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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-역사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#역사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>역사</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-역사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-개요" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#개요"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>개요</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-개요-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-화학_에너지" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#화학_에너지"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>화학 에너지</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-화학_에너지-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-화학_반응" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#화학_반응"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>화학 반응</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-화학_반응-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>화학 반응 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-화학_반응-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-화학적_친화성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#화학적_친화성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>화학적 친화성</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-화학적_친화성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">화학열역학</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 34개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiese_termodinamika" title="Chemiese termodinamika – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemiese termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ترموديناميكا كيميائية – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترموديناميكا كيميائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%C9%99vi_termodinamika" title="Kimyəvi termodinamika – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хімічная тэрмадынаміка – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічная тэрмадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Химическа термодинамика – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химическа термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Termodinàmica química – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Termodinàmica química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Χημική θερμοδυναμική – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημική θερμοδυναμική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemical thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_termodinamiko" title="Kemia termodinamiko – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Termodinámica química – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Termodinámica química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ترمودینامیک شیمیایی – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترمودینامیک شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Termodinámica química – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Termodinámica química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="रासायनिक ऊष्मागतिकी – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक ऊष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijska_termodinamika" title="Kemijska termodinamika – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijska termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Քիմիական թերմոդինամիկա – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական թերմոդինամիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika_kimia" title="Termodinamika kimia – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Termodinamika kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学熱力学 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学熱力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიური თერმოდინამიკა – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური თერმოდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Химиялық термодинамика – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin%C4%97_termodinamika" title="Cheminė termodinamika – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cheminė termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik_kimia" title="Termodinamik kimia – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Termodinamik kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_thermodynamica" title="Chemische thermodynamica – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemische thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_termodynamikk" title="Kjemisk termodynamikk – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemisk termodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika_chemiczna" title="Termodynamika chemiczna – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Termodynamika chemiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică chimică – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Termodinamică chimică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Химическая термодинамика – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химическая термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_termodinamika" title="Hemijska termodinamika – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hemijska termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_termodynamik" title="Kemisk termodynamik – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemisk termodynamik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyasal_termodinamik" title="Kimyasal termodinamik – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimyasal termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хімічна термодинаміка – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічна термодинаміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhiệt động hóa học – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt động hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311371"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311371"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311371"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="열역학">열역학</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="카르노 기관"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/220px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="비평형열역학">비평형열역학</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">법칙</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C0%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제0법칙">열역학 제0법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C1%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제1법칙">열역학 제1법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C2%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제2법칙">열역학 제2법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C3%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제3법칙">열역학 제3법칙</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학 계">계</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="열역학적 상태">상태</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="상태방정식">상태방정식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="이상기체">이상기체</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="실제 기체">실제 기체</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="물질의 상태">물질의 상태</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95" title="열역학적 평형">열역학적 평형</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%9C%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="공제부피 (없는 문서)">공제부피</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="열역학 과정">과정</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%95%95%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등압과정">등압과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%A0%81%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등적과정">등적과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%98%A8%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등온과정">등온과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%97%B4%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="단열과정">단열과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등엔트로피 과정">등엔트로피 과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등엔탈피 과정">등엔탈피 과정</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%80%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%81%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="준정적과정 (없는 문서)">준정적과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="다방과정">다방과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="자유팽창">자유팽창</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%97%AD%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="가역과정">가역과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B0%80%EC%97%AD%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="비가역과정">비가역과정</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%81%EA%B0%80%EC%97%AD_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="내적가역 열역학 (없는 문서)">내적가역성</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4" title="열역학 사이클">순환</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="열기관">열기관</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%83%89%EB%82%9C%EB%B0%A9_%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="냉난방 순환 (없는 문서)">냉난방 순환</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%ED%9A%A8%EC%9C%A8" title="열효율">열효율</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88" title="열역학적 성질">계의 성질</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div style="font-size:90%;padding-bottom:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">비고: <i>기울임꼴</i>로 된 것들은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%B5%EC%95%A1%EB%B3%80%EC%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="공액변수 (없는 문서)">공액변수</a>이다.</div> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EB%8F%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학도 (없는 문서)">열역학도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EA%B3%BC_%ED%81%AC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88" title="세기 성질과 크기 성질">세기 성질과 크기 성질</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="상태함수">상태함수</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학적 온도">온도</a>  / <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC" title="엔트로피">엔트로피</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_%EA%B0%9C%EB%A1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피 개론 (없는 문서)">개론</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="압력">압력</a> / <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC_(%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="부피 (열역학) (없는 문서)">부피</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="화학적 퍼텐셜 (없는 문서)">화학적 퍼텐셜</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90%EC%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="입자수">입자수</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%EB%9F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="증기량 (없는 문서)">증기량</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8C%80%EB%B9%84%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="대비성질 (없는 문서)">대비성질</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C_%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98" title="경로 함수">과정함수</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="일 (물리학)">일</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4" title="열">열</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%84%B1_(%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="물성 (열역학) (없는 문서)">물성</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%88%9C%EC%88%98_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="순수 물질의 열역학적 데이터베이스 (없는 문서)">순수 물질의 열역학적 데이터베이스</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><table> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%9A%A9%EB%9F%89" title="열용량">비열용량</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.817ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial S}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%95%EC%B6%95%EB%A5%A0" title="압축률">압축률</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =-}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial p}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="열팽창">열팽창</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.941ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학 방정식 (없는 문서)">방정식</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC_(%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="카르노 정리 (열역학) (없는 문서)">카르노 정리</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="클라우지우스 정리 (없는 문서)">클라우지우스 정리</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학 기본관계 (없는 문서)">열역학 기본관계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="이상기체 법칙">이상기체 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84%EC%8B%9D" title="맥스웰 관계식">맥스웰 관계식</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%A8%EC%82%AC%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="온사게르 상호관계식 (없는 문서)">온사게르 상호관계식</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80%EB%A8%BC_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="브리지먼 열역학 방정식 (없는 문서)">브리지먼 열역학 방정식</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D_%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학 방정식 표 (없는 문서)">열역학 방정식 표</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학적 퍼텐셜">퍼텐셜</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="열역학적 자유 에너지">자유 에너지</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="자유 엔트로피 (없는 문서)">자유 엔트로피</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%B6%80_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="내부 에너지">내부 에너지</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span><br /></li><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC" title="엔탈피">엔탈피</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span><br /></li><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84%ED%99%80%EC%B8%A0_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="헬름홀츠 자유 에너지">헬름홀츠 자유 에너지</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span><br /></li><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B9%81%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="깁스 자유 에너지">깁스 자유 에너지</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">역사</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 열역학사</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학사 (없는 문서)">개괄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4_%EA%B0%9C%EB%85%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열 개념의 역사 (없는 문서)">열 개념의 역사</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피의 역사 (없는 문서)">엔트로피의 역사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="기체 법칙">기체 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="영구기관의 역사 (없는 문서)">영구기관의 역사</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="통계열역학철학 (없는 문서)">과학철학</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_(%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84%EC%9D%98_%ED%99%94%EC%82%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피 (시간의 화살) (없는 문서)">엔트로피와 시간</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC%EC%99%80_%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피와 생명 (없는 문서)">엔트로피와 생명</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4_%EB%9E%98%EC%B9%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="브라운 래칫 (없는 문서)">브라운 래칫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%84%EA%B9%A8%EB%B9%84" title="맥스웰의 도깨비">맥스웰의 도깨비</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%A3%BD%EC%9D%8C_%EC%97%AD%EC%84%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열죽음 역설 (없는 문서)">열죽음 역설</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%84%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="로슈미트의 역설 (없는 문서)">로슈미트의 역설</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%98%91%EB%8F%99%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="협동학 (없는 문서)">협동학</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 이론</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%86%8C%EC%84%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="열소설">열소설</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열이론 (없는 문서)">열이론</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%9C%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="활력 (없는 문서)">활력</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%82%AC%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9%EB%9F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열의 사사당량 (없는 문서)">열의 사사당량</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%8F%99%EB%A0%A5" title="원동력">원동력</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 주요 저서</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A7%88%EC%B0%B0_%EB%95%8C_%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%9D%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%B8%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98%EC%A0%81_%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="마찰 때 발생하는 열의 원인에 관한 실험적 조사 (없는 문서)">마찰 때 발생하는 열의 원인에<br />관한 실험적 조사</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B6%88%EA%B7%A0%EC%9D%BC_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95%EC%97%90_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%98%EC%97%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="불균일 물질의 평형에 대하여 (없는 문서)">불균일 물질의<br />평형에 대하여</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B6%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EB%8F%99%EB%A0%A5%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%B0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="불의 원동력에 관한 고찰 (없는 문서)">불의 원동력에 <br /> 관한 고찰</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 연표</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC_%EC%97%B0%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학사 연표 (없는 문서)">열역학사 연표</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C%EC%82%AC_%EC%97%B0%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열기관 개발사 연표 (없는 문서)">열기관 개발사 연표</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 교육</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%91%9C%EB%A9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="맥스웰의 열역학적 표면 (없는 문서)">맥스웰의 열역학적 표면</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_(%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피 (에너지 분산) (없는 문서)">에너지 분산으로서의 엔트로피</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">과학자</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%97%98_%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%88%84%EC%9D%B4" title="다니엘 베르누이">베르누이</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4_%EC%82%AC%EB%94%94_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8" title="니콜라 레오나르 사디 카르노">카르노</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B2%A0%EB%88%84%EC%95%84_%ED%8F%B4_%EC%97%90%EB%B0%80_%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%8E%98%EB%A1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="베누아 폴 에밀 클라페롱 (없는 문서)">클라페롱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="루돌프 클라우지우스">클라우지우스</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8B%B4_%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EB%A6%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="콘스탄틴 카라테오도리 (없는 문서)">카라테오도리</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EB%92%A4%EC%97%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="피에르 뒤엠 (없는 문서)">뒤엠</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%9C%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%93%9C_%EA%B9%81%EC%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="조시아 윌러드 깁스 (없는 문서)">깁스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%ED%8F%B0_%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84%ED%99%80%EC%B8%A0" title="헤르만 폰 헬름홀츠">헬름홀츠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%A7_%EC%A4%84" title="제임스 프레스콧 줄">줄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%ED%81%AC_%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0" title="제임스 클러크 맥스웰">맥스웰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="율리우스 폰 마이어">폰 마이어</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%98%A8%EC%82%AC%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4" title="라르스 온사게르">온사게르</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%A1%B4_%EB%A7%A5%EC%BF%BC%EB%A5%B8_%EB%9E%AD%ED%82%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="윌리엄 존 맥쿼른 랭킨 (없는 문서)">랭킨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B4_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="존 스미튼 (없는 문서)">스미튼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%88%ED%83%88" title="게오르크 에른스트 슈탈">슈탈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A4%EC%A0%80%EB%AF%BC_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="벤저민 톰슨">톰슨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EC%BC%88%EB%B9%88_%EB%82%A8%EC%9E%91_%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8" title="제1대 켈빈 남작 윌리엄 톰슨">켈빈 남작</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9B%8C%ED%84%B0%EC%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="존 제임스 워터슨 (없는 문서)">워터슨</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="분류"><img alt="분류" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="분류:열역학">분류: 열역학</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311309">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="틀:열역학"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:열역학 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="특수:문서편집/틀:열역학"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>화학열역학</b>(化學熱力學, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영어">영어</a>: </span><span lang="en">chemical thermodynamics</span>)은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 법칙">열역학 법칙</a>의 범위 내에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4" title="열">열</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="화학 반응">화학 반응</a> 또는 물리적 상태 변화와의 상호 관계에 대한 연구이다. 화학열역학은 다양한 열역학적 특성에 대한 실험실 측정뿐만 아니라 화학적 문제 및 프로세스의 <i>자발성</i> 연구에 수학적 방법을 적용하는 것을 포함한다. </p><p>화학열역학의 구조는 열역학의 처음 두 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 법칙">법칙</a>을 기반으로 한다. 열역학 제1법칙과 제2법칙으로부터 시작하여 "깁스의 기본 방정식"이라고 하는 4개의 방정식을 도출할 수 있다. 이 네 가지로부터 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EA%B3%84" title="열역학계">열역학계</a>의 열역학적 특성과 관련된 다수의 방정식이 비교적 간단한 수학을 사용하여 유도될 수 있다. 이것은 화학열역학의 수학적 틀을 설명한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Book1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="역사"><span id=".EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC"></span>역사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 역사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1865년 독일의 물리학자 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="루돌프 클라우지우스">루돌프 클라우지우스</a>는 열화학 원리, 예를 들어 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8C" title="연소">연소 반응</a>에서 발생하는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4" title="열">열</a>을 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="열역학">열역학</a> 원리에 적용할 수 있다고 제안했다.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1873-76년 사이에 미국의 수학 물리학자인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4_%EC%9C%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%93%9C_%EA%B8%B0%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="조사이어 윌러드 기브스">조사이어 윌러드 기브스</a>는 클라우지우스의 연구를 바탕으로 세 편의 논문 시리즈를 발표했으며, 가장 유명한 논문은 ‘이질적인 물질의 평형’(On Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances)이다. 이 논문에서 기브스는 열역학의 처음 두 법칙이 화학 반응의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95" title="열역학적 평형">열역학적 평형</a>과 발생하거나 진행되는 경향을 모두 결정하기 위해 그래픽 및 수학적으로 측정할 수 있는 방법을 보여주었다. 기브스의 논문 모음집은 클라우지우스 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4_%EC%82%AC%EB%94%94_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8" title="니콜라 레오나르 사디 카르노">사디 카르노</a>와 같은 다른 사람들이 개발한 원리에서 처음으로 통합된 열역학 정리를 제공했다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="개요"><span id=".EA.B0.9C.EC.9A.94"></span>개요</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 개요"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>화학 열역학의 주요 목적은 주어진 변환의 실행 가능성 또는 자발성을 결정하기 위한 기준을 설정하는 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이러한 방식으로 화학 열역학은 일반적으로 다음 프로세스에서 발생하는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="에너지">에너지</a> 교환을 예측하는 데 사용된다. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="화학 반응">화학 반응</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%B4" title="상전이">위상 변화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EC%95%A1" title="용액">솔루션</a>의 형성</li></ol> <p>다음 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C_%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98" title="상태 함수">상태 함수</a>는 화학열역학에서 주요 관심사이다. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%B6%80_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="내부 에너지">내부 에너지</a> ( <i>U</i> )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC" title="엔탈피">엔탈피</a> ( <i>H</i> )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC" title="엔트로피">엔트로피</a> ( <i>S</i> )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B9%81%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="깁스 자유 에너지">깁스 자유 에너지</a> ( <i>G</i> )</li></ul> <p>화학열역학에서 대부분의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EB%93%B1%EC%8B%9D" title="항등식">항등식</a>은 열역학 제1법칙과 제2법칙, 특히 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="에너지 보존 법칙">에너지 보존 법칙</a>을 이러한 상태 함수에 적용함으로써 발생한다. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 법칙">열역학 3법칙</a></b> (전역, 불특정 형태): </p> <ol><li>우주의 에너지는 일정하다.</li> <li>임의의 자발적인 과정에서 우주의 엔트로피는 항상 증가한다.</li> <li>0 켈빈에서 완벽한 결정(잘 정렬된)의 엔트로피는 0이다.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="화학_에너지"><span id=".ED.99.94.ED.95.99_.EC.97.90.EB.84.88.EC.A7.80"></span>화학 에너지</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 화학 에너지"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>화학 에너지</b>는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="화학 물질">화학 물질</a>이 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="화학 반응">화학 반응</a>을 통해 변형될 때 방출될 수 있는 에너지이다. 화학 결합을 끊고 만드는 것은 종종 화학 시스템에서 흡수되거나 방출될 수 있는 열과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="에너지">에너지</a> 방출 또는 흡수를 포함한다. </p><p>화학 물질("반응물") 간의 반응으로 인해 방출된(또는 흡수된) 에너지는 생성물과 반응물의 에너지 함량 차이와 같다. 이러한 에너지 변화를 화학 시스템의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%B6%80_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="내부 에너지">내부 에너지</a> 변화라고 한다. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}U_{\mathrm {reactants} }^{\rm {o}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}U_{\mathrm {reactants} }^{\rm {o}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7cea488ab6a33c0b022b2091d68eb168a452f343" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.189ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}U_{\mathrm {reactants} }^{\rm {o}}}"></span>, 고려중인 분자의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="결합 에너지">결합 에너지</a> 와 관련된 반응 분자 형성의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%B6%80_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="내부 에너지">내부 에너지</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}U_{\mathrm {products} }^{\rm {o}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}U_{\mathrm {products} }^{\rm {o}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffa73811316dd412591efd19724bf9a010805967" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:10.826ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}U_{\mathrm {products} }^{\rm {o}}}"></span>, 생성물 분자 형성의 내부 에너지에서 계산할 수 있다. 내부 에너지의 변화는 폭탄 열량계 와 같이 밀폐된 단단한 용기에서와 같이 일정한 부피 조건(STP 조건)에서 측정되는 경우 열 변화와 같다. 그러나 대기에 개방된 용기의 반응에서와 같이 일정한 압력에서 측정된 열은 일반적으로 내부 에너지 변화와 같지 않다. 압력-체적 작업도 에너지를 방출하거나 흡수하기 때문이다. </p><p>관련 용어는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8C" title="연소">연소</a> 반응으로 인해 방출되는 화학 에너지인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8C%EC%97%B4" title="연소열">연소열</a>이며 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%A3%8C" title="연료">연료</a> 연구에 관심이 있다. 식품은 탄화수소 및 탄수화물 연료와 유사하며 산화될 때 에너지 방출은 유사하다. </p><p>화학열역학에서 화학 포텐셜 에너지에 사용되는 용어는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="화학 퍼텐셜">화학 퍼텐셜</a>이며 때로는 Gibbs-Duhem 방정식 이 사용된다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="화학_반응"><span id=".ED.99.94.ED.95.99_.EB.B0.98.EC.9D.91"></span>화학 반응</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 화학 반응"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=G(T,P,\{N_{i}\})\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=G(T,P,\{N_{i}\})\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/95e8fd8a3b056ed79f31140cc8da46f18ca0d6e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.035ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=G(T,P,\{N_{i}\})\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p><i>PV</i> 일만 가능한 경우, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=-S\,\mathrm {d} T+V\,\mathrm {d} P+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\,\mathrm {d} N_{i}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=-S\,\mathrm {d} T+V\,\mathrm {d} P+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\,\mathrm {d} N_{i}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dbaa515a5f77662e05d49a0c7eec2789c790d05f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:34.41ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=-S\,\mathrm {d} T+V\,\mathrm {d} P+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\,\mathrm {d} N_{i}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>기본 열역학 관계의 재작성, 여기서 <i>μ <sub>i</sub></i>는 시스템의 <i>i</i> 번째 성분 에 대한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="화학 퍼텐셜">화학 퍼텐셜</a>이다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial N_{i}}}\right)_{T,P,N_{j\neq i},etc.}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial N_{i}}}\right)_{T,P,N_{j\neq i},etc.}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1db1e5238bbb4e070c586d134c657960ea25ae92" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:24.632ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial N_{i}}}\right)_{T,P,N_{j\neq i},etc.}\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>d <i>G</i> 에 대한 표현은 실험적으로 달성하기 쉽고 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85" title="생명">생물</a>의 조건에 근사하는 상수 <i>T</i> 및 <i>P</i> 조건에서 특히 유용하다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} G)_{T,P}=\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\,\mathrm {d} N_{i}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} G)_{T,P}=\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\,\mathrm {d} N_{i}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cbe26a3e023b5ed0c7490727a726df032c36d15e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:22.431ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} G)_{T,P}=\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\,\mathrm {d} N_{i}\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="화학적_친화성"><span id=".ED.99.94.ED.95.99.EC.A0.81_.EC.B9.9C.ED.99.94.EC.84.B1"></span>화학적 친화성</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 화학적 친화성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>이 공식은 수학적으로 가능하지만, 시스템에서 분자를 단순히 추가하거나 제거하지 않기 때문에 분명하지 않다. 구성 변경에는 항상 <i>프로세스</i> 가 있다. 예: 화학 반응(또는 다수) 또는 한 상(액체)에서 다른 상(기체 또는 고체)으로의 분자 이동. 구성 요소의 양을 의미하지 않는 표기법을 찾아야 한다( <i>나</i> <sub><i>_</i></sub> ) 독립적으로 변경할 수 있다. 모든 실제 과정 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="질량 보존 법칙">은 질량 보존</a> 및 각 종류의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90" title="원자">원자</a> 수 보존을 따른다. </p><p>따라서 우리는 프로세스의 진행 정도를 나타내는 명시적 변수인 진행 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EC%88%98_(%EC%88%98%ED%95%99)" title="변수 (수학)">변수</a>를 도입한다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} G)_{T,P}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,P}\,\mathrm {d} \xi .\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} G)_{T,P}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,P}\,\mathrm {d} \xi .\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3fdc41876a803702dc9fc96027e2c6e03b831b57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:25.334ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} G)_{T,P}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,P}\,\mathrm {d} \xi .\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>반응에서 <i>i 번째</i> 성분에 대한 <i><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91%EC%8B%9D" title="화학반응식">화학량론적 계수</a></i>를 도입하면 </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}=\partial N_{i}/\partial \xi \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu _{i}=\partial N_{i}/\partial \xi \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/36184241e01adcbda2d534723a689cb8bf487773" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.928ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu _{i}=\partial N_{i}/\partial \xi \,}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>(반응물에 대해 음수) <i>i</i> 의 얼마나 많은 분자가 생성되거나 소비되는지 알려주므로 편도함수에 대한 대수식을 얻는다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,P}=\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\nu _{i}=-\mathbb {A} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">A</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,P}=\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\nu _{i}=-\mathbb {A} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96fc939418560fb9ed460757b0db8d5b2e4423b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:28.445ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,P}=\sum _{i}\mu _{i}\nu _{i}=-\mathbb {A} \,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>보통의 경우와 같이 동시에 많은 화학 반응이 일어나는 경우, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} G)_{T,P}=-\sum _{k}\mathbb {A} _{k}\,d\xi _{k}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>ξ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} G)_{T,P}=-\sum _{k}\mathbb {A} _{k}\,d\xi _{k}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9345cd4fd2e800b8a0700450595527056351a4b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:24.556ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} G)_{T,P}=-\sum _{k}\mathbb {A} _{k}\,d\xi _{k}\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>위의 표현은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95" title="열역학적 평형">열역학적 평형</a>에서 0과 같지만 화학 반응이 유한한 속도로 진행되어 엔트로피를 생성할 때는 음수이다. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {A} \ {\dot {\xi }}\leq 0\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">A</mi> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {A} \ {\dot {\xi }}\leq 0\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7fa9452853d4e8980984b0f096ed9b6e18b40dcb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.981ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {A} \ {\dot {\xi }}\leq 0\,.}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>그들은 온도와 압력(또는 다른 시스템 변수)이 시간이 지남에 따라 일정하게 유지될지 여부를 "알" 수 없다. </p><p>이제 화학 반응(또는 다른 프로세스)이 발생하는 모든 지역에 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="화학 퍼텐셜">화학적 잠재력</a>과 친화성을 적용하여 균질한 "대량" 시스템의 요구 사항을 완화하면, d <i>G</i> 에 대한 식은 이제 다음으로 대체된다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=-S\,\mathrm {d} T+V\,\mathrm {d} P-\sum _{k}\mathbb {A} _{k}\,\mathrm {d} \xi _{k}+\mathrm {\delta } W'\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mo>−</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ξ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>δ</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=-S\,\mathrm {d} T+V\,\mathrm {d} P-\sum _{k}\mathbb {A} _{k}\,\mathrm {d} \xi _{k}+\mathrm {\delta } W'\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a79845e873e54c56f0bfcd5a94e31936e584ee1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:41.498ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=-S\,\mathrm {d} T+V\,\mathrm {d} P-\sum _{k}\mathbb {A} _{k}\,\mathrm {d} \xi _{k}+\mathrm {\delta } W'\,}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G_{T,P}=-\sum _{k}\mathbb {A} _{k}\,\mathrm {d} \xi _{k}+\mathrm {\delta } W'.\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">A</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ξ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>δ</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>.</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G_{T,P}=-\sum _{k}\mathbb {A} _{k}\,\mathrm {d} \xi _{k}+\mathrm {\delta } W'.\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e74e0f979d448db209b6c39ae7fa9f6bef05c57b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:29.905ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G_{T,P}=-\sum _{k}\mathbb {A} _{k}\,\mathrm {d} \xi _{k}+\mathrm {\delta } W'.\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>계의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B9%81%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="깁스 자유 에너지">깁스 함수</a>의 감소는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%9C%84" title="주위">주변</a>에서 포착할 수 있거나 단순히 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%9D%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="산일">소산</a>될 수 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%98%A8%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등온과정">등온</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%95%95%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등압과정">등압</a> 작업의 상한선이며 중요한 점은 화학 반응에 대한 반응의 <i>정도</i>가 어떤 외부 기계적 또는 전기적 양의 변위와 연결될 수 있다는 것이다. </p><p>용액 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="화학">화학</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="생화학">생화학</a>에서 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B9%81%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="깁스 자유 에너지">깁스 자유 에너지</a> 감소(∂ <i>G</i> /∂ <i>ξ</i>, 몰 단위 − Δ <i>G</i> 로 <i>은밀</i>하게 표시됨)는 일반적으로 상황에서 자발적인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="화학 반응">화학 반응</a>에 의해 생성된 전체 엔트로피에 대한 대리인으로 사용된다. 작업이 수행되지 않는 곳; 또는 최소한 "유용한" 작업이 없다. 즉, 아마도 ± 이외의 <i>P</i> d <i>V</i> . 모든 <i>자발적 반응이 음의 ΔG</i> 를 갖는다는 주장은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C2%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제2법칙">열역학 제2법칙</a>을 재진술한 것에 불과하며, 에너지의 물리적 차원 을 부여하고 엔트로피 측면에서 그 중요성을 다소 모호하게 만든다. </p><p>일반적으로 기존의 화학 열역학으로 처리된 시스템은 평형 상태에 있거나 거의 평형 상태에 있다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%BC_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EC%A7%84" title="일리야 프리고진">프리고진</a>은 평형에서 멀리 떨어진 열린 시스템의 열역학적 처리를 개발했다. 그렇게 함으로써 그는 완전히 새롭고 전혀 예상치 못한 유형의 현상과 구조를 발견했다. 그의 일반화된 비선형 및 비가역적 열역학은 다양한 분야에서 놀라운 응용을 발견했다. </p><p>비평형 열역학은 질서 있는 구조, 예를 들어 생물학적 시스템이 무질서에서 어떻게 발전할 수 있는지 설명하기 위해 적용되었다. Onsager의 관계가 활용되더라도, 열역학에서 평형의 고전적 원리는 평형에 가까운 선형 시스템이 항상 섭동에 안정하고 질서 있는 구조의 발생을 설명할 수 없는 무질서 상태로 발전한다는 것을 여전히 보여준다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="화학">화학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="열역학">열역학</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Book1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Book1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ott, Bevan J.; Boerio-Goates, Juliana (2000). 《Chemical Thermodynamics – Principles and Applications》. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-12-530990-2" title="특수:책찾기/0-12-530990-2"><bdi>0-12-530990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Thermodynamics+%E2%80%93+Principles+and+Applications&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-12-530990-2&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Bevan+J.&rft.au=Boerio-Goates%2C+Juliana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clausius, R. (1865). <i>The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies.</i> London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klotz, I. (1950). <i>Chemical Thermodynamics.</i> New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36429174">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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