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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Under the empire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Under_the_empire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Under the empire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Under_the_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Under_the_Julio-Claudian_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Julio-Claudian_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Under the Julio-Claudian dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Julio-Claudian_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Year_of_the_Four_Emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Year of the Four Emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Year_of_the_Four_Emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavian_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavian_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Flavian dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavian_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antonine_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antonine_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Antonine dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antonine_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severan_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severan_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Severan dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severan_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3rd_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3rd_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>3rd century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3rd_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation_in_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_in_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Participation in wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_in_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Political role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size_and_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Size and composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praetorian_Cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praetorian_Cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Praetorian Cavalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praetorian_Cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculatores_Augusti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculatores_Augusti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Speculatores Augusti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculatores_Augusti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_in_the_Praetorian_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_in_the_Praetorian_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Service in the Praetorian Guard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_in_the_Praetorian_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Equipment and traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Praetorian Guard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoriaanse_Garde" title="Pretoriaanse Garde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pretoriaanse Garde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="الحرس البريتوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرس البريتوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Pretoriana" title="Guardia Pretoriana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guardia Pretoriana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorianlar" title="Pretorianlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pretorianlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Прэтарыянская гвардыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прэтарыянская гвардыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Прэтарыянская гвардыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прэтарыянская гвардыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Преторианска гвардия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Преторианска гвардия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorijanci" title="Pretorijanci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pretorijanci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gward_pretorian" title="Gward pretorian – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gward pretorian" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A0rdia_Pretoriana" title="Guàrdia Pretoriana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guàrdia Pretoriana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwardiyang_Praetorian" title="Gwardiyang Praetorian – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gwardiyang Praetorian" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretori%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_garda" title="Pretoriánská garda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pretoriánská garda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard_y_Praetoriwm" title="Gard y Praetoriwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gard y Praetoriwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6torianergarden" title="Prætorianergarden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prætorianergarden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4torianer" title="Prätorianer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prätorianer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoriaanid" title="Pretoriaanid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pretoriaanid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Πραιτωριανή Φρουρά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πραιτωριανή Φρουρά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Pretoriana" title="Guardia Pretoriana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guardia Pretoriana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretora_gvardio" title="Pretora gvardio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pretora gvardio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoriar_Guardia" title="Pretoriar Guardia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pretoriar Guardia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گارد پرتورین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گارد پرتورین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garde_pr%C3%A9torienne" title="Garde prétorienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Garde prétorienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetoriaanske_garde" title="Praetoriaanske garde – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Praetoriaanske garde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_Praet%C3%B3ireach" title="Garda Praetóireach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Garda Praetóireach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_Pretoriana" title="Garda Pretoriana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Garda Pretoriana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%90%86%E9%90%B8%E5%BB%89%E5%B0%BC" title="普理鐸廉尼 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="普理鐸廉尼" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%86%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88" title="프라이토리아니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프라이토리아니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorijanci" title="Pretorijanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pretorijanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_Praetoria" title="Garda Praetoria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garda Praetoria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_pretoriana" title="Guardia pretoriana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guardia pretoriana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="המשמר הפרטוריאני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשמר הפרטוריאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პრეტორიანელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრეტორიანელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetoriani" title="Praetoriani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praetoriani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorijonai" title="Pretorijonai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pretorijonai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorianusok" title="Praetorianusok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Praetorianusok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Преторијанска гарда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Преторијанска гарда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95" title="प्रेटोरियन रक्षक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रेटोरियन रक्षक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengawal_Praetoria" title="Pengawal Praetoria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengawal Praetoria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoriaanse_garde" title="Pretoriaanse garde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pretoriaanse garde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B" title="プラエトリアニ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラエトリアニ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorianergarden" title="Pretorianergarden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pretorianergarden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_pretoriana" title="Garda pretoriana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Garda pretoriana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorianie" title="Pretorianie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pretorianie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda_pretoriana" title="Guarda pretoriana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guarda pretoriana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_Pretorian%C4%83" title="Garda Pretoriană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Garda Pretoriană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Преторианская гвардия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Преторианская гвардия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_pretoriane" title="Garda pretoriane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Garda pretoriane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Praetorian Guard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9tori%C3%A1nska_garda" title="Prétoriánska garda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prétoriánska garda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorijska_stra%C5%BEa" title="Pretorijska straža – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pretorijska straža" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پاسەوانی پریتۆرین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاسەوانی پریتۆرین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Преторијанска гарда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Преторијанска гарда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorijanci" title="Pretorijanci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pretorijanci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoriaanikaarti" title="Pretoriaanikaarti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pretoriaanikaarti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetoriangardet" title="Praetoriangardet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Praetoriangardet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwardiyang_Pretoryano" title="Guwardiyang Pretoryano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Guwardiyang Pretoryano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரடோரியன் காவலர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரடோரியன் காவலர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ไปรโตริอานี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไปรโตริอานี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_muhaf%C4%B1zlar" title="Praetorian muhafızlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Praetorian muhafızlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Преторіанська гвардія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Преторіанська гвардія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88" title="پریٹورین گارڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پریٹورین گارڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%ADn_v%E1%BB%87_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_La_M%C3%A3" title="Cận vệ của Hoàng đế La Mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cận vệ của Hoàng đế La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A6%81%E5%8D%AB%E5%86%9B" title="罗马禁卫军 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗马禁卫军" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A6%81%E5%8D%AB%E5%86%9B" title="罗马禁卫军 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗马禁卫军" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bodyguards of the Roman emperors</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Praetorians" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Praetorian (disambiguation)">Praetorian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_historique_dit_Relief_des_Pr%C3%A9toriens_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Relief_historique_dit_Relief_des_Pr%C3%A9toriens_01.jpg/260px-Relief_historique_dit_Relief_des_Pr%C3%A9toriens_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Relief_historique_dit_Relief_des_Pr%C3%A9toriens_01.jpg/390px-Relief_historique_dit_Relief_des_Pr%C3%A9toriens_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Relief_historique_dit_Relief_des_Pr%C3%A9toriens_01.jpg/520px-Relief_historique_dit_Relief_des_Pr%C3%A9toriens_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="5108" /></a><figcaption>The <a 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class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of ancient Rome">Politics of ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></b><br />753–509 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></b><br />509–27 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b><br />27 BC – AD 395</li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 284</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />AD 284–641</li></ul> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire"><b>Western</b></a><br />AD 395–476</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><b>Eastern</b></a><br />AD 395–1453</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Sullan republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Augustus" title="Constitutional reforms of Augustus">Augustan reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Political institutions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Assemblies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Ordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Extraordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Public law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius" title="Ius">Ius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">Quaestio perpetua</a></i></li></ul> </div> <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Titles and honours</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Triumvir monetalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military of ancient Rome</a> <div style="font-size:70%;font-weight:normal;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">753 BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">AD 476</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structural history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_army_unit_types" title="List of Roman army unit types">Unit types and ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy#Fleets" title="Roman navy">Fleets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_admirals" title="Category:Ancient Roman admirals">Admirals</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaign history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_wars_and_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman wars and battles">Wars and battles</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technological history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Military engineering</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_triumphal_arches" title="List of Roman triumphal arches">Triumphal arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="font-size:50%;line-height:0.5em;"> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy and tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_defensive_walls" title="Ancient Roman defensive walls">Walls</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Britannicus" title="Limes Britannicus">Limes Britannicus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore" title="Saxon Shore">Saxon Shore</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alb_Limes" title="Alb Limes">Alb Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautertal_Limes" title="Lautertal Limes">Lauter Valley Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Germanic_Limes" title="Lower Germanic Limes">Lower Germanic Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Limes" title="Main Limes">Main Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckar-Odenwald_Limes" title="Neckar-Odenwald Limes">Neckar-Odenwald Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Germanic-Rhaetian_Limes" title="Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes">Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetterau_Limes" title="Wetterau Limes">Wetterau Limes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Iller%E2%80%93Rhine_Limes" title="Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes">Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norican_Limes" class="mw-redirect" title="Norican Limes">Norican Limes</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Claustra_Alpium_Iuliarum" title="Claustra Alpium Iuliarum">Claustra Alpium Iuliarum</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Limes" title="Pannonian Limes">Pannonian Limes</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Alutanus" title="Limes Alutanus">Limes Alutanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Moesiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limes Moesiae">Limes Moesiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Wall" title="Trajan's Wall">Trajan's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasian_Wall" title="Anastasian Wall">Anastasian Wall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Dykes" title="Devil's Dykes">Limes Sarmatiae</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">Limes Arabicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Tripolitanus" title="Limes Tripolitanus">Limes Tripolitanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Mauretaniae" title="Limes Mauretaniae">Limes Mauretaniae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Template:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Praetorian Guard</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i>cohortes praetoriae</i>) was the imperial guard of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Roman_army" title="Imperial Roman army">Imperial Roman army</a> that served as personal close bodyguard, counterintelligence to prevent sabotage of the imperial palace and assassination, crowd control, gathering military intelligence, maneuver warfare, and perform dangerous missions for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, the Praetorian Guards were escorts for high-ranking political officials (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(ancient_Rome)" title="Procurator (ancient Rome)">procurators</a>) and were bodyguards for the senior officers of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a>. In 27 BC, after Rome's transition from republic to empire, the first emperor of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, designated the Praetorians as his personal security escort. For three centuries, the guards of the Roman emperor were also known for their palace intrigues, by whose influence upon imperial politics the Praetorians could overthrow an emperor and then proclaim his successor as the new <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a></i> of Rome. In AD 312, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> disbanded the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cohortes praetoriae</i></span> and destroyed their barracks at the <a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Roman_Republic">In the Roman Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In the Roman Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the period of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509–27 BC) the Praetorian Guard originated as bodyguards for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Roman generals</a>. The first historical record of the praetorians is as bodyguards for the Scipio family, ca. 275 BC. Generals with <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i></span> (command authority of an army) also held public office, either as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistrate</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">promagistrate</a>; each was provided with <a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">lictors</a> to protect the person of the office-holder. In practice, the offices of <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> each had twelve lictors, whilst the offices of <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> and of propraetor each had six lictors. In the absence of an assigned, permanent personal bodyguard, senior field officers safeguarded themselves with temporary bodyguard units of selected soldiers. In <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Numantia" title="Siege of Numantia">Siege of Numantia</a> (134–133 BC), General <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a> safeguarded himself with a troop of 500 soldiers against the sorties of <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> warfare aimed at killing Roman field commanders. </p><p>At the end of 40 BC, two of the three co-rulers who were the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, had Praetorian Guards. Octavian installed his praetorians within the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a></i></span>, the religious and legal boundary of Rome; this was the first occasion when troops were permanently garrisoned in Rome proper. In the Orient, Antony commanded three cohorts; in 32 BC, Antony issued coins honouring his Praetorian Guard. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Octavian commanded five cohorts at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> in 31 BC; in the aftermath of Roman civil war, the victorious Octavian then merged his forces with the forces of Antony as symbolic of their political reunification. Later, as Augustus, the first Roman emperor (27 BC–AD 14), Octavian retained the Praetorians as his imperial bodyguard. In the longer campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army_of_the_late_Republic" title="Roman army of the late Republic">Roman army of the late Republic</a>, the personal bodyguard unit was the norm for a commander in the field. At camp, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cohors praetoria</i></span>, a cohort of praetorians guarding the commander, was posted near the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Praetorium" title="Praetorium">praetorium</a></i></span>, the tent of the commander. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_the_empire">Under the empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Under the empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Legionary" title="Legionary">legionaries</a> known as the Praetorian Guard were first hand-picked veterans of the Roman army who served as bodyguards to the emperor. First established by Augustus, members of the Guard accompanied him on active campaign, protecting the civic administrations and rule of law imposed by the Senate and the emperor. The Praetorian Guard was ultimately dissolved by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> in the early 4th century. They were distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Numerus_Batavorum" title="Numerus Batavorum">Imperial German Bodyguard</a> which provided close personal protection for the early Roman emperors. They benefited from several advantages via their close proximity with the emperor: the Praetorians were the only ones admitted while bearing arms in the center of sacred Rome, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></i></span>. </p><p>Their mandatory service was shorter in duration, for instance: 12 years with the Praetorians instead of 16 years in the legions starting year 13 BC, then carried to, respectively, 16 to 20 years in year 5 BC according to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>. Their pay was higher than that of a legionary. Under <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, the pay of a Praetorian was three and a half times that of a legionary, augmented by prime additions of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Donativum" title="Donativum">donativum</a></i></span>, granted by each new emperor. This additional pay was the equivalent of several years of pay and was often repeated at important events of the empire or events that touched the imperial family: birthdays, births and marriages. Major monetary distributions or food subsidies renewed and compensated the fidelity of the Praetorians following each failed particular attempted plot (such as that of <a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a> against <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> in AD 48 or Piso against Nero in AD 65). The Praetorians received substantially higher pay<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than other Roman soldiers in any of the legions, on a system known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sesquiplex stipendum</i></span>, or by pay-and-a-half. So if the legionaries received 250 <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarii</a>, the guards received 375 per annum. <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> increased the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">stipendum</i></span> (payment) to 1,500 denarii per year, distributed in January, May and September. </p><p>Feared and dreaded by the population and by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>, the Praetorians received no sympathy from the Roman people. A famous poem by <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a> recalls the nail left in his foot by the <a href="/wiki/Caligae" title="Caligae">sandal</a> of a Praetorian rushing by him. "Praetorian" has a pejorative sense in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, recalling the often troubling role of the Praetorian of antiquity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetors</a></i> were either civic or military leaders. The praetorians were initially elite guards for military praetors, under the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Praetorian Guard was very different from what it became later, as a vital force in the power politics of Rome. While Augustus understood the need to have a protector in the maelstrom of Rome, he was careful to uphold the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Republican veneer</a> of his regime. Thus, he allowed only nine cohorts to be formed, each originally consisting of 500 men. He then increased them to 1,000 men each, allowing three units to be on duty at any given time in the capital. A small number of detached cavalry units (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Turma" title="Turma">turmae</a></i></span>) of 30 men each were also organized. While they patrolled inconspicuously in the palace and major buildings, the others were stationed in the towns surrounding Rome. This system was not radically changed with the appointment by Augustus in 2 BC of two <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Ostorius_Scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Ostorius Scapula">Quintus Ostorius Scapula</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Publius_Salvius_Aper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publius Salvius Aper (page does not exist)">Publius Salvius Aper</a>, although organization and command were enhanced. Tacitus reports that the number of cohorts was increased to twelve from nine in AD 47. In AD 69 it was briefly increased to sixteen cohorts by <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> quickly reduced it again to nine.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_the_Julio-Claudian_dynasty">Under the Julio-Claudian dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under the Julio-Claudian dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Rome, the guards' principal duty was to mount the Guard at the house of Augustus on the Palatine, where the centuries and the <a href="/wiki/Turma" title="Turma">turmae</a> of the cohort in service mounted the guard outside the emperor's palace (the interior guard of the palace was mounted by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Bodyguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial German Bodyguard">Imperial German Bodyguard</a>, often also referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(military_unit)" title="Batavi (military unit)">Batavi</a></i>, and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statores (page does not exist)">Statores</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augusti, a sort of <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a> which were found in the general staff headquarters of the Roman Army). Every afternoon, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tribunus_cohortis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunus cohortis">tribunus cohortis</a></i></span> would receive the password from the emperor personally. The command of this cohort was assumed directly by the emperor and not by the Praetorian prefect. After the construction of the Praetorian camp in 23 BC, another similar serving <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a> was placed in the Praetorian camp. The guards' functions included, among many, escorting the emperor and the members of the imperial family and, if necessary, to act as a sort of riot police. Certain <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empresses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman and Byzantine Empresses">Empresses</a> exclusively commanded their own Praetorian Guard. </p><p>According to Tacitus, in the year 23 BC, there were nine Praetorian cohorts (4,500 men, the equivalent of a legion) to maintain peace in Italy; three were stationed in Rome, and the others nearby. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a> in 1994, an inscription recently discovered suggested that, towards the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the number of cohorts increased to 12 during a brief period.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankov_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inscription referred to one man who was the tribune of two successive cohorts: the eleventh cohort, apparently at the end of the reign of Augustus, and the fourth at the beginning of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. According to Tacitus, there were only nine cohorts in 23 AD. The three urban cohorts, which were numbered consecutively after the Praetorian cohorts, were removed near the end of the reign of Augustus; it seemed probable that the last three Praetorian cohorts were simply renamed as <a href="/wiki/Cohortes_urbanae" title="Cohortes urbanae">urban cohorts</a>. </p><p>The Praetorians first intervened on a battlefield since the wars of the end of the Republic during the <i>mutinies of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></i> and the <i>mutinies of <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></i>. On the death of Augustus in AD 14, his successor Tiberius was confronted by mutinies in the two armies of the <i>Rhine</i> and <i>Pannonia</i>, who were protesting about their conditions of service being worse than the Praetorians. The forces of Pannonia were dealt with by <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a>, son of Tiberius (distinct from <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a>, brother of Tiberius), accompanied by two Praetorian cohorts, the Praetorian Cavalry, and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Bodyguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial German Bodyguard">Imperial German Bodyguards</a>. The mutiny in Germania was repressed by the nephew and designated heir of Tiberius, <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, who later led legions and detachments of the Guard in a two-year campaign in Germania, and succeeded in recovering two of the three <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">legionary eagles</a> which had been lost at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png/220px-Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png/330px-Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png/440px-Proclaiming_claudius_emperor.png 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption><i>Proclaiming Claudius Emperor</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a>, oil on canvas, 1867. According to one version of the story of Claudius' accession, members of the Praetorian Guard found him hiding behind a curtain in the aftermath of the assassination of Caligula in AD 41, and proclaimed him emperor.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a> rose in power under <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, and was among the first prefects to exploit his position to pursue his own ambitions. He concentrated under his command all the Praetorian cohorts in the new camp. Sejanus held the title of prefect jointly with his father, under Augustus, but became sole prefect in AD 15, and used the position to render himself essential to the new emperor Tiberius, who was unable to persuade the Senate to share the responsibility of governing the Empire. Sejanus, however, alienated Drusus, son of Tiberius, and when Germanicus, the heir to the throne, died in AD 19 he was worried that Drusus would become the new emperor. Accordingly, he poisoned Drusus with the help of the latter's wife, and immediately launched a ruthless elimination program against all competitors, persuading Tiberius to make him his heir apparent. He almost succeeded, but his plot was discovered and revealed in AD 31, and Tiberius had him killed by the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cohortes_urbanae" title="Cohortes urbanae">Cohortes urbanae</a></i></span>, who were not under Sejanus's control. </p><p>In AD 37 Caligula became emperor with the support of <a href="/wiki/Naevius_Sutorius_Macro" title="Naevius Sutorius Macro">Naevius Sutorius Macro</a>, Sejanus' successor as prefect of the Praetorian Guard. Under Caligula, whose reign lasted until AD 41, the overall strength of the Guard increased from 9 to 12 Praetorian cohorts. </p><p>In year 41, disgust and hostility of a praetorian tribune, named <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Chaerea" title="Cassius Chaerea">Cassius Chaerea</a> – whom <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> teased without mercy due to his squeaky voice – led to the assassination of the emperor by officers of the guard. While the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Bodyguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial German Bodyguard">Imperial German Bodyguard</a> sacked all in a search to apprehend the murderers, the Senate proclaimed the restoration of a Republic. The Praetorians, who were pillaging the Palace, discovered <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, uncle of <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, hidden behind a curtain. Needing an emperor to justify their own existence, they brought him forth to the Praetorian camp and proclaimed him emperor, the first emperor proclaimed by the Praetorian Guard. He compensated the guard with a prime bonus worth five years their salary. The Praetorians accompanied Emperor Claudius to Britain in 43 AD. </p><p>When Claudius was poisoned, the Guard transferred their allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> through the influence of his Praetorian prefect <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Afranius_Burrus" title="Sextus Afranius Burrus">Sextus Afranius Burrus</a>, who exercised a beneficial influence on the new emperor during the first eight years of his reign (Burrus died in 62 AD). Officers of the Guard, including one of the two successors of Burrus as the Praetorian prefect, participated in <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Calpurnius_Piso_(conspirator)" title="Gaius Calpurnius Piso (conspirator)">Piso's</a> conspiracy in year 65. The other Praetorian prefect, <a href="/wiki/Tigellinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigellinus">Tigellinus</a>, headed the suppression of the conspiracy, and the members of the Guard were paid a bonus of 500 denarii each. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Year_of_the_Four_Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Year of the Four Emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a></div> <p>In AD 68, the new colleague of Tigellinus, <a href="/wiki/Nymphidius_Sabinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphidius Sabinus">Nymphidius Sabinus</a>, managed to have the Praetorian Guard abandon Nero in favor of the contender <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>. Nymphidius Sabinus had promised 7,500 denarii per man, but Galba refused to pay, saying "It is my habit to recruit soldiers and not buy them". This permitted his rival <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> to bribe 23 <a href="/wiki/Speculatores" title="Speculatores">Speculatores</a> of the Praetorian Guard to proclaim him emperor. Despite the opposition of the cohorts in service in the palace, Galba and his designated successor, the young Piso, were <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynched</a> on 15 January. </p><p>After supporting Otho against a third contender, <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>, the Praetorians were restrained following defeat and their centurions executed. They were replaced by 16 cohorts recruited from the legionnaires and auxiliaries loyal to Vitellius, almost 16,000 men. These ex-Praetorians then aided <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, the fourth Emperor, leading the attack against the Praetorian camp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flavian_dynasty">Flavian dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flavian dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Flavians, the Praetorians formed 9 new cohorts, of which <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>, son of emperor Vespasian, became the prefect. Vespasian returned the effective strength of each unit to five hundred men. He also cancelled the guard service of the Praetorians at the entry to the emperor's palace, but retained guards within the palace itself. </p><p>Under Vespasian's second son, <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, the number of cohorts was increased to 10, and the Praetorian Guard participated in fighting in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>. It was in the course of these actions that the prefect <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Fuscus" title="Cornelius Fuscus">Cornelius Fuscus</a> was defeated and killed in 86. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antonine_dynasty">Antonine dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Antonine dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following assassination of Domitian in 96 the Praetorians demanded the execution of their prefect, <a href="/wiki/Titus_Petronius_Secundus" title="Titus Petronius Secundus">Titus Petronius Secundus</a>, who had been implicated in the murder. </p><p>At the death of <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, at the beginning of 98, the Guard supported <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, commander of the Army of the Rhine, as new emperor. He executed the remaining Praetorian prefect and his partisans. Trajan returned to Rome from the Rhine, probably accompanied by the new unit of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Equites_singulares_Augusti" title="Equites singulares Augusti">equites singulares Augusti</a></i></span>. The Praetorian Guard had participated in <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's two Dacian Wars</a> (101–102 and 105–106). The Praetorian Guard served in the last <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign">campaign of Trajan against the Parthians</a> of 113–117. </p><p>During the 2nd century, the Praetorian Guard accompanied <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166" title="Roman–Parthian War of 161–166">Oriental War Campaign of 161–166 AD</a>, and accompanied Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> in his northern campaigns between 169–175 and 178–180. Two prefects were killed during these expeditions. </p><p>With the accession of <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>, in 180, the Praetorian Guard returned to Rome. <a href="/wiki/Tigidius_Perennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigidius Perennis">Tigidius Perennis</a> (AD 182–185) and <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Cleander" title="Marcus Aurelius Cleander">Marcus Aurelius Cleander</a> (AD 186–190) exercised considerable influence on the emperor. <a href="/wiki/Tigidius_Perennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigidius Perennis">Perennis</a> was killed by a delegation of 1,500 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanciarii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanciarii (page does not exist)">Lanciarii</a> of the 3 legions of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> which had come to complain about his interference in the affairs of the province. Cleander abused his influence to nominate and dismiss prefects. </p><p>In 188, Cleander obtained the joint command of the Guard with the two prefects. He ordered a massacre of civilians carried out by the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">equites singulares Augusti</i></span>, which led to an arranged battle with the <a href="/wiki/Cohortes_urbanae" title="Cohortes urbanae">Urban Cohorts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Severan_dynasty">Severan dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Severan dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commodus fell victim to a conspiracy aided by his Praetorian prefect <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aemilius_Laetus" title="Quintus Aemilius Laetus">Quintus Aemilius Laetus</a> in 192. The new emperor <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a>, who took part in the conspiracy, paid the Praetorians a premium of 3,000 denarii; however he was assassinated three months later, on 28 March 193, by a group of Guards due to his refusal to further increase the premium which had already been paid. The Praetorians then put the empire up to auction and <a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a> bought the title of emperor. However, the armies of the Danube chose instead the governor of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, who besieged Rome and tricked the Praetorians when they came out unarmed. The Praetorian Guard was dissolved and replaced by men transferred from Septimius's army. </p><p>The new Guard of Septimius Severus made their mark against his rival <a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Clodius Albinus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lugdunum" title="Battle of Lugdunum">Battle of Lyon</a> in 197, and accompanied the emperor to the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a> from 197 to 202, then to <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> from 208 until his death at <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> in 211. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, son of Septimius Severus, lost favour with his troops by assassinating his own brother and co-emperor, Geta, immediately after his succession. Finally, in 217, while on campaign in the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a>, he was assassinated at the instigation of his prefect <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>. </p><p>After the elimination of the latter, the Praetorians opposed the new emperor <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>, priest of the oriental cult of Elagabal, and replaced him by his 13-year-old cousin <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> in 222. </p><p>In this period the position of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a> in Italy came increasingly to resemble a general administrative post, and there was a tendency to appoint jurists such as <a href="/wiki/Papinian" title="Papinian">Papinian</a>, who occupied the post from 203 until his elimination and execution at the ascent of Caracalla. Under Severus Alexander the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a> was held by the lawyer <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a> until his assassination by the Praetorian Guard in the presence of the emperor himself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="3rd_century">3rd century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 3rd century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spring of 238, under <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a>, the bulk of the Praetorian Guard was employed on active service. Defended by only a small residual garrison, the Praetorian camp was attacked by a civilian crowd acting in support of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senators</a> and Gordian emperors in revolt against Maximinus Thrax. The failure of Maximinus Thrax to win the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> against the contenders <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a> led to his death at the hands of his own troops, including the Praetorians. The senatorial candidates for the throne, <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a>, recalled the Praetorian Guard to Rome, only to find themselves under attack by the Praetorians. Both were killed on 29 July 238 and <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> triumphed. </p><p>After 238, literary and epigraphic sources dry up, and information on the Praetorian Guard becomes rare. In 249, the Praetorians assassinated <a href="/wiki/Philippus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippus II">Philippus II</a>, son of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip the Arab</a>. In 272, in the reign of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a>, they took part in an expedition against <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>. In 284, Diocletian reduced the status of the Praetorians; they were no longer to be part of palace life, as Diocletian lived in <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, some 60 miles (100 km) from <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. Two new corps, the <a href="/wiki/Jovians_and_Herculians" title="Jovians and Herculians">Ioviani and Herculiani</a> (named after the gods Jove, or <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, associated with the senior and junior emperor), replaced the Praetorians as the personal protectors of the emperors, a practice that remained intact with the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>. In 297 they were in Africa with <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>. By the time Diocletian retired on 1 May 305, their <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Castra Praetoria</i></span> seems to have housed only a minor garrison of Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early 4th century, <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Valerius_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Valerius Severus">Flavius Valerius Severus</a> attempted to disband the Praetorian Guard on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>. In response, the Praetorians turned to <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>, the son of the retired emperor Maximian, and proclaimed him their emperor on 28 October 306. By 312, however, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> marched on Rome with an army in order to eliminate Maxentius and gain control of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a>. Ultimately Constantine's army achieved a decisive victory against the Praetorians, whose emperor was killed during the fighting. With the death of Maxentius, Constantine definitively disbanded the remnants of the Praetorian Guard. The remaining soldiers were sent out to various corners of the empire, and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Castra Praetoria</i></span> was dismantled in a grand gesture, inaugurating a new age in Roman history and ending that of the Praetorians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation_in_wars">Participation in wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Participation in wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While campaigning, the Praetorians were the equal of any formation in the Roman army. On the death of Augustus in 14 AD, his successor, Tiberius, was faced with mutinies among both the Rhine and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonian</a> legions. According to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, the Pannonian forces were dealt with by Tiberius' son <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus</a>, accompanied by two Praetorian cohorts, the Praetorian cavalry and some of the <a href="/wiki/German_bodyguard" class="mw-redirect" title="German bodyguard">German bodyguard</a>. The German mutiny was put down by Tiberius' nephew and adopted son <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, his intended heir, who then led the legions and detachments of the Guard in an invasion of Germany over the next two years. The Guard saw much action in the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a> in 69, fighting well for <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> at the first <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bedriacum" title="Battle of Bedriacum">battle of Bedriacum</a>. Under Domitian and Trajan, the guard took part in wars from <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, while with Marcus Aurelius, years were spent on the Danubian frontier during the <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a>. Throughout the 3rd century, the Praetorians assisted the emperors in various campaigns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_role">Political role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Praetorian Guard influenced and intervened in the imperial succession to name the new <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Caesar</i></span>, which was a political decision that the unarmed Senate accepted, ratified, and proclaimed to the people of Rome. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a>, who was sacrificed for the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Donativum" title="Donativum">donativum</a></i></span> (imperial gift) promised by Tiberius, the Praetorians became exceptionally ambitious in their influence upon the politics of the Roman Empire. Either by volition or for a price, the Praetorian Guard would assassinate an emperor, bully the Praetorian prefects, or attack the Roman populace. In AD 41, conspirators from the senatorial class and from the Guard killed Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, his wife, and their daughter. Afterwards, the Praetorians installed Caligula's uncle <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> upon the imperial throne of Rome, and challenged the Senate to oppose the Praetorian decision. </p><p>In AD 69, the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a>, after assassinating the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>, because he did not offer them a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">donatium</i></span>, the Praetorians gave their allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a>, whom they named as the new <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Caesar</i></span> of Rome. To ensure the loyalty of the Praetorian Guard, Emperor Otho granted the Praetorians the right to appoint their own prefects. After defeating Otho, <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> disbanded the Praetorians and established a new Guard composed of sixteen <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">cohorts</a>. In his war against Vitellius, <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> relied upon the disgruntled cohorts dismissed by Emperor Vitellius, and, as Emperor Vespasian, he reduced the Praetorian Guard to nine cohorts and ensured their political loyalty by appointing his son, <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>, as prefect of the Praetorians.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their political power, the Praetorian Guard had no formal role in governing the Roman Empire. Often after an outrageous act of violence, revenge by the new ruler was forthcoming. In 193, <a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a> purchased the Empire from the Guard for a vast sum, when the Guard auctioned it off after killing <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a>. Later that year <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> marched into Rome, disbanded the Guard and started a new formation from his own Pannonian legions. Unruly mobs in Rome often fought with the Praetorians in vicious street battles during <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a>'s reign. </p><p>In 271, <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> sailed east to destroy the power of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>, Syria, with a force of legionary detachments, Praetorian cohorts, and other cavalry units, and easily defeated the Palmyrenes. This led to the orthodox view that <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and his colleagues evolved the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sacer comitatus</i></span> (the field escort of the emperors). The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sacer comitatus</i></span> included field units that used a selection process and command structure modeled after the old Praetorian cohorts, but it was not of uniform composition and was much larger than a Praetorian cohort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leadership">Leadership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a></div> <p>Starting in the year 2 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a> was the commanding officer of the Praetorian Guard (previously each cohort was independent and under the orders of a <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian</a> rank). This role (chief of all troops stationed in Rome), was in practice a key position of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>. </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> onwards the Praetorian prefecture was always held by an equestrian of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">eques</i></span> order. (<i>Equestrians</i> were traditionally that class of citizens who could equip themselves to serve in the Roman Army on <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">horseback</a>). </p><p>From the year 2 BC, the cohorts were under the control of two prefectures; however cohorts continued to be organized independently, each commanded by a tribune. Tribunes had as immediate subordinates ordinary <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">Centurions</a>, all of equal rank except for the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trecenarius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trecenarius (page does not exist)">trecenarius</a></i></span>, the first and prime of all centurions of the Praetorian Cohorts, who commanded also the 300 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Speculatores" title="Speculatores">speculatores</a></i></span>, and with the exception of his second, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeps_castrorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeps castrorum (page does not exist)">princeps castrorum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohec21_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohec21-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the second century the Praetorian prefect oversaw not only the Praetorian Cohorts but also the rest of the garrison of Rome, including the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cohortes_urbanae" title="Cohortes urbanae">Cohortes urbanae</a></i></span> ("urban cohorts") and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">equites singulares Augusti</i></span>, but not the <a href="/wiki/Vigiles" title="Vigiles"><i>Vigiles</i> cohorts</a>. </p><p>Following the dissolution of the Praetorian Cohorts by the emperor Constantine after he defeated them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Battle of the Milvian Bridge</a> in 312, the role of the Praetorian prefect in the Empire became purely administrative, ruling large territories (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">prefectures</i></span>) comprising Roman <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> (geographical subdivisions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>) in the name of the Emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Size_and_composition">Size and composition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Size and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Praetorian Cohorts were designated as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Equitatae</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>) <i><a href="/wiki/Turma" title="Turma">Turmae</a></i> (troops) with <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">centuries</a> formed of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, initially of 500 men each.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohec21_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohec21-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order not to alienate the population of Rome, while conserving Republican civilian traditions, the Praetorians did not wear their armor while in the heart of the city. Instead they often wore a formal toga, which distinguished them from civilians but remained in a respectable civilian attire, the mark of a Roman citizen. Augustus, conscious of risking the only military force present in the city, often avoided concentrating them and imposed this dress code. </p><p>From the reign of Tiberius, their camp was situated on the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Quirinal">Quirinal</a> Hill, outside Rome. In 26 AD, <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a>, Praetorian prefect, and the favorite of emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, united the <a href="/wiki/Cohortes_urbanae" title="Cohortes urbanae">Urban Cohorts</a> with nine Praetorian Cohorts, dispersed at that time throughout <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, in one large camp situated beyond the <a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a>, on the Esquiline Hill, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a></i></span>. </p><p>For the 2nd century, calculations from lists of significant demobilisations suggest an increase in size to nearly 1,500 men per cohort (perhaps a doubling of 800 (since Vespasian), probably organized in 20 centuries) under <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> in year (187–188) or under Septimius Severus (193–211), which matches the probable numbers of effectives for Urban Cohorts during the time of <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>. These figures suggest an overall size for the Guard of 4,500–6,000 men under Augustus, 12,800 under <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>, 7,200 under Vespasian, 8,000 from Domitian until <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> or Septimius Severus, and 15,000 later on.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankov_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 2nd century, Italians made up 89% of the Praetorian Guard. Under Septimius Severus, recruitment evolved to authorize the inclusion of legionaries of the Roman army, as well as of the battle hardened <i>Army of the Danube</i>. Severus stationed his supporters with him in Rome, and the Praetorian Guards remained loyal to his choices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Praetorian_Cavalry">Praetorian Cavalry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Praetorian Cavalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially each cohort included, as for a <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legion</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> detachment; this should not be confused with the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">equites singulares Augusti</i></span> who appeared under the emperor Trajan. The Praetorian could become a cavalryman (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Eques</i></span>) after almost five years service in the <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>. These Praetorians remained listed in their Centuries of origin, but operated in a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Turma" title="Turma">turma</a></i></span> of 30 men each commanded by an <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optio_equitum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optio equitum (page does not exist)">Optio equitum</a></i></span>. </p><p>There was probably one <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">turma</i></span> of cavalry for two centuries of infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankov_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, three <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">turmae</i></span> per cohorts of the <i>Augustan period</i>, five per cohort in 100 CE–200 CE, and ten per cohort after 200 CE, with a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vexillum" title="Vexillum">vexillum</a></i></span> (flag) as emblem for each <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">turma</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speculatores_Augusti">Speculatores Augusti</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Speculatores Augusti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Speculatores" title="Speculatores">speculatores</a> Augusti</i></span> were cavalrymen assigned to the same tasks as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Speculatores" title="Speculatores">Speculatores</a></i></span> of the legions and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_auxiliary_regiments" title="List of Roman auxiliary regiments">auxiliary units</a> (messengers in charge of transmitting intelligence, and clandestine agents). </p><p>About 300 in total (30 per cohort), they formed a unit under the orders of the senior <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">Centurion</a>, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trecenarius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trecenarius (page does not exist)">Trecenarius</a></i></span>. Selected for their impressive physique, they were used by the Emperor for <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Clandestine operations">clandestine operations</a> and tasks such as arrests, imprisonment, and executions. </p><p>One of their roles was to accompany the emperor on his foreign campaign journeys (a role which would later be handled by the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Singulares/equites singulares Augusti</i></span>). <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> was in the habit of surrounding himself with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Speculatores</i></span> when attending dinners. </p><p>The close security protection detail of Galba, of <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> and the dynastic line of the Flavians appear to have been formed of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Speculatores" title="Speculatores">Speculatores</a></i></span> (who replaced the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Bodyguard" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial German Bodyguard">Imperial German Bodyguard</a> disbanded by <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>). </p><p>Following the assassination of emperor Domitian, his successor <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> was placed under the protection of Trajan, to counter possible revenge attempts and mutinies. Trajan was commander of the most important army of the time, that of the Army of Germania, and he nominated him as his heir. Accordingly, and following such an act, Trajan, aiming to reinforce his security detail in relation to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Speculatores</i></span> who had remained loyal to Domitian, replaced them as close protection security detail with the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Singulares/equites singulares Augusti</i></span> (modelled on the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Singulares</i></span> of a provincial governor, a post held by Trajan). The some 300 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Speculatores" title="Speculatores">Speculatores</a></i></span> were reassigned by Trajan to the corps of Praetorian cohorts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohec21_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohec21-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were distinguished by a special (but unknown) style of boots, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Speculatoria Caliga</i></span> (according to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>) and they received special honorific diplomas in bronze at demobilization. They had their own Equestrian instructors (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Exercitatores</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Rankov_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_in_the_Praetorian_Guard">Service in the Praetorian Guard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Service in the Praetorian Guard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Q.PomponiusPoeninus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Q.PomponiusPoeninus.jpg/220px-Q.PomponiusPoeninus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Q.PomponiusPoeninus.jpg/330px-Q.PomponiusPoeninus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Q.PomponiusPoeninus.jpg/440px-Q.PomponiusPoeninus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Funeral inscription of Quintus Pomponius Poeninus, soldier of the IV Praetorian Cohort<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, the Praetorian Guard was recruited from the populations of central Italy (<a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>). Recruits were between 15 and 32 years of age, compared to legionary recruits who ranged from 18 to 23 years of age. According to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, during the first two centuries AD and before the reform of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, the Praetorians were exclusively limited to Italy, Spain (Roman province), <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>). </p><p>Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>, and starting from Septimius Severus, men were transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Vigiles_Urbanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigiles Urbanus">Urban Vigiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cohortes_urbanae" title="Cohortes urbanae">Urban cohorts</a>, and the various <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>. This recent method and manner of recruitment at the corps of the legions became the normal procedure to recruit in the 3rd century after Septimius Severus dealt with the undisciplined Praetorians who assassinated <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> in 193, and replaced them with men from his own Danube legions. </p><p>At that time, the Praetorians represented the best soldiers from the legions (principally from Illyria). They were a group of elite of soldiers starting from the 3rd century, and not a category of socially privileged soldiers (such as the Italians at the time of Augustus). The Italians formed the base of the recruitment of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Legio II Parthica</i></span>, a new legion created and stationed in Italy. </p><p>To be admitted to the Guard, a man had to be in good physical condition, have a <a href="/wiki/Good_moral_character" title="Good moral character">good moral character</a>, and come from a respectable family. In addition, he had to make use of all sorts of patronages available to him in order to obtain letters of recommendations from important leading figures in society. Once past the recruitment procedure he was designated as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Probatus</i></span>, and assigned as a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Miles</i></span> (soldier) to one of the centuries of a cohort. After two years, if he attracted the attention of his superiors by influence or merit, he could attain the post of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Immunis</i></span> (similar to corporal), perhaps as a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">commis</i></span> (junior chief) at general headquarters or as a technician. This promotion exempted him from daily chores. After another two years he could be promoted to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Principalis</i></span>, with a double salary, in charge of delivering messages (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Tesserarius</i></span>) or as an assistant centurion (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Optio</i></span>) or standard bearer (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Signifer</i></span>) at the corps of the century; or, if literate and numerate, he could join the administrative staff of the prefect. </p><p>Only a few soldiers could attain the rank of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Principalis</i></span>; however those that did, during the course of their service, were designated <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Evocati Augusti</i></span> by the emperor. This designation allowed them to be promoted to technical administrative posts, or instructors in Rome, or to a century in a legion, and accordingly extend their career. Certain <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">principalis</i></span> could at the end of their career be promoted to <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">Centurion</a> in the Guard; this would be the peak of his career. Anyone ambitious for further promotion would need to transfer to a legion. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribunes</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Tribuni Militum</i></span>) at the head of the cohorts were <a href="/wiki/Roman_cavalry" title="Roman cavalry">Roman cavalrymen</a>. In contrast to many superior cadres of the Army, who originated from the Equestrian Order, these tribunes started their career in the ranks of the Guard and were promoted from the ranks in the hierarchy. Next after becoming <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">Centurions</a>, they had to serve for a period of one year as superior centurions in one or several legions before achieving the status of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Primus_pilus" title="Primus pilus">Primus pilus</a></i></span> (the highest ranked Centurion in a legion). Upon return to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, they occupied successively the positions of Tribunes of the Vigiles, Tribune of the Urban Cohort and finally Tribune of the Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankov_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petit180_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petit180-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other leading paths towards the tribunate were possible, including service entirely made in the legions, attaining the rank of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Primus_pilus" title="Primus pilus">Primus pilus</a></i></span> before departing to Rome. Nevertheless, all tribunes were combat veterans with extensive military experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankov_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petit180_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petit180-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each tribune served in Rome for one year, following which, a certain number of the men would retire. </p><p>A few of them, ranking placement at the top of the hierarchy, could obtain a second term as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Primus Pilus</i></span> and advance towards the superior echelons of the equestrian career, possibly becoming the Praetorian prefect.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankov_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petit180_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petit180-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the prefects, however, were ordinary men of the equestrian rank by birth. The men who attained the command of the Guard following year 2 BC were <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equites</a> with an elevated seniority, classifying right behind the prefect of Egypt. Starting from Vespasian, whose son, Titus was himself a Praetorian prefect, they were ranked first. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment_and_traditions">Equipment and traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Equipment and traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Praetorian Guard, like all legionnaires, disposed of various <a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">equipment</a> to execute different missions. More particularly as bodyguard, escort or reserve military force, they housed adaptable equipment for each function. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A4torianer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pr%C3%A4torianer.jpg/170px-Pr%C3%A4torianer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pr%C3%A4torianer.jpg/255px-Pr%C3%A4torianer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pr%C3%A4torianer.jpg/340px-Pr%C3%A4torianer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Praetorian soldier armed with standard Roman weapon in 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>For heavy packed combat infantry lines (<a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Triplex Acies System</a>), they mounted helmets, armor (<a href="/wiki/Lorica_segmentata" title="Lorica segmentata">Lorica segmentata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">Lorica hamata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorica_squamata" title="Lorica squamata">Lorica squamata</a> specially in the 2nd and 3rd centuries), heavy colorful shields (<a href="/wiki/Scutum_(shield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutum (shield)">scuta</a>), heavy javelins (<a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">pila</a>), and later even long spears and lighter javelins (<a href="/wiki/Hasta_(spear)" title="Hasta (spear)">hasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancea_(weapon)" title="Lancea (weapon)">lancea</a>). </p><p>Praetorian Guard helmets included tall <a href="/wiki/Galea_(helmet)" title="Galea (helmet)">Galea</a> with elaborate detail worked into the metal. Shields were ovoid and more robust compared with the regular rectangular shape sometimes used by the legions. Each legion had its own emblem displayed on its <a href="/wiki/Scutum_(shield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutum (shield)">Scutum (shield)</a> and the Praetorian Guard were probably the only unit to include additional insignia on their shields.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Each cohort had their own version of Praetorian insignia. Praetorian Guard units could wear lion skin capes and their colours were so decorated with awards, that the men had difficulty in carrying them on long marches. </p><p>The Praetorian Guard colours included the winged <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">goddess of victory</a>. </p><p>For escorts, the oval shields and lances replaced the scuta and pila. Missions in Rome at the heart of the city in principle were forbidden to soldiers, so they wore a toga. </p><p>The Praetorian Guard, like all legionaries, shared similar insignia, mainly on their shields. Praetorian Guard shields included <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">wings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">thunderbolts</a>, referring to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, and also uniquely included <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescents</a>. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2014" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Evan (8 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/8-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-praetorian-guard">"8 Things You May Not Know About the Praetorian Guard"</a>. <i>History.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=8+Things+You+May+Not+Know+About+the+Praetorian+Guard&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F8-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-praetorian-guard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070113183811/http://www.ancientcoins.biz/pages/economy/">"Roman Economy – Prices in Ancient Rome"</a>. Ancientcoins.bis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientcoins.biz/pages/economy/">the original</a> on 13 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Economy+%E2%80%93+Prices+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=Ancientcoins.bis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientcoins.biz%2Fpages%2Feconomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/8-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-praetorian-guard">"8 Things You May Not Know About the Praetorian Guard"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. 29 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=8+Things+You+May+Not+Know+About+the+Praetorian+Guard&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F8-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-praetorian-guard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bingham 1997, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Rome, near the Emperor, they were designated as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statores_Augusti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statores Augusti (page does not exist)">Statores Augusti</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Statores Praetorianorum</i></span> starting from the 3rd century); they formed a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Numerus_(Roman_military_unit)" title="Numerus (Roman military unit)">numerus</a></i></span> assigned by the Praetorian prefect. This <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">numerus</i></span> was formed of five principal centuries which commanded the <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a>. At their head, there was a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curator_Statorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curator Statorum (page does not exist)">Curator Statorum</a></i></span> and a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praefectus_Statorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praefectus Statorum (page does not exist)">Praefectus Statorum</a></i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankov-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rankov_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rankov_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rankov_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rankov_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rankov_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rankov_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rankov_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankov1994" class="citation book cs1">Rankov, Boris (1994). <i>The Praetorian Guard</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-361-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-361-2"><bdi>978-1-85532-361-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Praetorian+Guard&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-361-2&rft.aulast=Rankov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bingham 1997, pp. 118–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohec21-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bohec21_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohec21_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohec21_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Bohec1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Bohec, Y. (1989). <i>L'Armée Romaine</i> [<i>The Roman Army</i>] (in French). Picard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7084-0744-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7084-0744-9"><bdi>2-7084-0744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Arm%C3%A9e+Romaine&rft.place=Picard&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=2-7084-0744-9&rft.aulast=Le+Bohec&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+Guard" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musée de <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1ceres_(Espagne)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cáceres (Espagne) (page does not exist)">Cáceres</a>. <i>Q(uintus) Pomponius Potentinus / Ser(gia) h(ic) s(itus) e(st) / C(aius) Pomponius Potentinus / mil(es) c(o)hor(tis) IIII praet(oriae) / test(amento) fieri iussit</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petit180-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petit180_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petit180_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petit180_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetit1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Petit_(historian)" title="Paul Petit (historian)">Petit, Paul</a> (1974). <i>Histoire générale de l'Empire romain</i> [<i>General history of the Roman Empire</i>] (in French). <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" title="Éditions du Seuil">Éditions du Seuil</a>. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2020026775" title="Special:BookSources/2020026775"><bdi>2020026775</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+l%27Empire+romain&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=2020026775&rft.aulast=Petit&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Praetorians" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Praetorians">Praetorians</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Sandra J. Bingham, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/10169">The Praetorian Guard in the Political and Social Life of Julio-Claudian Rome</a></i>, unpublished PhD thesis, <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> 1997</li> <li>Sandra J. Bingham, <i>The Praetorian Guard: A History of Rome's Elite Special Forces</i> (Waco 2012). Reviewed <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmcreview.org/2013/09/20130966.html">here</a></i>.</li> <li>Ross Cowan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/97062892/Roman_Guardsman_62_BC_AD_324_proof_"><i>Roman Guardsman 62 BC – AD 324</i></a> (Oxford 2014)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Bédoyère2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_la_B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re" title="Guy de la Bédoyère">de la Bédoyère, Guy</a> (2017). <i>Praetorian: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Imperial Bodyguard</i>. Yale: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21895-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21895-4"><bdi>978-0-300-21895-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praetorian%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Rome%27s+Imperial+Bodyguard&rft.place=Yale&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21895-4&rft.aulast=de+la+B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Durry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Durry (page does not exist)">Marcel Durry</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Durry" class="extiw" title="fr:Marcel Durry">fr</a>]</span>, <i>Les cohortes prétoriennes</i> (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, 146), Paris, De Boccard, 1938</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Keppie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Keppie (page does not exist)">Lawrence Keppie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Keppie" class="extiw" title="de:Lawrence Keppie">de</a>]</span>, "The Praetorian Guard Before Sejanus", <i>Athenaeum</i> 84 (1996), 101–124, <i>Legions and Veterans</i> (Stuttgart 2000), 99–122 & addenda at 319–320</li> <li>L. Passerini, <i>Le Coorti Pretorie</i> (Rome 1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">B. Rankov</a>, <i>The Praetorian Guard</i> (London 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Speidel" title="Michael P. Speidel">M.P. Speidel</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mefr_0223-5102_1988_num_100_1_1588">Les prétoriens de Maxence</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9langes_de_l%27%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_de_Rome" title="Mélanges de l'École française de Rome">Mélanges de l'École française de Rome</a>, Antiquité</i> 100 (1988), 183–188</li> <li>M.P. Speidel, "Maxentius' Praetorians" in <i>Roman Army Studies II</i> (Stuttgart 1992), 385–389 – a revised English version of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mefr_0223-5102_1988_num_100_1_1588">Speidel 1988</a></li> <li>M.P. Speidel, <i>Riding for Caesar</i> (Cambridge, Mass. 1994)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_Guard&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Praetorian_Guard" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Praetorian_Guard/">Praetorian Guard – World History Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/97062892/Roman_Guardsman_62_BC_AD_324_proof_"><i>Roman Guardsman</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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