CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135f6711d946cc1',cH: '81oW4BPL9Qk.XQSNaCBCbBRSHljXAhnF8Yc8LNGZ.oU-1739797250-1.2.1.1-5hMAkYmqER83qduFGY6Sl8RmrOj9H4MfYQmDVl5S7o3BtpOoBBVzLfc9ZA5bLEht',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=indigenous%20farming&__cf_chl_tk=5aWjHsuM7wIbv1cNNZTE91AfwTjsdxKdfWWAs6coIQM-1739797250-1.0.1.1-jC9XX.CCvRW8h8fBMHU2GlGegacYY7N4MGYoRRqPPL4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739797250',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=indigenous%20farming&__cf_chl_f_tk=5aWjHsuM7wIbv1cNNZTE91AfwTjsdxKdfWWAs6coIQM-1739797250-1.0.1.1-jC9XX.CCvRW8h8fBMHU2GlGegacYY7N4MGYoRRqPPL4",md: "R0NWDNlqZVAqoDbSULkiev6UL8CDoXVlQVE_ar8bf68-1739797250-1.2.1.1-PonqeEiGZ0AMWE3gpNYe_YAXHDGiqVxwjzTod8iNOub36w8abU0zrx5qW0kLTo7Tcd1E9NxSeTXecgsES097yBRhTLg9uljmC0T6eVOmdZ84pTcT38Li7SNqTs7ahN84J9BKeFckn6vZoN1CtGpdmYfPffczEV.tkMZMaPcVW.9LgHPCqazsuyDac0_UQSw7MMOXvVGDhX..qO3nofGy5E3HaR0qC4uSrUiFxp5cgX8DJv5znNMA6L0KzkiZHThGCjnJszpK9.FfbnNDnTGRjjdM3bltT80lRTFq0j4Z1AvJ7B14iHRGR1UdbpldnAlJEMMV5X.OWGwQOMQM4Acjvv5i0JeB.NPLXWZR4T9117ngtFlqyk8222VEtjs4kQ4EffTc5L9sYuFx9PWrRCIcKj9BnxuAdGREEO5QPsPZiIJXb7MQYXts9uI06Bqy.HVgrq8sZGVkcDynr1b6OKhTpcvm3v8JdUG3s_cebAlkoJPqsQR_FW_GYmTbBxUQp6N7d3b0QEohq7MpRii5X7marky5_Oa_niT69jsh0XNpzQ49Pf99ONUMsyzK22PSXYLbDW6YczWK4CWd9lslyXX2OaCAm4dqgWgSJDz8NLThJcHhfKlgcY7Iypg5PUvqPAeniG4oYIH.6YRaIozKzgy_Bz5dXgQ0qTIq87yOMJ5DnxuAFxrvyGYk5qN.iBpvla6Z166.ZHX5NoawCF8U5u6rbI76kMw4HvOehy14eMXB5eL17N9UeQA1jykkjzfaUD7ZfbbUN7Vp9Nnq2kOLnZb4uX3thiqIkmokzOLek0cud4.ePzRWWZKaTxeNUzvuoBDEQeYChb_zcmwYZRHfQUU916rzp7LqyOaTkgqp5MW7Lz7XSc_K1y2j42Zp.5KcCx.D2NpA5XfoPat3hdzr33_scXobLzom5tM40bPv3EC4K5RNA9OVNojdX8.0onszvfjN7_SiXKaJIp2SPndsV7lvtDgyN5OC2dcFQyPXcoUvjNqRee._2i9h5cLW2WD8CU6122YrE69oAhqxhj2Ral8QrsjBIY7nyqYYR_OpbFLhGDDdHR0Ghy5z18oWj2YlLhxs.T5l0DJI4yum1Fgx6dSuXvjK0xrS1.qdMeYXFKDdEdjoYsVewnb16AMsKDuzAtlMl1VNTyX.gLAGIFmwQq2CVjd5qHZNecawJ3mJMXdTvG52hRU3ngnKpVkxa6gbnOAIvbeTX1rGTYM4m1rbI.s72y4XiE5TSA7jCpFQvwB2nZ5upikwV_uAoAhaoF1WoY5Rl0mlC.roVtO92j93AlbBYP9lRwgCTCpZ8dp3Qvp6aTGE3rSAg1mmqRt.O6dMWyPwPawu2Bgibaeb62GAC_gVC7W_VaQuXzDyaR9lcu6AEh6eDtT7RUYpAbWOQhd6MH3wRQgemYVSeT_Qq4ixXUttc.lDkZ86sMuefmhGHA0_UNVuUWBg1iJC3dMFvmZ1LdkyJ4XFu35v.tydAdlMI1iE5laoyGQmxkexVGBGbPw6bPFh.zTCvuAJwbSbQnTt2qbIhjUuHjEaslEnACJL6Z8SuYGDW7I5j.or71nFJmbWlgnEIRio_nrbVryxwHNd5HYd8pqU2JpQvSLa2bawNKK4j4OLtS1y74tgO3kb3xaz2WpG1i.c0dyvpZMMzAGeoZAOyWY0J8EBdsvF3H52KoymwtAkk5E9EfEz.i9Qsv_xkfUPD1oZ3quJ_jCzyiW8Mugvm0zHpt9LJFyBnr7ffUbduiCeP1vJe1vtCC5Qi55uk5IUuVdqu9MLdJMkOlIgYJTLw4kx3dKqn25_T8M4EPkkGVaF6jduSOQQspk.1ar99oU7Tuai4b9YQ_W8kcmE2Qv8asZ_EXd_mDxoSwT71Q6K2AvdUYcblNvkBuhxWXqXa.owpy5bohFLiTjfe54_PKnjXpBE.AmQaB3F5whJKhey0e4e9zw1H0VOQIcfdxWvefA",mdrd: "8SBQgVCnMwP6kYS9V_pGO3mMi7MmJQrHoh.wuE6WjDs-1739797250-1.2.1.1-Mq27xSbTgul1UOZpAkIH8Y2mHmQdYwc0spv_jGaJsCo92YBJg.PGUxLD2qRrumbQy0icnRm6ASb1udadmm43YAdUSfHkbgeLsudAnQSBJuFV0PVjG8LXYqnWwkLgIhHVwvRdNlWjiZ3iVoM4xMYwSpt5hzPdJB3IOvNf.J8HrkfEyce5ZpA0zwSroIvz4vFWOXq1ItCFaOhwSVTiZX6LZKMsyfoiQwSatYCmSAbYdTmfa2uZizOXu3.wEEiVI6QUuhwd_KwmOVP.Yj5PuW0NxeB0IYLM39zsFbm56Wc.jZqkX0rjrv44Kuxad57g4q1_ytSq8hrTL.KL_aL6JnFhDXtvSLLYzYzYAc4P4zlDGIP9K7INJi5HNSjTYQl0ssFzSiSFiERtSbv6hgQImKyqwNepnOL9hMtJQ6Jeo8gxm2t03SwoDAEzPHErizU.RMzWREqXNdefhW4HtjFWhYutR9scIGJ7S29kQhu7M9mqKn0Zal2tGM9vulnPb6RKjqiG3S9qb2xkk3tJXktYqoKkIJoltEuItzcp5DU_ZzbmGaeIz3q2rfy3XmIq8NcxK4zqZORPPDBJK.V4rB1F__mFRPvoR9mXOMOfRcwnljzXZB8LR5sDtwb4vHV7onVNm4lEyAYdVYQchdZmEK6If1PnZIuNObIXO2N8WtTquswZQCUmt4TITegDxa5Mb7hKiHDdSRMT7OQ5HTAY9MgikvYYIir1euCnbqAlH5m230hfY.upsUCjVQq_lgEv8P7tl2egDGtxVCr8DriryyC4xnPkOc8STCGwCMzULo_2l5FqYv2pAQjQioQl6dok6ZawOrH7xhrvtKrGIKabM9KInDMt1F7BwS8355zDkVQTDI67pWuNK5MQR0veM7vUtv9dyTKWSf6nPjkqp.w9EEL4mmj_oVac8nXDa2v7_LZMpAjsZI9s.B2vYHWo8mL1.ruslKyKwP4LJFY3Z0I9Iw95uyx1grbvfvio71bO4u41TJjgV9T6kpy3ZPBnbVlNQmzzb5uQxyDtw3IS2JamQvxJsK9pSPrcNleqbkMFTX2bkYKvzZQZqopO0Mx.6paVmxYWH7z5DiZxKgy3f7jOXVu_iqabPxaeq6mEr79DSI_keGQWmjUe4mYbGO612VEjLNQh3I.QBpMIuOga59iYqMFkaSCD.RgNemHTrgc50x38SRzMa8SHhF9k1sfdcGxmahkOdAQ.Xu00dR_Lb9pzLngazHRWms1DxG6492ai4jAgnYKjBd.G3tkgNIvSKj7C.pK.TAIZUBSqxMfoDn_Rix9FxjIzeBG6buRGp8PmRbbnliSphGNJ5q.hNC8H8qj015gbfOeAlff0u1P4ZH1LWcTj25aTzyalq3561T6GHxSnd1GJiYELjnFcHs8LBCBDQLk6Di8oP4YykdN_w.THarqSZA9s.alY5ebSV.WO7tVKBerui9CFY.0PA76sARCuFk.rlDZXTdUXDgAFM2_eT9Ie8AglGJkIIWNmcr9abQxtR7B9xkHPoT7P2DkOcQM8J8sHftRBjDWFwDdc10MkkPUcerhvyLl8EpWYBqyataRd3rwX3Gn9Ml4jK8d4ZJxGDIbezmmHnxPOdmMBXw.XhZvito0_cD2qNnqMe1r4wRplsFZHjanxjZM2GKlUM8Lq5vnTxG2Dc8NmKyFHIool4FfvjFZzejYDYu4fyBNRViJlJTwLHUbqcObJvT.1b.yibHrvj8kUjCA9biaxeTOISZy.vUVymcio1Zc6v4xsq6cRlkoORAd4_kl3u4j8jjCrV3gjJLnu0W8zwyzRuSA4xg.M0QOZ0vX3JuFOpWBiw9VEshBM4J7O2QkbiYoNbs8pRJ1xYgKai8Om7YqR1sBq6eUe3_4y4PncZlxKItQaPOYaxxD2eU89y.vDHB7zEY3XqR44OhkzvHzluhdADYXSvL_61TgdHX8Eql9Krllhf4lDLpU8Y2m0ReMI7cUPq3jvI3cpkqQw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135f6711d946cc1';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=indigenous%20farming&__cf_chl_rt_tk=5aWjHsuM7wIbv1cNNZTE91AfwTjsdxKdfWWAs6coIQM-1739797250-1.0.1.1-jC9XX.CCvRW8h8fBMHU2GlGegacYY7N4MGYoRRqPPL4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>