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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleveland_and_McKinley_administrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleveland_and_McKinley_administrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Cleveland and McKinley administrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleveland_and_McKinley_administrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_House_press_corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_House_press_corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 White House press corps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_House_press_corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_space_in_the_White_House_for_the_press_corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_space_in_the_White_House_for_the_press_corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Working space in the White House for the press corps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_space_in_the_White_House_for_the_press_corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodrow_Wilson_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodrow_Wilson_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Woodrow Wilson administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodrow_Wilson_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calvin_Coolidge_and_Herbert_Hoover_administrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calvin_Coolidge_and_Herbert_Hoover_administrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover administrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calvin_Coolidge_and_Herbert_Hoover_administrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roosevelt_administration,_Steve_Early,_and_the_first_"White_House_press_secretary"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roosevelt_administration,_Steve_Early,_and_the_first_"White_House_press_secretary""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Roosevelt administration, Steve Early, and the first "White House press secretary" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roosevelt_administration,_Steve_Early,_and_the_first_"White_House_press_secretary"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eisenhower_administration,_James_Hagerty,_press_secretary_role_evolves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eisenhower_administration,_James_Hagerty,_press_secretary_role_evolves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Eisenhower administration, James Hagerty, press secretary role evolves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eisenhower_administration,_James_Hagerty,_press_secretary_role_evolves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Evaluations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Responsibilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_press_secretaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_press_secretaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 List of press secretaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_press_secretaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">White House Press Secretary</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="السكرتير الصحفي للبيت الأبيض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السكرتير الصحفي للبيت الأبيض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC" title="হোয়াইট হাউস প্রেস সচিব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হোয়াইট হাউস প্রেস সচিব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretari_de_Premsa_de_la_Casa_Blanca" title="Secretari de Premsa de la Casa Blanca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Secretari de Premsa de la Casa Blanca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressesprecher_des_Wei%C3%9Fen_Hauses" title="Pressesprecher des Weißen Hauses – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pressesprecher des Weißen Hauses" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%9F%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εκπρόσωπος Τύπου του Λευκού Οίκου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκπρόσωπος Τύπου του Λευκού Οίκου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretario_de_Prensa_de_la_Casa_Blanca" title="Secretario de Prensa de la Casa Blanca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Secretario de Prensa de la Casa Blanca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="دبیر مطبوعاتی کاخ سفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دبیر مطبوعاتی کاخ سفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte-parole_de_la_Maison-Blanche" title="Porte-parole de la Maison-Blanche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Porte-parole de la Maison-Blanche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%95%85%EA%B4%80_%EB%8C%80%EB%B3%80%EC%9D%B8" title="백악관 대변인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백악관 대변인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portavoce_della_Casa_Bianca" title="Portavoce della Casa Bianca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portavoce della Casa Bianca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9F" title="דובר הבית הלבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דובר הבית הלבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="سكرتير صحفى البيت الابيض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سكرتير صحفى البيت الابيض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiausaha_Akhbar_Rumah_Putih" title="Setiausaha Akhbar Rumah Putih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Setiausaha Akhbar Rumah Putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perschef_van_het_Witte_Huis" title="Perschef van het Witte Huis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perschef van het Witte Huis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93%E5%AE%98" title="ホワイトハウス報道官 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホワイトハウス報道官" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_hvite_hus%E2%80%99_pressesekret%C3%A6r" title="Det hvite hus’ pressesekretær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det hvite hus’ pressesekretær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta-voz_da_Casa_Branca" title="Porta-voz da Casa Branca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Porta-voz da Casa Branca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81-%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пресс-секретарь Белого дома – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пресс-секретарь Белого дома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretar" title="White House Press Secretar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="White House Press Secretar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary" title="White House Press Secretary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="White House Press Secretary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkoisen_talon_lehdist%C3%B6sihteeri" title="Valkoisen talon lehdistösihteeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkoisen talon lehdistösihteeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_husets_pressekreterare" title="Vita husets pressekreterare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vita husets pressekreterare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="โฆษกทำเนียบขาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โฆษกทำเนียบขาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Дабири матбуоти Кохи Сафед – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дабири матбуоти Кохи Сафед" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Прессекретар Білого дому – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прессекретар Білого дому" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_ph%C3%A1t_ng%C3%B4n_Nh%C3%A0_Tr%E1%BA%AFng" title="Người phát ngôn Nhà Trắng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người phát ngôn Nhà Trắng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Senior White House official</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">White House press secretary</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px var( --border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1 );"><a href="/wiki/File:The_White_House_logo_under_Trump_2.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_White_House_logo_under_Trump_2.0.jpg/150px-The_White_House_logo_under_Trump_2.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_White_House_logo_under_Trump_2.0.jpg/225px-The_White_House_logo_under_Trump_2.0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_White_House_logo_under_Trump_2.0.jpg/300px-The_White_House_logo_under_Trump_2.0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px var( --border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1 ); line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Karoline_Leavitt_(54360150005)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Karoline_Leavitt_%2854360150005%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Karoline_Leavitt_%2854360150005%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Karoline_Leavitt_%2854360150005%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Karoline_Leavitt_%2854360150005%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Karoline_Leavitt_%2854360150005%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Karoline_Leavitt_%2854360150005%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3281" data-file-height="4371" /></a></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent <a href="/wiki/Karoline_Leavitt" title="Karoline Leavitt">Karoline Leavitt</a> </div>since January 20, 2025</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Press_Secretary" title="White House Office of the Press Secretary">White House Office of the Press Secretary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">March 4, 1929; 96 years ago (1929-03-04)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Akerson" class="mw-redirect" title="George Akerson">George Akerson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data">$180,000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/">https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The White House press secretary is a senior <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> official whose primary responsibility is to act as <a href="/wiki/Spokesperson" title="Spokesperson">spokesperson</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Executive_branch" title="Federal government of the United States">executive branch of the United States federal government</a>, especially with regard to the president, senior aides and executives, as well as government policies. The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the president's administration and issues the administration's reactions to developments around the world. The press secretary interacts with the media and the <a href="/wiki/White_House_press_corps" title="White House press corps">White House press corps</a> on a daily basis, generally in a daily press briefing. The press secretary serves by the appointment and at the pleasure of the president of the United States; the office does not require the <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>; however, because of the frequent briefings given to the global media, who in turn inform the public, the position is a prominent non-Cabinet post. On January 20, 2025, <a href="/wiki/Karoline_Leavitt" title="Karoline Leavitt">Karoline Leavitt</a> became the 36th White House press secretary. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_press_relations">Early press relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early press relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SevenWhiteHousePressSecretaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SevenWhiteHousePressSecretaries.jpg/330px-SevenWhiteHousePressSecretaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SevenWhiteHousePressSecretaries.jpg/495px-SevenWhiteHousePressSecretaries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/SevenWhiteHousePressSecretaries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>In August 2006, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> hosted seven White House press secretaries before the <a href="/wiki/James_S._Brady_Press_Briefing_Room" title="James S. Brady Press Briefing Room">James S. Brady Press Briefing Room</a> underwent renovation. From left, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lockhart" title="Joe Lockhart">Joe Lockhart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dee_Dee_Myers" title="Dee Dee Myers">Dee Dee Myers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlin_Fitzwater" title="Marlin Fitzwater">Marlin Fitzwater</a>, Bush, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Snow" title="Tony Snow">Tony Snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Nessen" title="Ron Nessen">Ron Nessen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Brady" title="James Brady">James Brady</a> (seated) with his wife <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Brady" title="Sarah Brady">Sarah Brady</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the United States' early years, there was not a single designated staff person or office responsible for managing the relationship between the president and the growing number of journalists and media entities that were covering him.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 3  It was not until after President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s administration that Congress formally appropriated funds for a White House staff, which at first consisted merely of a secretary. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>'s White House staff officially numbered six people at a cost of $13,800, though he supplemented with personnel from the War Department. Fifty years later under the <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> administration, the staff had increased to just fewer than fifty people at a cost of nearly $100,000.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 3  As presidents increasingly hired more staff, some showed a tendency to pick aides and confidantes who had backgrounds in the field of journalism.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 3  One of Abraham Lincoln's private secretaries, <a href="/wiki/John_G._Nicolay" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Nicolay">John G. Nicolay</a>, had been an editor and owner of a newspaper in Illinois before he worked for the president in the White House.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 4  While the modern equivalent of a private or personal secretary to the president of the United States would be more narrowly concerned with the care and feeding of the president,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> the small size of the White House staff at that point meant that Nicolay interacted with the press occasionally in carrying out his duties.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 4  He was occasionally asked to verify stories or information that various members of the press had heard.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 4  Though the title and establishment of the roles and responsibilities of the press secretary job was still decades in the future, the small and growing White House staff was increasingly interacting with a growing number of professional journalists and mass media entities covering the president and the White House.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 4  <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> was the first president to grant a formal interview request to a reporter, sitting down with Col. Alexander K. McClure from Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 7  Although various presidents and reporters had participated in conversations or dialogues prior to Johnson, the exchanges had been less formal.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 6  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleveland_and_McKinley_administrations">Cleveland and McKinley administrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cleveland and McKinley administrations">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the 1880s and the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="First presidency of Grover Cleveland">presidency of Grover Cleveland</a>, the relationship between the president, his administration, and the small but growing number of newspapers covering him was such that there was little need for a formal plan or designated spokesperson to manage it.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 3  The relationship between government and the press was not as inherently adversarial and arms length as in modern times. In fact, prior to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a> (GPO), some newspapers were awarded contracts to print government publications and often supported the president in exchange.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 3  For example, the <a href="/wiki/Gazette_of_the_United_States" title="Gazette of the United States">Gazette of the United States</a> won an early <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">U.S. Treasury</a> contract and was supportive of then-president Washington.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 7  In general, though coverage of the president could be harsh and opinionated, newspapers were to some degree extensions of the political party apparatus and subsequently not seen as entities requiring specific, sustained management by the White House or administration. The media had changed significantly by 1884, when Grover Cleveland <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">was elected</a> as president of the United States. Between 1776 and 1884, the United States had quadrupled in size and increased in population from 2.5 million to 56 million.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 7  The number of newspaper publications in active circulation had increased from 37 to more than 1,200 dailies, in addition to the many new monthly magazines.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 7  The rapid growth in journalism as a booming industry resulted in an increase in reporters covering the activities of the president.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 8  Grover Cleveland married 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/Frances_Folsom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Folsom">Frances Folsom</a> in 1886. The growing number of reporters and the increasing aggressiveness of their style of coverage led to frustrations when the president and his new bride were unable to rid themselves of reporters who followed them to their honeymoon in <a href="/wiki/Deer_Park,_Maryland" title="Deer Park, Maryland">Deer Park</a>, Maryland.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 8  President Cleveland relied on his private secretary, Daniel Lamont, who had once been an editor of the Albany Argus, to keep the reporters at bay.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 8  The controversy surrounding coverage of the trip resulted in a public debate about the balance between the right of the president and his family to privacy and the role of the press in covering the country's most public figure.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 9  In an editorial, the New York World defended the right of the press to cover the president at all times: <blockquote>The idea of offending the bachelor sensitiveness of President Cleveland or the maidenly reserve of his bride has been far from anybody's thought...We must insist that the President is public property; that it is perfectly legitimate to send correspondents and reporters to follow him when he goes on a journey, and to keep watch over him and his family.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 9 </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_House_press_corps">White House press corps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: White House press corps">edit</a>]</div> At the end of the Cleveland administration, a new feature of press coverage of the White House materialized. William W. Price, a southern reporter, auditioned for a job at the <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Star" title="The Washington Star">Washington Evening Star</a> by stationing himself at the White House to seek out stories.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 11  He interviewed guests coming and going from meetings or events with the president and ultimately reported a story in a piece carrying the headline "At the White House".<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 11  Competitor newspapers responded by sending their own reporters to cover the White House in a daily, sustained way and soon the White House had reporters dedicated to covering the "White House <a href="/wiki/Beat_reporting" title="Beat reporting">beat</a>". Some point to this as the early origins of a more formal White House Press Corps.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 11  When President Cleveland was elected to a second, non-consecutive term in 1893, <a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a>, formally trained as a <a href="/wiki/Stenographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenographer">stenographer</a>, was named confidential stenographer at the White House and later named executive clerk.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 13  Though he was not given the formal title of private secretary to the president until later and the term press secretary had not yet been conceived, Cortelyou was highly respected by the press and <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>'s biographer, Margaret Leach, called Cortelyou "the first of the presidential press secretaries".<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 13  President Cleveland's successor, William McKinley, kept Cortelyou on during the transition and later formally named him private secretary to the president, though he had been informally doing the job for some time prior.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 14  Under McKinley, Cortelyou became notable for his popularity with journalists covering the White House.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 16  The correspondents relied on him for information and his tenure as private secretary was noteworthy for some of the same working traits modern press secretaries have become popular for,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> including providing information to reporters later in the evening if events had transpired in the afternoon, offering advance copies of remarks prepared for the president, and ensuring reporters received transcripts of unprepared remarks made by the president while traveling, which were recorded by a stenographer.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 16  Cortelyou also circulated noteworthy stories to the president and other staffers (by this point the White House staff numbered approximately 18),<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 14  which is similar to the exhaustive news summaries formally distributed to the White House staff in the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The nascent press corps' appreciation for Cortelyou's responsiveness is similar to how a modern White House press secretary's responsiveness to the press corps can shape their positive or negative view of him or her.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_space_in_the_White_House_for_the_press_corps">Working space in the White House for the press corps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Working space in the White House for the press corps">edit</a>]</div> The White House "beat" concept that had been started during the Cleveland administration by reporter William Price was continued during the McKinley administration.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 14  Around the time of the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898, the reporters covering the White House were invited into the mansion itself and provided with space to write, conduct interviews, and generally cover the White House.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 14  Now reporting from inside the White House, the reporters used their new location to interview guests entering or leaving the White House or confirm pieces of information from the president's secretaries as they passed through in the course of their duties. Reporters working in the White House did, however, honor an unspoken rule and refrain from asking the president himself a question if he happened to walk through their working area.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 14  The long-term presence of the White House Press Corps in the White House was cemented by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who asked that planners include permanent space for the press corps in the executive office building now called the West Wing, which he had ordered built in the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 18  It is the West Wing that ultimately housed the Office of the Press Secretary<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and the now-famous <a href="/wiki/James_S._Brady_Press_Briefing_Room" title="James S. Brady Press Briefing Room">James S. Brady Press Briefing Room</a>, which was renovated by the George W. Bush administration in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodrow_Wilson_administration">Woodrow Wilson administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Woodrow Wilson administration">edit</a>]</div> When <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">governor of New Jersey</a> in 1910, he asked <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Tumulty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph P. Tumulty">Joseph P. Tumulty</a> to serve as his private secretary.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 25  When he was elected president two years later, he brought Tumulty with him to the White House, where Tumulty served as private secretary to the president.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 25  As private secretary, Tumulty dealt extensively with the press.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 27  At the outset of the administration, Tumulty convinced Wilson, who was known for his distaste of the press,<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 25  to hold news conferences on a regularized schedule, sometimes as much as twice every week.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 29  During the first such news conference, over one hundred reporters crowded into Wilson's office to ask him questions.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 31  Wilson often requested that reporters not publish answers given in these settings and on one occasion threatened to cancel the news conferences when a reporter revealed comments he had given regarding Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 31  The press conferences were later discontinued after the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">sinking of British liner Lusitania</a>, and despite attempts to revive them during his second term were held only sporadically during Wilson's final years in office.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 31–32  Joseph Tumulty also put into place a more regular schedule of briefing the press.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 31  He gave daily briefings to the press in the morning, which were attended by as many as thirty reporters.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 31  By formalizing the press briefing process, Tumulty laid the groundwork for what would later be called the White House Press Briefing.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 32  Tumulty also worked to clarify embargo rules for the press, ordering that the exact time a press embargo was lifted be noted on the confidential information that was being released.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 32  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calvin_Coolidge_and_Herbert_Hoover_administrations">Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover administrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover administrations">edit</a>]</div> Despite being nicknamed "Silent Cal", many reporters covering the White House found President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> to be fairly accessible once he took office in 1923 following the death of President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 42  During his over five years in office, Coolidge held approximately 520 press conferences, which averaged out to nearly 8 per month.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 42  The term "White House spokesman" was used extensively for the first time during the Coolidge administration, as press conference rules mandated that reporters could attribute quotes or statements only to a "White House spokesman" and not directly to the president himself.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 42  Former <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> editor W. Dale Nelson suggests that this practice was a precursor to the more modern use of "senior administration official"<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> offering statements or quotes not directly attributable to a specific person, which was used frequently by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> during the Nixon administration.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 43  When <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> assumed the presidency in 1929, he brought his longtime aide <a href="/wiki/George_E._Akerson" title="George E. Akerson">George E. Akerson</a> to Washington with him as his private secretary.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 47  Akerson did not have the formal title of "press secretary", but was the designated person to speak on behalf of President Hoover.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 47  Hoover asked the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Correspondents_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Correspondents Association">White House Correspondents Association</a> to form a committee to discuss matters pertaining to coverage of the White House and formalized news conferences, dividing presidential news into three different categories: <ul><li>Announcements directly attributable to the president of the United States,</li> <li>Statements attributable to official sources, but not to the president himself, and</li> <li>Background information for the reporter's knowledge but not specifically attributable to the president nor the White House<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 48–49 </li></ul> George Akerson continued the tradition of meeting daily with reporters, and though usually of jovial temperament, was not known for the precision that was the hallmark of some of his predecessors, such as Cortelyou.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 53  On one occasion, he incorrectly stated that sitting Supreme Court justice <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan Stone">Harlan Stone</a> had been elevated to be chief justice, only to have to issue a statement later that the actual nominee was Charles Evans Hughes.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 53  Akerson also struggled at times with his role in a growing White House staff.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 53  Akerson was one of three secretaries to the president, and some speculated that Hoover's closeness to his other secretary, Lawrence Richey, a former detective and Secret Service agent, made it difficult for Akerson to obtain the kind of information he needed to effectively do his job.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 53  As poor coverage made President Hoover appear detached and out of touch amidst a worsening depression, Richey and Akerson disagreed about the most effective press strategy, with Akerson promoting the idea that Hoover should leverage the increasingly influential platform of radio, and Richey arguing that the radio strategy was not worthy of the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 55  Akerson resigned not long thereafter, and Theodore Joslin, a former reporter, was named as the new secretary.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 55  Relations between the Hoover administration and the press continued to decline.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 65  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roosevelt_administration,_Steve_Early,_and_the_first_"White_House_press_secretary"">Roosevelt administration, Steve Early, and the first "White House press secretary"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roosevelt administration, Steve Early, and the first "White House press secretary"">edit</a>]</div> During the administration of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Early" title="Stephen Early">Stephen Early</a> became the first White House secretary charged only with press responsibilities. The manner in which Early approached his portfolio and increasingly high-profile nature of the job have led many to state that Early is the first true White House press secretary, both in function and in formal title.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 65  Prior to joining the Roosevelt campaign and administration Early had served as an editor to the military paper <a href="/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_(newspaper)" title="Stars and Stripes (newspaper)">Stars and Stripes</a> and also as a reporter for the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 67  When Roosevelt was nominated on James Cox's ticket as the vice presidential nominee in 1920, he asked Early to serve as an advance representative. As an advance representative, Early traveled ahead of the campaign, arranged for logistics and attempted to promote positive coverage for the candidates.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 67  When President Roosevelt won the presidency in 1932, he chose Early to be his secretary responsible for handling the press, or as the role was becoming known, "the press secretary".<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 69  After accepting the job, Early laid out for Roosevelt his vision of how the role should be conducted. He requested having unfettered access to the president, having his quotes and statements directly attributable to him as press secretary, and offering as much factual information to the press as it became available. He also convinced Roosevelt to agree to twice-weekly presidential press conferences, with the timing of each tailored to the different deadline schedules of the White House Press Corps. Early also made himself available to the press corps as often as he could, and though he was not known for a lighthearted or amiable demeanor, he earned a reputation for responsiveness and openness, even having his own telephone number listed unlike some of those who held the job after him.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 69  Despite the unpopularity of press conferences by the end of the Hoover administration, Roosevelt continued the tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 71  He did away with written questions submitted in advance and mandated that nothing he said in press conferences could be attributed to him or the White House, but was instead intended for reporters' general background information.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 71  Many reporters found this helpful as it allowed the president to be forthright and candid in his assessments and answers their questions.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 71  Unlike some of his predecessors who filled the role, Early routinely prepared Roosevelt for press conferences, bringing the president's attention to issues that might come up, suggesting the appropriate answers, and even planting questions or issues with certain reporters.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 72  Press conferences also began a tradition where the senior wire reporter concludes the session by stating, "Thank you, Mr. President", signaling that the time for questioning is over,<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 72  a tradition that continues today.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Roosevelt held well over 300 press conferences during his first term.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 72  Though some reporters were unsatisfied with the amount of real news or new information they were getting from the press conferences, the Roosevelt administration under Early's leadership was considered by many to be effective at managing the White House's relationship with the press.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 74  During the administration, U.S. News reported that "The machinery for getting and giving the news runs about as smoothly as could be wished from either side."<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 74  The Roosevelt White House was also marked by a significant increase in the number of White House staff supporting the president and bureaucracy in general, largely as a result of increased <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> funding.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 74–75  Early was criticized at times for attempting to closely manage press officers at various department and agencies across the government, and gave out a number of such jobs to journalists who he knew, instead of party loyalists who had traditionally received such appointments.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 75  A congressional investigation several years later revealed that across government, fewer than 150 employees were engaged in public relations along with an additional 14 part-time workers.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 75  This is a significant increase given that White House staff numbered at 11 in total when Roosevelt took office.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 74  Early was involved in Roosevelt taking advantage of the radio medium through his <a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">fireside chats</a>, an idea some say he got from George Akerson who had unsuccessfully tried to convince President Hoover to do something similar.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 77  Early also came under fire for the rules surrounding African American journalists not being allowed to attend presidential press conferences.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 78  Some have said that Early used enforcement of the standing rule, which had been to only allow regular Washington journalists to attend the press conferences, to deny press conference access to black reporters.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 78  Since many if not most black publications at the time were weeklies, they were restricted as a result of the rules.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 78  When African American reporters from daily publications requested access to the conferences, Early reportedly told them to seek accreditation from Capitol Hill press officers, which was another sometimes insurmountable challenge.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 78  African American reporters did not gain formal approval to attend White House news conferences until 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 78  Early's tenure as press secretary was also marked by stringent restrictions on photographers, largely aimed at hiding the severity of FDR's <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a> and worsening immobility.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 80  Photographers were not permitted to be closer than 12 feet (3.7 m) of FDR, or 30 feet (9.1 m) in larger events.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 80  As a result of the increasingly high-profile nature of the job and Early's sole responsibility of managing the White House press operations, it was during the Roosevelt administration that Early and the position he held began to be formally referred to as the press secretary.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 66  As a result, many point to Steve Early as the first White House press secretary.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2">[2]</a>: 66  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eisenhower_administration,_James_Hagerty,_press_secretary_role_evolves">Eisenhower administration, James Hagerty, press secretary role evolves</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eisenhower administration, James Hagerty, press secretary role evolves">edit</a>]</div> As a candidate for president, Dwight D. Eisenhower tapped <a href="/wiki/James_Hagerty" title="James Hagerty">James Hagerty</a>, a former reporter for the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a>, to be his press secretary.<a href="#cite_note-McQuiston-11">[11]</a> Hagerty had previously been press secretary for New York governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> during his two tries for the presidency. After he won election, Eisenhower appointed Hagerty to be White House press secretary. Hagerty's experience as a journalist helped him perform his role more effectively: "Having spent years as a reporter on the other side of the news barrier, he was not blinded to the reporter's dependence on deadlines, transmission facilities, prompt texts of speeches and statements and the frequent necessity of having to ask seemingly irrelevant and inconsequential questions", wrote John McQuiston in the New York Times".<a href="#cite_note-McQuiston-11">[11]</a> At Hagerty's first meeting with White House reporters on January 21, 1953, he laid down ground rules that are still largely a model for how the press secretary operates. He said: <dl><dd>I would like to say to you fellows that I am not going to play any favorites, and I'm not going to give out any exclusive stories about the president or the White House.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>When I say to you, 'I don't know,' I mean I don't know. When I say, 'No comment,' it means I'm not talking, but not necessarily any more than that.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Aside from that, I'm here to help you get the news. I am also here to work for one man, who happens to be the president. And I will do that to the best of my ability.<a href="#cite_note-McQuiston-11">[11]</a></dd></dl> The practice of regularly scheduled presidential news conference was instituted during the Eisenhower administration. Hagerty abolished the longstanding rule that the president could not be directly quoted without permission—for the first time, everything that the president said at a press conference could be printed verbatim. In 1955, during the Eisenhower administration, newsreel and television cameras were allowed in presidential news conferences for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-McQuiston-11">[11]</a> When President Eisenhower suffered a <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower#Health_issues" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">heart attack in Denver in September 1955</a>, and underwent abdominal surgery the following year, Hagerty brought news to the nation in a calm and professional manner. "His performances in both crises won him more respect from newsmen than any presidential press secretary in memory", said a New York Times writer.<a href="#cite_note-McQuiston-11">[11]</a> Hagerty remained press secretary for eight years, still the record for longest time served in that position. Eisenhower grew to trust Hagerty to such a degree that the role of press secretary was elevated to that of a senior advisor to the president. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluations">Evaluations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evaluations">edit</a>]</div> Michael J. Towle weighs four factors determining the success and popularity of all seven press secretaries 1953 to 1980. Experts generally agree that James C. Hagerty, under Eisenhower, set the standard by which later press secretaries are judged. Under Carter, Jody Powell followed the Hagerty model, and was also judged successful. For Towle the first factor is the importance and centrality of the press secretary to the administration. Insiders who participate in high-level decision-making do better at explaining policy; the press has less confidence in outsiders, Towle concludes. The second factor is how tightly the office is controlled by the president. The media pays more attention to secretaries who are allowed to elaborate, and expound on the president's thoughts, and answer probing questions. Third, does the president signal confidence in the press secretary. Fourth is the respect the secretary has won from the press in terms of knowledge, credibility, clarity, promptness and ability to provide information on a wide range of policies.<a href="#cite_note-towle-12">[12]</a> Towle concludes that history had judged Hagerty and Salinger as successful. Lyndon Johnson confided in Salinger but distrusted the media and hobbled his next three press secretaries. Nixon throughout his career saw the press as the enemy, and the media responded in hostile fashion, leaving the young inexperienced Ronald Ziegler with a hopeless challenge. President Ford's first secretary was Jerald F. terHorst – he resigned in protest when <a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Ford pardoned Nixon</a>. Next came Ronald Nessen, who quickly acquired a reputation as inept, uninformed or noncredible, especially on foreign affairs. At the opposite extreme, the successful Jody Powell had been a close advisor to Carter for years, and could explain clearly how the president reasoned about issues. Carter said he "probably knows me better than anyone except my wife."<a href="#cite_note-towle-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsibilities">Responsibilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Responsibilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press_Secretary_Sarah_Sanders_Speaks_to_the_Press_(32522707307).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Press_Secretary_Sarah_Sanders_Speaks_to_the_Press_%2832522707307%29.jpg/260px-Press_Secretary_Sarah_Sanders_Speaks_to_the_Press_%2832522707307%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Press_Secretary_Sarah_Sanders_Speaks_to_the_Press_%2832522707307%29.jpg/390px-Press_Secretary_Sarah_Sanders_Speaks_to_the_Press_%2832522707307%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Press_Secretary_Sarah_Sanders_Speaks_to_the_Press_%2832522707307%29.jpg/520px-Press_Secretary_Sarah_Sanders_Speaks_to_the_Press_%2832522707307%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sarah Huckabee Sanders</a> speaks to reporters outside the White House in 2019</figcaption></figure> The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the president's administration and around the world, and interacting with the media, generally in a daily press briefing. The information includes items such as a summary of the president's schedule for the day, whom the president has seen, or had communication with and the official position of the administration on the news of the day. The press secretary traditionally also fields questions from the <a href="/wiki/White_House_press_corps" title="White House press corps">White House press corps</a> in briefings and <a href="/wiki/News_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="News conference">press conferences</a>, which are generally televised, and "press gaggles", which are <a href="/wiki/Journalism_sourcing#Confidentiality_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalism sourcing">on-the-record</a> briefings without video recording, although <a href="/wiki/Transcript_(law)" title="Transcript (law)">transcripts</a> are usually made available. The position has often been filled by individuals from news media backgrounds: <ul><li>Roosevelt administration – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Early" title="Stephen Early">Stephen Early</a>, a reporter for <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> and correspondent for the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Truman administration – <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_W._Daniels" title="Jonathan W. Daniels">Jonathan W. Daniels</a>, a newspaper editor who was in the Franklin Roosevelt administration in multiple agencies and on various boards just prior to becoming press secretary;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Ross_(journalist)" title="Charlie Ross (journalist)">Charlie Ross</a>, a journalist who received the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> in 1932;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Early; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Short" title="Joseph Short">Joseph Short</a>, a newspaper editor;<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tubby" title="Roger Tubby">Roger Tubby</a>, a reporter and editor turned <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> spokesman before becoming White House press secretary<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Eisenhower administration – <a href="/wiki/James_Hagerty" title="James Hagerty">James Hagerty</a>, a reporter for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Kennedy administration – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Salinger" title="Pierre Salinger">Pierre Salinger</a>, a reporter and editor for the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li>Johnson administration – appointed <a href="/wiki/George_Christian_(journalist)" title="George Christian (journalist)">George Christian</a>, a reporter for <a href="/wiki/International_News_Service" title="International News Service">International News Service</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> commentator <a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Ford administration – appointed <a href="/wiki/Jerald_terHorst" title="Jerald terHorst">Jerald terHorst</a>, a newspaper veteran;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Nessen" title="Ron Nessen">Ron Nessen</a>, an <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> correspondent<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Reagan administration – <a href="/wiki/Larry_Speakes" title="Larry Speakes">Larry Speakes</a>, a newspaper editor;<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlin_Fitzwater" title="Marlin Fitzwater">Marlin Fitzwater</a>, a newspaper editor<a href="#cite_note-Fitzwater-25">[25]</a></li> <li>George H. W. Bush administration – Marlin Fitzwater<a href="#cite_note-Fitzwater-25">[25]</a></li> <li>George W. Bush administration – <a href="/wiki/Tony_Snow" title="Tony Snow">Tony Snow</a>, a veteran journalist and <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a> anchor<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Obama administration – <a href="/wiki/Jay_Carney" title="Jay Carney">Jay Carney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> journalist.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Trump administration – <a href="/wiki/Kayleigh_McEnany" title="Kayleigh McEnany">Kayleigh McEnany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a> political commentator.</li> <li>Biden administration – <a href="/wiki/Jen_Psaki" title="Jen Psaki">Jen Psaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> political commentator.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_press_secretaries">List of press secretaries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of press secretaries">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Image </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Start </th> <th>End </th> <th>Duration </th> <th colspan="2">President </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_Akerson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/George_Akerson.jpg/80px-George_Akerson.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/George_Akerson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="109" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_E._Akerson" title="George E. Akerson">George Akerson</a> </td> <td>March 4, 1929 </td> <td>March 16, 1931 </td> <td>2 years, 12 days </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (1929–1933) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ted_Joslin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ted_Joslin.jpg/80px-Ted_Joslin.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ted_Joslin.jpg/120px-Ted_Joslin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Ted_Joslin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="135" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Joslin" title="Theodore Joslin">Ted Joslin</a> </td> <td>March 16, 1931 </td> <td>March 4, 1933 </td> <td>1 year, 353 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg/80px-Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg/160px-Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="554" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Early" title="Stephen Early">Stephen Early</a> </td> <td>March 4, 1933 </td> <td>March 29, 1945 </td> <td>12 years, 25 days </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1933–1945) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Worth_Daniels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jonathan_Worth_Daniels.jpg/80px-Jonathan_Worth_Daniels.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jonathan_Worth_Daniels.jpg/120px-Jonathan_Worth_Daniels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Jonathan_Worth_Daniels.jpg/160px-Jonathan_Worth_Daniels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="743" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_W._Daniels" title="Jonathan W. Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;">March 29, 1945 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;">May 15, 1945 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;">47 days </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945–1953) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg/80px-Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg/120px-Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg/160px-Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4469" data-file-height="6325" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Ross_(journalist)" title="Charlie Ross (journalist)">Charlie Ross</a> </td> <td>May 15, 1945 </td> <td>December 5, 1950 </td> <td>5 years, 204 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg/80px-Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg/160px-Portrait_of_Stephen_T._Early.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="554" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Early" title="Stephen Early">Stephen Early</a> Acting </td> <td>December 5, 1950 </td> <td>December 18, 1950 </td> <td>13 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Short_(Profile)_on_March_15,_1951_at_President_Truman%E2%80%99s_vacation_residence_in_Key_West,_Florida_with_Press_Secretary_Joseph_Short..._-_NARA_-_200561_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Joseph_Short_%28Profile%29_on_March_15%2C_1951_at_President_Truman%E2%80%99s_vacation_residence_in_Key_West%2C_Florida_with_Press_Secretary_Joseph_Short..._-_NARA_-_200561_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-80px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Joseph_Short_%28Profile%29_on_March_15%2C_1951_at_President_Truman%E2%80%99s_vacation_residence_in_Key_West%2C_Florida_with_Press_Secretary_Joseph_Short..._-_NARA_-_200561_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-120px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Joseph_Short_%28Profile%29_on_March_15%2C_1951_at_President_Truman%E2%80%99s_vacation_residence_in_Key_West%2C_Florida_with_Press_Secretary_Joseph_Short..._-_NARA_-_200561_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-160px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="847" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Short" title="Joseph Short">Joseph Short</a> </td> <td>December 18, 1950 </td> <td>September 18, 1952 </td> <td>1 year, 288 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Tubby_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Roger_Tubby_1951.jpg/80px-Roger_Tubby_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Roger_Tubby_1951.jpg/120px-Roger_Tubby_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Roger_Tubby_1951.jpg/160px-Roger_Tubby_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="1064" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tubby" title="Roger Tubby">Roger Tubby</a> </td> <td>September 18, 1952 </td> <td>January 20, 1953 </td> <td>124 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Campbell_Hagerty_on_December_6,_1960_-_JFKWHP-AR6180-A_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/James_Campbell_Hagerty_on_December_6%2C_1960_-_JFKWHP-AR6180-A_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-James_Campbell_Hagerty_on_December_6%2C_1960_-_JFKWHP-AR6180-A_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/James_Campbell_Hagerty_on_December_6%2C_1960_-_JFKWHP-AR6180-A_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-James_Campbell_Hagerty_on_December_6%2C_1960_-_JFKWHP-AR6180-A_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/James_Campbell_Hagerty_on_December_6%2C_1960_-_JFKWHP-AR6180-A_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-James_Campbell_Hagerty_on_December_6%2C_1960_-_JFKWHP-AR6180-A_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="381" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Hagerty" title="James Hagerty">James Hagerty</a> </td> <td>January 20, 1953 </td> <td>January 20, 1961 </td> <td>8 years, 0 days </td> <td style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Press_Secretary_Pierre_Salinger_on_May_10,_1961_-_(14190800322)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Press_Secretary_Pierre_Salinger_on_May_10%2C_1961_-_%2814190800322%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Press_Secretary_Pierre_Salinger_on_May_10%2C_1961_-_%2814190800322%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Press_Secretary_Pierre_Salinger_on_May_10%2C_1961_-_%2814190800322%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Press_Secretary_Pierre_Salinger_on_May_10%2C_1961_-_%2814190800322%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Press_Secretary_Pierre_Salinger_on_May_10%2C_1961_-_%2814190800322%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Press_Secretary_Pierre_Salinger_on_May_10%2C_1961_-_%2814190800322%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2063" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Salinger" title="Pierre Salinger">Pierre Salinger</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;">January 20, 1961 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;">March 19, 1964 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;">3 years, 59 days </td> <td style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961–1963) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/80px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/120px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/160px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Reedy" title="George Reedy">George Reedy</a> </td> <td>March 19, 1964 </td> <td>July 8, 1965 </td> <td>1 year, 111 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Moyers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bill_Moyers.jpg/80px-Bill_Moyers.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Bill_Moyers.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="104" data-file-height="104" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</a> </td> <td>July 8, 1965 </td> <td>February 1, 1967 </td> <td>1 year, 208 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_Christian_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/George_Christian_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-80px-George_Christian_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/George_Christian_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-120px-George_Christian_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/George_Christian_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-160px-George_Christian_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="577" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Christian_(journalist)" title="George Christian (journalist)">George Christian</a> </td> <td>February 1, 1967 </td> <td>January 20, 1969 </td> <td>1 year, 354 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ronz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ronz.jpg/80px-Ronz.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ronz.jpg/120px-Ronz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ronz.jpg/160px-Ronz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="495" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Ziegler" title="Ron Ziegler">Ron Ziegler</a> </td> <td>January 20, 1969 </td> <td>August 9, 1974 </td> <td>5 years, 201 days </td> <td style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1969–1974) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jerald_terHorst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerald_terHorst.jpg/80px-Jerald_terHorst.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerald_terHorst.jpg/120px-Jerald_terHorst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerald_terHorst.jpg/160px-Jerald_terHorst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="179" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerald_terHorst" title="Jerald terHorst">Jerald terHorst</a> </td> <td>August 9, 1974 </td> <td>September 9, 1974 </td> <td>31 days </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1974–1977) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Nessen_1975_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ron_Nessen_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Ron_Nessen_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ron_Nessen_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Ron_Nessen_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ron_Nessen_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Ron_Nessen_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="653" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Nessen" title="Ron Nessen">Ron Nessen</a> </td> <td>September 9, 1974 </td> <td>January 20, 1977 </td> <td>2 years, 133 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jody_Powell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jody_Powell.jpg/80px-Jody_Powell.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jody_Powell.jpg/120px-Jody_Powell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Jody_Powell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="123" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jody_Powell" title="Jody Powell">Jody Powell</a> </td> <td>January 20, 1977 </td> <td>January 20, 1981 </td> <td>4 years, 0 days </td> <td style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1977–1981) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_(cropped4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped4%29.jpg/80px-Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped4%29.jpg/120px-Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped4%29.jpg/160px-Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="453" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Brady" title="James Brady">Jim Brady</a><a href="#cite_note-Brady-28">[a]</a> </td> <td>January 20, 1981 </td> <td>March 30, 1981 (de facto) January 20, 1989 (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>) </td> <td>69 days/ 8 years, 0 days </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1981–1989) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_(cropped5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped5%29.jpg/80px-Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped5%29.jpg/120px-Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped5%29.jpg/160px-Portraits_of_Assistants_to_President_Ronald_Reagan_%28cropped5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="448" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larry_Speakes" title="Larry Speakes">Larry Speakes</a><a href="#cite_note-Brady-28">[a]</a> Acting </td> <td>March 30, 1981 </td> <td>February 1, 1987 </td> <td>5 years, 308 days </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Marlin_Fitzwater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marlin_Fitzwater.jpg/80px-Marlin_Fitzwater.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Marlin_Fitzwater.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="113" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Marlin_Fitzwater" title="Marlin Fitzwater">Marlin Fitzwater</a><a href="#cite_note-Brady-28">[a]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">February 1, 1987 Acting: February 1, 1987 – January 20, 1989 </td> <td rowspan="2">January 20, 1993 </td> <td>1 year, 354 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 years, 0 days </td> <td style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dee_Dee_Myers_press_secretary_Bill_Clinton_(48592037267).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dee_Dee_Myers_press_secretary_Bill_Clinton_%2848592037267%29.jpg/80px-Dee_Dee_Myers_press_secretary_Bill_Clinton_%2848592037267%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dee_Dee_Myers_press_secretary_Bill_Clinton_%2848592037267%29.jpg/120px-Dee_Dee_Myers_press_secretary_Bill_Clinton_%2848592037267%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dee_Dee_Myers_press_secretary_Bill_Clinton_%2848592037267%29.jpg/160px-Dee_Dee_Myers_press_secretary_Bill_Clinton_%2848592037267%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1219" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dee_Dee_Myers" title="Dee Dee Myers">Dee Dee Myers</a> </td> <td>January 20, 1993 </td> <td>December 22, 1994 </td> <td>1 year, 336 days </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1993–2001) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_Stephanopoulos_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/George_Stephanopoulos_cropped.jpg/80px-George_Stephanopoulos_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/George_Stephanopoulos_cropped.jpg/120px-George_Stephanopoulos_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/George_Stephanopoulos_cropped.jpg/160px-George_Stephanopoulos_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="262" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos" title="George Stephanopoulos">George Stephanopoulos</a><a href="#cite_note-Stephanopoulous-29">[b]</a> De facto </td> <td>January 20, 1993 </td> <td>June 7, 1993 </td> <td>138 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mike_McCurry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Mike_McCurry.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="78" data-file-height="78" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_McCurry_(press_secretary)" title="Mike McCurry (press secretary)">Mike McCurry</a> </td> <td>December 22, 1994 </td> <td>August 4, 1998 </td> <td>3 years, 225 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Lockhart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joe_Lockhart.jpg/80px-Joe_Lockhart.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joe_Lockhart.jpg/120px-Joe_Lockhart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joe_Lockhart.jpg/160px-Joe_Lockhart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1172" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lockhart" title="Joe Lockhart">Joe Lockhart</a> </td> <td>August 4, 1998 </td> <td>September 29, 2000 </td> <td>2 years, 56 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jake_Siewert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jake_Siewert.jpg/80px-Jake_Siewert.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Jake_Siewert.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="104" data-file-height="104" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jake_Siewert" title="Jake Siewert">Jake Siewert</a> </td> <td>September 30, 2000 </td> <td>January 20, 2001 </td> <td>112 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ari_Fleischer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Ari_Fleischer.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="79" data-file-height="79" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ari_Fleischer" title="Ari Fleischer">Ari Fleischer</a> </td> <td>January 20, 2001 </td> <td>July 15, 2003 </td> <td>2 years, 176 days </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2001–2009) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Scott_McClellan_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Scott_McClellan_1.jpg/80px-Scott_McClellan_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Scott_McClellan_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="118" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scott_McClellan" title="Scott McClellan">Scott McClellan</a> </td> <td>July 15, 2003 </td> <td>May 10, 2006 </td> <td>2 years, 299 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tony_Snow_--_White_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tony_Snow_--_White_House.jpg/80px-Tony_Snow_--_White_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tony_Snow_--_White_House.jpg/120px-Tony_Snow_--_White_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tony_Snow_--_White_House.jpg/160px-Tony_Snow_--_White_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_Snow" title="Tony Snow">Tony Snow</a> </td> <td>May 10, 2006 </td> <td>September 14, 2007 </td> <td>1 year, 127 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dana_Perino_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dana_Perino_1.jpg/80px-Dana_Perino_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dana_Perino_1.jpg/120px-Dana_Perino_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dana_Perino_1.jpg/160px-Dana_Perino_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dana_Perino" title="Dana Perino">Dana Perino</a> </td> <td>September 14, 2007 </td> <td>January 20, 2009 </td> <td>1 year, 128 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Gibbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Robert_Gibbs.jpg/80px-Robert_Gibbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Robert_Gibbs.jpg/120px-Robert_Gibbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Robert_Gibbs.jpg/160px-Robert_Gibbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="534" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gibbs" title="Robert Gibbs">Robert Gibbs</a> </td> <td>January 20, 2009 </td> <td>February 11, 2011 </td> <td>2 years, 22 days </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2009–2017) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jay_Carney_on_April_5,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jay_Carney_on_April_5%2C_2011.jpg/80px-Jay_Carney_on_April_5%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jay_Carney_on_April_5%2C_2011.jpg/120px-Jay_Carney_on_April_5%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jay_Carney_on_April_5%2C_2011.jpg/160px-Jay_Carney_on_April_5%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="368" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jay_Carney" title="Jay Carney">Jay Carney</a> </td> <td>February 11, 2011 </td> <td>June 20, 2014 </td> <td>3 years, 129 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Josh_Earnest_2011_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Josh_Earnest_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Josh_Earnest_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Josh_Earnest_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Josh_Earnest_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Josh_Earnest_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Josh_Earnest_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="646" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Josh_Earnest" title="Josh Earnest">Josh Earnest</a> </td> <td>June 20, 2014 </td> <td>January 20, 2017 </td> <td>2 years, 214 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Press_secretary_Sean_Spicer_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Press_secretary_Sean_Spicer_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Press_secretary_Sean_Spicer_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Press_secretary_Sean_Spicer_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Press_secretary_Sean_Spicer_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Press_secretary_Sean_Spicer_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Press_secretary_Sean_Spicer_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="275" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sean_Spicer" title="Sean Spicer">Sean Spicer</a> </td> <td>January 20, 2017 </td> <td>July 21, 2017<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> </td> <td>182 days </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2017–2021) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sarah_Sanders_(49290685006)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sarah_Sanders_%2849290685006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Sarah_Sanders_%2849290685006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sarah_Sanders_%2849290685006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Sarah_Sanders_%2849290685006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sarah_Sanders_%2849290685006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Sarah_Sanders_%2849290685006%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2709" data-file-height="3614" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sarah Huckabee Sanders</a> </td> <td>July 21, 2017<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2019 </td> <td>1 year, 345 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Stephanie_Grisham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stephanie_Grisham.jpg/80px-Stephanie_Grisham.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stephanie_Grisham.jpg/120px-Stephanie_Grisham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stephanie_Grisham.jpg/160px-Stephanie_Grisham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="659" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Grisham" title="Stephanie Grisham">Stephanie Grisham</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[c]</a> </td> <td>July 1, 2019 </td> <td>April 7, 2020 </td> <td>281 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kayleigh_McEnany_(51328311597)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kayleigh_McEnany_%2851328311597%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Kayleigh_McEnany_%2851328311597%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kayleigh_McEnany_%2851328311597%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Kayleigh_McEnany_%2851328311597%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kayleigh_McEnany_%2851328311597%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Kayleigh_McEnany_%2851328311597%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1957" data-file-height="2611" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayleigh_McEnany" title="Kayleigh McEnany">Kayleigh McEnany</a> </td> <td>April 7, 2020 </td> <td>January 20, 2021 </td> <td>288 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jen_Psaki_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jen_Psaki_2022.jpg/80px-Jen_Psaki_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jen_Psaki_2022.jpg/120px-Jen_Psaki_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jen_Psaki_2022.jpg/160px-Jen_Psaki_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="922" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jen_Psaki" title="Jen Psaki">Jen Psaki</a> </td> <td>January 20, 2021 </td> <td>May 13, 2022 </td> <td>1 year, 113 days </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2021–2025) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Karine_Jean-Pierre_at_the_White_House_on_4_December_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Karine_Jean-Pierre_at_the_White_House_on_4_December_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Karine_Jean-Pierre_at_the_White_House_on_4_December_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Karine_Jean-Pierre_at_the_White_House_on_4_December_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/121px-Karine_Jean-Pierre_at_the_White_House_on_4_December_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Karine_Jean-Pierre_at_the_White_House_on_4_December_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Karine_Jean-Pierre_at_the_White_House_on_4_December_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1420" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karine_Jean-Pierre" title="Karine Jean-Pierre">Karine Jean-Pierre</a> </td> <td>May 13, 2022 </td> <td>January 20, 2025 </td> <td>2 years, 252 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Karoline_Leavitt_at_her_first_Press_Conference_in_2025_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Karoline_Leavitt_at_her_first_Press_Conference_in_2025_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Karoline_Leavitt_at_her_first_Press_Conference_in_2025_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Karoline_Leavitt_at_her_first_Press_Conference_in_2025_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Karoline_Leavitt_at_her_first_Press_Conference_in_2025_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Karoline_Leavitt_at_her_first_Press_Conference_in_2025_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Karoline_Leavitt_at_her_first_Press_Conference_in_2025_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="768" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karoline_Leavitt" title="Karoline Leavitt">Karoline Leavitt</a> </td> <td>January 20, 2025 </td> <td>Incumbent </td> <td>43 days </td> <td style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2025–present) </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brady-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_28-2">c</a> Brady formally retained the title of press secretary until the end of the Reagan administration in 1989, but he did not brief the press after he was shot in the <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan">1981 assassination attempt</a>. Speakes and Fitzwater served as de facto press secretaries. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephanopoulous-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephanopoulous_29-0">^</a> Stephanopoulos briefed the press during his tenure as <a href="/wiki/White_House_Communications_Director" title="White House Communications Director">communications director</a>, despite Myers formally holding the title. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Grisham, unlike her predecessors, did not hold any formal White House press briefings. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Press_secretary" title="Press secretary">Press secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Press_Secretary" title="Kremlin Press Secretary">Kremlin Press Secretary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-July-1-Report-to-Congress.pdf">"Annual Report to Congress on White House Office Personnel"</a> (PDF). White House. July 1, 2024. p. 5. Retrieved November 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+to+Congress+on+White+House+Office+Personnel&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=White+House&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbidenwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F07%2F2024-July-1-Report-to-Congress.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-79">cb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-80">cc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-81">cd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-82">ce</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-83">cf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2-84">cg</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson1998" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, W. Dale (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whospeaksforpres02nels/">Who Speaks for the President?: The White House Press Secretary from Cleveland to Clinton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0514-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0514-5"><bdi>0-8156-0514-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Speaks+for+the+President%3F%3A+The+White+House+Press+Secretary+from+Cleveland+to+Clinton&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8156-0514-5&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=W.+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhospeaksforpres02nels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBumiller2005" class="citation news cs1">Bumiller, Elizabeth (May 30, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/30/politics/30letter.html">"From Jenna's Ex to a Presidential Jeeves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112014449/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/30/politics/30letter.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=From+Jenna%27s+Ex+to+a+Presidential+Jeeves&rft.date=2005-05-30&rft.aulast=Bumiller&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F05%2F30%2Fpolitics%2F30letter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2011" class="citation news cs1">Christopher, Tommy (March 18, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaite.com/online/white-house-press-give-jay-carney-decent-marks-call-first-month-on-the-job-trial-by-fire">"Jay Carney One Month Report Card"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mediaite" title="Mediaite">Mediaite</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518233428/http://www.mediaite.com/online/white-house-press-give-jay-carney-decent-marks-call-first-month-on-the-job-trial-by-fire/">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediaite&rft.atitle=Jay+Carney+One+Month+Report+Card&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaite.com%2Fonline%2Fwhite-house-press-give-jay-carney-decent-marks-call-first-month-on-the-job-trial-by-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2008" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Bradley (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toservepresident00patt">To Serve the President: Continuity and Innovation in the White House Staff</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toservepresident00patt/page/209">209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815769545" title="Special:BookSources/9780815769545"><bdi>9780815769545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Serve+the+President%3A+Continuity+and+Innovation+in+the+White+House+Staff&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780815769545&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoservepresident00patt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCook2011" class="citation news cs1">Cook, Dave (February 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2011/0216/White-House-change-of-style-Jay-Carney-takes-podium-as-new-press-secretary">"White House Change of Style: Jay Carney Takes Podium as New Press Secretary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423064457/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2011/0216/White-House-change-of-style-Jay-Carney-takes-podium-as-new-press-secretary">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=White+House+Change+of+Style%3A+Jay+Carney+Takes+Podium+as+New+Press+Secretary&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2FThe-Vote%2F2011%2F0216%2FWhite-House-change-of-style-Jay-Carney-takes-podium-as-new-press-secretary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanton" class="citation news cs1">Stanton, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/interactives/westwing/index.html">"Inside Obama's West Wing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429080952/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/interactives/westwing/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Inside+Obama%27s+West+Wing&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fpolitics%2Finteractives%2Fwestwing%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/07/images/20070711_d-0329-3-515h.html">"President Bush Unveils Renovated Press Briefing Room"</a>. <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. July 11, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121205702/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/07/images/20070711_d-0329-3-515h.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2011 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Bush+Unveils+Renovated+Press+Briefing+Room&rft.pub=White+House&rft.date=2007-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2007%2F07%2Fimages%2F20070711_d-0329-3-515h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEngber2005" class="citation news cs1">Engber, Daniel (November 19, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2130669/">"What's a senior administration official?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706170114/http://www.slate.com/id/2130669/">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=What%27s+a+senior+administration+official%3F&rft.date=2005-11-19&rft.aulast=Engber&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2130669%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2008" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Bradley (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toservepresident00patt">To Serve the President: Continuity and Innovation in the White House Staff</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toservepresident00patt/page/214">214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815769545" title="Special:BookSources/9780815769545"><bdi>9780815769545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Serve+the+President%3A+Continuity+and+Innovation+in+the+White+House+Staff&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780815769545&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoservepresident00patt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McQuiston-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McQuiston_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McQuiston_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McQuiston_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McQuiston_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McQuiston_11-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcQuiston1981" class="citation news cs1">McQuiston, John T. 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April 26, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110509091518/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/04/20060426.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Announces+Tony+Snow+as+Press+Secretary&rft.pub=Office+of+the+White+House+Press+Secretary&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2006%2F04%2F20060426.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMason2011" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Jeff (January 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70Q8HR20110128">"Former reporter Carney next White House spokesman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved May 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Former+reporter+Carney+next+White+House+spokesman&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE70Q8HR20110128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThrushHaberman2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Thrush" title="Glenn Thrush">Thrush, Glenn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Haberman" title="Maggie Haberman">Haberman, Maggie</a> (July 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/21/us/politics/sean-spicer-resigns-as-white-house-press-secretary.html?mcubz=1">"Sean Spicer Resigns as White House Press Secretary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721160252/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/21/us/politics/sean-spicer-resigns-as-white-house-press-secretary.html?mcubz=1">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2017. Retrieved July 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sean+Spicer+Resigns+as+White+House+Press+Secretary&rft.date=2017-07-21&rft.aulast=Thrush&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Haberman%2C+Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F21%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fsean-spicer-resigns-as-white-house-press-secretary.html%3Fmcubz%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724200608/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/07/21/president-donald-j-trump-elevates-sarah-sanders-role-white-house-press">"President Donald J. Trump Elevates Sarah Sanders to the Role of White House Press Secretary"</a> (Press release). White House. United States, Office of the Press Secretary. July 21, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/07/21/president-donald-j-trump-elevates-sarah-sanders-role-white-house-press">the original</a> on July 24, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Donald+J.+Trump+Elevates+Sarah+Sanders+to+the+Role+of+White+House+Press+Secretary&rft.pub=White+House&rft.date=2017-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2017%2F07%2F21%2Fpresident-donald-j-trump-elevates-sarah-sanders-role-white-house-press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlum2017" class="citation web cs1">Glum, Julia (July 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/sarah-huckabee-sanders-profile-press-secretary-640738">"Meet Sarah Huckabee Sanders, Trump's New Press Secretary Who Has Long Defended Bombastic Conservatives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724063457/http://www.newsweek.com/sarah-huckabee-sanders-profile-press-secretary-640738">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved July 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Meet+Sarah+Huckabee+Sanders%2C+Trump%27s+New+Press+Secretary+Who+Has+Long+Defended+Bombastic+Conservatives&rft.date=2017-07-23&rft.aulast=Glum&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fsarah-huckabee-sanders-profile-press-secretary-640738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Cavari, Amnon. The Party Politics of Presidential Rhetoric (Cambridge University Press. 2017).</li> <li>Clayman, Steven E., et al. "Historical Trends in Questioning Presidents, 1953‐2000." Presidential Studies Quarterly 36.4 (2006): 561–583. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809004812/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/clayman/Site/Publications_files/Clayman%20et%20al%202006%20%20HistoricalTrends1953-2000.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Clayman, Steven E., et al. "A watershed in White House journalism: Explaining the post-1968 rise of aggressive presidential news." Political Communication 27.3 (2010): 229–247. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916070020/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/heritage/Site/Publications_files/WATERSHED.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Eshbaugh-Soha, Matthew. "Presidential influence of the news media: The case of the press conference." Political Communication 30.4 (2013): 548–564.</li> <li>French, Blaire Atherton. The presidential press conference: Its history and role in the American political system (1982)</li> <li>Grossman, Michael Baruch, and Martha Joynt Kumar, eds. Portraying the president: The White House and the news media (1981).</li> <li>Han, Lori Cox, ed. Hatred of America's Presidents: Personal Attacks on the White House from Washington to Trump (ABC-CLIO, 2018).</li> <li>Juergens, George. News from the White House: The presidential-press relationship in the progressive era. (1981)</li> <li>Julian, Danielle. "Sean Spicer is the News: The Relationship Between Sean Spicer and The White House Press Corps". (Thesis. Auckland University of Technology, 2018.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/11936/JulianD.pdf?sequence=3">oenline</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlein,_Woody2008" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Woody (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_liTKBNOR4C&pg=PA01">All the Presidents' Spokesmen: Spinning the News, White House Press Secretaries from Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush</a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275990985" title="Special:BookSources/9780275990985"><bdi>9780275990985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Presidents%27+Spokesmen%3A+Spinning+the+News%2C+White+House+Press+Secretaries+from+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+to+George+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780275990985&rft.au=Klein%2C+Woody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA_liTKBNOR4C%26pg%3DPA01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+House+Press+Secretary" class="Z3988">; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-19732217/on-behalf-of-the-president-four-factors-affecting">another copy</a></li> <li>Kumar, Martha Joynt. "The office of the press secretary." Presidential Studies Quarterly 31.2 (2001): 296–322. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552190">online</a></li> <li>Kumar, Martha Joynt. "Conveying Presidential News: The White House Press Corps Covers the President." Presidential Studies Quarterly 38.4 (2008): 674–692.</li> <li>Kumar, Martha Joynt. Managing the President's Message: The White House Communications Operation' (Johns Hopkins UP, 2007).</li> <li>Maltese, John Anthony. Spin control: The White House Office of Communications and the management of presidential news (U of North Carolina Press, 2000).</li> <li>Meeks, Lindsey. "Questioning the president: Examining gender in the White House press corps." Journalism 19.4 (2018): 519–535.</li> <li>Nelson, W. Dale. Who Speaks for the President?: The White House Press Secretary from Cleveland to Clinton (Syracuse UP, 1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whospeaksforpres02nels">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Parry, Pam. Eisenhower: The Public Relations President (Lexington Books, 2014).</li> <li>Pollard, James E. The presidents and the press (1947).</li> <li>Ponder, Stephen. Managing the press: Origins of the media presidency 1897–1933 (1998)</li> <li>Spear, Joseph C. Presidents and the press: the Nixon legacy (1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentspress00spea">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Spicer, Sean. The Briefing: Politics, the Press, and the President (Simon and Schuster, 2018). Primary source</li> <li>Spragens, William C., and Carole Ann Terwoord. From spokesman to Press Secretary : White House media operations (1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromspokesmantop0000spra">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Startt, James. Woodrow Wilson, the Great War, and the Fourth Estate (2017).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Tebbel" title="John William Tebbel">Tebbel, John</a>, and Sarah Miles Watts. The Press and the Presidency: From George Washington to Ronald Reagan (1985)</li> <li>Towle, Michael J. "On behalf of the president: Four factors affecting the success of the presidential press secretary." Presidential Studies Quarterly 27.2 (1997): 297–319. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551732">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_House_Press_Secretary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:White_House_Press_Secretaries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:White House Press Secretaries">White House Press Secretaries</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/news/">Briefing Room</a> at the official <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room">Barack Obama Press Briefings</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>'s archive of the official White House website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/briefings/">George W. 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