., Saínz Rozas, H.R., Carciochi, W.D., Balzarini, M., Avila, O., et al., 2023. Monitoring corn nitrogen nutrition index from optical and synthetic aperture radar satellite data and soil available nitrogen. Precis. Agric. 24, 2592-2606. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-023-10054-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-023-10054-4">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lapaz Olveira, A.M., Castro-Franco, M., Saínz Rozas, H.R., Carciochi, W.D., Balzarini, M., Avila, O., et al., 2023. Monitoring corn nitrogen nutrition index from optical and synthetic aperture radar satellite data and soil available nitrogen. Precis. Agric. 24, 2592-2606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-023-10054-4.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="35"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_35"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">35.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Madaras, M., Mayerová, M., Kumhálová, J., Lipavská, J., 2018. The influence of mineral fertilisers, farmyard manure, liming and sowing rate on winter wheat grain yields. Plant Soil Environ. 64, 38-46. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.17221/703/2017-PSE">https://doi.org/10.17221/703/2...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.17221/703/2017-PSE">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Madaras, M., Mayerová, M., Kumhálová, J., Lipavská, J., 2018. The influence of mineral fertilisers, farmyard manure, liming and sowing rate on winter wheat grain yields. Plant Soil Environ. 64, 38-46. https://doi.org/10.17221/703/2017-PSE.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="36"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_36"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">36.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Malenovský, Z., Rott, H., Cihlar, J., Schaepman, M.E., García-Santos, G., Fernandes, R., et al., 2012. Sentinels for science: Potential of Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 missions for scientific observations of ocean, cryosphere, and land. Remote Sens. Environ. 120, 91-101. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.026">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse....</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.026">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Malenovský, Z., Rott, H., Cihlar, J., Schaepman, M.E., García-Santos, G., Fernandes, R., et al., 2012. Sentinels for science: Potential of Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 missions for scientific observations of ocean, cryosphere, and land. Remote Sens. Environ. 120, 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.026.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="37"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_37"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">37.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Mandal, D., Kumar, V., Ratha, D., Dey, S., Bhattacharya, A., Lopez-Sanchez, J.M., et al., 2020. Dual polarimetric radar vegetation index for crop growth monitoring using sentinel-1 SAR data. Remote Sens Environ. 247, 111954. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111954">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse....</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111954">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mandal, D., Kumar, V., Ratha, D., Dey, S., Bhattacharya, A., Lopez-Sanchez, J.M., et al., 2020. Dual polarimetric radar vegetation index for crop growth monitoring using sentinel-1 SAR data. Remote Sens Environ. 247, 111954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111954.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="38"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_38"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">38.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Maphanyane, J.G., Mapeo, R.B., Akinola, M.O., (Eds), 2018. Handbook of Research on Geospatial Science and Techno-logies. IGI Global. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3440-2">https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3440-2">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Maphanyane, J.G., Mapeo, R.B., Akinola, M.O., (Eds), 2018. Handbook of Research on Geospatial Science and Techno-logies. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3440-2.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="39"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_39"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">39.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Meier, U., Bleiholder, H., Buhr, L., Feller, C., Hack, H., Heß, M., et al., 2009. Das BBCH-System zur Codierung der phänologischen Entwicklungsstadien von Pflanzen-Geschichte und Veröffentlichungen, J. Kulturpflanzen.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Meier, U., Bleiholder, H., Buhr, L., Feller, C., Hack, H., Heß, M., et al., 2009. Das BBCH-System zur Codierung der phänologischen Entwicklungsstadien von Pflanzen-Geschichte und Veröffentlichungen, J. Kulturpflanzen.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="40"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_40"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">40.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Moreira, A., Prats-Iraola, P., Younis, M., Krieger, G., Hajnsek, I., Papathanassiou, K.P., 2013. A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag. 1, 6-43. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2013.2248301">https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2013.2248301">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Moreira, A., Prats-Iraola, P., Younis, M., Krieger, G., Hajnsek, I., Papathanassiou, K.P., 2013. A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag. 1, 6-43. https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2013.2248301.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="41"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_41"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">41.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Nasrallah, A., Baghdadi, N., El Hajj, M., Darwish, T., Belhouchette, H., Faour, G., et al., 2019. Sentinel-1 data for winter wheat phenology monitoring and mapping. Remote Sensing (Basel) 11. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192228">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1119...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192228">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nasrallah, A., Baghdadi, N., El Hajj, M., Darwish, T., Belhouchette, H., Faour, G., et al., 2019. Sentinel-1 data for winter wheat phenology monitoring and mapping. Remote Sensing (Basel) 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192228.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="42"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_42"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">42.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Nasrallah, A., Baghdadi, N., Mhawej, M., Faour, G., Darwish, T., Belhouchette, H., et al., 2018. A Novel approach for mapping wheat areas using high resolution sentinel-2 images. Sensors 2018, 18, 2089 18, 2089. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072089">https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072089">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nasrallah, A., Baghdadi, N., Mhawej, M., Faour, G., Darwish, T., Belhouchette, H., et al., 2018. A Novel approach for mapping wheat areas using high resolution sentinel-2 images. Sensors 2018, 18, 2089 18, 2089. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072089.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="43"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_43"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">43.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Oerke, E.-C., 1994. Crop production and crop protection: estimated losses in major food and cash crops. Elsevier.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Oerke, E.-C., 1994. Crop production and crop protection: estimated losses in major food and cash crops. Elsevier.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="44"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_44"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">44.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Persson, T., Bergjord Olsen, A.K., Nkurunziza, L., Sindhöj, E., Eckersten, H., 2017. Estimation of crown temperature of winter wheat and the effect on simulation of frost tolerance. J Agron. Crop Sci. 203, 161-176. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12187">https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12187">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Persson, T., Bergjord Olsen, A.K., Nkurunziza, L., Sindhöj, E., Eckersten, H., 2017. Estimation of crown temperature of winter wheat and the effect on simulation of frost tolerance. J Agron. Crop Sci. 203, 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12187.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="45"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_45"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">45.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Qu, X., Zhou, J., Gu, X., Wang, Y., Sun, Q., Pan, Y., 2023. Monitoring maize lodging severity based on multi-temporal Sentinel-1 images using time-weighted dynamic time warping. Comput. Electron. Agric. 215. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108365">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comp...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108365">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Qu, X., Zhou, J., Gu, X., Wang, Y., Sun, Q., Pan, Y., 2023. Monitoring maize lodging severity based on multi-temporal Sentinel-1 images using time-weighted dynamic time warping. Comput. Electron. Agric. 215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108365.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="46"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_46"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">46.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Rapacz, M., Ergon, Å., Höglind, M., Jørgensen, M., Jurczyk, B., Østrem, L., et al., 2014. Overwintering of herbaceous plants in a changing climate. Still more questions than answers. Plant Sci. 225, 34-44. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.05.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plan...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.05.009">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rapacz, M., Ergon, Å., Höglind, M., Jørgensen, M., Jurczyk, B., Østrem, L., et al., 2014. Overwintering of herbaceous plants in a changing climate. Still more questions than answers. Plant Sci. 225, 34-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.05.009.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="47"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_47"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">47.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Rapacz, M., Macko-Podgórni, A., Jurczyk, B., Kuchar, L., 2022. Modeling wheat and triticale winter hardiness under current and predicted winter scenarios for Central Europe: A focus on deacclimation. Agric. Meteorol. 313. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108739">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrf...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108739">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rapacz, M., Macko-Podgórni, A., Jurczyk, B., Kuchar, L., 2022. Modeling wheat and triticale winter hardiness under current and predicted winter scenarios for Central Europe: A focus on deacclimation. Agric. Meteorol. 313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108739.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="48"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_48"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">48.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Rataj, V., Kumhálová, J., Macák, M., Barát, M., Galambošová, J., Chyba, J., et al., 2022. Long-term monitoring of different field traffic management practices in cereals production with support of satellite images and yield data in context of climate change. Agronomy 12, 128. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010128">https://doi.org/10.3390/agrono...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010128">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rataj, V., Kumhálová, J., Macák, M., Barát, M., Galambošová, J., Chyba, J., et al., 2022. Long-term monitoring of different field traffic management practices in cereals production with support of satellite images and yield data in context of climate change. Agronomy 12, 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010128.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="49"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_49"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">49.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Rouse, J., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., Deering, D., 1973. Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rouse, J., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A., Deering, D., 1973. Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="50"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_50"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">50.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Saad El Imanni, H., El Harti, A., Panimboza, J., 2022. Investigating Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data efficiency in studying the temporal behavior of wheat phenological stages using google Earth engine. Agriculture 12, 1605 12, 1605. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101605">https://doi.org/10.3390/agricu...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101605">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Saad El Imanni, H., El Harti, A., Panimboza, J., 2022. Investigating Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data efficiency in studying the temporal behavior of wheat phenological stages using google Earth engine. Agriculture 12, 1605 12, 1605. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101605.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="51"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_51"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">51.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Sánchez, B., Rasmussen, A., Porter, J.R., 2014. Temperatures and the growth and development of maize and rice: a review. Glob. Chang. Biol. 20, 408-417. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12389">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12389">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sánchez, B., Rasmussen, A., Porter, J.R., 2014. Temperatures and the growth and development of maize and rice: a review. Glob. Chang. Biol. 20, 408-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12389.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="52"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_52"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">52.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Šíp, V., Chrpová, J., Žofajová, A., Milec, Z., Mihalik, D., Pánková, K., et al., 2011. Evidence of selective changes in winter wheat in middle-European environments reflected by allelic diversity at loci affecting plant height and photoperiodic response. J. Agric. Sci. 149, 313-326. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185961000078X">https://doi.org/10.1017/S00218...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185961000078X">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Šíp, V., Chrpová, J., Žofajová, A., Milec, Z., Mihalik, D., Pánková, K., et al., 2011. Evidence of selective changes in winter wheat in middle-European environments reflected by allelic diversity at loci affecting plant height and photoperiodic response. J. Agric. Sci. 149, 313-326. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185961000078X.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="53"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_53"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">53.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Special Report on Climate Change and Land - IPCC site [WWW Document], n.d. . <a target="_blank" href="https://reliefweb.int/sites/relief">https://reliefweb.int/sites/re...</a> web.int/files/resources/4.-SPM_Approved_Microsite_FINAL.pdf. URL <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/">https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/</a> (accessed 4.2.24).</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Special Report on Climate Change and Land - IPCC site [WWW Document], n.d. . https://reliefweb.int/sites/relief web.int/files/resources/4.-SPM_Approved_Microsite_FINAL.pdf. URL https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ (accessed 4.2.24).">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="54"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_54"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">54.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Thielert, W., 2006. A unique product: The story of the imidacloprid stress shield. Pflanzenschutz-Nachr. Bayer 59, 73-86. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HJ.0000286495.86766.a7">https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HJ....</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HJ.0000286495.86766.a7">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Thielert, W., 2006. A unique product: The story of the imidacloprid stress shield. Pflanzenschutz-Nachr. Bayer 59, 73-86. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HJ.0000286495.86766.a7.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="55"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_55"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">55.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Trudel, M., Charbonneau, F., Leconte, R., 2012. Using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric and ENVISAT-ASAR dual-polarization data for estimating soil moisture over agricultural fields. Canadian J. Remote Sensing 38, 514-527.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Trudel, M., Charbonneau, F., Leconte, R., 2012. Using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric and ENVISAT-ASAR dual-polarization data for estimating soil moisture over agricultural fields. Canadian J. Remote Sensing 38, 514-527.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="56"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_56"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">56.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Tůma, L., Kumhálová, J., Kumhála, F., Krepl, V., 2022. The noise-reduction potential of radar vegetation index for crop management in the Czech Republic. Precis. Agric. 23, 450-469. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-021-09844-5">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-021-09844-5">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tůma, L., Kumhálová, J., Kumhála, F., Krepl, V., 2022. The noise-reduction potential of radar vegetation index for crop management in the Czech Republic. Precis. Agric. 23, 450-469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-021-09844-5.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="57"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_57"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">57.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Vaghela, B.N., Solanki, H.A., Kalubarme, M.H., 2020. Winter wheat growth assessment using temporal normalized phenology index (TNPI) in Bhuj Taluka, Gujarat State, India. Remote Sens. Appl. 20. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100422">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsas...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100422">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vaghela, B.N., Solanki, H.A., Kalubarme, M.H., 2020. Winter wheat growth assessment using temporal normalized phenology index (TNPI) in Bhuj Taluka, Gujarat State, India. Remote Sens. Appl. 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100422.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="58"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_58"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">58.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Vreugdenhil, M., Wagner, W., Bauer-Marschallinger, B., Pfeil, I., Teubner, I., Rüdiger, C., Strauss, P., 2018. Sensitivity of Sentinel-1 backscatter to vegetation dynamics: An Austrian case study. Remote Sensing (Basel) 10. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091396">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1009...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091396">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vreugdenhil, M., Wagner, W., Bauer-Marschallinger, B., Pfeil, I., Teubner, I., Rüdiger, C., Strauss, P., 2018. Sensitivity of Sentinel-1 backscatter to vegetation dynamics: An Austrian case study. Remote Sensing (Basel) 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091396.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="59"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_59"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">59.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Wiseman, G., McNairn, H., Homayouni, S., Shang, J., 2014. RADARSAT-2 polarimetric sar response to crop biomass for agricultural production monitoring. IEEE J. Sel. Top Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens. 7, 4461-4471. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2322311">https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2322311">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wiseman, G., McNairn, H., Homayouni, S., Shang, J., 2014. RADARSAT-2 polarimetric sar response to crop biomass for agricultural production monitoring. IEEE J. Sel. Top Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens. 7, 4461-4471. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2322311.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="60"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_60"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">60.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">WMS – Climatic regions of the Czech Republic: <a target="_blank" href="https://micka.cenia.cz/record/basic/4e64bc59-65b0-4475-aae2-06a8c0a80138">https://micka.cenia.cz/record/...</a> . Accessed: 13.2.2024.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WMS – Climatic regions of the Czech Republic: https://micka.cenia.cz/record/basic/4e64bc59-65b0-4475-aae2-06a8c0a80138 . Accessed: 13.2.2024.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="61"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_61"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">61.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Ya’nan, Z.H.O.U., Binyao, W.A.N.G., Weiwei, Z.H.U., Li, F.E.N.G., Qisheng, H.E., Xin, Z., et al., 2024. Spatial-temporal constraints for surface soil moisture mapping using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data over agricultural regions. Comput. Electron. Agric. 219. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2024.108835">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comp...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2024.108835">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ya’nan, Z.H.O.U., Binyao, W.A.N.G., Weiwei, Z.H.U., Li, F.E.N.G., Qisheng, H.E., Xin, Z., et al., 2024. Spatial-temporal constraints for surface soil moisture mapping using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data over agricultural regions. Comput. Electron. Agric. 219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2024.108835.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> <a class="anchor" id="62"></a> <div class="ref" id="ref_62"> <div class="dirLeft refNo">62.</div> <div class="dirLeft refText"> <div style="word-break: break-word;">Zhong, X., Mei, X., Li, Y., Yoshida, H., Zhao, P., Wang, X., et al., 2008. Changes in frost resistance of wheat young ears with development during jointing stage. J. Agron. Crop. Sci. 194, 343-349. <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2008.00320.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439...</a>.</div> <div class="refLinks">  <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2008.00320.x">CrossRef</a></div> <div class="dirLeft" style="width: 25px;"> </div> <div class="dirLeft"><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zhong, X., Mei, X., Li, Y., Yoshida, H., Zhao, P., Wang, X., et al., 2008. Changes in frost resistance of wheat young ears with development during jointing stage. J. Agron. Crop. Sci. 194, 343-349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2008.00320.x.">Google Scholar</a></div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4"> <div class="rightBoxes fullWidth"> <div style="padding-bottom:20px"> <a href="https://www.editorialsystem.com/intagro" target="_blank" class="rightBoxOpt" > <div class="rightBoxOptLine"></div> Submit your paper </a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Information-for-Authors,1644.html" class="rightBoxOpt" > <div class="rightBoxOptLine"></div> Information for Authors </a> <a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Archive" class="rightBoxOpt" > <div class="rightBoxOptLine"></div> Archive </a> </div> <div class="rightBox1"> <div class="rightBoxLabel"><div class="boxIcon icon icon-share dirRight"></div>Share</div> <div class="rightBoxContent"> <div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons"></div></div> <div class="shareSendEmail"><a href="mailto:?body=http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Monitoring-of-winter-wheat-growth-in-categories-of-frost-damage-and-production-potential,195732,0,2.html&subject=I recommend this paper">Send by email</a></div> </div> <div class="rightBox1" > <div class="rightBoxLabel"><div class="boxIcon icon icon-ios-browsers-outline dirRight" aria-hidden="true"></div>Indexes</div> <div style="height: 1px;line-height: 1px;font-size: 0;"> </div> <div class="indexPos boxPos"><a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Keywords">Keywords index</a></div> <div class="indexPos boxPos"><a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Topics">Topics index</a></div> <div class="boxPos"><a href="http://www.international-agrophysics.org/Authors">Authors index</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer1"> <div class="container-fluid stdRow"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-6"> <div class="issn"> <div style="display:inline-block;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tr><td class="issnLabel">eISSN:</td><td class="issnValue">2300-8725</td></tr> <tr><td class="issnLabel">ISSN:</td><td class="issnValue">0236-8722</td></tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-6 text-right"> <img src="http://www.journalssystem.com/_static/g/c/js_logo_small.png" alt="Journals System - logo"/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer2"> <div class="container-fluid stdRow"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="copyright"> <div class="text-center">© 2006-2025 Journal hosting platform by <a href="http://www.bentus.com">Bentus</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hidden"> <a id="cookieAlertLinkId" href="#" data-fancybox="cookie-alert" data-src="#acceptCookiesId"></a> </div> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> var acceptCookies = getCookie("acceptOwnCookiesCookie"); var declineCookies = getCookie("declineOwnCookiesCookie"); if (acceptCookies == 1 || declineCookies == 1) { } else{ jQuery(document).ready(function() { $("[data-fancybox=cookie-alert]").fancybox({ 'modal' : true }); $('#cookieAlertLinkId').click(); }); } </script> <div class="hidden"> <div id="acceptCookiesId" class="box-w-900"> <div> <div class="pad-bot-10 font09em lh14em">We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the <a href='https://www.editorialsystem.com/Privacy-policy/' target='_blank'>Privacy policy</a>. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (<a href='https://www.google.com/intl/eng/policies/privacy/partners/' target='_blank'>more</a>).<br/><br/>You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.</div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a href="#" class="cookieAccept" onclick="setCookie('acceptOwnCookiesCookie',1,800); $.fancybox.close(); return false;"> I agree </a> <a href="#" class="cookieDecline" onclick="setCookie('declineOwnCookiesCookie',1,3); $.fancybox.close(); return false;"> I do not agree </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer2"> <div class="container-fluid stdRow"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 scrollArrow"> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function(){ // scroll body to 0px on click $('#scrollToTop').click(function () { var body = $("html, body"); body.animate({scrollTop:0}, 500, 'swing'); }); }); </script> <a href="#" id="scrollToTop"><img src="http://www.journalssystem.com/_static/v/chevron-up.svg" width="31" alt="Scroll to top"/></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>