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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tanya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Tanya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Community </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Community-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Community subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 United Arab Emirates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs_and_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs_and_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Customs and holidays </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Customs_and_holidays-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Customs and holidays subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Customs_and_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_geographic_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_geographic_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 By geographic region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_geographic_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chabad_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chabad_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Chabad house </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chabad_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundraising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundraising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Fundraising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundraising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outreach_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outreach_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Outreach activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outreach_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitzvah_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitzvah_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Mitzvah campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitzvah_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shluchim_(Emissaries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shluchim_(Emissaries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Shluchim (Emissaries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shluchim_(Emissaries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitzvah_tank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitzvah_tank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Mitzvah tank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitzvah_tank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus_outreach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus_outreach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Campus outreach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campus_outreach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CTeen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CTeen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.5 CTeen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CTeen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Publishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summer_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summer_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Summer camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summer_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Political activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library_dispute_with_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_dispute_with_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.1 Library dispute with Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_dispute_with_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Succession_disputes_and_offshoot_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_disputes_and_offshoot_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Succession disputes and offshoot groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_disputes_and_offshoot_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chabad_messianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chabad_messianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Chabad messianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chabad_messianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In the arts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In the arts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.1 Other television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notable people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 A </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 B </div> </a> <ul id="toc-B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 C </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 E </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-F" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#F"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 F </div> </a> <ul id="toc-F-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-G" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 G </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 H </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-J" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#J"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8 J </div> </a> <ul id="toc-J-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-K" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#K"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.9 K </div> </a> <ul id="toc-K-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.10 L </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-M" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#M"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.11 M </div> </a> <ul id="toc-M-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-O" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#O"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.12 O </div> </a> <ul id="toc-O-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-P" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#P"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.13 P </div> </a> <ul id="toc-P-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-R" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#R"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.14 R </div> </a> <ul id="toc-R-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-S" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#S"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.15 S </div> </a> <ul id="toc-S-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-T" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#T"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.16 T </div> </a> <ul id="toc-T-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-W" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#W"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.17 W </div> </a> <ul id="toc-W-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Y" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.18 Y </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Z" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Z"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.19 Z </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Z-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chabad</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="حركة حباد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة حباد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chabad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habad_Lubavitx" title="Habad Lubavitx – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Habad Lubavitx" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Хабад – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хабад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad_Lubavi%C4%8D" title="Chabad Lubavič – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chabad Lubavič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chabad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabad-Lubavitch" title="Jabad-Lubavitch – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jabad-Lubavitch" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4abad_Lubavi%C4%89" title="Ĥabad Lubaviĉ – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥabad Lubaviĉ" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="خبد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خبد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_hassidique_Habad-Loubavitch" title="Dynastie hassidique Habad-Loubavitch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie hassidique Habad-Loubavitch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad_Lubavitch" title="Chabad Lubavitch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chabad Lubavitch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%91%22%D7%93" title="חסידות חב"ד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חסידות חב"ד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habad-Lubavitch" title="Habad-Lubavitch – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Habad-Lubavitch" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad_Lubavit%C4%8D" title="Chabad Lubavitč – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chabad Lubavitč" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1b%C3%A1d_Lubavics" title="Chábád Lubavics – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Chábád Lubavics" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="حركة حباد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حركة حباد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chabad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%81%D9%86%DA%AB" title="د چاباد غورځنګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چاباد غورځنګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad-Lubawicz" title="Chabad-Lubawicz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chabad-Lubawicz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad_Lubavitch" title="Chabad Lubavitch – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chabad Lubavitch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habad" title="Habad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Habad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Хабад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хабад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chabad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad_%C4%BDubavi%C4%8D" title="Chabad Ľubavič – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chabad Ľubavič" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Хабад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хабад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" title="Chabad-Lubavitch – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chabad-Lubavitch" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%94" title="ХаБаД – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ХаБаД" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9" title="ליובאוויטש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ליובאוויטש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" title="哈巴德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈巴德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hasidic Jewish dynasty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lubavich" and "Lubavitch" redirect here. For the village in Russia associated with Chabad, see <a href="/wiki/Lyubavichi,_Rudnyansky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast" title="Lyubavichi, Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast">Lyubavichi, Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chabad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chabad (disambiguation)">Chabad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Chabad</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="he">חב״ד</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:770_Eastern_Parkway_(thumbnail_size).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yellow flame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/770_Eastern_Parkway_%28thumbnail_size%29.jpg/25px-770_Eastern_Parkway_%28thumbnail_size%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/770_Eastern_Parkway_%28thumbnail_size%29.jpg/38px-770_Eastern_Parkway_%28thumbnail_size%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/770_Eastern_Parkway_%28thumbnail_size%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:KinusChabadJerufi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/KinusChabadJerufi.jpg/250px-KinusChabadJerufi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/KinusChabadJerufi.jpg/330px-KinusChabadJerufi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/KinusChabadJerufi.jpg/500px-KinusChabadJerufi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5737" data-file-height="3825" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Group picture of Chabad Shluchim (emissaries) in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights, Brooklyn</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1775 (250 years ago) (1775)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liozna" class="mw-redirect" title="Liozna">Liozno</a>, Russian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic dynasty">Hasidic dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_organization" title="Religious organization">Religious organization</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/770_Eastern_Parkway" title="770 Eastern Parkway">770 Eastern Parkway</a>, Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data">90,000–95,000<a href="#cite_note-marcinw-1">[1]</a> (2018)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Secessions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strashelye_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Strashelye (Hasidic dynasty)">Strashelye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kopust" title="Kopust">Kopust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liadi_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Liadi (Hasidic dynasty)">Liadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niezhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Niezhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Niezhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avrutch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Avrutch (Hasidic dynasty)">Avrutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malachim_(Hasidic_group)" title="Malachim (Hasidic group)">Malachim</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chabad.org/">chabad.org</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lubavitch.com/">lubavitch.com</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:770_Eastern_Parkway_(thumbnail_size).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="770 Eastern Parkway"><img alt="770 Eastern Parkway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/770_Eastern_Parkway_%28thumbnail_size%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch (Hasidic dynasty)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chabad</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rebbes_of_Lubavitch" title="Category:Rebbes of Lubavitch">Rebbes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a> (Alter Rebbe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovber_Schneuri" title="Dovber Schneuri">Dovber Schneuri</a> (Mitteler Rebbe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneersohn" title="Menachem Mendel Schneersohn">Menachem M. Schneersohn</a> (Tzemach Tzedek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Schneersohn" title="Shmuel Schneersohn">Shmuel Schneersohn</a> (Maharash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholom_Dovber_Schneersohn" title="Sholom Dovber Schneersohn">Sholom Dovber Schneersohn</a> (Rashab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchak_Schneersohn" title="Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn">Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn</a> (Rayatz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem M. Schneerson</a> (the Rebbe)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> Places and landmarks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/770_Eastern_Parkway" title="770 Eastern Parkway">770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Agudas_Chassidei_Chabad" title="Library of Agudas Chassidei Chabad">Chabad library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Children%27s_Museum" title="Jewish Children's Museum">JCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_(Chabad-Lubavitch)" title="Ohel (Chabad-Lubavitch)">Ohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Chabad" title="Kfar Chabad">Kfar Chabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyubavichi,_Rudnyansky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast" title="Lyubavichi, Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast">Lyubavichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_House" title="Nariman House">Nariman House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikun_Chabad" title="Shikun Chabad">Shikun Chabad</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Chabad_customs_and_holidays" title="Chabad customs and holidays">Holidays</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li>1, 10, <a href="/wiki/19_Kislev" title="19 Kislev">19</a> <a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a></li> <li>10, 22 <a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_Nissan" title="11 Nissan">11</a> <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nissan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Tammuz" title="3 Tammuz">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/12%E2%80%9313_Tammuz" title="12–13 Tammuz">12-13</a> <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a></li> <li>20 <a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a></li> <li>5 <a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Chabad_affiliated_organizations" title="Chabad affiliated organizations">Organizations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudas_Chasidei_Chabad" title="Agudas Chasidei Chabad">Aguch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleph_Institute" title="Aleph Institute">Aleph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_on_Campus_International_Foundation" title="Chabad on Campus International Foundation">Chabad on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colel_Chabad" title="Colel Chabad">Colel Chabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Circle_(organization)" title="Friendship Circle (organization)">Friendship Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Israel_Camping_Network" title="Gan Israel Camping Network">Gan Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Learning_Network" title="Jewish Learning Network">JLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Released_Time" title="Jewish Released Time">Released Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Relief_Agency" title="Jewish Relief Agency">JRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehot_Publication_Society" title="Kehot Publication Society">Kehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubavitch_Youth_Organization" title="Lubavitch Youth Organization">LYO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machneh_Israel_(Chabad)" title="Machneh Israel (Chabad)">Machneh Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch" title="Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch">Merkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27shei_Chabad" title="N'shei Chabad">N'shei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Furtherance_of_Jewish_Education" title="National Committee for the Furtherance of Jewish Education">NCFJE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr_Avner_Foundation" title="Ohr Avner Foundation">Ohr Avner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_L%27Chaim_Society" title="Oxford University L'Chaim Society">L'Chaim Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohr_Jewish_Learning_Institute" title="Rohr Jewish Learning Institute">JLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzivos_Hashem" title="Tzivos Hashem">Tzivos Hashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaad_Rabonei_Lubavitch" title="Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch">Vaad Harabonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaad_Talmidei_Hatmimim_Haolami" title="Vaad Talmidei Hatmimim Haolami">Vaad Hatmimim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivah_Centre,_Melbourne" title="Yeshivah Centre, Melbourne">Yeshivah Centre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad_schools" title="Category:Chabad schools">Schools</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_Chana_Women_International" title="Bais Chana Women International">Bais Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Rivkah" title="Beth Rivkah">Beth Rivkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Rivkah_Ladies_College" title="Beth Rivkah Ladies College">Beth Rivkah Ladies College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadar_Hatorah" title="Hadar Hatorah">Hadar Hatorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubavitch_Senior_Girls%27_School" title="Lubavitch Senior Girls' School">Lubavitch Senior Girls' School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machon_Chana" title="Machon Chana">Machon Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayanot" title="Mayanot">Mayanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_Chana" title="Ohel Chana">Ohel Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholei_Torah" title="Oholei Torah">Oholei Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr_Avner_Chabad_Day_School" title="Ohr Avner Chabad Day School">Ohr Avner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_College_of_America" title="Rabbinical College of America">RCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Tmimim" title="Tomchei Tmimim">Tomchei Tmimim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Ohr_Elchonon_Chabad/West_Coast_Talmudical_Seminary" title="Yeshiva Ohr Elchonon Chabad/West Coast Talmudical Seminary"> YOEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivah_College,_Australia" title="Yeshivah College, Australia">Yeshivah College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivah_Gedolah_Zal" title="Yeshivah Gedolah Zal">YG</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_texts" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch texts">Texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayin_Beis" title="Ayin Beis">Ayin Beis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derech_Mitzvosecha" title="Derech Mitzvosecha">Derech Mitzvosecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadranim_al_HaRambam" title="Hadranim al HaRambam">Hadranim al HaRambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatomim" title="Hatomim">Hatomim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayom_Yom" title="Hayom Yom">Hayom Yom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igrot_Kodesh" title="Igrot Kodesh">Igrot Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imrei_Binah" title="Imrei Binah">Imrei Binah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likkutei_Sichos" title="Likkutei Sichos">Likkutei Sichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Or/Likutei_Torah" title="Torah Or/Likutei Torah">Likutei Torah/Torah Or</a></li> <li>Collections of <a href="/wiki/Maamarim_(Chabad)" title="Maamarim (Chabad)">Maamarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samech_Vov" title="Samech Vov">Samech Vov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch_HaRav" title="Shulchan Aruch HaRav">Shulchan Aruch HaRav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_(Judaism)" title="Tanya (Judaism)">Tanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehillat_Hashem" title="Tehillat Hashem">Tehillat Hashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toras_Chaim_(Chabad)" title="Toras Chaim (Chabad)">Toras Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Rebbe" title="Beit Rebbe">Beit Rebbe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad_terminology" title="Category:Chabad terminology">Practices and concepts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_house" title="Chabad house">Chabad house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitas" title="Chitas">Chitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirah_betachtonim" title="Dirah betachtonim">Dirah betachtonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farbrengen" title="Farbrengen">Farbrengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashpia" title="Mashpia">Mashpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ari" title="Nusach Ari">Nusach Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah_tank" title="Mitzvah tank">Mitzvah tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_mitzvah_campaigns" title="Chabad mitzvah campaigns">Mivtzoim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_niggunim" title="Chabad niggunim">Niggunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahide laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_hishtalshelus" title="Seder hishtalshelus">Seder hishtalshelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaliach_(Chabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaliach (Chabad)">Shaliach</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Chabad_offshoot_groups" title="Chabad offshoot groups">Chabad offshoots</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strashelye_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Strashelye (Hasidic dynasty)">Strashelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopust" title="Kopust">Kopust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liadi_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Liadi (Hasidic dynasty)">Liadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niezhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Niezhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Niezhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avrutch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Avrutch (Hasidic dynasty)">Avrutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachim_(Hasidic_group)" title="Malachim (Hasidic group)">Malachim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chabad" title="Template:Chabad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chabad" title="Template talk:Chabad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chabad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chabad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Chabad, also known as Lubavitch, Habad and Chabad-Lubavitch<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/xəˈbɑːd luˈbɑːvɪtʃ/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: חב״ד לובביץּ׳; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: חב״ד ליובאוויטש), is a <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic dynasty">dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a>. Belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> (ultra-Orthodox) branch of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>, it is one of the world's best-known Hasidic movements,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> as well as one of the largest Jewish religious organizations. Unlike most Haredi groups, which are self-segregating, Chabad mainly operates in the wider world and caters to nonobservant Jews. Founded in 1775<a href="#cite_note-Barry-4">[4]</a> by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a> (1745–1812) in the city of <a href="/wiki/Liozna" class="mw-redirect" title="Liozna">Liozno</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the name "Chabad" (חב״ד) is an acronym formed from the three Hebrew words—<a href="/wiki/Chokmah" title="Chokmah">Chokmah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binah_(Kabbalah)" title="Binah (Kabbalah)">Binah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Da%27at" title="Da'at">Da'at</a>— for the first three <a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">sefirot</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">kabbalistic Tree of Life</a> after <a href="/wiki/Keter" title="Keter">Keter</a>: חכמה, בינה, דעת, "Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge"—which represent the <a href="/wiki/Chabad_philosophy" title="Chabad philosophy">intellectual and kabbalistic underpinnings</a> of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The name <a href="/wiki/Lyubavichi,_Rudnyansky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast" title="Lyubavichi, Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast">Lubavitch</a> derives from the town in which the now-dominant line of leaders resided from 1813 to 1915.<a href="#cite_note-jta1808-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-haaretz1920-8">[8]</a> Other, <a href="/wiki/Chabad_offshoot_groups" title="Chabad offshoot groups">non-Lubavitch scions of Chabad</a> either disappeared or merged into the Lubavitch line. In the 1930s, the sixth <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a> of Chabad, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchak_Schneersohn" title="Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn">Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn</a>, moved the center of the Chabad movement from Russia to Poland. After the outbreak of World War II, he moved the center of the movement to Brooklyn, New York, in the United States, where the Rebbe lived at 770 Eastern Parkway until the end of his life. Between 1951 and 1994, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a> transformed the movement into one of the most widespread Jewish movements in the world. Under his leadership, Chabad established a large network of institutions that seek to satisfy the religious, social and humanitarian needs of Jews across the world.<a href="#cite_note-ch100-9">[9]</a> Chabad institutions provide <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism_outreach" title="Orthodox Judaism outreach">outreach to unaffiliated Jews</a> and humanitarian aid, as well as religious, cultural and educational activities. During his life and after his death, Schneerson has been believed by some of his followers to be the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a>, with his own position on the matter debated among scholars. <a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Messianic ideology</a> in Chabad sparked controversy in various Jewish communities and it is still an unresolved matter. Following his death, no successor was appointed as a new central leader. The Rebbe was also known to have never visited Israel, for reasons which remain disputed among the Chabad community. The global population of Chabad has been estimated to be 90,000–95,000 adherents as of 2018, accounting for 13% of the global Hasidic population.<a href="#cite_note-marcinw-1">[1]</a> However, up to one million Jews are estimated to attend Chabad services at least once a year.<a href="#cite_note-SamH-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slater_Page_279-11">[11]</a> In a 2020 study, the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found that 16% of <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a> participated in Chabad services or activities at least semi-regularly.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The Chabad movement was established after the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a> in the town of Liozno, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Governorate" title="Pskov Governorate">Pskov Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Liozna" class="mw-redirect" title="Liozna">Liozna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>), in 1775, by <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Barry-4">[4]</a> a student of <a href="/wiki/Dov_Ber_of_Mezeritch" title="Dov Ber of Mezeritch">Dov Ber of Mezeritch</a>, the successor to Hasidism's founder, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Israel_Baal_Shem_Tov" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Baal Shem Tov">Israel Baal Shem Tov</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dovber_Schneuri" title="Dovber Schneuri">Rabbi Dovber Shneuri</a>, the Second Rebbe, moved the movement to <a href="/wiki/Lyubavichi,_Rudnyansky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast" title="Lyubavichi, Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast">Lyubavichi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: ליובאַװיטש, Lyubavitsh), in current-day Russia, in 1813.<a href="#cite_note-jta1808-7">[7]</a> The movement was centered in Lyubavichi for a century until the fifth Rebbe, <a href="/wiki/Sholom_Dovber_Schneersohn" title="Sholom Dovber Schneersohn">Rabbi Shalom Dovber</a> left the village in 1915<a href="#cite_note-haaretz1920-8">[8]</a> and moved to the city of <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, following Bolshevik persecution, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement, under the Sixth Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak, was centered in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> and then in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. The outbreak of World War II led the Sixth Rebbe to move to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Since 1940,<a href="#cite_note-Barry-4">[4]</a> the movement's center has been in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altein,_R_page_270-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huh-Ukh_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Huh-Ukh_1911.jpg/220px-Huh-Ukh_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Huh-Ukh_1911.jpg/330px-Huh-Ukh_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Huh-Ukh_1911.jpg/440px-Huh-Ukh_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="2478" /></a><figcaption>Chabad newspaper, Huh-Ukh (1911)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chabad_of_Boston_Appeal_(1927).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chabad_of_Boston_Appeal_%281927%29.jpg/220px-Chabad_of_Boston_Appeal_%281927%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chabad_of_Boston_Appeal_%281927%29.jpg/330px-Chabad_of_Boston_Appeal_%281927%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chabad_of_Boston_Appeal_%281927%29.jpg/440px-Chabad_of_Boston_Appeal_%281927%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>Chabad of Boston Appeal (1927)</figcaption></figure> While the movement spawned a number of <a href="/wiki/Chabad_offshoot_groups" title="Chabad offshoot groups">offshoot groups</a> throughout its history, the Chabad-Lubavitch branch is the only one still active, making it the movement's main surviving line.<a href="#cite_note-beck-15">[15]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarna" title="Jonathan Sarna">Jonathan Sarna</a> has characterized Chabad as having enjoyed the fastest rate of growth of any <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish religious movement</a> in the period 1946–2015.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In the early 1900s, Chabad-Lubavitch legally incorporated itself under <a href="/wiki/Agudas_Chasidei_Chabad" title="Agudas Chasidei Chabad">Agudas Chasidei Chabad</a> ("Association of Chabad Hasidim").[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1980s, tensions arose between Chabad and <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar Chasidim</a> as a result of several assaults on Chabad Hasidim by Satmar Hasidim.<a href="#cite_note-beardcut-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-anguish-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oppression_and_resurgence_in_Russia">Oppression and resurgence in Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oppression and resurgence in Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Antisemitism in the Russian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">History of the Jews in Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">History of the Jews in the Soviet Union</a></div> The Chabad movement was subjected to governmental oppression in Russia. The Russian government, first under the <a href="/wiki/Czar" class="mw-redirect" title="Czar">Czar</a>, later under the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, imprisoned all but one of the Chabad rebbes.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Bolsheviks also imprisoned, exiled and executed a number of Chabad Hasidim.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> During the Second World War, many Chabad Hasidim evacuated to the Uzbek cities of Samarkand and Tashkent where they established small centers of Hasidic life, while at the same time seeking ways to emigrate from Soviet Russia due to the government's suppression of religious life.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The reach of Chabad in Central Asia also included earlier efforts that took place in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Following the war, and well after the center of the Chabad movement moved to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the movement remained active in Soviet Russia, aiding the local Jews known as <a href="/wiki/Refuseniks" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuseniks">Refuseniks</a> who sought to learn more about Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> And throughout the Soviet era, the Chabad movement maintained a secret network across the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, state persecution of Chabad ceased. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Russia" title="Chief Rabbi of Russia">Chief Rabbi of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berel_Lazar" title="Berel Lazar">Berel Lazar</a>, a Chabad emissary, maintains warm relations with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Lazar also received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friendship" title="Order of Friendship">Order of Friendship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_%22For_Merit_to_the_Fatherland%22" title="Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"">Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"</a> medals from him.<a href="#cite_note-The_Forward-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schneersohn_Family.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Schneersohn_Family.png/220px-Schneersohn_Family.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Schneersohn_Family.png/330px-Schneersohn_Family.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Schneersohn_Family.png/440px-Schneersohn_Family.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>Schneersohn family</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch (Hasidic dynasty)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chabad</a> (Rebbes and Chasidim)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:770_Eastern_Parkway_(thumbnail_size).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="770 Eastern Parkway"><img alt="770 Eastern Parkway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/770_Eastern_Parkway_%28thumbnail_size%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rebbes_of_Lubavitch" title="Category:Rebbes of Lubavitch">Rebbes of Chabad</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a> (Alter Rebbe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovber_Schneuri" title="Dovber Schneuri">Dovber Schneuri</a> (Mitteler Rebbe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneersohn" title="Menachem Mendel Schneersohn">Menachem M. Schneersohn</a> (Tzemach Tzedek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Schneersohn" title="Shmuel Schneersohn">Shmuel Schneersohn</a> (Rebbe Maharash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholom_Dovber_Schneersohn" title="Sholom Dovber Schneersohn">Sholom Dovber Schneersohn</a> (Rebbe Rashab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchak_Schneersohn" title="Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn">Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn</a> (Rebbe Rayatz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem M. Schneerson</a> (the Rebbe)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schneersohn" title="Schneersohn">Schneersohn family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Schneur Zalman of Liadi">Chaim S. Z. of Liadi</a> (1814–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Dovber_of_Liadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzchak Dovber of Liadi">Yitzchak Dovber of Liadi</a> (1833–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chana_Schneerson" title="Chana Schneerson">Chana Schneerson</a> (1880–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaya_Mushka_Schneersohn" title="Chaya Mushka Schneersohn">Chaya M. Schneersohn</a> (d. 1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaya_Mushka_Schneerson" title="Chaya Mushka Schneerson">Chaya M. Schneerson</a> (1901–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Yitzchak_Schneerson" title="Levi Yitzchak Schneerson">Levi Y. Schneerson</a> (1878–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Schneersohn" title="Moshe Schneersohn">Moshe Schneersohn</a> (ca. 1784–before 1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheina_Horenstein" title="Sheina Horenstein">Sheina Horenstein</a> (d. 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Zalman_Schneersohn" title="Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn">Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn</a> (1830–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmaryahu_Noah_Schneersohn" title="Shmaryahu Noah Schneersohn">Shmaryahu Noah Schneersohn</a> (1842–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Leib_Schneersohn" title="Yehuda Leib Schneersohn">Yehuda Leib Schneersohn</a> (1808–1866)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_Hasidim" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidim">Rabbonim</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Osdoba" title="Avraham Osdoba">Avraham Osdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Gutnick" title="Chaim Gutnick">Chaim Gutnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Chaim_Naeh" title="Avraham Chaim Naeh">Avraham Chaim Naeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Ashkenazi_(rabbi)" title="Meir Ashkenazi (rabbi)">Meir Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Shmuel_Ashkenazi" title="Mordechai Shmuel Ashkenazi">Mordechai Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Gutnick" title="Mordechai Gutnick">Mordechai Gutnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gutnick" title="Moshe Gutnick">Moshe Gutnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhas_Hirschprung" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinhas Hirschprung">Pinhas Hirschprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_Fradkin" title="Shneur Zalman Fradkin">Shneur Z. Fradkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Schwei" title="Yaakov Schwei">Yaakov Schwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Kalmen_Marlow" title="Yehuda Kalmen Marlow">Yehuda K. Marlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hecht" title="Abraham Hecht">Abraham Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Hendel" title="Yitzchak Hendel">Yitzchak Hendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Heller" title="Yosef Heller">Yosef Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yeshaya_Braun" title="Yosef Yeshaya Braun">Yosef Y. Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalman_Shimon_Dworkin" title="Zalman Shimon Dworkin">Zalman Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelig_Sharfstein" title="Zelig Sharfstein">Zelig Sharfstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Leib_Medalia" title="Shmuel Leib Medalia">Shmuel L. Medalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmarya_Yehuda_Leib_Medalia" title="Shmarya Yehuda Leib Medalia">Shmarya Y. L. Medalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholom_Rivkin" title="Sholom Rivkin">Sholom Rivkin</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_Mashpiim" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch Mashpiim">Mashpiim and scholars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_ha-Levi_ben_Moses_of_Staroselye" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron ha-Levi ben Moses of Staroselye">Aaron of Staroselye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Branover" title="Herman Branover">Herman Branover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Chitrik" title="Yehuda Chitrik">Yehuda Chitrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Friedman" title="Manis Friedman">Manis Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Futerfas" title="Menachem Mendel Futerfas">Mendel Futerfas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Ginsburgh" title="Yitzchak Ginsburgh">Yitzchak Ginsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Zeev_Greenglass" title="Menachem Zeev Greenglass">Menachem Z. Greenglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gutnick" title="Moshe Gutnick">Moshe Gutnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Havlin" title="Moshe Havlin">Moshe Havlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Eizik_Epstein" title="Yitzchak Eizik Epstein">Aizel Homiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Jacobson" title="Simon Jacobson">Simon Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisroel_Jacobson" title="Yisroel Jacobson">Yisroel Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchak_Jacobson" title="Yosef Yitzchak Jacobson">Yosef Y. Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoel_Kahn" title="Yoel Kahn">Yoel Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Yehudah_Khein" title="Abraham Yehudah Khein">Abraham Y. Khein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Mondshine" title="Yehoshua Mondshine">Yehoshua Mondshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Chaim_Naeh" title="Avraham Chaim Naeh">Avraham C. Naeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Neminov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Neminov">Nissan Neminov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_Paritcher" title="Hillel Paritcher">Hillel Paritcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Schochet" title="Ezra Schochet">Ezra Schochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Adin Steinsaltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shais_Taub" title="Shais Taub">Shais Taub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Yosef_Zevin" title="Shlomo Yosef Zevin">Shlomo Y. Zevin</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Mazkirus and other leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leib_Groner" title="Leib Groner">Leib Groner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_J._Hecht" title="Jacob J. Hecht">Jacob J. Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Mordechai_Aizik_Hodakov" title="Chaim Mordechai Aizik Hodakov">Chaim M. A. Hodakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Krinsky" title="Yehuda Krinsky">Yehuda Krinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Mindel" title="Nissan Mindel">Nissan Mindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovid_Raskin" title="Dovid Raskin">Dovid Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Shemtov" title="Abraham Shemtov">Abraham Shemtov</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_emissaries" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch emissaries">Shluchim</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Brod" title="Menachem Brod">Menachem Brod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azriel_Chaikin" title="Azriel Chaikin">Azriel Chaikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Cunin" title="Shlomo Cunin">Shlomo Cunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchus_Feldman" title="Pinchus Feldman">Pinchus Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershon_Garelik" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershon Garelik">Gershon Garelik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchok_Dovid_Groner" title="Yitzchok Dovid Groner">Yitzchok D. Groner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoch_Hecht" title="Hanoch Hecht">Hanoch Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavriel_Holtzberg" title="Gavriel Holtzberg">Gavriel Holtzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berel_Lazar" title="Berel Lazar">Berel Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Lazaroff" title="Shimon Lazaroff">Shimon Lazaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Masinter" title="David Masinter">David Masinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalman_I._Posner" title="Zalman I. Posner">Zalman I. Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Shmuel_David_Raichik" title="Menachem Shmuel David Raichik">Menachem S. D. Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Raskin" title="Aaron Raskin">Aaron Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Zeev_Raskin" title="Arie Zeev Raskin">Arie Z. Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Sawilowsky" title="Shlomo Sawilowsky">Shlomo Sawilowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Scheiner" title="Mordechai Scheiner">Mordechai Scheiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Shemtov" title="Abraham Shemtov">Abraham Shemtov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Shemtov" title="Levi Shemtov">Levi Shemtov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudah_Teichtal" title="Yehudah Teichtal">Yehudah Teichtal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Weinstein" title="Simcha Weinstein">Simcha Weinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Friedman" title="Manis Friedman">Manis Friedman</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_Hasidim" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidim">Other notable figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shmuley_Boteach" title="Shmuley Boteach">Shmuley Boteach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Fried" title="Avraham Fried">Avraham Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Friedman_(singer)" title="Benny Friedman (singer)">Benny Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Gurevich" title="Aharon Gurevich">Aharon Gurevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gutnick" title="Joseph Gutnick">Joseph Gutnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Hecht" title="Moshe Hecht">Moshe Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_Hecht" title="Shea Hecht">Shea Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Levy" title="Bernard Levy">Bernard Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendel_Lieberman" title="Hendel Lieberman">Hendel Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michoel_Muchnik" title="Michoel Muchnik">Michoel Muchnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendy_Pellin" title="Mendy Pellin">Mendy Pellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Yair" title="Zvi Yair">Zvi Yair</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_Hasidim" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidim">Controversies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_offshoot_groups" title="Chabad offshoot groups">Chabad offshoot groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Gurary" title="Barry Gurary">Barry Gurary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Category:Chabad-Lubavitch (Hasidic dynasty)">Category</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chabad">Media on Commons</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chabad_(Rebbes_and_Chasidim)" title="Template:Chabad (Rebbes and Chasidim)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chabad_(Rebbes_and_Chasidim)" title="Template talk:Chabad (Rebbes and Chasidim)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chabad_(Rebbes_and_Chasidim)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chabad (Rebbes and Chasidim)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Chabad movement has been led by a succession of Hasidic <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">rebbes</a>. The main branch of the movement, Chabad-Lubavitch, has had seven rebbes: <ul><li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a> (1745–1812), founded the Chabad movement in the town of Liozna. The Chabad movement began as a separate school of thought within the Hasidic movement, focusing of the spread of Hasidic mystical teachings using logical reasoning (creating a kind of Jewish "rational-mysticism").<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Shneur Zalman's main work is the <a href="/wiki/Tanya_(Judaism)" title="Tanya (Judaism)">Tanya</a> (or Sefer Shel Beinonim, "Book of the Average Man"). The Tanya is the central book of Chabad thought and is studied daily by followers of the Chabad movement. Shneur Zalman's other works include a collection of writings on Hasidic thought, and the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch_HaRav" title="Shulchan Aruch HaRav">Shulchan Aruch HaRav</a>, a revised version of the code of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a>, both of which are studied regularly by followers of Chabad. Shneur Zalman's successors went by last names such as "Schneuri" and "Schneersohn" (later "Schneerson"), signifying their descent from the movement's founder. He is commonly referred to as the "Old Rebbe" (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: אַלטער רבי, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alter_Rebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alter Rebbe">Alter Rebbe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: אדמו״ר הזקן, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Admur Hazoken).<a href="#cite_note-sacks-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-masters-33">[33]</a></li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Dovber_Schneuri" title="Dovber Schneuri">Dovber Schneuri</a> (1773–1827), son of Rabbi Shneur Zalman, led the Chabad movement in the town of Lyubavichi (Lubavitch). His leadership was initially disputed by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Halevi_of_Stroselye" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Halevi of Stroselye">Aaron Halevi of Stroselye</a>, however, Rabbi Dovber was generally recognized as his father's rightful successor, and the movement's leader. Rabbi Dovber published a number of his writings on Hasidic thought, greatly expanding his father's work. He also published some of his father's writings. Many of Rabbi Dovber's works have been subsequently republished by the Chabad movement. He is commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Mitteler_Rebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitteler Rebbe">Mitteler Rebbe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: מיטעלער רבי 'Middle Rabbi', <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: אדמו״ר האמצעי, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Admur Ha'emtzoei).<a href="#cite_note-earl-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneersohn" title="Menachem Mendel Schneersohn">Menachem Mendel Schneersohn</a> (1789–1866), a grandson of Rabbi Shneur Zalman and son-in-law of Rabbi Dovber. Following his attempt to persuade the Chabad movement to accept his brother-in-law or uncle as rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel assumed the title of rebbe of Chabad, also leading the movement from the town of Lyubavichi (Lubavitch). He published a number of his works on both Hasidic thought and Jewish law. Rabbi Menachem Mendel also published some of the works of his grandfather, Rabbi Shneur Zalman. He is commonly referred to as the Tzemach Tzedek after the title of his <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Schneersohn" title="Shmuel Schneersohn">Shmuel Schneersohn</a> (1834–1882), was the seventh and youngest son of Rabbi Menachem Mendel. He assumed the title of rebbe in town of Lyubavichi (Lubavitch), while several of his brothers assumed the title of rebbe in other towns, forming <a href="/wiki/Chabad_offshoot_groups" title="Chabad offshoot groups">Chabad groups of their own</a> which existed for several decades. Years after his death, his teachings were published by the Chabad movement. He is commonly referred to as the Maharash, an acronym for Moreinu HaRav Shmuel ('our teacher, Rabbi Shmuel').<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Dovber_Schneersohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalom Dovber Schneersohn">Shalom Dovber Schneersohn</a> (1860–1920), Shmuel's second son, succeeded his father as rebbe. Rabbi Shalom Dovber waited some time before officially accepting the title of rebbe, as not to offend his elder brother, Zalman Aaron. He established a <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> called <a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Temimim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomchei Temimim">Tomchei Temimim</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>. Many of his writings were published after his death, and are studied regularly in Chabad yeshivas. He is commonly referred to as the Rashab, an acronym for Rabbi Shalom Ber.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchak_Schneersohn" title="Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn">Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn</a> (1880–1950), the only son of Sholom Dovber, succeeded his father as rebbe of Chabad. Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak was exiled from Russia, following an attempt by the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> government to have him executed.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> He led the movement from <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, until the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak lived in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York</a> until his death. He established much of Chabad's current organizational structure, founding several of its central organizations as well as other Chabad institutions, both local and international. He published a number of his writings, as well as the works of his predecessors. He is commonly referred to as the Rayatz or the Frierdiker Rebbe ('Previous Rebbe').</li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a> (1902–1994),<a href="#cite_note-41">[a]</a> son-in-law of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak, and a great-grandson of the third Rebbe of Lubavitch, assumed the title of rebbe one year after his father-in-law's death. Rabbi Menachem Mendel greatly expanded Chabad's global network, establishing hundreds of new Chabad centers across the globe. He published many of his own works as well as the works of his predecessors. His teachings are studied regularly by followers of Chabad. He is commonly referred to as "the Lubavitcher Rebbe", or simply "the Rebbe". Even after his death, many continue to revere him as the leader of the Chabad movement.<a href="#cite_note-earl-34">[34]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> Chabad's influence among world Jewry has been far-reaching since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Chabad pioneered the post-World War II <a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva" title="Baal teshuva">Jewish outreach</a> movement, which spread Judaism to many assimilated Jews worldwide, leading to a substantial number of <a href="/wiki/Baalei_teshuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Baalei teshuva">baalei teshuva</a> ("returnees" to Judaism). The very first Yeshiva/Rabbinical College for such baalei teshuva, <a href="/wiki/Hadar_Hatorah" title="Hadar Hatorah">Hadar Hatorah</a>, was established by the Lubavitcher rebbe. It is reported that up to a million Jews attend Chabad services at least once a year.<a href="#cite_note-Slater_Page_279-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-winnipegfreepress.com-42">[41]</a> According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Steven_I._Weiss" title="Steven I. Weiss">Steven I. Weiss</a>, Chabad's ideology has dramatically influenced non-Hasidic Jews' outreach practices.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Because of its outreach to all Jews, including those Jews who are quite alienated from religious Jewish traditions, Chabad has been described as the one Orthodox group which evokes great affection from large segments of <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jewry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chabad_philosophy" title="Chabad philosophy">Chabad philosophy</a></div> Chabad Hasidic philosophy focuses on religious and spiritual concepts such as God, the soul, and the meaning of the Jewish commandments. Classical Judaic writings and Jewish mysticism, especially the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>, are frequently cited in Chabad works. These texts are used both as sources of Chabad teachings and as material requiring interpretation by Chabad authors. Many of these teachings discuss what is commonly referred to as bringing "heaven down to earth", i.e. making the Earth a dwelling place for God. Chabad philosophy is rooted in the teachings of Rabbis <a href="/wiki/Yisroel_ben_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yisroel ben Eliezer">Yisroel ben Eliezer</a>, (the Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hasidism) and <a href="/wiki/Magid_of_Mezritch" class="mw-redirect" title="Magid of Mezritch">Dovber ben Avraham</a>, the "Maggid of Mezritch" (Rabbi Yisroel's successor).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Rabbi Shneur Zalman</a>'s teachings, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Tanya_(Judaism)" title="Tanya (Judaism)">Tanya</a>, formed the basis of Chabad philosophy, as expanded by succeeding generations. Many Chabad activities today are understood as applications of Shneur Zalman's teachings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanya">Tanya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tanya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tanya_(Judaism)" title="Tanya (Judaism)">Tanya (Judaism)</a></div> The Tanya (תניא) is a book by Rabbi Shneur Zalman first published in 1797. It is the first schematic treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidic moral philosophy</a> and its metaphysical foundations.<a href="#cite_note-sacks-32">[32]</a> According to the Tanya, the intellect consists of three interconnected processes: Chochma (wisdom), Bina (understanding), and Da'at (knowledge). While other branches of Hasidism primarily focused on the idea that "God desires the heart," Shneur Zalman argued that God also desires the mind, and he also argued that the mind is the "gateway" to the heart. With the Chabad philosophy, he elevated the mind above the heart, arguing that "understanding is the mother of fear and love for God".<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The Tanya has five sections. The original name of the first section is Sefer Shel Beinonim, the "Book of the Intermediates". It is also known as Likutei Amarim ("Collected Sayings"). Sefer Shel Beinonim analyzes the inner struggle of the individual and the path to resolution. Citing the biblical verse "the matter is very near to you, in your mouth, your heart, to do",<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> the philosophy is based on the notion that the human is not inherently evil; rather, every individual has an inner conflict that is characterized by two different inclinations, the good and the bad.<a href="#cite_note-sacks_tanya-47">[46]</a> Chabad often contrasted itself with what is termed the <a href="/wiki/Chagat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagat">Chagat</a> schools of Hasidism.<a href="#cite_note-48">[b]</a> While all schools of Hasidism put a central focus on the emotions, Chagat saw emotions as a reaction to physical stimuli, such as dancing, singing, or beauty. Shneur Zalman, on the other hand, taught that the emotions must be led by the mind, and thus the focus of Chabad thought was to be <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> study and prayer rather than <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esotericism</a> and song.<a href="#cite_note-sacks-32">[32]</a> As a Talmudist, Shneur Zalman endeavored to place Kabbalah and Hasidism on a rational basis. In Tanya, he defines his approach as moach shalit al halev (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>: מוח שליט על הלב, "the brain ruling the heart").<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Community">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbi_Schneerson_-_Lag_BaOmer_parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rabbi_Schneerson_-_Lag_BaOmer_parade.jpg/250px-Rabbi_Schneerson_-_Lag_BaOmer_parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rabbi_Schneerson_-_Lag_BaOmer_parade.jpg/330px-Rabbi_Schneerson_-_Lag_BaOmer_parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rabbi_Schneerson_-_Lag_BaOmer_parade.jpg/500px-Rabbi_Schneerson_-_Lag_BaOmer_parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer</a> parade in front of Chabad headquarters at <a href="/wiki/770_Eastern_Parkway" title="770 Eastern Parkway">770 Eastern Parkway</a>, Brooklyn, New York, in 1987</figcaption></figure> An adherent of Chabad is called a Chabad Chasid (or Hasid) (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: חסיד חב"ד), a Lubavitcher (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: ליובאַוויטשער), a Chabadnik (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: חבדניק), or a Chabadsker (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: חבדסקער).<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Chabad's adherents include both Hasidic followers, as well as non-Hasidim, who have joined Chabad synagogues and other Chabad-run institutions.<a href="#cite_note-chuck1965-51">[49]</a> Although the Chabad movement was founded and originally based in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, various Chabad communities span the globe, including <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Chabad" title="Kfar Chabad">Kfar Chabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> The movement has attracted a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> adherents in the past several decades,<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> and some Chabad communities include both <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> and Sephardic Jews. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, close to 25% of Chabad households include a Sephardi parent.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> According to sociologists studying contemporary Jewry, the Chabad movement fits into neither the standard category of <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> nor that of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">modern Orthodox</a> among Orthodox Jews. This is due in part to the existence of the number of Chabad supporters and affiliates who are not Orthodox (dubbed by some scholars as "non-Orthodox Hasidim"), the general lack of official recognition of political and religious distinctions within Judaism, and the open relationship with non-Orthodox Jews represented by the activism of Chabad emissaries.<a href="#cite_note-chuck1965-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-adam2007-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Wodzi%C5%84ski" title="Marcin Wodziński">Marcin Wodziński</a> conducted the first global estimate of worldwide Hasidism in the Historical Atlas of Hasidism. Using Chabad community directories, Wodziński estimated that Chabad included 16,000–17,000 households, or 90,000–95,000 individuals, representing 13% of the total Hasidic population and ranking Chabad as the second-largest Hasidic community behind the <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marcinw-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_receives_menorah_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Reagan_receives_menorah_1986.jpg/220px-Reagan_receives_menorah_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Reagan_receives_menorah_1986.jpg/330px-Reagan_receives_menorah_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Reagan_receives_menorah_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> receives menorah from the "American Friends of Lubavitch", White House, 1984</figcaption></figure> Estimates for Chabad and other Hasidic groups are often based on extrapolation from the limited information available in US census data for some of the areas where Hasidim live. A 2006 estimate was drawn from a study on the <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> Chabad community (determining average household size), in conjunction with language and other select indicators from US census data, it is estimated that Chabad in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> includes approximately 4,000 households, which contains between 22,000 and 25,000 people. In terms of Chabad's relation to other Hasidic groups, within the New York metropolitan area, Chabad in the New York area accounts for around 15% of the total New York Hasidic population. Chabad is estimated to have an annual growth of 3.6%:<a href="#cite_note-comenetz-58">[56]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a> – The Crown Heights Chabad community's estimated size is 12,000 to 16,000.<a href="#cite_note-shaffir34-59">[57]</a> It was estimated that between 25% and 35% of Chabad Hasidim in Crown Heights speak <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>. This figure is significantly lower than other Hasidic groups and may be attributed to the addition of previously non-Hasidic Jews to the community. It was also estimated that over 20% of Chabad Hasidim in Crown Heights speak Hebrew or Russian.<a href="#cite_note-comenetz-58">[56]</a> The Crown Heights Chabad community has its own <a href="/wiki/Beis_Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Beis Din">Beis Din</a> (rabbinical court) and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_Jewish_Community_Council" title="Crown Heights Jewish Community Council">Crown Heights Jewish Community Council</a> (CHJCC).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_hipsters" title="Chabad hipsters">Chabad hipsters</a> – Beginning from the late 2000s through the 2010s, a minor trend of cross acculturation of Chabad Hasidim and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)" title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)">hipster subculture</a> appeared within the New York City <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_York" title="History of the Jews in New York">Jewish community</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Daily_Forward" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Daily Forward">The Jewish Daily Forward</a>, a small number of members of the Chabad Hasidic community, mostly residing in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, appear to now have adopted various <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural affinities</a> of the local hipster subculture. These members are referred to as Chabad hipsters or Hipster Hasidim.<a href="#cite_note-birthofhasidic-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-hipsterhasids-61">[59]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Chabad" title="Kfar Chabad">Kfar Chabad</a> – Kfar Chabad's population was placed at 6,489 in 2024; all of the residents of the town are believed to be Chabad adherents, with this number being based on figures published by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Census Bureau">Israeli Census Bureau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Other estimates place the community population at around 7,000.<a href="#cite_note-shaffir34-59">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> – The Chabad community in Safad (Tzfat) originated during the wave of Eastern European immigration to Palestine from 1777–1840. The Chabad community established synagogues and institutions in Safad. The early settlement declined by the 20th century but it was renewed following an initiative by the seventh rebbe in the early 1970s, which reestablished the Chabad community in the city.<a href="#cite_note-tzefatcoil-63">[61]</a> Rabbi Yeshaya HaLevi Horowitz (1883–1978), a Safad-born direct descendant of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Horowitz" title="Isaiah Horowitz">Yeshaya Horowitz</a>, author of the Shnei Luchot HaBrit, served as the rabbi of the Chabad community in Safad from 1908 until his immigration to the U.S. during World War I.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Members of the Chabad community run a number of outreach efforts during the Jewish holidays. Activities include blowing the <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a> for the elderly on <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashana" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh Hashana">Rosh Hashana</a>, reading the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Megilla</a> for hospital patients on Purim and setting up a <a href="/wiki/Sukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukka">Sukka</a> on the town's main street during the <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> holiday.<a href="#cite_note-tzefatcoil-63">[61]</a></li> <li>Nachlat Har Chabad in <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi" title="Kiryat Malakhi">Kiryat Malakhi</a> is home to 2800 residents, with institutions including a yeshiva and a girls' school.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> The Chabad community in France is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000. The majority of the Chabad community in France are the descendants of immigrants from North Africa (specifically Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) during the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-shaffir34-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-chabadfrance-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> – The estimated size of the Chabad community of Greater <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> is 1,590. The estimate is taken from a 2003 community study.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> The Chabad community in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> originated sometime before 1931. While early works on Canadian Jewry make little or no mention of early Hasidic life in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, later researchers have documented Chabad's accounts in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> starting from the 1900s and 1910s. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Lapidus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Lapidus (page does not exist)">Steven Lapidus</a> notes that there is mention of two Chabad congregations in a 1915 article in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Jewish Chronicle">Canadian Jewish Chronicle</a> listing the delegates of the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Jewish_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Jewish Conference (page does not exist)">Canadian Jewish Conference</a>. One congregation is listed as Chabad of Toronto, and the other is simply listed as "Libavitzer Congregation". The sociologist <a href="/wiki/William_Shaffir" title="William Shaffir">William Shaffir</a> has noted that some Chabad Hasidim and sympathizers did reside in Montreal before 1941 but does not elaborate further. Steven Lapidus notes that in a 1931 obituary published in <a href="/wiki/Keneder_Odler" class="mw-redirect" title="Keneder Odler">Keneder Odler</a>, a Canadian Yiddish newspaper, the deceased Rabbi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menashe_Lavut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menashe Lavut (page does not exist)">Menashe Lavut</a> is credited as the founder of Anshei Chabad in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and the Nusach Ari synagogue. Thus the Chabad presence in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> predates 1931.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Center_of_UAE" title="Jewish Community Center of UAE">Jewish Community Center of UAE</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Talmud_Torah" title="Talmud Torah">Talmud Torah</a>. 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher</a> chickens per week are provided to the community by local kosher <a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">shechita</a>. The community is headed by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Levi_Duchman" title="Levi Duchman">Levi Duchman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/250px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/500px-%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President of Ukraine</a> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a> with the rabbis of Ukraine on May 6, 2019</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs_and_holidays">Customs and holidays</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Customs and holidays">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chabad_customs_and_holidays" title="Chabad customs and holidays">Chabad customs and holidays</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customs">Customs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Customs">edit</a>]</div> Chabad adherents follow Chabad <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">traditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ari" title="Nusach Ari">prayer services</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Lurianic Kabbalah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> General Chabad customs, called <a href="/wiki/Minhagim" class="mw-redirect" title="Minhagim">minhagim</a> (or minhagei Chabad), distinguish the movement from other Hasidic groups. Some of the main Chabad customs are minor practices performed on traditional <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> – It is customary in Chabad communities, on Passover, to limit contact of <a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">matzah</a> (an unleavened bread eaten on Passover) with water. This custom is called <a href="/wiki/Gebrokts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gebrokts">gebrokts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: געבראָכטס, lit. 'broken'). However, on the last day of Passover, it is customary to intentionally have matzah come in contact with water.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanukah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanukah">Chanukah</a> – It is the custom of Chabad Hasidim to place the Chanukah <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">menorah</a> against the room's doorpost (and not on the windowsill).<a href="#cite_note-sichoscustom-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></li> <li>Prayer – The founder of Chabad wrote a very specific liturgy for the daily and festival prayers based on the teachings of the Kabbalists, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Arizal</a>.</li> <li>The founder of Chabad also instituted various other <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halachic</a> rulings, including the use of stainless steel knives for the slaughter of animals before human consumption, which are now universally accepted in all sects of Judaism.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Holidays">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of days marked by the Chabad movement as special days. Major holidays include the dates of the release of the leaders of the movement, the rebbes of Chabad, from prison, others corresponded to the leaders' birthdays, anniversaries of death, and other life events. The days marking the leaders' release, are celebrated by the Chabad movement as "Days of Liberation" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>: יום גאולה (Yom Geulah)). The most noted day is <a href="/wiki/Yud_Tes_Kislev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yud Tes Kislev">Yud Tes Kislev</a>—the liberation of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a>, the founder of the Chabad movement. The day is also called the "New Year of Hasidism".<a href="#cite_note-sichoscustom-74">[72]</a> The birthdays of several of the movement's leaders are celebrated each year including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chai_Elul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chai Elul (page does not exist)">Chai Elul</a>, the birthday of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a>, the founder of the Chabad movement,<a href="#cite_note-Elul_customs-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChaiElul-78">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yud_Aleph_Nissan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yud Aleph Nissan">Yud Aleph Nissan</a>, the birthday of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, the seventh rebbe of Chabad.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The anniversaries of death, or <a href="/wiki/Yartzeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Yartzeit">yartzeit</a>, of several of the movement's leaders are celebrated each year, include <a href="/wiki/Yud_Shvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Yud Shvat">Yud Shvat</a>, the yartzeit of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchak_Schneersohn" title="Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn">Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn</a>, the sixth rebbe of Chabad,<a href="#cite_note-YartzCust-80">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gimmel_Tammuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gimmel Tammuz">Gimmel Tammuz</a>, the yartzeit of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, the seventh rebbe of Chabad,<a href="#cite_note-YartzCust-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chof_Beis_Shvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chof Beis Shvat">Chof Beis Shvat</a>, the yartzeit of <a href="/wiki/Chaya_Mushka_Schneerson" title="Chaya Mushka Schneerson">Chaya Mushka Schneerson</a>, the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chabad_affiliated_organizations" title="Chabad affiliated organizations">Chabad affiliated organizations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chabad_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Countries with Chabad Shluchim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chabad_2023.png/220px-Chabad_2023.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chabad_2023.png/330px-Chabad_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chabad_2023.png/440px-Chabad_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3273" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries with Chabad Shluchim</figcaption></figure> Chabad's central organization representing the movement at large, <a href="/wiki/Agudas_Chasidei_Chabad" title="Agudas Chasidei Chabad">Agudas Chasidei Chabad</a>, is headed by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Shemtov" title="Abraham Shemtov">Abraham Shemtov</a>. The educational, outreach and social services arms, <a href="/wiki/Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch" title="Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch">Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machneh_Israel_(Chabad)" title="Machneh Israel (Chabad)">Machneh Israel</a> are headed by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Krinsky" title="Yehuda Krinsky">Yehuda Krinsky</a>, as well as the Chabad-Lubavitch publishing house, <a href="/wiki/Kehot_Publication_Society" title="Kehot Publication Society">Kehot Publication Society</a>. Local Chabad centers and institutions are usually incorporated as separate legal entities.<a href="#cite_note-PBurstein-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutions">Institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Institutions">edit</a>]</div> As of 2020 there were over 3,500 Chabad centers in 100 countries.<a href="#cite_note-drake-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The Chabad movement's online directory lists around 1,350 Chabad institutions. This number includes schools and other Chabad-affiliated establishments. The number of Chabad centers vary per country; the majority are in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. There are over 100 countries with a Chabad presence. In total, according to its directory, Chabad maintains a presence in 950 <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">cities</a> around the world: 178 in Europe, 14 in Africa, 200 in Israel, 400 in North America, 38 in South America, and about 70 in Asia (excluding Israel, including Russia).<a href="#cite_note-popo-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_geographic_region">By geographic region</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: By geographic region">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chabad_affiliated_organizations#Chabad_institutions_by_geographic_region" title="Chabad affiliated organizations">Chabad affiliated organizations § Chabad institutions by geographic region</a></div> Chabad presence varies from region to region. The continent with the highest concentration of Chabad centers is North America. The <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> with the fewest centers is Africa.<a href="#cite_note-LubavNorthAmerica-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-LubavAfrica-88">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin,_Berl_Lazar,_Alexander_Boroda_(2016-12-28).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vladimir_Putin%2C_Berl_Lazar%2C_Alexander_Boroda_%282016-12-28%29.jpg/250px-Vladimir_Putin%2C_Berl_Lazar%2C_Alexander_Boroda_%282016-12-28%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vladimir_Putin%2C_Berl_Lazar%2C_Alexander_Boroda_%282016-12-28%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin%2C_Berl_Lazar%2C_Alexander_Boroda_%282016-12-28%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vladimir_Putin%2C_Berl_Lazar%2C_Alexander_Boroda_%282016-12-28%29.jpg/500px-Vladimir_Putin%2C_Berl_Lazar%2C_Alexander_Boroda_%282016-12-28%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Russia's Chief Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Berel_Lazar" title="Berel Lazar">Berel Lazar</a> (left) speaks with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, 28 December 2016</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:110px;">Geographic location</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Chabad institutions </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">North America</td> <td>2,894 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Europe</td> <td>1,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Asia</td> <td>615 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">South America</td> <td>208 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Oceania</td> <td>67 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Africa</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td>Total</td> <td>4,972 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chabad_house">Chabad house</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chabad house">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chabad_house" title="Chabad house">Chabad house</a></div> A Chabad house is a form of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community center">Jewish community center</a>, primarily serving both educational and observance purposes.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Often, until the community can support its own center, the Chabad house is located in the <a href="/wiki/Shaliach" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaliach">shaliach</a>'s home, with the living room being used as the "synagogue". Effort is made to provide an atmosphere in which the nonobservant will not feel intimidated by any perceived contrast between their lack of knowledge of Jewish practice and the advanced knowledge of some of the people they meet there.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The term "Chabad House" originated with the creation of the first such outreach center on the campus of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Cunin" title="Shlomo Cunin">Shlomo Cunin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> A key to the Chabad house was given to the Rebbe and he asked if that meant that the new house was his home. He was told yes and he replied, "My hand will be on the door of this house to keep it open twenty-four hours a day for young and old, men and women alike."<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Followers of Chabad can be seen attending to <a href="/wiki/Tefillin_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tefillin campaign">tefillin booths</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Gurion International Airport">Ben Gurion International Airport</a> as well as other public places and distributing <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> candles on Fridays. Chabad rabbis and their families are sent to various major cities around the globe, to teach college students, build day schools, and create youth camps. Many of these efforts are geared towards secular or less religious <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. Additionally, unmarried rabbinical students spend weeks during the summer in locations that do not yet have a permanent Chabad presence, making housecalls, putting up <a href="/wiki/Mezuza" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezuza">mezuzot</a> and teaching about Judaism. This is known as Merkos Shlichus. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson also initiated a Jewish children's movement, called <a href="/wiki/Tzivos_Hashem" title="Tzivos Hashem">Tzivos Hashem</a> (lit. "Army [of] God"), for under <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="B'nai Mitzvah">bar/bat mitzvah</a>-age children, to inspire them to increase in <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">study of Torah</a> and observance of <a href="/wiki/613_Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 Mitzvot">mitzvot</a>. Rabbi Schneerson also encouraged the use of modern technology in outreach efforts such as <a href="/wiki/Mitzva_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzva tank">Mitzva tanks</a>, which are mobile homes that travel a city or country.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The Chabad website, <a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">chabad.org</a>, a pioneer of Jewish religious outreach on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, was started by Rabbi Yosef Y. Kazen and developed by Rabbi D. Zirkind. In 2023, it was reportedly the largest faith-based website, with 52 million unique visitors and 102,129 content pages covering all facets of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chabad.org-94">[92]</a> In June 1994, Rabbi Schneerson died with no successor. Since then, over two thousand couples have taken up communal leadership roles in outreach, bringing the estimated total number of "Shluchim" to over five thousand worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a>, the local Chabad house was targeted.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> The local Chabad emissaries, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Gavriel_Holtzberg" title="Gavriel Holtzberg">Gavriel Holtzberg</a> and his wife Rivka, and four other Jews were tortured and murdered by Islamic terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Chabad received condolences from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundraising">Fundraising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fundraising">edit</a>]</div> Funds for activities of a Chabad center rely entirely on the local community. Chabad centers do not receive funding from Lubavitch headquarters. For the day-to-day operations, local emissaries do all the fundraising by themselves. Chabad emissaries often solicit the support of local Jews.<a href="#cite_note-ert-102">[100]</a> Funds are used toward purchasing or renovating Chabad centers, synagogues and <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikvahs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Activities">edit</a>]</div> The Chabad movement has been involved in numerous activities in contemporary Jewish life. These activities include providing Jewish education to different age groups, outreach to non-affiliated Jews, publishing Jewish literature, and summer camps for children, among other activities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Chabad runs a number of educational institutions. Most are <a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish day schools</a>; others offer secondary and adult education: <ul><li>The Chabad operates more than 1,000 schools, preschools and other educational institutions around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-chabad.org-94">[92]</a></li> <li>Day schools – In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, there are close to 300 day schools and supplementary schools run by Chabad.<a href="#cite_note-CS1-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schick-105">[103]</a> The report findings of studies on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish day schools</a> and supplementary Jewish education in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> show that the student body currently enrolled in some 295 Chabad schools exceeds 20,750, although this figure includes Chabad Hasidic children as well as non-Chabad children.<a href="#cite_note-Schick-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer-106">[104]</a></li> <li>Secondary schools – Chabad runs multiple secondary education institutions, most notable are <a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Tmimim" title="Tomchei Tmimim">Tomchei Tmimim</a> for young men, and <a href="/wiki/Beth_Rivkah" title="Beth Rivkah">Bais Rivka</a> for young women.</li> <li>Adult education – Chabad runs adult education programs including those organized by the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Learning_Network" title="Jewish Learning Network">Jewish Learning Network</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outreach_activities">Outreach activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Outreach activities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chabad5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chabad5.jpg/220px-Chabad5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chabad5.jpg/330px-Chabad5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chabad5.jpg/440px-Chabad5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Chabad <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">chassidic Jews</a> offer help with laying <a href="/wiki/Tefilin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tefilin">tefilin</a> on the street</figcaption></figure> Many of the movement's activities emphasize outreach activities. This is due to Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson encouraging his followers to reach out to other Jews.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Chabad outreach includes activities promoting the practice of Jewish commandments (<a href="/wiki/Chabad_mitzvah_campaigns" title="Chabad mitzvah campaigns">Mitzvah campaigns</a>), as well as other forms of Jewish outreach. Much of Chabad's outreach is performed by Chabad emissaries (see <a href="/wiki/Shaliach_(Chabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaliach (Chabad)">Shaliach (Chabad)</a>). Most of the communities that Chabad emissaries reach out to are other Jewish communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchok_Schneersohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn">Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn</a>, 6th leader of the Chabad-Lubavitch branch of <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a>, and then his successor, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a> were responsible for focusing Chabad's activities on outreach. Rabbi Schneerson was a pioneer in the field of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism_outreach" title="Orthodox Judaism outreach">Orthodox Judaism outreach</a> (Kiruv). Each sent out large numbers of rabbinic emissaries, known as "<a href="/wiki/Shaliach_(Chabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaliach (Chabad)">Shluchim</a>", to settle in places across the world for outreach purposes. The centers that these <a href="/wiki/Shaliach_(Chabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaliach (Chabad)">Shluchim</a> established were termed "<a href="/wiki/Chabad_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad houses">Chabad houses</a>". Chabad has been active in reaching out to Jews through its synagogues, and various forms of more direct outreach efforts. The organization has been recognized as one of the leaders in using free holiday services to reach out across denominations.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, had a core of dedicated Hasidim who maintained underground <a href="/wiki/Yeshivah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivah">yeshivos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikvehs</a>, and provided <a href="/wiki/Shechitah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shechitah">shechitah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">ritual circumcision</a> services in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitzvah_campaigns">Mitzvah campaigns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mitzvah campaigns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chabad_mitzvah_campaigns" title="Chabad mitzvah campaigns">Chabad mitzvah campaigns</a></div> The Rebbes of Chabad have issued the call to all Jews to attract non-observant Jews to adopt Orthodox Jewish observance, teaching that this activity is part of the process of bringing the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_messianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish messianism">Messiah</a>. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson issued a call to every Jew: "Even if you are not fully committed to a Torah life, do something. Begin with a <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a>—any mitzvah—its value will not be diminished by the fact that there are others that you are not prepared to do".<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Schneerson also suggested ten specific mitzvot that he believed were ideally suited for the emissaries to introduce to non-observant Jews. These were called mivtzoim—meaning "campaigns" or "endeavors". These were lighting candles before <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish holidays</a> by Jewish women, putting on <a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">tefillin</a>, affixing a <a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">mezuzah</a>, regular <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a>, giving <a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">tzedakah</a>, purchasing <a href="/wiki/Sefer_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer (Hebrew)">Jewish books</a>, observing <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a> (kosher), kindness to others, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Jewish religious education</a>, and observing <a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">the family purity</a> laws.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, Schneerson emphasized spreading awareness of preparing for and the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">moshiach</a>, consistent with his philosophy. He wrote on the responsibility to reach out to teach every fellow Jew with love, and implored that all Jews believe in the imminent coming of the moshiach as explained by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>. He argued that redemption was predicated on Jews doing good deeds, and that gentiles should be educated about the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide Laws</a>. Schneerson was emphatic about the need to encourage and provide strong education for every child, Jew and non-Jew alike. In honor of Schneerson's efforts in education the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> has made <a href="/wiki/Education_and_Sharing_Day" title="Education and Sharing Day">Education and Sharing Day</a> on the Rebbe's Hebrew birthday (<a href="/wiki/11_Nissan" title="11 Nissan">11 Nissan</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shluchim_(Emissaries)">Shluchim (Emissaries)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Shluchim (Emissaries)">edit</a>]</div> In 1950, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson urged Chabad to begin shlichus ("serving as an emissary [performing outreach]"). Since then, Chabad shluchim ("emissaries", sing. shliach) have moved all over the world to encourage non-observant Jews to adopt Jewish observance. They assist Jews with all their religious needs, as well as with physical assistance and spiritual guidance and teaching. The stated goal is to encourage Jews to learn more about their Jewish heritage and to practice Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-113">[111]</a> Thousands of rabbis, educators, ritual slaughterers, and <a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">ritual circumcisers</a> have been trained and <a href="/wiki/Semikhah" title="Semikhah">ordained</a> to serve as shluchim. Typically, a young Lubavitch rabbi and his wife, in their early twenties, with one or two children, will move to a new location, and as they settle in will raise a large family who, as a family unit, will aim to fulfill their mandate of bringing Jewish people closer to Orthodox Judaism and encouraging gentiles to adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-113">[111]</a> Shluchim operate <a href="/wiki/Chabad_house" title="Chabad house">Chabad Houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish day schools</a>, and Jewish summer camps. As of 2021, there are over 6,500 Chabad shluchim families worldwide, operating over 3,500 institutions in over 110 countries.<a href="#cite_note-2021RollCall-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Facts_and_Statistics-115">[113]</a> Chabad runs the largest network of synagogues of any Jewish movement as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-NorthJersey.com-116">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitzvah_tank">Mitzvah tank</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mitzvah tank">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah_tank" title="Mitzvah tank">Mitzvah tank</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitzvah_tank_-_Golders_Green_-_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mitzvah_tank_-_Golders_Green_-_2008.jpg/220px-Mitzvah_tank_-_Golders_Green_-_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mitzvah_tank_-_Golders_Green_-_2008.jpg/330px-Mitzvah_tank_-_Golders_Green_-_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mitzvah_tank_-_Golders_Green_-_2008.jpg/440px-Mitzvah_tank_-_Golders_Green_-_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chabad_Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad Lubavitch">Chabad Lubavitch</a> Mitzvah tank in <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green" title="Golders Green">Golders Green</a>, London</figcaption></figure> A mitzvah tank is a vehicle which is used as a portable "educational and outreach center" and a "mini-synagogue" (or a "minagogue") by Chabad members who are involved in outreach. Mitzvah tanks are commonly used for advancing the mitzvah campaigns. Mitzvah tanks have been commonplace on the streets of New York City since 1974.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Today, they are used all over the globe in countries where Chabad is active. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campus_outreach">Campus outreach</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Campus outreach">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chabad_on_Campus_International_Foundation" title="Chabad on Campus International Foundation">Chabad on Campus International Foundation</a></div> In recent years, Chabad has greatly expanded its outreach on university and college campuses. The Chabad on Campus is active on dozens of campuses outside of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, some of which include <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Netherlands">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chabad.org-94">[92]</a> Chabad Student Centers are active on over 950 campuses.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Professor <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a> has said "Chabad's presence on college campuses today is absolutely crucial," and "we cannot rest until Chabad is on every major college campus in the world."<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CTeen">CTeen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: CTeen">edit</a>]</div> The Chabad Teen Network (CTeen) is an international organization dedicated to educating Jewish youth about their heritage. It is the teen-focused arm of the Chabad movement operated by <a href="/wiki/Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch" title="Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch">Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch</a>. There are over 100,000 members worldwide<a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael.com-120">[118]</a> with 630 chapters across 44 countries.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> CTeen is open to all Jewish teens, regardless of affiliation, and has been called "the fastest growing and most diverse Jewish youth organization in the world."<a href="#cite_note-heritagefl.com-122">[120]</a> The organization was launched in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-ejewishphilanthropy.com-123">[121]</a> and operates worldwide in cities such as Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Leeds, Munich, Buenos Aires and New York.<a href="#cite_note-israelnationalnews.com-124">[122]</a> Its director is Rabbi Shimon Rivkin, and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Kotlarsky" title="Moshe Kotlarsky">Moshe Kotlarsky</a> serves as chairman.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Individual chapters and programs are managed by local directors. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch_-_302_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch_-_302_%282%29.jpg/330px-Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch_-_302_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch_-_302_%282%29.jpg/500px-Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch_-_302_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch_-_302_%282%29.jpg/960px-Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch_-_302_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3180" /></a><figcaption>Picture of room '302'</figcaption></figure> CTeen runs a number of ongoing and annual programs, some of which include: <ul><li>CTeen International Shabbaton, an annual inspirational weekend that brings together thousands of teens from around the world. The program includes a traditional Shabbat experience in the heart of Hasidic Crown Heights, a Torah completion ceremony in Times Square, and the CTeen Choice Awards at Brooklyn's Pier 12. The weekend includes a Saturday night concert in Times Square with guest performances by singers such as <a href="/wiki/Gad_Elbaz" title="Gad Elbaz">Gad Elbaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shwekey" class="mw-redirect" title="Shwekey">Yakov Shwekey</a> and American Hasidic rapper <a href="/wiki/Nissim_Black" title="Nissim Black">Nissim Black</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heritagefl.com-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a></li> <li>CTeen XTREME, a summer travel camp where campers challenge themselves both physically and spiritually by partaking in extreme sports, observing a completely tech-free Shabbat, and keeping kosher on the road.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a></li> <li>CTeen U, a college-accredited program where teens learn about Jewish philosophy, ethics and history. The program was launched in 2019 through a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a></li> <li>Heritage Quest, educational travel programs that aim to deepen the connection of Jewish teens to their heritage through trips to <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, offering teens the chance to explore their roots at the source.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a></li> <li>Kosher Food Club, a co-curricular high school club operating in over fifty high schools throughout the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> that serves as a humanitarian initiative to promote healthy lifestyles, feed the homeless, and provide educational and hands-on experiences making traditional Jewish foods.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a></li> <li>National Campus Office, coordinator of <a href="/wiki/Chabad_on_Campus_International_Foundation" title="Chabad on Campus International Foundation">Chabad on Campus</a>, a network of Jewish Student Centers on more than 230 university campuses worldwide (as of April 2016), as well as regional Chabad-Lubavitch centers at an additional 150 universities worldwide<a href="#cite_note-The_National_Campus_Office-133">[131]</a></li> <li>Suicide Alert, workshops that equip teens to assist peers dealing with anxiety and depression resulting from the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. The workshops have been organized by CTeen chapters in Florida, New Hampshire and New Jersey, among others, in partnership with the Gelt Charitable Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Publishing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kehot_Publication_Society" title="Kehot Publication Society">Kehot Publication Society</a></div> Chabad publishes and distributes Jewish religious literature. Under <a href="/wiki/Kehot_Publication_Society" title="Kehot Publication Society">Kehot Publication Society</a>, Chabad's main publishing house, <a href="/wiki/Sefer_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer (Hebrew)">Jewish literature</a> has been translated into 12 different languages. Kehot regularly provides books at discounted prices, and hosts book-a-thons. Kehot commonly distributes books written or transcribed from the rebbes of Chabad, prominent <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">chassidim</a> and other authors who have written Jewish materials.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Kehot" class="mw-redirect" title="Kehot">Kehot</a> is a division of <a href="/wiki/Merkos_L%27Inyonei_Chinuch" title="Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch">Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch</a>, the movement's educational arm.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> More than any other Jewish movement, Chabad has used media as part of its religious, social, and political experience. Their latest leader, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, was the most video-documented Jewish leader in history.<a href="#cite_note-Maya_Balakirsky_Katz_2010-137">[135]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Chabad movement publishes a wealth of Jewish material on the internet. Chabad's main website <a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a>, is one of the first Jewish websites<a href="#cite_note-Zaleski_1997-138">[136]</a> and the first and largest virtual congregation.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kazen-Times-140">[138]</a> It serves not just its own members, but Jewish people worldwide in general.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Other popular Chabad community websites include asktherav.com, anash.org, CrownHeights.info, and the Hebrew site, COL.org.il.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summer_camps">Summer camps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Summer camps">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gan_Israel_Camping_Network" title="Gan Israel Camping Network">Gan Israel Camping Network</a></div> Chabad has set up an extensive <a href="/wiki/Gan_Israel_Camping_Network" title="Gan Israel Camping Network">network of camps</a> around the world, most using the name Gan Israel, a name chosen by Schneerson although the first overnight camp was the girls division called Camp Emunah. There are 1,200 sites serving 210,000 children, most of whom do not come from <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> homes. Of these, 500 camps are in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activities">Political activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Political activities">edit</a>]</div> Rabbi Schneerson involved himself in matters relating to the resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli-Arab">Israeli-Arab</a> conflict.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> He maintained that as a matter of Jewish law,<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> any territorial concession on Israel's part would endanger the lives of all Jews in the Land of Israel and is therefore forbidden. He also insisted that even discussing the possibility of such concessions showed weakness, would encourage Arab attacks, and therefore endanger Jewish lives.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In US domestic politics, Schneerson supported government involvement in education and welcomed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">United States Department of Education</a> in 1980 yet insisted that part of a school's educational mission was to incorporate the values espoused in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>. He called for the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_silence" title="Moment of silence">moment of silence</a> at the beginning of the school day, and for students to be encouraged to use this time for such improving thoughts or prayers as their parents might suggest.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> In 1981, Schneerson publicly called for the use of solar energy. Schneerson believed that the US could achieve energy independence by developing solar energy technologies. He argued that the dependence on foreign oil may lead to the country compromising on its principles.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Library_dispute_with_Russia">Library dispute with Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Library dispute with Russia">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, US federal judge <a href="/wiki/Royce_C._Lamberth" class="mw-redirect" title="Royce C. Lamberth">Royce Lamberth</a> ruled in favor of Chabad lawyers who sought <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt</a> sanctions on three Russian organizations to return the Schneersohn Library, 12,000 books belonging to Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchak_Schneersohn" title="Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn">Yosef Schneersohn</a> seized and nationalized by the Bolsheviks in 1917–18, to the Brooklyn <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Agudas_Chassidei_Chabad" title="Library of Agudas Chassidei Chabad">Chabad Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Forward-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Chabad Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Berel_Lazar" title="Berel Lazar">Berel Lazar</a>, Russia's Chief Rabbi, reluctantly accepted Putin's request in moving the Schneerson Library to Moscow's <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_and_Tolerance_Center" title="Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center">Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center</a> as a form of compromise, which was criticized by the Chabad Library.<a href="#cite_note-The_Forward-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> Several movement-wide controversies have occurred in Chabad's 200-year history. Two major leadership succession controversies occurred in the 19th century; one took place in the 1810s following the death of the movement's founder, the other occurred in the 1860s following the death of the third Rebbe. Two other minor offshoot groups were formed later in the movement's history. The movement's other major controversy is Chabad messianism, which began in the 1990s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_disputes_and_offshoot_groups">Succession disputes and offshoot groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Succession disputes and offshoot groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chabad_offshoot_groups" title="Chabad offshoot groups">Chabad offshoot groups</a></div> A number of groups have split from the Chabad movement, forming their own Hasidic groups, and at times positioning themselves as possible successors of previous Chabad rebbes. Following the deaths of the first and third rebbes of Chabad, disputes arose over their succession. Following the death of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the first Chabad rebbe, a dispute over his succession led to a break within the movement. While the recognized successor was his oldest son, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Dovber_Schneuri" title="Dovber Schneuri">Dovber Schneuri</a>, a student of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneur Zalman of Liadi">Schneur Zalman</a>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aaron_HaLevi_ben_Moses_of_Staroselye" title="Aaron HaLevi ben Moses of Staroselye">Aaron HaLevi</a> assumed the title of rebbe and led a number of followers from the town of Strashelye (forming the <a href="/wiki/Strashelye_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Strashelye (Hasidic dynasty)">Strashelye dynasty</a>). The new group had two rebbes, Rabbi Aaron and his son Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Haim_Rephael_of_Strashelye" class="mw-redirect" title="Haim Rephael of Strashelye">Haim Rephael</a>. The new group eventually disbanded following Rabbi Haim Rephael's death.<a href="#cite_note-beck-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> One of the main points the two rabbis disagreed on was the place of <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">spiritual ecstasy</a> in prayer. R' Aaron supported the idea while Rabbi Dovber emphasized genuine ecstasy can only be a result of meditative contemplation (<a href="/wiki/Hisbonenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisbonenus">hisbonenus</a>). Rabbi Dovber published his arguments on the subject in a compilation titled Kuntres Hispa'alus ("Tract on Ecstasy").<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Following the death of the third Chabad rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (the Tzemach Tzedek), a dispute over his succession led to the formation of several Chabad groups. While Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Schneersohn" title="Shmuel Schneersohn">Shmuel Schneersohn</a> was recognized as the heir to the Chabad-Lubavitch line, several of his brothers formed groups of their own in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Kopys" title="Kopys">Kopys</a> (forming the <a href="/wiki/Kapust" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapust">Kapust dynasty</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nezhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezhin">Nezhin</a> (forming the <a href="/wiki/Niezhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Niezhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Niezhin dynasty</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lyady,_Vitebsk_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyady, Vitebsk Region">Lyady</a> (forming the <a href="/wiki/Liadi_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Liadi (Hasidic dynasty)">Liadi dynasty</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ovruch" title="Ovruch">Ovruch</a> (forming the <a href="/wiki/Avrutch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Avrutch (Hasidic dynasty)">Avrutch dynasty</a>). The lifespan of these groups varied; Niezhin and Avrutch had one rebbe each, Liadi had three rebbes, and Kapust had four. Following the deaths of their last rebbes, these groups eventually disbanded.<a href="#cite_note-pop-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-kam-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-dalfin_seven-159">[157]</a> Two other minor offshoot groups were formed by Chabad Hasidim. The <a href="/wiki/Malachim_(Hasidic_group)" title="Malachim (Hasidic group)">Malachim</a> were formed as a quasi-Hasidic group. The group claims to recognize the teachings of the first four rebbes of Chabad, thus rivaling the later Chabad rebbes. The Malachim's first and only rebbe, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Avraham_Dov_Ber_Levine_haCohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Avraham Dov Ber Levine haCohen">Chaim Avraham Dov Ber Levine haCohen</a> (1859/1860–1938), also known as "The Malach" (lit. "the angel"), was a follower of the fourth and fifth rebbes of Chabad.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> While Levine's son chose not to succeed him, the Malachim group continues to maintain a yeshiva and <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg, Brooklyn</a>. Following the death of the seventh Chabad Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Shaul_Shimon_Deutsch" title="Shaul Shimon Deutsch">Shaul Shimon Deutsch</a> to form a breakaway Chabad movement, with Deutsch as "Liozna Rebbe", failed to gain popular support.<a href="#cite_note-rebbe-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chabad_messianism">Chabad messianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Chabad messianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></div> A few years prior to Schneerson's death, some members of the Chabad movement expressed their belief that Menachem Mendel Schneerson was the Messiah. Those subscribing to the beliefs have been termed meshichists (messianists). A typical statement of belief for Chabad messianists is the song and chant known as yechi adoneinu ("long live our master", <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: יחי אדונינו).<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Since 1994, some Chabad followers continue to believe in Schneerson as the Jewish messiah. Chabad messianists either believe Schneerson will be <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrected</a> from the dead to be revealed as the messiah or profess the belief that Schneerson never died in the first place. The Chabad messianic phenomenon has been met mostly with public concerns or opposition by non-Chabad Jewish leaders[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: In the arts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> Chabad Hasidic artists <a href="/wiki/Hendel_Lieberman" title="Hendel Lieberman">Hendel Lieberman</a> and Zalman Kleinman have painted a number of scenes depicting Chabad Hasidic culture, including religious ceremonies, study and prayer. Chabad artist <a href="/wiki/Michoel_Muchnik" title="Michoel Muchnik">Michoel Muchnik</a> has painted scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Chabad_mitzvah_campaigns" title="Chabad mitzvah campaigns">Mitzvah Campaigns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maya_Balakirsky_Katz_2010-137">[135]</a>: 156  Artist and shaliach <a href="/wiki/Yitzchok_Moully" title="Yitzchok Moully">Yitzchok Moully</a> has adapted silkscreen techniques, bright colours and Jewish and Hasidic images to create a form of "Chasidic Pop Art".<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Vocalists <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Fried" title="Avraham Fried">Avraham Fried</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benny_Friedman_(singer)" title="Benny Friedman (singer)">Benny Friedman</a> have included recordings of traditional Chabad songs on their albums of contemporary Orthodox Jewish music. Bluegrass artist <a href="/wiki/Andy_Statman" title="Andy Statman">Andy Statman</a> has also recorded Chabad spiritual melodies (niggunim). Reggae artist <a href="/wiki/Matisyahu" title="Matisyahu">Matisyahu</a> has included portions of Chabad niggunim and lyrics with Chabad philosophical themes in some of his songs. In 2022, an Israeli theatrical company produced a Chabad-themed musical <a href="/w/index.php?title=HaChabadnikim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HaChabadnikim (page does not exist)">HaChabadnikim</a> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A8)" class="extiw" title="he:החבדניקים (מחזמר)">he</a>] which follows two young men from <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Chabad" title="Kfar Chabad">Kfar Chabad</a> who go to live in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>. The musical runs for 140 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1930s, Dr Fishl Schneersohn, a psychiatrist, pedagogical theorist, and descendant of the founder of Chabad authored a Yiddish novel titled Chaim Gravitzer: The Tale of the Downfallen One from the World of Chabad. The novel explores the spiritual struggle of a Chabad Hasid who doubts his faith and finally finds peace in doing charitable work.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Novelist <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Potok" title="Chaim Potok">Chaim Potok</a> authored a work <a href="/wiki/My_Name_Is_Asher_Lev" title="My Name Is Asher Lev">My Name is Asher Lev</a> in which a Hasidic teen struggles between his artistic passions and the norms of the community. The "Ladover" community is a thinly veiled reference to the Lubavitcher community in Crown Heights.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Chabad poet <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Yair" title="Zvi Yair">Zvi Yair</a> has written poems on Chabad philosophical topics including Ratzo V'Shov (spiritual yearning). The American Jewish writer and publisher, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Meth" title="Clifford Meth">Clifford Meth</a>, wrote a short science fiction story depicting the future followers of the "70th Rebbe" of Chabad and their outreach efforts on an alien planet called Tau Ceti IV. The story is told through the eyes of a young extraterrestrial yeshiva student.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> The American Jewish writer and publisher, Richard Horowitz, wrote a memoir, The Boys Yeshiva, describing his time teaching at a Chabad yeshiva in Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> The Chabad-Lubavitch community has been the subject of a number of documentary films. These films include: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOqzo_HnPU">Chassidism - the Joyful path to G-d</a> : A 1966 documentary of Chabad Chassidim in Kfar Chabad, Israel. This film was directed and narrated by Koby Jaeger.</li> <li>The Spark – a 28-minute film, produced in 1974, providing an overview of the Lubavitch and <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a> of New York.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_hasid-176">[174]</a> The film was directed by <a href="/wiki/Mel_Epstein" title="Mel Epstein">Mel Epstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYmag80s-177">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Return:_A_Hasidic_Experience" title="The Return: A Hasidic Experience">The Return: A Hasidic Experience</a> – a 1979 documentary film on Jews who joined the Chabad movement, directed by Yisrael Lifshutz and Barry Ralbag.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYmag80s-177">[175]</a></li> <li>What Is a Jew? – a 1989 documentary on Chabad produced by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> for the series <a href="/wiki/Everyman_(TV_series)" title="Everyman (TV series)">Everyman</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Crown_Heights" title="King of Crown Heights">King of Crown Heights</a> – a 60-minute, 1993 film on Lubavitcher Hasidim by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> student Roggerio Gabbai<a href="#cite_note-PBS_hasid-176">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fires_in_the_Mirror" title="Fires in the Mirror">Fires in the Mirror: Crown Heights, Brooklyn and Other Identities</a> – a 1993 TV adaptation of the one-person play by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Deavere_Smith" title="Anna Deavere Smith">Anna Deavere Smith</a>. It explores the Black and Hasidic viewpoints of people connected directly and indirectly to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Anna_Deavere_1993-181">[179]</a> The adaptation was produced by PBS as part of its <a href="/wiki/American_Playhouse" title="American Playhouse">American Playhouse</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Sarah%27s_Daughters" title="The Return of Sarah's Daughters">The Return of Sarah's Daughters</a> – a 1997 documentary film contrasting three Jewish women, one of whom joins Chabad.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacks_and_Jews_(film)" title="Blacks and Jews (film)">Blacks and Jews</a> – A 1997 documentary written and directed by Deborah Kaufman and Alan Snitow on the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> and other incidents involving intergroup conflict.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Waks_Family" title="Welcome to the Waks Family">Welcome to the Waks Family</a> – a 2003 documentary of a Chabad family in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaving_the_Fold" title="Leaving the Fold">Leaving the Fold</a> – a 2008 documentary on young men and women who left the Hasidic Jewish community. The film was directed by <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Scott" title="Eric R. Scott">Eric R. Scott</a> and the stories featured include former Hasidic Jews living in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Featured in the <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> are two young men from a Chabad family in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> as well as a French Lubavitch rabbi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_Shabbes_Vietnam" title="Gut Shabbes Vietnam">Gut Shabbes Vietnam</a> – a 2008 <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a> on a Chabad family in Vietnam. Written and directed by Ido and Yael Zand.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekinah_Rising" title="Shekinah Rising">Shekinah Rising</a> – a 70 min, 2013 documentary exploring the perspectives of the female students of a Chabad school in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_(TV_series)" title="Kathmandu (TV series)">Kathmandu</a> – a 2012 television series aired on Israeli television based on the lives of the Chabad emissaries in Kathmandu, Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2x1" title="Project 2x1">Project 2x1</a> – a 30 min, 2013 documentary on the Chabad Hasidim and <a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> residents of Crown Heights, using <a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a> in place of conventional camera techniques<a href="#cite_note-patch-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gotham-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNA_glass-196">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rabbi_Goes_West" title="The Rabbi Goes West">The Rabbi Goes West</a> – a 2019 documentary on a Chabad rabbi who moves to Montana.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></li> <li>Guns and Moses – a 2024 film produced by <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Litvak" title="Salvador Litvak">Salvador Litvak</a> and Nina Litvak. The film portrays Rabbi Mo (<a href="/wiki/Mark_Feuerstein" title="Mark Feuerstein">Mark Feuerstein</a>), a Chabad emissary, and his wife, Rebbetzin Hindy (<a href="/wiki/Alona_Tal" title="Alona Tal">Alona Tal</a>), whose community is targeted by a <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> who shoots and kills a congregant. Rabbi Mo later trains in the use of firearms and seeks to find the killer. The film was released to Jewish film festivals in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> The film's original title was Man in the Long Black Coat.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_television">Other television</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Other television">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_America" title="Religious America">Religious America: Lubavitch</a> – a 28-minute, 1974 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> documentary series episode focusing on a day in the life of a Lubavitcher man.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_hasid-176">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outback_Rabbis" title="Outback Rabbis">Outback Rabbis</a> – (2018) 50 min television segment by <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Australian TV network</a>, SBS, covering the regional and rural Australia (RARA) program of Chabad. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Danny_Ben-Moshe" title="Danny Ben-Moshe">Danny Ben-Moshe</a>. Featured on the SBS "Untold Australia" series.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A">A</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: A">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Ashkenazi_(rabbi)" title="Meir Ashkenazi (rabbi)">Meir Ashkenazi (rabbi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Shmuel_Ashkenazi" title="Mordechai Shmuel Ashkenazi">Mordechai Shmuel Ashkenazi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="B">B</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: B">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaacov_Behrman" title="Yaacov Behrman">Yaacov Behrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisroel_Bernath" title="Yisroel Bernath">Yisroel Bernath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Yehuda_Blau" title="Moshe Yehuda Blau">Moshe Yehuda Blau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuley_Boteach" title="Shmuley Boteach">Shmuley Boteach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yeshaya_Braun" title="Yosef Yeshaya Braun">Yosef Yeshaya Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Brod" title="Menachem Brod">Menachem Brod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Butman" title="Shmuel Butman">Shmuel Butman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C">C</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: C">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azriel_Chaikin" title="Azriel Chaikin">Azriel Chaikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendy_Chitrik" title="Mendy Chitrik">Mendy Chitrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Chitrik" title="Yehuda Chitrik">Yehuda Chitrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Cunin" title="Shlomo Cunin">Shlomo Cunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzemach_Cunin" title="Tzemach Cunin">Tzemach Cunin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E">E</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: E">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_(Dovid)_Eliezrie" title="David (Dovid) Eliezrie">David (Dovid) Eliezrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Eizik_Epstein" title="Yitzchak Eizik Epstein">Yitzchak Eizik Epstein</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="F">F</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: F">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinchus_Feldman" title="Pinchus Feldman">Pinchus Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yossi_Feldman" title="Yossi Feldman">Yossi Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Fried" title="Avraham Fried">Avraham Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Friedman_(singer)" title="Benny Friedman (singer)">Benny Friedman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G">G</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: G">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gershon_Mendel_Garelik" title="Gershon Mendel Garelik">Gershon Mendel Garelik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Ginsburgh" title="Yitzchak Ginsburgh">Yitzchak Ginsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leib_Groner" title="Leib Groner">Leib Groner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchok_Dovid_Groner" title="Yitzchok Dovid Groner">Yitzchok Dovid Groner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemaryahu_Gurary" title="Shemaryahu Gurary">Shemaryahu Gurary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Gurevich" title="Aharon Gurevich">Aharon Gurevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Gutnick" title="Chaim Gutnick">Chaim Gutnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Gutnick" title="Mordechai Gutnick">Mordechai Gutnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gutnick" title="Moshe Gutnick">Moshe Gutnick</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="H">H</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: H">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hecht" title="Abraham Hecht">Abraham Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoch_Hecht" title="Hanoch Hecht">Hanoch Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_J._Hecht" title="Jacob J. Hecht">Jacob J. Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Hecht" title="Moshe Hecht">Moshe Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_Hecht" title="Shea Hecht">Shea Hecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Heller" title="Yosef Heller">Yosef Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirschy_Zarchi" title="Hirschy Zarchi">Hirschy Zarchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Mordechai_Aizik_Hodakov" title="Chaim Mordechai Aizik Hodakov">Chaim Mordechai Aizik Hodakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavriel_Holtzberg" title="Gavriel Holtzberg">Gavriel Holtzberg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="J">J</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: J">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Jacobson" title="Simon Jacobson">Simon Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Yitzchak_Jacobson" title="Yosef Yitzchak Jacobson">Yosef Yitzchak Jacobson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="K">K</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: K">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoel_Kahn" title="Yoel Kahn">Yoel Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Yehudah_Khein" title="Abraham Yehudah Khein">Abraham Yehudah Khein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Kogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvi Kogan">Zvi Kogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Kotlarsky" title="Moshe Kotlarsky">Moshe Kotlarsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slom%C3%B3_K%C3%B6ves" title="Slomó Köves">Slomó Köves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Krinsky" title="Yehuda Krinsky">Yehuda Krinsky</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L">L</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: L">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berel_Lazar" title="Berel Lazar">Berel Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Lazaroff" title="Shimon Lazaroff">Shimon Lazaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Levy" title="Bernard Levy">Bernard Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Lightstone" title="Mordechai Lightstone">Mordechai Lightstone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M">M</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: M">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Markovitch" title="Jonathan Markovitch">Jonathan Markovitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Masinter" title="David Masinter">David Masinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmarya_Yehuda_Leib_Medalia" title="Shmarya Yehuda Leib Medalia">Shmarya Yehuda Leib Medalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Leib_Medalia" title="Shmuel Leib Medalia">Shmuel Leib Medalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Shlomo_Yanovsky" title="Meir Shlomo Yanovsky">Meir Shlomo Yanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Mindel" title="Nissan Mindel">Nissan Mindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalman_Moishe_HaYitzchaki" title="Zalman Moishe HaYitzchaki">Zalman Moishe HaYitzchaki</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="O">O</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: O">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Osdoba" title="Avraham Osdoba">Avraham Osdoba</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P">P</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: P">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_Paritcher" title="Hillel Paritcher">Hillel Paritcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalman_I._Posner" title="Zalman I. Posner">Zalman I. Posner</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="R">R</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: R">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Shmuel_David_Raichik" title="Menachem Shmuel David Raichik">Menachem Shmuel David Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Raskin" title="Aaron Raskin">Aaron Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Zeev_Raskin" title="Arie Zeev Raskin">Arie Zeev Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovid_Raskin" title="Dovid Raskin">Dovid Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Refson" title="Yehuda Refson">Yehuda Refson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Reuven" title="Moshe Reuven">Moshe Reuven</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S">S</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: S">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Scheiner" title="Mordechai Scheiner">Mordechai Scheiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schneersohn" title="Isaac Schneersohn">Isaac Schneersohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schneour_Zalman_Schneersohn" title="Schneour Zalman Schneersohn">Schneour Zalman Schneersohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Yitzchak_Schneerson" title="Levi Yitzchak Schneerson">Levi Yitzchak Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Schochet" title="Ezra Schochet">Ezra Schochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Immanuel_Schochet" title="Jacob Immanuel Schochet">Jacob Immanuel Schochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Schochet" title="Yitzchak Schochet">Yitzchak Schochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Schwei" title="Yaakov Schwei">Yaakov Schwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelig_Sharfstein" title="Zelig Sharfstein">Zelig Sharfstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Shemtov" title="Abraham Shemtov">Abraham Shemtov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Shemtov" title="Levi Shemtov">Levi Shemtov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholom_Shuchat" title="Sholom Shuchat">Sholom Shuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Simpson" title="Eliyahu Simpson">Eliyahu Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Adin Steinsaltz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="T">T</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: T">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shais_Taub" title="Shais Taub">Shais Taub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudah_Teichtal" title="Yehudah Teichtal">Yehudah Teichtal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="W">W</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: W">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Weinstein" title="Simcha Weinstein">Simcha Weinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Wineberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Levi Wineberg">Levi Wineberg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y">Y</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Y">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Yair" title="Zvi Yair">Zvi Yair</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Z">Z</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Z">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Yosef_Zevin" title="Shlomo Yosef Zevin">Shlomo Yosef Zevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni_Z" title="Yoni Z">Yoni Z</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Jewish">Jewish portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Zvi_Kogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Zvi Kogan">Death of Zvi Kogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Ger (Hasidic dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)">Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breslov" title="Breslov">Breslov (Hasidic dynasty)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> He dropped the second 'h' from his name. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Chagat is an acronym for Chesed, Gevurah, Tiferet (kindness, severity, beauty), the Kabbalistic terms for the three primary emotions. Schools of Hasidic thought stressing emotive patterns of worship have been termed Chagat in the Chabad philosophy. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-marcinw-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marcinw_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcinw_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcinw_1-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Wodzi%C5%84ski" title="Marcin Wodziński">Marcin Wodziński</a>, Historical Atlas of Hasidism, Princeton University Press, 2018. pp. 192–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Additional spellings include Lubawitz, and Jabad (in Spanish speaking countries) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Hasidism.html">"Hasidism"</a>. jewishvirtuallibrary.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hasidism&rft.pub=jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2FHasidism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609131447/http://www.leagle.com/decision/19872113650FSupp1463_11879">"AGUDAS CHASIDEI CHABAD OF | 650 F.Supp. 1463 (1987) | Leagle.com"</a>. Leagle. 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Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=This+Day+in+Jewish+History%2C+1920+Lubavitcher+Rabbi+Who+Met+with+Freud+Dies&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2F.premium-lubavitcher-rabbi-who-met-with-freud-dies-1.5235021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ch100-9"><a href="#cite_ref-ch100_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2017/11/20/news-opinion/united-states/uganda-is-100th-outpost-for-chabad">"Uganda is 100th outpost for Chabad-Lubavitch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>. 2017-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uganda+is+100th+outpost+for+Chabad-Lubavitch&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2017%2F11%2F20%2Fnews-opinion%2Funited-states%2Fuganda-is-100th-outpost-for-chabad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SamH-10"><a href="#cite_ref-SamH_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeilman2005" class="citation web cs1">Heilman, Samuel (December 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcpa.org/article/the-chabad-lubavitch-movement-filling-the-jewish-vacuum-worldwide/">"The Chabad Lubavitch Movement: Filling the Jewish Vacuum Worldwide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a>. Retrieved January 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chabad+Lubavitch+Movement%3A+Filling+the+Jewish+Vacuum+Worldwide&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Center+for+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-chabad-lubavitch-movement-filling-the-jewish-vacuum-worldwide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slater_Page_279-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slater_Page_279_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slater_Page_279_11-1">b</a> Slater, Elinor and Robert, Great Jewish Men, Jonathan David Publishers 1996 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/08246%2B03818" title="Special:BookSources/08246+03818">08246 03818</a>). p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2021/05/PF_05.11.21_Jewish.Americans.pdf">"Jewish Americans in 2020"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved January 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sholom+DovBer+Schneersohn+%281860%E2%80%931920%29&rft.pub=Chabad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F272209%2Fjewish%2FRabbi-Sholom-DovBer-Schneersohn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Altein,_R_page_270-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Altein,_R_page_270_14-0">^</a> Altein, R, Zaklikofsky, E, Jacobson, I: Out of the Inferno: The Efforts That Led to the Rescue of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Yosef_Yitzchak_Schneersohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn">Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn</a> of Lubavitch from War Torn Europe in 1939–40, p. 270. 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(2018). Escape through Poland: Soviet Jewish Emigration in the 1950s. Jewish History, 31(3-4), 291-317. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Levin, Z. (2015). 1 "The Wastelands": The Jews of Central Asia. In Collectivization and Social Engineering: Soviet Administration and the Jews of Uzbekistan, 1917–1939 (pp. 7–26). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Beizer, M. (2007). The Jews of struggle: the Jewish national movement in the USSR, 1967–1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Gitelman, Z. (2007). Do Jewish Schools Make a Difference in the Former Soviet Union?. 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Retrieved 30 September 2014. <q>Among the latter is the Jewish Learning Institute, the largest educational program for Jewish adults in the world (with the possible exception of the Daf Yomi enterprise), which currently enrolls over 66,000 teens and adults at some 850 sites around the world, each following a prescribed course of study according to a set timetable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JA+Mag+in+Jewish+World&rft.atitle=Why+the+Lubavitch+Movement+Thrives+in+the+Absence+of+a+Living+Rebbe&rft.date=2014-06-16&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fjewish_action%2F06%2F2014%2Flubavitch-movement-thrives-absence-living-rebbe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDashefskySheskin2014" class="citation book cs1">Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira, eds. (2014). "National Jewish Organizations". American Jewish Year Book. Vol. 113 (Volume 113 ed.). Springer International Publishing. pp. 447–597. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-01658-0_10">10.1007/978-3-319-01658-0_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-01657-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-01657-3"><bdi>978-3-319-01657-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154745222">154745222</a>. <q>... is currently the largest provider of adult Jewish learning. JLI's mission is to inspire Jewish learning worldwide and to transform Jewish life and the greater community through Torah study. 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Retrieved April 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frontiers+of+online+religious+communities%3A+The+case+of+Chabad+Jews&rft.btitle=Digital+Religion%3A+Understanding+Religious+Practice+in+New+Media+Worlds&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415676106&rft.aulast=Golan&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dox4q7T59KikC%26q%3DCrownheights.info%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaer2011" class="citation book cs1">Shaer, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419231347/http://books.google.com/books?id=1uWpyg2fh0oC&pg=PT18&vq=Crownheights.info&dq=crownheights.info&lr=&output=html_text&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1">Among Righteous Men: A Tale of Vigilantes and Vindication in Hasidic Crown Heights</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118095201" title="Special:BookSources/9781118095201"><bdi>9781118095201</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1uWpyg2fh0oC&q=crownheights.info&pg=PT18">the original</a> on April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Among+Righteous+Men%3A+A+Tale+of+Vigilantes+and+Vindication+in+Hasidic+Crown+Heights&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781118095201&rft.aulast=Shaer&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1uWpyg2fh0oC%26q%3Dcrownheights.info%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Wiener2000" class="citation news cs1">Julie Wiener (September 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/14394/edition_id/279/format/html/displaystory.html">"Chabad camps electrify many Jews, not just Lubavitch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/J._The_Jewish_News_of_Northern_California" title="J. The Jewish News of Northern California">J. The Jewish News of Northern California</a>. Jewish Telegraphic Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+The+Jewish+News+of+Northern+California&rft.atitle=Chabad+camps+electrify+many+Jews%2C+not+just+Lubavitch&rft.date=2000-09-01&rft.au=Julie+Wiener&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishsf.com%2Fcontent%2F2-0-%2Fmodule%2Fdisplaystory%2Fstory_id%2F14394%2Fedition_id%2F279%2Fformat%2Fhtml%2Fdisplaystory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/centers/default_cdo/aid/280451/jewish/Camp-Directory.htm">"Camp Gan Israel Directory"</a>. Chabad. Retrieved 2010-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camp+Gan+Israel+Directory&rft.pub=Chabad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fcenters%2Fdefault_cdo%2Faid%2F280451%2Fjewish%2FCamp-Directory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> "When Silence is a Sin". Sichos in English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/when-silence-is-a-sin/17.htm">Letter to Zalman Shazar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113021020/http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/when-silence-is-a-sin/17.htm">Archived</a> November 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Based on Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayim, 328 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Essentially his argument sought merely the position that would prevent loss of life, rather than taking a stance in the nature of the Land of Israel and Zionism. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreeman" class="citation web cs1">Freeman, Tzvi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/807777/jewish/Should-I-Pray-for-the-Death-of-Terrorists.htm">"Should I Pray for the Death of Terrorists?"</a>. Chabad. Retrieved 2010-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+I+Pray+for+the+Death+of+Terrorists%3F&rft.pub=Chabad&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Tzvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F807777%2Fjewish%2FShould-I-Pray-for-the-Death-of-Terrorists.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Hayom Yom, p. A29 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/therebbe/livingtorah/player_cdo/aid/394468/jewish/Americas-Mandate-Energy-Independence-Part-1.htm">"Website video link"</a>. chabad.org. April 15, 1981. Retrieved 2010-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+video+link&rft.pub=chabad.org&rft.date=1981-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Ftherebbe%2Flivingtorah%2Fplayer_cdo%2Faid%2F394468%2Fjewish%2FAmericas-Mandate-Energy-Independence-Part-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/therebbe/livingtorah/player_cdo/aid/408957/jewish/Americas-Mandate-Energy-Independence-Part-2.htm">"Chabad.org website video link"</a>. chabad.org. 1981-04-15. Retrieved 2010-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chabad.org+website+video+link&rft.pub=chabad.org&rft.date=1981-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Ftherebbe%2Flivingtorah%2Fplayer_cdo%2Faid%2F408957%2Fjewish%2FAmericas-Mandate-Energy-Independence-Part-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvital_Chizhik2013" class="citation web cs1">Avital Chizhik (September 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/143902/moscow-putin-lubavitcher-library">"Putin refuses to let the Lubavitcher Rebbe's library leave Moscow"</a>. Tablet. Retrieved June 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putin+refuses+to+let+the+Lubavitcher+Rebbe%27s+library+leave+Moscow&rft.pub=Tablet&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft.au=Avital+Chizhik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-arts-and-culture%2Fbooks%2F143902%2Fmoscow-putin-lubavitcher-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrlichEhrlich2000" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Avrum M.; Ehrlich, Mark Avrum (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RcRAQAAIAAJ&q=leadership+in+the+habad">"11: The Leadership of Dov Ber"</a>. Leadership in the HaBaD Movement: A critical evaluation of HaBaD leadership, history, and succession. Jason Aronson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765760555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765760555"><bdi>978-0765760555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11%3A+The+Leadership+of+Dov+Ber&rft.btitle=Leadership+in+the+HaBaD+Movement%3A+A+critical+evaluation+of+HaBaD+leadership%2C+history%2C+and+succession&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0765760555&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Avrum+M.&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Mark+Avrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RcRAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dleadership%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bhabad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Ehrlich, Leadership in the HaBaD Movement, pp. 160–192, esp. pp. 167–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-155"><a href="#cite_ref-pop_155-0">^</a> Encyclopedia of Hasidism, entry: Schneersohn, Shmaryahu Noah. Naftali Lowenthal. Aronson, London 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56821-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56821-123-6">1-56821-123-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kam-156"><a href="#cite_ref-kam_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaminetzky2005" class="citation book cs1">Kaminetzky, Yosef Y. (2005). Days in Chabad. Brooklyn: Kehot Publication Society. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826604897" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826604897"><bdi>978-0826604897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+in+Chabad&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Kehot+Publication+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0826604897&rft.aulast=Kaminetzky&rft.aufirst=Yosef+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmaanyishmeu.com/pdf/128%20-%20Revering%20the%20Torah%20-2.pdf">"Rabbi Chaim Schneur Zalman of Liadi"</a> (PDF). L'Maan Yishmeu (128). 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Maan+Yishmeu&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Chaim+Schneur+Zalman+of+Liadi&rft.issue=128&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmaanyishmeu.com%2Fpdf%2F128%2520-%2520Revering%2520the%2520Torah%2520-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZevinKaploun1980" class="citation book cs1">Zevin, Shelomoh Yosef; Kaploun, Uri (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NnyuhrzRDCMC&q=kopust">A Treasury of Chassidic Tales on the Torah: A Collection of Inspirational Chassidic Stories Relevant to the Weekly Torah Readings</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ArtScroll" title="ArtScroll">Mesorah Publications</a>. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899069005" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899069005"><bdi>978-0899069005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treasury+of+Chassidic+Tales+on+the+Torah%3A+A+Collection+of+Inspirational+Chassidic+Stories+Relevant+to+the+Weekly+Torah+Readings&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0899069005&rft.aulast=Zevin&rft.aufirst=Shelomoh+Yosef&rft.au=Kaploun%2C+Uri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNnyuhrzRDCMC%26q%3Dkopust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dalfin_seven-159"><a href="#cite_ref-dalfin_seven_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalfin1998" class="citation book cs1">Dalfin, Chaim (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTgAAQAAQBAJ&q=dalfin+chaim">The Seven Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbes</a>. Jason Aronson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1461710134" title="Special:BookSources/978-1461710134"><bdi>978-1461710134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Chabad-Lubavitch+Rebbes&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1461710134&rft.aulast=Dalfin&rft.aufirst=Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTgAAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddalfin%2Bchaim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> B. Sobel, The M'lochim </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich2000" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, M. Avrum (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39633846">Leadership in the HaBaD movement : a critical evaluation of HaBaD leadership, history, and succession</a>. Northvale, N.J.: J. Aronson. pp. 269–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7657-6055-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7657-6055-X"><bdi>0-7657-6055-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39633846">39633846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership+in+the+HaBaD+movement+%3A+a+critical+evaluation+of+HaBaD+leadership%2C+history%2C+and+succession&rft.place=Northvale%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.pub=J.+Aronson&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39633846&rft.isbn=0-7657-6055-X&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=M.+Avrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F39633846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMintz1992" class="citation book cs1">Mintz, Jerome R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP5KNUAFh0C&pg=PA21">Hasidic People: A Place in the New World</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 21–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674041097" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674041097"><bdi>978-0674041097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hasidic+People%3A+A+Place+in+the+New+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0674041097&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Jerome+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEP5KNUAFh0C%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rebbe-163"><a href="#cite_ref-rebbe_163-0">^</a> "Dissidents Name 'Rebbe'," The Forward, December 6, 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Heinon, Herb, "Bigger than Death," The Jerusalem Post, August 15, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Segall, Rebecca, "Holy Daze The problems of young Lubavitcher Hasidim in a world without the Rebbe," The Village Voice, September 30, 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Eisenberg, Charles. The Book of Daniel: A Well Kept Secret. Xulon Press. 2007. Page 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> The full text is Yechi adoneinu moreinu v'rabbeinu melech ha-moshiach l'olam vo'ed ("Long live our master, our teacher, and our rabbi, King Messiah, for ever and ever). </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/3824604/jewish/Under-the-Black-Hat-Pop-Art-in-Jerusalem-Focuses-on-Chassidim.htm">"'Under the Black Hat' Pop Art in Jerusalem Focuses on Chassidim – Rabbi Yitzchok Moully brings spiritual and emotional depth to a new exhibit"</a>. chabad.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chabad.org&rft.atitle=%27Under+the+Black+Hat%27+Pop+Art+in+Jerusalem+Focuses+on+Chassidim+%E2%80%93+Rabbi+Yitzchok+Moully+brings+spiritual+and+emotional+depth+to+a+new+exhibit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fnews%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F3824604%2Fjewish%2FUnder-the-Black-Hat-Pop-Art-in-Jerusalem-Focuses-on-Chassidim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cameri.co.il/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99/10899/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D">"HaChabadnikim." www.cameri.co.il. 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Retrieved January 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Jewish+News&rft.atitle=Film+presents+chassidic+women%27s+attitudes+to+intimacy&rft.date=2013-10-20&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjnews.com%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dnode%2F116289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newvoices.org/2012/12/05/zany-heartfelt-kathmandu-evokes-the-soul-of-jewish-culture-in-nepal/">"Zany, Heartfelt 'Kathmandu' Evokes the Soul of Jewish Culture in Nepal"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psfk.com/2013/10/google-glass-documentary-crown-heights.html/">the original</a> on December 19, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google+Glass+Filmed+Documentary+Goes+Where+Normal+Camera+Crews+Can%27t.&rft.date=2013-10-09&rft.aulast=Piras&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psfk.com%2F2013%2F10%2Fgoogle-glass-documentary-crown-heights.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gotham-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Gotham_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2013" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Lauren (October 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225022808/http://gothamist.com/2013/10/07/crown_heights_documentary_shot_on_g.php">"Intrepid 20-Somethings Examine Crown Heights Through Google Glass"</a>. Gothamist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gothamist.com/2013/10/07/crown_heights_documentary_shot_on_g.php">the original</a> on December 25, 2014. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20131007/crown-heights/crown-heights-documentary-shot-completely-with-google-glass">the original</a> on November 4, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crown+Heights+Documentary+Claims+to+be+First+Ever+Shot+With+Google+Glass&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnainfo.com%2Fnew-york%2F20131007%2Fcrown-heights%2Fcrown-heights-documentary-shot-completely-with-google-glass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jfi.org/watch-online/jfi-on-demand/rabbi-goes-west-the">"Rabbi Goes West, The"</a>. jfi.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jfi.org&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Goes+West%2C+The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjfi.org%2Fwatch-online%2Fjfi-on-demand%2Frabbi-goes-west-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishjournal.com/cover_story/372432/guns-and-moses-the-heroic-hasid/">"Guns and Moses: The Heroic Hasid"</a>. Jewish Journal. Accessed 22 June 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2022/film/actors/mark-feuerstein-neal-mcdonough-among-leads-announced-for-man-in-the-long-black-coat-upcoming-western-exclusive-1235461546/">Mark Feuerstein, Neal McDonough, Dermot Mulroney, Christopher Lloyd Starring in ‘Man in the Long Black Coat’ (EXCLUSIVE)</a>. Variety. Accessed 22 June 2024. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenachem_Mendel_Schneerson1994" class="citation book cs1">Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1994). Hayom Yom. Kehot Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8266-0669-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8266-0669-3"><bdi>978-0-8266-0669-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayom+Yom&rft.pub=Kehot+Publication+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8266-0669-3&rft.au=Menachem+Mendel+Schneerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChabad" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Schneerson, Menachem Mendel. On the Essence of Chasidus: A Chasidic Discourse by Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson of Chabad-Lubavitch. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2003 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8266-0466-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8266-0466-8">0-8266-0466-8</a>)</li> <li>Drake, Carolyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203030144/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature4/index.html">"A Faith Grows in Brooklyn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> (February 2006).</li> <li>Ehrlich, Avrum M. Leadership in the Chabad Movement: A Critical Evaluation of Habad Leadership, History, and Succession, Jason Aronson, 2000. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7657-6055-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7657-6055-X">0-7657-6055-X</a>)</li> <li>Feldman, Jan L. Lubavitchers as Citizens: A Paradox of Liberal Democracy, Cornell University Press, 2003 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-4073-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-4073-4">0-8014-4073-4</a>)</li> <li>Fishkoff, Sue. The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch, Schocken, 2003 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-4189-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-4189-2">0-8052-4189-2</a>)</li> <li>Heilman, Samuel and Menachem Friedman. The Rebbe: The Life and Afterlife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson (<a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>; 2010) 400 pages</li> <li>Hoffman, Edward. Despite All Odds: The Story of Lubavitch. Simon & Schuster, 1991 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-67703-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-67703-9">0-671-67703-9</a>)</li> <li>Jacobson, Simon. Toward a Meaningful Life: The Wisdom of the Rebbe, William Morrow, 2002 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-051190-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-051190-7">0-06-051190-7</a>)</li> <li>Katz, Maya Balakirsky, "Trademarks of Faith: Chabad and Chanukah in America", Modern Judaism, 29,2 (2009), 239–267.</li> <li>Challenge: An Encounter with Lubavitch-Chabad, Lubavitch Foundation of Great Britain, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8266-0491-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8266-0491-9">0-8266-0491-9</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Chaim. Turning Judaism Outward: A Biography of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson the Seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe. Kol Menachem, 2014.</li> <li>Mindel, Nissan. The Philosophy of Chabad. Chabad Research Center, 1973 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082660417X" title="Special:BookSources/082660417X">082660417X</a>)</li> <li>Oberlander, Boruch and Elkanah Shmotkin. Early Years: The Formative Years of the Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, as Told by Documents and Archival Data, Kehot Publication Society. 2016. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932349-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932349-04-7">978-1-932349-04-7</a>).</li> <li>Steinzaltz, Adin Even Israel. My Rebbe. Koren Publishers, 2014.</li> <li>Tannenbaum, Michal and Hagit Cohen. 2018. "Language Educational Policy in the Service of Group Identity: The Habad case". Language Policy Volume 17, Issue 3, pp 319–342.</li> <li>Telushkin, Joseph. Rebbe: The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Shneerson, the Most Influential Rabbi in Modern History. Harperwave, 2014.</li> <li>Weiss, Steven I. (January 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forward.com/articles/orthodox-rethinking-campus-outreach-1/">"Orthodox Rethinking Campus Outreach"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505065752/http://www.forward.com/articles/orthodox-rethinking-campus-outreach-1/">Archived</a> 2007-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Daily_Forward" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Daily Forward">The Jewish Daily Forward</a>.</li></ul> Early community histories of Chabad produced by members or former members of the Chabad community include Toldot Amudei HaChabad (Konigsberg, 1876) by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levi_Rodkinson" title="Michael Levi Rodkinson">Michael Levi Rodkinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beit_Rebbe" title="Beit Rebbe">Beit Rebbe</a> (Berdichev, 1902) by Hayim Meir Heilman. <ul><li>Tworek, W. (2017). Lubavitch Hasidism. Oxford Bibliographies.</li> <li>Karlinsky, N. (2007). The Dawn of Hasidic—Haredi Historiography. Modern Judaism-A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience, 27(1), 20-46.</li> <li>Assaf, D. (2010). Untold Tales of the Hasidim: Crisis & Discontent in the History of Hasidism. UPNE.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chabad&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hasidic_dynasties_by_country_of_ancestral_origin" title="Template:Hasidic dynasties by country of ancestral origin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hasidic_dynasties_by_country_of_ancestral_origin" title="Template talk:Hasidic dynasties by country of ancestral origin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hasidic_dynasties_by_country_of_ancestral_origin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hasidic dynasties by country of ancestral origin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hasidic_dynasties511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism_in_Poland" title="Hasidic Judaism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amshinov" title="Amshinov">Amshinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apta_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Apta (Hasidic dynasty)">Apt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashlag_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ashlag (Hasidic dynasty)">Ashlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biala_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Biala (Hasidic dynasty)">Biala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chentshin" title="Chentshin">Chentshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Ger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodzhisk" title="Grodzhisk">Grodzhisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhbitza-Radzin" title="Izhbitza-Radzin">Izhbitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotzk" title="Kotzk">Kotzk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Kozhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Kozhnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzmir_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Kuzmir (Hasidic dynasty)">Kuzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelov" title="Lelov">Lelov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Lublin (Hasidic dynasty)">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modzitz" title="Modzitz">Modzitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novominsk" title="Novominsk">Novominsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozharov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ozharov (Hasidic dynasty)">Ozharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porisov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Porisov (Hasidic dynasty)">Porisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshischa" title="Peshischa">Peshischa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomsk" title="Radomsk">Radomsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radoshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Radoshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Radoshitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhbitza-Radzin" title="Izhbitza-Radzin">Radzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radzymin_(Hasidic_Dynasty)" title="Radzymin (Hasidic Dynasty)">Radzymin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shedlitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shedlitz (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Shedlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenitza_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenitza (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Shenitza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shidlovtza_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shidlovtza (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Shidlovtza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochatchov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sochatchov (Hasidic dynasty)">Sochatchov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikov_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strikov (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Strikov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tshenstkhov_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tshenstkhov (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Tshenstkhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vurka_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vurka (Hasidic dynasty)">Vurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zychlin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Zychlin (Hasidic dynasty)">Zychlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alesk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Alesk (Hasidic dynasty)">Alesk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyan_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Boyan (Hasidic dynasty)">Boyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burshtin" class="mw-redirect" title="Burshtin">Burshtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chortkov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Chortkov (Hasidic dynasty)">Chortkov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drubitsh_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drubitsh (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Drubitsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husiatyn_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Husiatyn (Hasidic dynasty)">Husiatyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaminka_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaminka (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Kaminka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komarno_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Komarno (Hasidic dynasty)">Komarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apta_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Apta (Hasidic dynasty)">Kopyczynitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Kosov (Hasidic dynasty)">Kosov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozlov_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozlov (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makova_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Makova (Hasidic dynasty)">Makova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastritshe_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monastritshe (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Monastritshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadvorna_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Nadvorna (Hasidic dynasty)">Nadvorna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premishlan_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Premishlan (Hasidic dynasty)">Premishlan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radomishel_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radomishel (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Radomishel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadigura_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)">Sadigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambur_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sambur (Hasidic dynasty)">Sambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sassov (Hasidic dynasty)">Sassov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolye_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolye (Hasidic dynasty)">Skolye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skula_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skula (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Skula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Stanislov (Hasidic dynasty)">Stanislov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stretin_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stretin (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Stretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadvorna_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Strozhnitz" title="Nadvorna (Hasidic dynasty)">Strozhnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeruslav_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeruslav (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Yeruslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidichov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Zidichov (Hasidic dynasty)">Zidichov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apta_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Zhinkov" title="Apta (Hasidic dynasty)">Zinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlotshov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Zlotshov (Hasidic dynasty)">Zlotchiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadvorna_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Zutshke" title="Nadvorna (Hasidic dynasty)">Zutchke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galicia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluzhev_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bluzhev (Hasidic dynasty)">Bluzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)">Bobov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Dinov (Hasidic dynasty)">Dinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombrov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Dombrov (Hasidic dynasty)">Dombrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Dzikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Glogov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Gorlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Grybov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Linsk (Hasidic dynasty)">Linsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istrik%E2%80%93Litovisk_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istrik–Litovisk (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Istrik–Litovisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Kshanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Kolbuszowa" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Kolbashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizhensk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lizhensk (Hasidic dynasty)">Lizhensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitz" title="Melitz">Melitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narol_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Narol (Hasidic dynasty)">Narol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilzno_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Pilzno (Hasidic dynasty)">Pilzno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pshevorsk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Pshevorsk (Hasidic dynasty)">Pshevorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimanov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimanov (Hasidic dynasty)">Rimanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Ropshitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Sanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Shendishov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Shinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Stitshin" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Stitshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Strizov" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Strizov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Tshokava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Sanz-Zhmigrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Zhmigrod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avritch_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avritch (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Avritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berditchev_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berditchev (Hasidic dynasty)">Berdychiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic group)">Breslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)">Chernobyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anipoli_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Anipoli (Hasidic dynasty)">Hannopil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornosteipel_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Hornosteipel (Hasidic dynasty)">Hornosteipel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaminka%E2%80%93Miropol_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaminka–Miropol (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Kaminka–Miropol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korets_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korets (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Korets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yochanan_Shochet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yochanan Shochet (page does not exist)">Loitsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Makarov (Hasidic dynasty)">Makarov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olyka_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olyka (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Olik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shepetivka_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shepetivka (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Shepetivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machnovka_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Machnovka (Hasidic dynasty)">Machnovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezhbizh" title="Mezhbizh">Mezhbizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monistritch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Monistritch (Hasidic dynasty)">Monistritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachmastrivka_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Rachmastrivka (Hasidic dynasty)">Rachmastrivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Ruzhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savran_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Savran (Hasidic dynasty)">Savran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shpikov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Shpikov (Hasidic dynasty)">Shpikov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavuta_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavuta (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Slavuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skver_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Skver (Hasidic dynasty)">Skver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudylkiv_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudylkiv (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Sudylkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Talne" title="Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)">Tolne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Trisk (Hasidic dynasty)">Trisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvhil_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Zvhil (Hasidic dynasty)">Zvhil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism_in_Lithuania" title="Hasidic Judaism in Lithuania">Lithuania and Belarus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdur_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amdur (Hasidic dynasty)">Amdur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chabad-Lubavitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopust" title="Kopust">Kopust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlin-Stolin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Karlin-Stolin (Hasidic dynasty)">Karlin-Stolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slonim_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Outline_of_Slonimer_dynasty" title="Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)">Kobrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koidanov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Koidanov (Hasidic dynasty)">Koidanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechovitch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Lechovitch (Hasidic dynasty)">Lechovitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niezhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Niezhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Niezhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinsk-Karlin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinsk-Karlin (Hasidic dynasty)">Pinsk-Karlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slonim_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)">Slonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strashelye_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Strashelye (Hasidic dynasty)">Strashelye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohush_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bohush (Hasidic dynasty)">Bohush</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernovitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chernovitz (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Chernovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyzh_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Deyzh (Hasidic dynasty)">Deyzh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faltichan_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faltichan (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Faltichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klausenburg_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Klausenburg (Hasidic dynasty)">Klausenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kretshnif_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Kretshnif (Hasidic dynasty)">Kretshnif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasod_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasod (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Nassod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybnitza_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rybnitza (Hasidic dynasty)">Ribnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtefanesht_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Shtefanesht (Hasidic dynasty)">Shtefanesht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skulen_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Skulen (Hasidic dynasty)">Skulen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinka_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Spinka (Hasidic dynasty)">Spinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Lineage" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Sulitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seret_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Seret (Hasidic dynasty)">Seret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siget_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Siget (Hasidic dynasty)">Ujhel-Siget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Shotz (Hasidic dynasty)">Shotz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinka_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Lineage_of_Spinka_Rebbes_of_the_Horowitz_Family" title="Spinka (Hasidic dynasty)">Krula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temishvar_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temishvar (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Temishvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasloi_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vasloi (Hasidic dynasty)">Vasloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Vizhnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Seret_Vizhnitz" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Seret-Vizhnitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beregsaz_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beregsaz (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Beregsaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chust_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chust (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Chust</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorog_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorog (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Dorog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliv_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Kaliv (Hasidic dynasty)">Kaliv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashou_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashou (Hasidic dynasty)">Kashou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerestir_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerestir (Hasidic dynasty)">Kerestir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koson_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Koson (Hasidic dynasty)">Koson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liska_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Liska (Hasidic dynasty)">Liska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mattersdorf_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mattersdorf (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Mattersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkacs_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)">Munkatch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzhay_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzhay (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Muzhay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitra_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitra (Hasidic dynasty)">Nitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupa_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Pupa (Hasidic dynasty)">Pupa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachev_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachev (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Rachev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratzfert_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratzfert (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Ratzfert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Lineage" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Sasregen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Stropkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosh_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Tosh (Hasidic dynasty)">Tosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolsburg_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Nikolsburg (Hasidic dynasty)">Nikolsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_(Hasidic_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague (Hasidic community)">Prague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brid_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brid (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobov-45" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobov-45">Bobov-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Boston (Hasidic dynasty)">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Cleveland (Hasidic dynasty)">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Milwaukee" title="Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kretshnif_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Dynasty" title="Kretshnif (Hasidic dynasty)">Mosholu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Pittsburgh (Hasidic dynasty)">Pittsburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dushinsky_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Dushinsky (Hasidic dynasty)">Dushinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlau_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Erlau (Hasidic dynasty)">Erlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishkenos_HoRoim" title="Mishkenos HoRoim">Mishkenos HoRoim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shomer_Emunim" title="Shomer Emunim">Shomer Emunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toldos_Aharon" title="Toldos Aharon">Toldos Aharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toldos_Avrohom_Yitzchok" title="Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok">Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veretzky_(Rabbinical_dynasty)" title="Veretzky (Rabbinical dynasty)">Veretzky (Rabbinical dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vien_(Hasidic_community)" title="Vien (Hasidic community)">Vien (Hasidic community)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vien_(Rabbinical_dynasty)" title="Vien (Rabbinical dynasty)">Vien (Rabbinical dynasty)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/13px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/26px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_religious_movements155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template talk:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_religious_movements155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Seventh_Day)" title="Church of God (Seventh Day)">CoG7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">SDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement">Lahore Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMORC" title="AMORC">AMORC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinism" title="Antoinism">Antoinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrongism" title="Armstrongism">Armstrongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Cross_and_Star" title="Brotherhood of the Cross and Star">Brotherhood of the Cross and Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chabad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese salvationist religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Divine_Science" title="Church of Divine Science">Church of Divine Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Church of the Guanche People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_International" title="The Family International">The Family International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fung_Loy_Kok_Institute_of_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism">Fung Loy Kok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Mission_movement" title="International Peace Mission movement">International Peace Mission movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_Life" title="Invitation to Life">Invitation to Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Church_of_Kopimism" title="Missionary Church of Kopimism">Kopimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahikari_movement" title="Mahikari movement">Mahikari movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukyo_Mahikari" title="Sukyo Mahikari">Sukyo Mahikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Divine_Light" title="World Divine Light">World Divine Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Rodnovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition" title="New Kadampa Tradition">New Kadampa Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Science" title="Religious Science">Religious Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Ar%C3%A8s" title="Pilgrims of Arès">Pilgrims of Arès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathyaksha_Raksha_Daiva_Sabha" title="Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha">Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Church_of_the_Final_Judgment" title="Process Church of the Final Judgment">The Process Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Daime" title="Santo Daime">Santo Daime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan_Ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Joy of Satan Ministries">Joy of Satan Ministries</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Training" title="Shambhala Training">Shambhala Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Ram_Chandra_Mission" title="Shri Ram Chandra Mission">Shri Ram Chandra Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Buddha_School" title="True Buddha School">True Buddha School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science" title="Unarius Academy of Science">Unarius Academy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism#United_Submitters_International" title="Quranism">United Submitters International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">Universal White Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">Eastern Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixinism" title="Weixinism">Weixinjiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Faith" title="Word of Faith">Word of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mission_Society_Church_of_God" title="World Mission Society Church of God">World Mission Society Church of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Applewhite" title="Marshall Applewhite">Marshall Applewhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Angelo_Aquino" title="Michael Angelo Aquino">Michael Angelo Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Berg" title="David Berg">David Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsang_Gyatso" title="Kelsang Gyatso">Kelsang Gyatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak_Ja_Han" title="Hak Ja Han">Hak Ja Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koresh" title="David Koresh">David Koresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81ngel_Livraga_Rizzi" title="Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi">Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Sheng-yen" title="Lu Sheng-yen">Lu Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakayama_Miki" title="Nakayama Miki">Nakayama Miki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Parkhurst_Quimby" title="Phineas Parkhurst Quimby">Phineas Parkhurst Quimby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Sahng-hong" title="Ahn Sahng-hong">Ahn Sahng-hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Singh" title="Shiv Dayal Singh">Shiv Dayal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tkach" title="Joseph W. Tkach">Joseph W. Tkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykayil_Yohannan" title="Poykayil Yohannan">Poykayil Yohannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="New religious movements in the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-initiated_church" title="African-initiated church">African-initiated church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">Classifications of religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_religion" title="Open-source religion">Open-source religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_religion" title="Self religion">Self religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INFORM" title="INFORM">INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religions_and_Spirituality_Project" title="World Religions and Spirituality Project">World Religions and Spirituality Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study of new religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Religion" title="Journal of Contemporary Religion">Journal of Contemporary Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Persecution of Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Religious discrimination against modern pagans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_and_cults_in_popular_culture" title="New religious movements and cults in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_History_of_Jews_and_Judaism_in_Belarus_15px&#124;National_emblem1180" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_Belarusian_history" title="Template:Jewish Belarusian history"><abbr title="View this template" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">History of Jews and Judaism in Belarus</a>  <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_(2020%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem"><img alt="National emblem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musar_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Musar Movement">Musar Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism_in_Lithuania" title="Hasidic Judaism in Lithuania">Hasidim</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chabad-Lubavitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlin-Stolin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Karlin-Stolin (Hasidic dynasty)">Karlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechovitch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Lechovitch (Hasidic dynasty)">Lechovitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koidanov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Koidanov (Hasidic dynasty)">Koidanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slonim_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)">Slonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Chaykl_of_Amdur" title="Chaim Chaykl of Amdur">Amdur</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Secular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah#Spread" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Zionist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Union_(Poalei_Zion)" title="Jewish Communist Union (Poalei Zion)">Komverband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Party_(Poalei_Zion)" title="Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)">Jewish Communist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbut" title="Tarbut">Tarbut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_Belarus" title="Category:Synagogues in Belarus">Synagogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Grodno)" title="Great Synagogue (Grodno)">Great Synagogue (Grodno)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_synagogues_in_Belarus" title="Category:Former synagogues in Belarus">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choral_Synagogue_(Brest)" title="Choral Synagogue (Brest)">Choral Synagogue (Brest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choral_synagogue_(Vitebsk)" title="Choral synagogue (Vitebsk)">Choral synagogue (Vitebsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Synagogue,_Minsk" title="Cold Synagogue, Minsk">Cold Synagogue, Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Synagogue,_Mogilev" title="Cold Synagogue, Mogilev">Cold Synagogue, Mogilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slonim_Synagogue" title="Slonim Synagogue">Slonim Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wo%C5%82pa_Synagogue" title="Wołpa Synagogue">Wołpa Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaniomanskaja_Synagogue" title="Zaniomanskaja Synagogue">Zaniomanskaja Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yeshivos_in_Europe_(before_World_War_II)" title="List of yeshivos in Europe (before World War II)">Yeshivas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Ohel_Torah-Baranovich" title="Yeshiva Ohel Torah-Baranovich">Baranovich Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Yeshiva" title="Grodno Yeshiva">Grodno Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Knesses_Beis_Yitzchak-Kaminetz" title="Yeshivas Knesses Beis Yitzchak-Kaminetz">Kaminetz Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Yeshiva_(Belarus)" title="Mir Yeshiva (Belarus)">Mir Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novardok_Yeshiva" title="Novardok Yeshiva">Novardok Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radin_Yeshiva" title="Radin Yeshiva">Radin Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutsk-Kletsk_Yeshiva" title="Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva">Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volozhin_Yeshiva" title="Volozhin Yeshiva">Volozhin Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Tmimim" title="Tomchei Tmimim">Tomchei Tmimim − Lubavitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Belarus" title="Category:Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Belarus">Ghettos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_Ghetto" title="Dzyatlava Ghetto">Dzyatlava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobryn#World_War_II_and_recent_times" title="Kobryn">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto" title="Łachwa Ghetto">Lakhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raka%C5%AD_Ghetto" title="Rakaŭ Ghetto">Rakaŭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk_Ghetto" title="Pińsk Ghetto">Pinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto" title="Słonim Ghetto">Slonim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_concentration_camps_in_Belarus" title="Category:Nazi concentration camps in Belarus">Concentration camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidovka_concentration_camp" title="Davidovka concentration camp">Davidovka concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koldichevo" title="Koldichevo">Koldichevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Extermination sites and massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_massacre" title="Dzyatlava massacre">Dzyatlava massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutsk_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Slutsk affair">Slutsk affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto#Uprising_and_massacre" title="Łachwa Ghetto">Łachwa Ghetto uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto#The_revolt" title="Słonim Ghetto">Słonim Ghetto Jewish revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto#Resistance" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk Ghetto resistance organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_Ghetto#Partisan_resistance_activities" title="Dzyatlava Ghetto">Zhetler Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history_in_Lithuania_and_Belarus" title="Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus">Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarusian_Jews" title="List of Belarusian Jews">List of Belarusian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chabad&oldid=1281761836">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chabad&oldid=1281761836</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chabad-Lubavitch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" 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