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href="#Euromaidan_revolution_and_Poroshenko_presidency_(2014-2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Euromaidan revolution and Poroshenko presidency (2014-2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euromaidan_revolution_and_Poroshenko_presidency_(2014-2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_and_Zelensky_presidency_(2019-present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_and_Zelensky_presidency_(2019-present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Russian invasion and Zelensky presidency (2019-present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_and_Zelensky_presidency_(2019-present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Press_freedom_scores_as_perceived_by_Freedom_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press_freedom_scores_as_perceived_by_Freedom_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Press freedom scores as perceived by Freedom House </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_freedom_scores_as_perceived_by_Freedom_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_and_threats_against_journalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_and_threats_against_journalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Attacks and threats against journalists </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attacks_and_threats_against_journalists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attacks and threats against journalists subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attacks_and_threats_against_journalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_reporters_killed_in_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_reporters_killed_in_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Timeline of reporters killed in Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_reporters_killed_in_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missing_reporters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missing_reporters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Missing reporters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missing_reporters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banned_journalists,_media,_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banned_journalists,_media,_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Banned journalists, media, websites </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Banned_journalists,_media,_websites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Banned journalists, media, websites subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Banned_journalists,_media,_websites-sublist" 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aria-controls="toc-Situation_in_the_Russian-annexed_Crimea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Situation in the Russian-annexed Crimea subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Situation_in_the_Russian-annexed_Crimea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Legal framework </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_and_threats_against_journalists_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_and_threats_against_journalists_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Attacks and threats against journalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_and_threats_against_journalists_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression_of_Crimean_Tatar_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression_of_Crimean_Tatar_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Repression of Crimean Tatar media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression_of_Crimean_Tatar_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situation_in_the_occupied_regions_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_in_the_occupied_regions_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Situation in the occupied regions of Donetsk and Luhansk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_in_the_occupied_regions_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparency_of_media_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency_of_media_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transparency of media ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency_of_media_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Opinions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opinions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opinions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independent_experts_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_experts_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Independent experts opinions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_experts_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_pressure"> <div 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class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press_freedom_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Press_freedom_2021.svg/400px-Press_freedom_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Press_freedom_2021.svg/600px-Press_freedom_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Press_freedom_2021.svg/800px-Press_freedom_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3494" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Press freedom 2021 according to Reporters Without Borders: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Good situation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Satisfactory situation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Noticeable problems</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Difficult situation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Very serious situation</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> was in 96th place<a href="#cite_note-ukrinform3009996-1">[1]</a> out of 180 countries listed in the 2020 <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a>, having returned to top 100 of this list for the first time since 2009, but dropped down one spot to 97th place in 2021, being characterized as being in a "difficult situation". Press freedom scores had significantly improved since the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> of 2004.<a href="#cite_note-FHouse2007-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-organge-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2007-4">[4]</a> However, in 2010 and again in 2011 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> perceived "negative trends in Ukraine" with government-critical opposition media outlets being closed.<a href="#cite_note-negative_trends_2010-5">[5]</a> According to the Freedom House, The Ukrainian legal framework on media freedom used to be "among the most progressive in eastern Europe", although implementation has been uneven.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution of Ukraine</a> and a 1991 law provide for freedom of speech.<a href="#cite_note-USDoS1999-7">[7]</a> Many Ukrainian journalists found themselves internally displaced due to the Russian annexation of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">war in Donbas</a>, including Donetsk-based investigative journalist Oleksiy Matsuka, Luhansk blogger Serhiy Ivanov and Donetsk Ostrov independent website editor Serhiy Harmash. The entire staff of Ostrov left the occupied Donbas areas and relocated to Kyiv.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RWB-PressFreedomIndex-WorldMap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RWB-PressFreedomIndex-WorldMap.svg/400px-RWB-PressFreedomIndex-WorldMap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RWB-PressFreedomIndex-WorldMap.svg/600px-RWB-PressFreedomIndex-WorldMap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RWB-PressFreedomIndex-WorldMap.svg/800px-RWB-PressFreedomIndex-WorldMap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>2014 <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a><a href="#cite_note-RWBPFIndex-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Very serious situation</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Difficult situation</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Noticeable problems</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Satisfactory situation</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Good situation</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Not classified / No data</div></li></ul></div> Ukraine moved its class without noticeable borders to say the least at in the form of editing its place to do so from "noticeable problems" (89th place) in 2009 to "difficult situation" (127th place) in 2014 in the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> report by Freedom House rated Ukraine "partly free" from 1992<a href="#cite_note-Kuchma-9">[9]</a> until 2003, when it was rated "not free".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> After 2005, it was rated "partly free" again.<a href="#cite_note-RFH2010-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-RFH2009-12">[12]</a> According to Freedom House <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Ukraine" title="Internet in Ukraine">internet in Ukraine</a> is "Free" and <a href="/wiki/Press_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Press in Ukraine">the press</a> is "Partly Free".<a href="#cite_note-FHUkraine-13">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Ukraine's ranking in <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borderss</a>' <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> has long been around the 90th spot (89 in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> 87 in 2008<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>), while it occupied the 112th spot in 2002<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and even the 132nd spot in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 2010 it fell to the 131st place; according to Reporters Without Borders this was the result of "the slow and steady deterioration in press freedom since <a href="/wiki/2010_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2010 Ukrainian presidential election">Viktor Yanukovych's election as president in February</a>".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 2013 Ukraine occupied the 126th spot (dropping 10 places compared with 2012); (according to Reporters Without Borders) "the worst record for the media since the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> in 2004".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In the 2017 World Press Freedom Index Ukraine was placed 102nd.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> During an opinion poll by <a href="/wiki/Research_%26_Branding_Group" title="Research & Branding Group">Research & Branding Group</a> in October 2009 49.2% of the respondents stated that Ukraine's level of freedom of speech was sufficient, and 19.6% said the opposite. Another 24.2% said that there was too much of freedom of speech in Ukraine. According to the data, 62% of respondents in <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">western Ukraine</a> considered the level of freedom of speech sufficient, and in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Ukraine" title="Central Ukraine">central</a> and southeastern regions the figures were 44% and 47%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In a late 2010 poll also conducted by the Research & Branding Group 56% of all Ukrainians trusted the media and 38.5% didn't.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuchma_presidencies_(1994–2004)">Kuchma presidencies (1994–2004)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kuchma presidencies (1994–2004)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgi_gongadse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Georgi_gongadse.jpg/220px-Georgi_gongadse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Georgi_gongadse.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Gongadze" title="Georgiy Gongadze">Georgiy Gongadze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> journalist, founder of the popular Internet newspaper <a href="/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a>, who was kidnapped and murdered in 2000.</figcaption></figure> After the (only) <a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">term of office</a> of the first <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian President">Ukrainian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Leonid Kravchuk</a> ended in 1994, the freedom of the press worsened.<a href="#cite_note-HayozLushnycky2005-23">[23]</a> During the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma" title="Leonid Kuchma">Leonid Kuchma</a> (1994–2004) several news-outlets critical to him were forcefully closed.<a href="#cite_note-Kuchma-9">[9]</a> In 1999 the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> placed Kuchma on the list of worst enemies of the press.<a href="#cite_note-Kuchma-9">[9]</a> In that year the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Government">Ukrainian Government</a> partially limited freedom of the press through tax inspections (<a href="/wiki/Mykola_Azarov" title="Mykola Azarov">Mykola Azarov</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Prime Minister of Ukraine</a>, headed the tax authority during Kuchma's presidency<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>), libel cases, subsidization, and intimidation of journalists; this caused many journalists to practice self-censorship.<a href="#cite_note-USDoS1999-7">[7]</a> In 2003 and 2004 authorities interfered with the media by issuing written and oral instructions about what events to cover.<a href="#cite_note-USDoS2003-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2004-27">[27]</a> Toward the very end of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2004 Ukrainian presidential election">2004 Ukrainian presidential election</a> campaign in November 2004, many media outlets began to ignore government direction and covered events in a more objective, professional manner.<a href="#cite_note-USDoS2004-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orange_revolution_and_Yushchenko_presidency_(2004–2010)">Orange revolution and Yushchenko presidency (2004–2010)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orange revolution and Yushchenko presidency (2004–2010)">edit</a>]</div> Since the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> (of 2004) Ukrainian became more pluralistic and independent.<a href="#cite_note-FHouse2007-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-organge-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2007-4">[4]</a> For instance, attempts by authorities to limit freedom of the press through tax inspections have ceased.<a href="#cite_note-USDoS2003-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2004-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2000-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2001-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2002-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2005-31">[31]</a> Since then the Ukrainian press was considered to be among the freest of all <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> (only the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> are considered "free").<a href="#cite_note-RFH2009-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoSoStatN1-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FHouse2007-2">[2]</a> After the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a>, Ukrainian television became more free.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In February 2009 the National Council for Television and Radio Broadcasting claimed that "political pressure on mass media increased in recent times through amending laws and other normative acts to strengthen influence on mass media and regulatory bodies in this sphere".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 2007, in Ukraine's provinces numerous, anonymous attacks<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and threats persisted against journalists, who investigated or exposed corruption or other government misdeeds.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The US-based <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> concluded in 2007 that these attacks, and police reluctance in some cases to pursue the perpetrators, were "helping to foster an atmosphere of impunity against independent journalists."<a href="#cite_note-HRW2007-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In Ukraine's provinces numerous, anonymous attacks<a href="#cite_note-USDoS2007-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2009-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2008-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and threats persisted against journalists, who investigated or exposed corruption or other government misdeeds.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The US-based <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> concluded in 2007 that these attacks, and police reluctance in some cases to pursue the perpetrators, were "helping to foster an atmosphere of impunity against independent journalists."<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Media watchdogs have stated attacks and pressure on journalists have increased since the <a href="/wiki/2010_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2010 Ukrainian presidential election">February 2010 election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian President">President</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sinceFeb2010-47">[47]</a> In December 2009, and during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2010 Ukrainian presidential election">2010 Ukrainian presidential election</a>, campaign incumbent <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Prime Minister of Ukraine</a> and presidential candidate<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yulia_Tymoshenko" title="Yulia Tymoshenko">Yulia Tymoshenko</a> complained Ukrainian TV channels are manipulating the consciousness of citizens in favor of financial and <a href="/wiki/Oligarchic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligarchic">oligarchic</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> As of January 2009, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Prime Minister">Ukrainian Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yulia_Tymoshenko" title="Yulia Tymoshenko">Yulia Tymoshenko</a> refused to appear in Inter TV-programmes "until journalists, management and owners of the TV channel stop destroying the freedom of speech and until they remember the essence of their profession - honesty, objectiveness, and unbiased stand".<a href="#cite_note-owner-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yanukovych_presidency_(2010-2013)">Yanukovych presidency (2010-2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yanukovych presidency (2010-2013)">edit</a>]</div> Since <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President of Ukraine</a> in February 2010 Ukrainian journalists and international journalistic watchdogs (including the <a href="/wiki/European_Federation_of_Journalists" title="European Federation of Journalists">European Federation of Journalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>) have complained about a deterioration of press freedom in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-YanFP2-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Yanukovych responded (in May 2010) that he "deeply values press freedom" and that "free, independent media that must ensure society's unimpeded access to information".<a href="#cite_note-YanFP2-51">[51]</a> Anonymous journalists stated early May 2010 that they were voluntarily tailoring their coverage so as not to offend the Yanukovych administration and the <a href="/wiki/First_Azarov_government" title="First Azarov government">Azarov Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The Azarov Government denies censoring the media,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> so did the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Administration of Ukraine">Presidential Administration</a><a href="#cite_note-AHer134-57">[57]</a> and President Yanukovych himself.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Administration of Ukraine">Presidential Administration</a> Deputy Head <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Herman" title="Hanna Herman">Hanna Herman</a> stated on 13 May 2010 that the opposition benefited from discussions about the freedom of the press in Ukraine and also suggested that the recent reaction of foreign journalists organizations had been provoked by the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-AHer134-57">[57]</a> On 12 May 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Parliament">parliamentary</a> committee for freedom of speech and information called on the <a href="/wiki/General_Prosecutor_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="General Prosecutor of Ukraine">General Prosecutor</a>'s Office to immediately investigate complaints by journalists of pressure on journalists and censorship.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Also in May 2010 the Stop Censorship movement was founded by more than 500 journalist.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> A law on strengthening the protection of the ownership of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> offices, <a href="/wiki/Publishing_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Publishing house">publishing houses</a>, bookshops and distributors, as well as <a href="/wiki/Creative_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative unions">creative unions</a> was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Parliament">Ukrainian Parliament</a> on 20 May 2010.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Since the February 2010 election of Viktor Yanukovych as President Media watchdogs have stated attacks and pressure on journalists have increased.<a href="#cite_note-sinceFeb2010-47">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Press_Institute" title="International Press Institute">International Press Institute</a> addressed an open letter to President Yanukovych on 10 August 2010 urging him to address what the organisation saw as a disturbing deterioration in press freedom over the previous six months in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">PACE</a> rapporteur Renate Wohlwend noticed on 6 October 2010 that "Some progress had been made in recent years but there had also been some retrograde steps".<a href="#cite_note-PACE-63">[63]</a> In January 2011 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> stated it had perceived "negative trends in Ukraine" during 2010; these included: curbs on press freedom, the intimidation of <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>, and greater <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">government</a> influence on the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Ukraine">judiciary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-negative_trends_2010-5">[5]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> in 2009 there were no attempts by central authorities to direct media content, but there were reports of intimidation of journalists by national and local officials.<a href="#cite_note-USDoS2009-40">[40]</a> Media at times demonstrated a tendency toward self‑censorship on matters that the government deemed sensitive.<a href="#cite_note-USDoS2009-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDoS2008-41">[41]</a> Stories in the electronic and printed media (veiled advertisements and positive coverage presented as news) and participation in a television talk show can be bought.<a href="#cite_note-USDoS2009-40">[40]</a> Media watchdog groups have express concern over the extremely high monetary damages that were demanded in <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Ukraine">court cases</a> concerning <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USDoS2009-40">[40]</a> In 2013 there were concerns over the corrupting influence of certain political figures, connected to the government of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> on Ukrainian media.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euromaidan_revolution_and_Poroshenko_presidency_(2014-2019)">Euromaidan revolution and Poroshenko presidency (2014-2019)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Euromaidan revolution and Poroshenko presidency (2014-2019)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journalist_documenting_events_at_the_Independence_square._Clashes_in_Ukraine,_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18,_2014..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Journalist_documenting_events_at_the_Independence_square._Clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014..jpg/220px-Journalist_documenting_events_at_the_Independence_square._Clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Journalist_documenting_events_at_the_Independence_square._Clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014..jpg/330px-Journalist_documenting_events_at_the_Independence_square._Clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Journalist_documenting_events_at_the_Independence_square._Clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014..jpg/440px-Journalist_documenting_events_at_the_Independence_square._Clashes_in_Ukraine%2C_Kyiv._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption>Journalist documenting events at the Independence square. Clashes in Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. Events of 18 February 2014.</figcaption></figure> A May 2014 report from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a> found approximately 300 instances of perceived violent attacks on the media in Ukraine since November 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:0-65">[65]</a> The Ukrainian NGO <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Mass_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Mass Information">Institute of Mass Information</a> recorded at least 995 violations of free speech in 2014 - the double than in 2013 (496) and triple than in 2012 (324). Most attacks on journalists happened during the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">euromaidan</a> period in Kyiv (82 in January, 70 in February 2014). 78 journalists were abducted and illegally detained by various groups in 2014 - a new category of professional risk; 20 such cases happened in Donetsk in April 2014. In 2014 restrictions to press freedom in Ukraine included police impeding access to public buildings, physical attacks on press rooms, and cyberattacks (e.g. against the Glavnoe, Gordon and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">UNIAN</a> websites); in July 2014 a firebomb was thrown at the TV channel <a href="/wiki/112_Ukraine" title="112 Ukraine">112 Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> Political interference in the media sector greatly diminished after the flight of <a href="/wiki/Yanukovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanukovych">Yanukovych</a> from Ukraine, with media outlets almost immediately starting to openly discuss the events of the previous months, including the moments of violence, which had previously been censored or self-censored through pressures on owners and managers. The <a href="/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election">2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election</a> was covered with a wide variety of political orientations in the media.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> Minor cases of pressures or censorship attempts were reported in 2014 too. In <a href="/wiki/Kirovohrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirovohrad">Kirovohrad</a> in December 2014 a regional politician ordered a subordinate to review the Zorya newspaper before its publication.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> issues were debated in 2015 concerning aggressive propaganda from Russian state-owned news outlets to support the Russian annexation of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, encourage separatism in <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> and discredit the Kyiv government.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> Creating some concern among Western human rights monitors was that under the impact of war and perceived extreme social polarization the Ukrainian government has been accused of cracking down on pro-separatist points of view.<a href="#cite_note-:02-66">[66]</a> For example, Ukraine also shut down most Russia-based television stations on the grounds that they purvey "propaganda," and barred a growing list of Russian journalists from entering the country.<a href="#cite_note-:02-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw201705-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[nb 1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_Policy_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Information Policy (Ukraine)">Ministry of Information Policy</a> was established on 2 December 2014.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FLUYGIU21214-76">[75]</a> The ministry oversees information policy in Ukraine. According to the first Minister of Information, <a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Stets" title="Yuriy Stets">Yuriy Stets</a>, one of the goals of its formation was to counteract "<a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Media portrayal of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">Russian information aggression</a>" amidst <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">pro-Russian unrest across Ukraine</a>, and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">war in the Donbas region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FLUYGIU21214-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian president">Ukrainian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> said that the main function of the ministry is to stop "the spreading of biased information about Ukraine".<a href="#cite_note-PPsbiU812-78">[77]</a> On 16 May 2017 president Poroshenko signed a decree banning various Russian internet service providers and news sources, among others, <a href="/wiki/VK_(social_networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="VK (social networking)">VKontakte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odnoklassniki" title="Odnoklassniki">Odnoklassniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rossiya_Segodnya" title="Rossiya Segodnya">Rossiya Segodnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/RBC_Information_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="RBC Information Systems">RBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/All-Russia_State_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company">VGTRK</a>, but also a number of independent stations such as the RBC, claiming this was done for "security reasons".<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Tanya Cooper from <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> called the decree: "a cynical, politically expedient attack on the right to information affecting millions of Ukrainians, and their personal and professional lives".<a href="#cite_note-hrw201705-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (RSF) also condemned the ban imposed on Russian social networks.<a href="#cite_note-rsf201705-81">[80]</a> Since November 2015 Ukrainian authorities, state agencies and local government authorities are forbidden to act as founders (or cofounders) of printed media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Freedom House reported the status of press freedom in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in 2015 as improving from Not Free to Partly Free. It justified the change as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> <blockquote>due to profound changes in the media environment after the fall of President Viktor Yanukovych's government in February, despite a rise in attacks on journalists during the Euromaidan protests of early 2014 and the subsequent conflict in eastern Ukraine. The level of government hostility and legal pressure faced by journalists decreased, as did political pressure on state-owned outlets. The media also benefited from improvements to the law on access to information and the increased independence of the broadcasting regulator.</blockquote> In 2015 the main concerns about media freedom in Ukraine concern the handling of pro-Russian propaganda, the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">concentration of media ownership</a>, and the high risks of violence against journalists, especially in the conflict areas in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> In September 2015 Freedom House classified the <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Ukraine" title="Internet in Ukraine">Internet in Ukraine</a> as "partly free" and <a href="/wiki/Press_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Press in Ukraine">the press</a> as "partly free".<a href="#cite_note-FHUkraine-13">[13]</a> Ukraine was in 102nd place out of 180 countries listed in the 2017 <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rsf201705-81">[80]</a> In 2017 organizations like <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> condemned then Poroshenko's government recent bans on media.<a href="#cite_note-rsf201701-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw201705-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-cpj201705-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_and_Zelensky_presidency_(2019-present)">Russian invasion and Zelensky presidency (2019-present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russian invasion and Zelensky presidency (2019-present)">edit</a>]</div> On March 3, 2022, the Criminal Code of Ukraine was supplemented by Article 436-2, titled "Justification, recognition as legitimate, denial of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, glorification of its participants". The article, which has been criticized by the <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a> and other human rights groups,<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> states punishment by correctional labor up to two years or imprisonment up to eight years for such speech.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Lira" title="Gonzalo Lira">Gonzalo Lira</a>, an American pro-Russia blogger living in Ukraine, was among those arrested under this law.<a href="#cite_note-Shoaib_2023_y699-89">[88]</a> On December 30, 2022, President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a> signed into law a bill that would expand the power of government to regulate media outlets and journalists in the country, over the objections of journalists and international press freedom groups.<a href="#cite_note-Dress_2023-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patil_2022-91">[90]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> report published in 2023 restrictions were placed on media freedoms enabling "an unprecedented level of control over primetime television news." Some speakers who criticised the government were blacklisted from government-directed news. The outlets and journalists who were considered a threat to the national security and who undermined the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity according to the authorities were blocked, banned or sanctioned.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press_freedom_scores_as_perceived_by_Freedom_House">Press freedom scores as perceived by Freedom House</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Press freedom scores as perceived by Freedom House">edit</a>]</div> The following table shows press freedom scores calculated each year by a foreign non-governmental organisation called <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. The year is the year of issue, and data relate to the previous year. <ul><li>Score 0–30 = press were free.<a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a></li> <li>Score 31–60 = press were partly free.<a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a></li> <li>Score 61–100 = press were not free.<a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>UK </th> <th>USA </th> <th>Estonia </th> <th>Lithuania </th> <th>Latvia </th> <th style="background: yellow; color: black;">Ukraine </th> <th>Moldova </th> <th>Georgia </th> <th>Belarus </th> <th>Russia </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1994 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="right">28 </td> <td align="right">30 </td> <td align="right">29 </td> <td align="right">44 </td> <td align="right">41 </td> <td align="right">73 </td> <td align="right">66 </td> <td align="right">40 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1995 </td> <td align="right">22 </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="right">25 </td> <td align="right">29 </td> <td align="right">29 </td> <td align="right">42 </td> <td align="right">47 </td> <td align="right">70 </td> <td align="right">67 </td> <td align="right">55 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1996 </td> <td align="right">22 </td> <td align="right">14 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td align="right">25 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">39 </td> <td align="right">62 </td> <td align="right">68 </td> <td align="right">70 </td> <td align="right">58 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1997 </td> <td align="right">22 </td> <td align="right">14 </td> <td align="right">22 </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">49 </td> <td align="right">57 </td> <td align="right">55 </td> <td align="right">85 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1998 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">49 </td> <td align="right">58 </td> <td align="right">56 </td> <td align="right">90 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1999 </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="right">13 </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">50 </td> <td align="right">56 </td> <td align="right">57 </td> <td align="right">80 </td> <td align="right">59 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2000 </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="right">13 </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td align="right">58 </td> <td align="right">47 </td> <td align="right">80 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2001 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td align="right">59 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">80 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2002 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td align="right">59 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2003 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">67 </td> <td align="right">59 </td> <td align="right">54 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">66 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2004 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">13 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">68 </td> <td align="right">63 </td> <td align="right">54 </td> <td align="right">84 </td> <td align="right">67 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2005 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">59 </td> <td align="right">65 </td> <td align="right">56 </td> <td align="right">86 </td> <td align="right">68 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2006 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">65 </td> <td align="right">56 </td> <td align="right">88 </td> <td align="right">72 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2007 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">65 </td> <td align="right">57 </td> <td align="right">89 </td> <td align="right">75 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2008 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">22 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">66 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td align="right">91 </td> <td align="right">78 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2009 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">23 </td> <td align="right">55 </td> <td align="right">67 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td align="right">91 </td> <td align="right">80 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2010 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">26 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">65 </td> <td align="right">59 </td> <td align="right">92 </td> <td align="right">81 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2011 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">22 </td> <td align="right">26 </td> <td align="right">56 </td> <td align="right">55 </td> <td align="right">55 </td> <td align="right">93 </td> <td align="right">81 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2012 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">23 </td> <td align="right">27 </td> <td align="right">59 </td> <td align="right">54 </td> <td align="right">52 </td> <td align="right">93 </td> <td align="right">80 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2013 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">18 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td align="right">28 </td> <td align="right">60 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">49 </td> <td align="right">93 </td> <td align="right">81 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2014 </td> <td align="right">23 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td align="right">27 </td> <td align="right">63 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">47 </td> <td align="right">93 </td> <td align="right">81 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2015 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td align="right">22 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">25 </td> <td align="right">28 </td> <td align="right">58 </td> <td align="right">55 </td> <td align="right">48 </td> <td align="right">93 </td> <td align="right">83 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2016 </td> <td align="right">25 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">23 </td> <td align="right">28 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">56 </td> <td align="right">49 </td> <td align="right">91 </td> <td align="right">83 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2017 </td> <td align="right">25 </td> <td align="right">23 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">26 </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">56 </td> <td align="right">50 </td> <td align="right">83 </td> <td align="right">83 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2017FHData-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks_and_threats_against_journalists">Attacks and threats against journalists</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attacks and threats against journalists">edit</a>]</div> Ukraine was one of the most dangerous places for journalists in the world during the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> demonstrations and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">war in Donbas</a>. A May 2014 report from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a> found approximately 300 instances of perceived violent attacks on the media in Ukraine since November 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:0-65">[65]</a> 78 journalists were abducted and illegally detained by various groups in 2014 - a new category of professional risk; 20 such cases happened in Donetsk in April 2014. In July 2014 a firebomb was thrown at the TV channel <a href="/wiki/112_Ukraine" title="112 Ukraine">112 Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> In September 2016 <a href="/wiki/Inter_(TV_channel)" title="Inter (TV channel)">Inter</a> TV channel - often accused of being pro-Russia - was put to fire during a protest.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> has appealed for the release of Ukrainian journalist <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Kotsaba" title="Ruslan Kotsaba">Ruslan Kotsaba</a> and declared him a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoner of conscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The website <a href="/wiki/Myrotvorets" title="Myrotvorets">Myrotvorets</a> has published personal information about journalists.<a href="#cite_note-ReichardtShutov-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_reporters_killed_in_Ukraine">Timeline of reporters killed in Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Timeline of reporters killed in Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_murdered_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of journalists murdered in Ukraine">List of journalists murdered in Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War">List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> 8Under former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma" title="Leonid Kuchma">Leonid Kuchma</a> opposition papers were closed and several journalists died in mysterious circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-value="1995-04-01">April 1995 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volodymyr_Ivanov_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volodymyr Ivanov (journalist) (page does not exist)">Volodymyr Ivanov</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slava_Sevastopolya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slava Sevastopolya (page does not exist)">Slava Sevastopolya</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a><a href="#cite_note-plea-99">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-value="1996-05-01">May 1996 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ihor_Hrushetsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ihor Hrushetsky (page does not exist)">Ihor Hrushetsky</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cherkasy" title="Cherkasy">Cherkasy</a><a href="#cite_note-plea-99">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 March 1997 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petro_Shevchenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petro Shevchenko (page does not exist)">Petro Shevchenko</a>, correspondent for the daily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyivskiye_Vedomosti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyivskiye Vedomosti (page does not exist)">Kyivskiye Vedomosti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a>, Ukraine, is found hanging in an abandoned building in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. He had co-authored articles about disputes between the mayor of Luhansk and the local branch of the Ukrainian Security Services.<a href="#cite_note-killed-100">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 August 1997 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borys_Derevyanko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borys Derevyanko (page does not exist)">Borys Derevyanko</a>, editor-in-chief of the Ukrainian newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Vechirnia_Odesa" title="Vechirnia Odesa">Vechirnia Odesa</a>, shot twice and killed while on the way to an editorial board meeting at his office.<a href="#cite_note-killed-100">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 May 1999 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ihor_Bondar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ihor Bondar (page does not exist)">Ihor Bondar</a> director of the AMT television station, was shot and killed in an <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> residential neighbourhood, as he was driving in a car with Boris Vikhrov, the Odesa court's presiding judge. The magistrate was also killed in the attack. This double murder was carried out by men with Kalashnikov-style automatic weapons riding in a car.<a href="#cite_note-killed-100">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 September 2000 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Gongadze" title="Georgiy Gongadze">Georgiy Gongadze</a> who co-founded a news website, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a>, killed in the <a href="/wiki/Tarashcha_Raion" title="Tarashcha Raion">Tarashcha Raion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">district</a>) after being kidnapped. </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 June 2001 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleh_Breus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oleh Breus (page does not exist)">Oleh Breus</a> publisher of the regional weekly, <a href="/w/index.php?title=XXI_Vek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XXI Vek (page does not exist)">XXI Vek</a>, was shot dead by two gunmen outside his home in <a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a>. He was shot in the head and back at point blank range as he was getting out of his car. The motive for the murder remains unknown, although colleagues at XXI Vek said they had received threats in recent months. Breus himself narrowly escaped an assassination attempt in December 2000.<a href="#cite_note-killed-100">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 July 2001 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ihor_Oleksandrov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ihor Oleksandrov (page does not exist)">Ihor Oleksandrov</a>, director of the private TV and radio station TOR in <a href="/wiki/Sloviansk" title="Sloviansk">Sloviansk</a>, died of injuries sustained on 3 July, when four unidentified men wielding baseball bats attacked him at his office. Local media suggested that Oleksandrov's death was linked to his investigations into corruption and organised crime.<a href="#cite_note-killed-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-suspect-101">[100]</a> Four former policemen were sentenced to 7–13 years imprisonment for fraud during the criminal case involving Oleksandrov in March 2012.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>27 November 2002 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Kolomiets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykhailo Kolomiets (page does not exist)">Mykhailo Kolomiets</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_News_Agency" title="Ukrainian News Agency">Ukrainian News Agency</a> found dead hanging on a tree in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-intPI-103">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 December 2003 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volodymyr_Karachevtsev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volodymyr Karachevtsev (page does not exist)">Volodymyr Karachevtsev</a>, 47, deputy editor-in-chief of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuryer_newspaper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuryer newspaper (page does not exist)">Kuryer newspaper</a>, was found dead in his home in <a href="/wiki/Melitopol" title="Melitopol">Melitopol</a>. He was discovered hanging from the handle of his refrigerator. Karachevtsev was also chairman of the regional independent union of journalists and a correspondent for the online publication, Vlasti.net. Police did not rule out the possibility of murder.<a href="#cite_note-killed-100">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 March 2004 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuriy_Chechyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuriy Chechyk (page does not exist)">Yuriy Chechyk</a>, director of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Yuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Yuta (page does not exist)">Radio Yuta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a>, died under suspicious circumstances in a car crash. He was on the way to meet with executives of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a>'s Ukrainian Service, which is often critical of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian government">Ukrainian government</a>, to hold talks on rebroadcasting the station's programmes on the more accessible FM band.<a href="#cite_note-killed-100">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-value="2010-08-01">August 2010 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Klymentyev" title="Vasyl Klymentyev">Vasyl Klymentyev</a>, a Ukrainian investigative journalist, editor-in-chief of the newspaper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novy_Stil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novy Stil (page does not exist)">Novy Stil</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>. He went missing in August and is presumed dead. He had been investigating local corruption.<a href="#cite_note-Guard-104">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 February 2014 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ihor_Kostenko" title="Ihor Kostenko">Ihor Kostenko</a>, a 22-year-old Ukrainian journalist from the newspaper Sportanalytic, also a geography student and contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Wikipedia" title="Ukrainian Wikipedia">Ukrainian Wikipedia</a>. He died during <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wiki-ukr-105">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 May 2014 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Rocchelli" title="Andrea Rocchelli">Andrea Rocchelli</a>, Italian photojournalist killed in unclear circumstances while covering the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sloviansk" title="Siege of Sloviansk">Siege of Sloviansk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ronchelli-106">[105]</a> Ronchelli's Russian interpreter, Andrey Mironov, was also killed.<a href="#cite_note-Ronchelli-106">[105]</a> French photographer <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Roguelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Roguelon (page does not exist)">William Roguelon</a> told Russian television that Rocchelli and Mironov were killed while trying to escape mortar fire, and that he himself was wounded in the incident.<a href="#cite_note-Ronchelli-106">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 June 2014 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Igor_Kornelyuk_and_Anton_Voloshin" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of Igor Kornelyuk and Anton Voloshin">Igor Kornelyuk</a>, Russian reporter died in hospital of wounds. According to a spokesperson of the <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a>, previously he was caught in a mortar firefight staged by Ukrainian forces and his fate along with Voloshin and other 15 rebels who were with them was not known.<a href="#cite_note-Kornelyuk-107">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Igor_Kornelyuk_and_Anton_Voloshin" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of Igor Kornelyuk and Anton Voloshin">Anton Voloshin</a>, sound engineer, killed in same incident.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>29 June 2014 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Klyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoly Klyan">Anatoly Klyan</a>, Russian cameraman for Russia's <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One</a> was shot in the stomach as the bus he was riding in came under fire by Ukrainian forces near the entrance to a military base in Donetsk, according to <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Times">Moscow Times</a>. Klyan was in a bus with mothers of soldiers who reportedly wanted to negotiate with the Ukrainian troops. Klyan died shortly afterwards. Ukrainian officials promised to investigate the incident.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-value="2014-11-01">November 2014 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Kuchinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandr Kuchinsky (page does not exist)">Aleksandr Kuchinsky</a>, prominent crime reporter, and his wife were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>28 February 2015 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Nikolayev" title="Serhiy Nikolayev">Serhiy Nikolayev</a>, photojournalist for Segodnya in Kyiv, Ukraine, killed by shelling crossfire.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-111">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-value="2015-04-01">April 2015 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olga_Moroz_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olga Moroz (journalist) (page does not exist)">Olga Moroz</a>, editor of the Neteshinsky Vestnik<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 April 2015 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Oles_Buzina" title="Oles Buzina">Oles Buzina</a>, journalist and writer.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 July 2016 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sheremet" title="Pavel Sheremet">Pavel Sheremet</a> Belarusian journalist, who was a critic of <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Russian censorship</a>, killed by a car bomb.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 March 2022 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Brent_Renaud" title="Brent Renaud">Brent Renaud</a>, an American journalist, was killed in Ukraine. He was shot by Russian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 March 2022 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Zakrzewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Zakrzewski">Pierre Zakrzewski</a> had been travelling in a vehicle near Kyiv; he was killed by Russian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missing_reporters">Missing reporters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Missing reporters">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Dolgov" title="Sergei Dolgov">Sergei Dolgov</a>, a newspaper editor from Mariupol, went missing in June 2014 during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">war in Donbas</a> and is presumed dead by some mostly pro-Russian sources.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banned_journalists,_media,_websites">Banned journalists, media, websites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Banned journalists, media, websites">edit</a>]</div> The Ukrainian government and President <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> have banned journalists, media and websites.<a href="#cite_note-cpj201705-84">[83]</a> In May 2017 Ukraine banned 19 Russian news sites and 13 journalists, those being "most official Russian news outlets and others sympathetic to Moscow, but also a number of independent stations such as the RBC."<a href="#cite_note-rsf201705-81">[80]</a> The decision was condemned by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rsf201701-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw201705-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-cpj201705-84">[83]</a> The most well known included: <div style="display:flex; flex-direction:row; flex-wrap:wrap; gap: 0.8em; align-items:stretch; justify-content:flex-start"> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0px;background-color: transparent;color: black;margin: 3px;">Journalists <ul><li>Aleksey Yefimov, of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kiselyov" title="Dmitry Kiselyov">Dmitry Kiselyov</a>, of the Russian broadcaster <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a></li> <li>Aleksei Pimanov, of the Russian broadcaster Zvezda TV</li> <li>Aleksandr Potapov, of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Izvestiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Izvestiya">Izvestiya</a> newspaper</li> <li>Vladislav Fronin, of the Russian newspaper <a href="/wiki/Rossiiskaya_Gazeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossiiskaya Gazeta">Rossiiskaya Gazeta</a></li> <li>Aleksei Sharavskiy, of the Vzglyad.ru media company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Fadeyev" title="Valery Fadeyev">Valery Fadeyev</a>, the editor of the Russian magazine <a href="/wiki/Ekspert" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekspert">Ekspert</a></li> <li>Maksim Beryozin, a correspondent for the Russian broadcaster <a href="/wiki/NTV_(Russia)" title="NTV (Russia)">NTV</a></li> <li>Olena Berezovskaya, a journalist for state-sponsored disinformation website <a href="/wiki/Ukraina.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraina.ru">Ukraina.ru</a> and RT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Tasheva" title="Magdalena Tasheva">Magdalena Tasheva</a>, a Bulgarian politician and journalist</li> <li>David Berezicki, blogger</li> <li>Dawid Hudziec, Polish blogger, politically nationalist, banned for working in occupied Donetsk</li> <li>Vladimir Bukarskiy, blogger</li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0px;background-color: transparent;color: black;margin: 3px;">Media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGTRK" class="mw-redirect" title="VGTRK">VGTRK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(TV_channel)" title="Zvezda (TV channel)">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNT_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="TNT (Russian TV channel)">TNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren TV">Ren TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-Center" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-Center">TV-Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV-Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="NTV-Plus">NTV-Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBC_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="RBC TV">RBC</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0px;background-color: transparent;color: black;margin: 3px;">Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odnoklassniki" title="Odnoklassniki">Odnoklassniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VK_(social_networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="VK (social networking)">VK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail.Ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail.Ru">Mail.Ru</a></li></ul></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> The Government of Ukraine started banning books in 2016 that a special committee (State Committee for State TV and Radio Broadcasting's licensing and distribution-control department) had determined to contain anti-Ukrainian content. In January 2018, the Russian version of British historian <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_(Beevor_book)" title="Stalingrad (Beevor book)">Stalingrad</a> was added to this list. The head of the committee, Serhiy Oliyinyk, told <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> that one particular reason was that Beevor had included information about Ukrainian militia killing 90 Jewish children on orders of the SS "to save the feelings of the <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando" title="Sonderkommando">Sonderkommando</a>." He claimed this had never been confirmed at post-war trials and was taken from Soviet sources. Beevor strongly criticized the ban and said the source was actually German resistance fighter <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Groscurth" title="Helmuth Groscurth">Helmuth Groscurth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> "It's utterly outrageous. They have no reason for doing it. It's quite clear both in the Russian edition and English edition what the source was and where it came from – this rather brave and religious officer [Groscurth] who protested strongly, despite threats he would be reported to Himmler ... about this massacre of the children. There's no way the Soviets would even have known about it."<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> It was also strongly criticized by the Ukraine-based Human Rights in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet_censorship_and_surveillance">Internet censorship and surveillance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Internet censorship and surveillance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Ukraine#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Ukraine">Internet in Ukraine § Internet censorship and surveillance</a></div>In December 2010 the <a href="/wiki/OpenNet_Initiative" title="OpenNet Initiative">OpenNet Initiative</a> found little or no evidence of Internet filtering in all four areas (political, social, conflict/security, and Internet tools) for which they test.<a href="#cite_note-ONI-UkraineProfile-Dec2010-123">[122]</a> In its Freedom on the Net report covering the period May 2012 through April 2013, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> found the Internet in Ukraine to be "largely unhindered" and rated the Internet in Ukraine as "Free" with an overall score of 28 on a scale from 0 (most free) to 100 (least free). The report said that "there is no practice of institutionalized blocking or filtering, or a regulatory framework for censorship of content online", but "there have been attempts at creating legislation which could censor or limit content" and would "present indirect threats to freedom of information online."<a href="#cite_note-FOTN-Ukraine-2013-124">[123]</a> As of 2012, access to Internet content in Ukraine was largely unfettered. Ukraine possessed relatively liberal legislation governing the Internet and access to information. While there were no government restrictions on access to the Internet, law enforcement bodies were known to monitor the Internet, at times without appropriate legal authority. There have been occasional agitations of interference by law enforcement agencies with prominent bloggers and online publications.<a href="#cite_note-USDOS-CRHRP-Ukraine-2012-125">[124]</a> In 2014 it was reported that the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a> (SBU) asked the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Internet_Association" title="Ukrainian Internet Association">Ukrainian Internet Association</a> (UIA) to block a list of websites accused of "promote war, ethnic hatred, and violent change in the constitutional order or territorial integrity of Ukraine." Such orders should, however, come from courts of law and not security agencies.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> On 16 May 2017, <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">President Poroshenko</a> signed a decree requiring providers to block access to a number of Russian websites including four of the most popular websites in Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/VK_(social_networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="VK (social networking)">VKontakte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odnoklassniki" title="Odnoklassniki">Odnoklassniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mail.Ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail.Ru">Mail.Ru</a>. The president claimed they participated in an information war against Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-20170516-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Situation_in_the_Russian-annexed_Crimea">Situation in the Russian-annexed Crimea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Situation in the Russian-annexed Crimea">edit</a>]</div> The media environment in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> was completely transformed by the March 2014 Russian <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation</a> of the peninsula, after the ejection of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> from power in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">euromaidan</a> protests. Russian authorities engineered an annexation referendum to Russia, and restrictive Russian media laws started to be enacted in the Black Sea peninsula too. Media conditions in Crimea in 2014 were worse than in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> itself, due to the effort of Russia-imposed authorities to rein in a previously relatively pluralistic media landscape. Media outlets were shut down, broadcasts of Ukrainian channels were suspended, and journalists fled the region due to fears of harassment, violence, and arrests. The situation of press freedom in Crimea in 2014 was identified by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> as the worst in the European continent.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a> Russian outlets, particularly state-owned ones, enjoy a dominant position in post-annexation Crimea. The distribution of Ukrainian print media has been obstructed by Russian officials, and even the Ukrainian Postal Agency had to stop deliveries in the peninsula. Widespread and irregular expropriations by Russian authorities have also affected the Crimean media landscape<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a> Free access to the internet in Crimea was threatened by Russian authorities. <a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a> laid a cable under the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerch strait">Kerch strait</a> and provided online services in the peninsula starting from July 2014. Since August 2014, mobile phone services by Ukrainian carriers were disrupted and replaced by Russian companies.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_framework">Legal framework</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal framework">edit</a>]</div> After the annexation, Russian authorities passed a local constitution on the Russian model and started imposing Russian legislation. Despite guarantees for freedom of speech and freedom of the press in the Russian legislation, politicised judiciary and restrictive laws devoid them of actual contents, leaving broad discretion to federal regulators in media registration and licensing.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a> All media in Crimea, including online ones, were afforded until January 2015 to register with the Russian federal media regulator Rozkomnadzor and get a license. Officials warned editors that registration would be denied to media that spread "extremist" contents. A December 2013 Russian law against separatism (carrying sanctions of up to 5 years in prison) was used to repress criticism of the annexation and calls for a return of the territory to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a> NGOs, journalists' associations and citizen groups in Crimea became subject to restrictive Russian laws, including measures limiting foreign funding. Russian authorities failed to protect journalists, activists and citizens from abuses by paramilitaries and security forces. Cases of unlawful detentions and physical assaults were reported throughout 2014 in Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_and_threats_against_journalists_2">Attacks and threats against journalists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Attacks and threats against journalists">edit</a>]</div> Since the annexation, Russian authorities threatened and harassed pro-Ukrainian or simply independent media in Crimea. Media professionals - including foreign ones - have been obstructed, detained, questioned, and have had their equipment seized or destroyed. "Self-defence" paramilitary units have enjoyed impunity for their punitive actions against non-aligned journalists.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a> <ul><li>In June 2014 paramilitaries stopped Sergey Mokrushin and Vladen Melnikov (of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Investigative_Journalism" title="Centre for Investigative Journalism">Centre for Investigative Journalism</a>) on the streets of <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a> for singing an anti-Putin song. The two were detained and badly beaten, then passed to the police, who released them.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a></li> <li>Ruslan Yugosh, among the founders of the Sobytiya Kryma (Crimean Events) news website, was summoned by the police in June 2014. In his absence from Crimea, the police interrogated his 73-years-old mother, threatening her with repercussions related to Yugosh' work.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a></li></ul> Several human rights and civic activists chose to relocate to mainland Ukraine to escape restrictions, intimidation and harassment, providing information to the Crimean public via the internet.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a> <ul><li>The independent TV and radio station Chornomorska moved to the mainland after being forced off-air in March 2014 and having its equipment seized under the pretext of failure to pay fees.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a></li> <li>The anti-annexation blogger Yelizaveta Bohutskaya left Crimea in September 2014 after a police raid at her home. She had been questioned for six hours and had had her equipment seized.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> created a Crimean news service in Russian, Ukrainian and Tatar languages.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repression_of_Crimean_Tatar_media">Repression of Crimean Tatar media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Repression of Crimean Tatar media">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatar</a> media were particularly targeted by Russian repression. <a href="/wiki/ATR_(TV_channel)" title="ATR (TV channel)">ATR</a>, Avdet and the QHA news agency remained among the last independent media operating in Crimea by the end of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a> <ul><li>In June 2014 Shevket Kaybullayev, editor of the Avdet newspaper, was questioned and warned by the prosecutor over "extremist contents" due to the paper's coverage of an opposition activities and the use of the term "occupation". In September 2014 the premises of the Avdet newspaper were raided and searched by unidentified security forces, without a warrant. The newspaper was closed down and its bank accounts seized. Kaybullayev was officially warned that he would be prosecuted and risked up to 5 years in jail if Avdet had continued reporting on calls for a boycott of the 2014 Crimean legislative election.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a></li> <li>The Crimean Tatar TV channel <a href="/wiki/ATR_(TV_channel)" title="ATR (TV channel)">ATR</a> received a warning in May 2015 after covering a Tatar protest. It was subject to an inspection in September 2014 by the Interior Ministry, as suspect of inciting "extremism" and "distrust towards the authorities". KGB agents regularly called the station and applied pressures, threatening it with closure.<a href="#cite_note-FHcrimea-129">[128]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Situation_in_the_occupied_regions_of_Donetsk_and_Luhansk">Situation in the occupied regions of Donetsk and Luhansk</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Situation in the occupied regions of Donetsk and Luhansk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas</a></div> Seven journalists and media workers were killed in Ukraine in 2014. One of them, Vyacheslav Veremiy of Vesti, was shot in Kyiv in February 2014. The others died in the conflict areas in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> (According to the <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Ukraine" title="Prosecutor General of Ukraine">Prosecutor General of Ukraine</a>'s Office, Veremiy's murderer was Jalal Aliyev.<a href="#cite_note-UNIAN2314289-130">[129]</a> Who, according to unofficial information, was killed in <a href="/wiki/Horlivka" title="Horlivka">Horlivka</a> in July 2015 fighting for the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNIAN2314289-130">[129]</a>) In Donetsk and Luhansk, Russian-backed separatists seized control of broadcasting infrastructure, replacing Ukrainian channels with Russian pro-Kremlin channels in both on-air and cable transmissions.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> In July 2014, pro-Russian separatists in Donetsk tried to deter journalists from covering the downing of the MH17 airliner by threatening them with arbitrary detention and intimidation.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transparency_of_media_ownership">Transparency of media ownership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transparency of media ownership">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Europe" title="Transparency of media ownership in Europe">Transparency of media ownership in Europe</a></div> Transparency of media ownership refers to the public availability of accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information about media ownership structures. A legal regime guaranteeing transparency of media ownership makes possible for the public as well as for media authorities to find out who effectively owns, controls and influences the media as well as media influence on political parties or state bodies. The lack of transparency on media ownership has typically been a negative trait of the <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ukraine">Ukrainian media system</a>. In 2005 <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> committed itself to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> to introduce a law for ensuring transparency of media ownership, according to the Resolution 1466 (2005)1 of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-COE-131">[130]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s progress report on the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> in Ukraine found the lack of transparency as an issue in the country and that proper legislative framework should be adopted.<a href="#cite_note-COE-131">[130]</a> To comply with its international commitment, legislation on transparency of media ownership has been reformed in 2015. On 10 September 2015, President <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> signed the law called "On Amendments to Several Laws of Ukraine on Ensuring the Transparency of Media Ownership and Implementing the Principles of state Policy in the Sphere of Television and Radio Broadcasting". The law entered into force on 1 October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE2015-132">[131]</a> The new legal system regulating transparency of media ownership, which establishes a detailed system for guaranteeing transparency, has been appraised for its level of innovation by many international organisations and experts<a href="#cite_note-MOM-133">[132]</a> but still the effectiveness of its implementation remains to be seen. In general terms, the new regulation obliges broadcasts and program service providers to make public detailed information about their ownership structures and final beneficiaries.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE2015-132">[131]</a> These requirements apply to the audiovisual sector (TV and radio), print and information agencies but not to online publications.<a href="#cite_note-MOM-133">[132]</a> Also, the amendments prevent businesses and individuals registered offshore from establishing and owning broadcast companies and program service providers in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-OSCE2015-132">[131]</a> Moreover, the new law sets forth new financial disclosure rules for owners.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-134">[133]</a> Specifically, the new law amends article 12 of the existing Law of Ukraine on Television and Radio Broadcasting of 1994, establishing that national and local government authorities, individuals and legal entities which are registered offline, political parties, religious organisations, professional unions, and persons that were convicted by courts and that are still serving their sentences cannot be owners of a TV or radio stations in Ukraine. Furthermore, the Law prohibits to physical or legal persons residing in a country which is recognised as an aggressor or occupier the right to own a television or a radio station in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-134">[133]</a> This sentence refers to the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> which <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">annexed Crimea</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-134">[133]</a> The Law provides a new definition of ownership which is closely connected to the exercise of a decisive influence in the management or business activity of the media outlet directly or through other persons and includes also final beneficiaries.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-134">[133]</a> The Law requires that information on the ownership structure and on the individuals owning at least 10% or more of a television or radio broadcasting have to be made public on the company's website and sent to the National Council for Questions of Television and Radio Broadcasting, which is the national media regulator in Ukraine. According to the law, the council can impose fines when information provided are insufficient or incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-134">[133]</a> According to some experts, one of the main weakness of the new law is that it does not exclude funding from financial sources located in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (even if it prohibits the transfer of funds from offshore territories), through which ownership of most Ukrainian TV channels is exercised. Among some commentators there are some doubts that the Law will be amended to address this issue, due to the strong lobbying efforts of TV owners.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-134">[133]</a> Other doubts have been voiced due to the lack of an effective sanctions system.<a href="#cite_note-MOM-133">[132]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Mass_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Mass Information">Institute of Mass Information</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>), launched the project Media Ownership Monitor Ukraine to promote transparency in media ownership and to map who owns and controls the media in Ukraine, by creating a public available and updated database listing the owners of the main media outlets, and detailing also the interests and the affilitations of owners into companies or political parties.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinions">Opinions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Opinions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_experts_opinions">Independent experts opinions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Independent experts opinions">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, an <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">RWB</a> member Gemma Pörzgen expressed opinion that "Ukrainian television became a battleground for information warfare and conflicts between oligarchs, and journalists became oligarchs' puppets". She also states in her research that <a href="/wiki/Donbas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Donbas war">Donbas war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian propaganda">russian propaganda</a> have a significant impact on the Ukraine's media landscape that, she says, "lead to government's countermeasures", one of which is broadcasting prohibition for Russian TV channels, TV series and Russian movies.<a href="#cite_note-v187-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_pressure">State pressure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: State pressure">edit</a>]</div> In October 2024, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a> journalists stated that they've been "constantly and continuously pressured" by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_Ukraine" title="Office of the President of Ukraine">Office of the President of Ukraine</a>. According to the newspaper's statement, Ukrainian officials "block" their contacts with government's speakers and pressure business to stop cooperative advertising with the newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-v180-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Ukraine#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance" title="Internet in Ukraine">Internet censorship and surveillance in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Ukraine" title="List of newspapers in Ukraine">List of newspapers in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ukraine">Media of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Ukraine" title="Television in Ukraine">Television in Ukraine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> On 11 September 2014 the Russian-language newspaper Vesti was raided by the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Ukrainian Security Service</a>, which seized equipment and temporarily shut off its website, for "violating Ukraine's territorial integrity" brought swift condemnation from the international <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">OSCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-66">[66]</a> The Ukrainian Security Service (SBU) broke into the office of a <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>-based digital newspaper "Vesti", physically trapping reporters and ultimately shutting down the website. Vesti News's editor-in-chief Igor Guzhva wrote on his Facebook page that the news outlet had been raided by SBU. The SBU reportedly took all servers, kept staffers in a "hot corridor" and shut down the website completely. Guzhva said that the purpose of the raid was "to block our work.". "Journalists are not being let into their office," Guzhva wrote. "Those who were already inside at the moment of the raid are being kept in the building and are not allowed to use cell phones." Guzhva said that this is the second time in just six months that the SBU has tried to "intimidate" its editors. He added that he is unsure of the reason for the raid, but suspects that it might have to do with a story the website recently published on the SBU chief's daughter.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Vesti had already been searched for money-laundering in May 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FH-6">[6]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ukrinform3009996-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ukrinform3009996_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3009996-ukraine-returns-to-top-100-of-world-press-freedom-index.html">Ukraine returns to top 100 of World Press Freedom Index</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504024725/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3009996-ukraine-returns-to-top-100-of-world-press-freedom-index.html">Archived</a> 4 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a> (21 April 2020) </li> <li id="cite_note-FHouse2007-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FHouse2007_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FHouse2007_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FHouse2007_2-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ba65SKN2I_UC&dq=The+repressive+media+landscape+in+the+former+Soviet+Union+is+illuminated+by+the+fact+that+10+of+the+12+non-Baltic+post-Soviet+states+are+ranked+as+Not+Free.+The+only+two+that+enjoy+Partly+Free+status%2C+Georgia+and+Ukraine%2C+have+recently+experienced+political+upheaval+and+democratic+opening&pg=PA11">Freedom of the Press 2007: A Global Survey of Media Independence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921120422/https://books.google.com/books?id=ba65SKN2I_UC&dq=The+repressive+media+landscape+in+the+former+Soviet+Union+is+illuminated+by+the+fact+that+10+of+the+12+non-Baltic+post-Soviet+states+are+ranked+as+Not+Free.+The+only+two+that+enjoy+Partly+Free+status%2C+Georgia+and+Ukraine%2C+have+recently+experienced+political+upheaval+and+democratic+opening&pg=PA11">Archived</a> 21 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, 2007, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5582-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5582-2">978-0-7425-5582-2</a> (page 11/12) </li> <li id="cite_note-organge-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-organge_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-organge_3-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1068034.html">CIS: Press Freedom In Former Soviet Union Under Assault</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311123130/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1068034.html">Archived</a> 11 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> (28 April 2006 ) </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS2007-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2007_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2007_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2007_4-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78846.htm">2006 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311103810/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78846.htm">Archived</a> 11 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> (6 March 2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-negative_trends_2010-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-negative_trends_2010_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-negative_trends_2010_5-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/freedom_house_freedom_in_the_world_report/2275173.html">Report Says Decline In Freedom Continues Across Former Soviet Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305080002/http://www.rferl.org/content/freedom_house_freedom_in_the_world_report/2275173.html">Archived</a> 5 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> (13 January 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-FH-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_6-13">n</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/ukraine">Ukraine 2015 Freedom of the Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116115122/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/ukraine">Archived</a> 16 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> report </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS1999-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS1999_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS1999_7-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/1999/367.htm">1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509102444/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/1999/367.htm">Archived</a> 9 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> (23 February 2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-RWBPFIndex-8"><a href="#cite_ref-RWBPFIndex_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214120404/http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php">"World Press Freedom Index 2014"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2014">the original</a> on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=World+Press+Freedom+Index+2014&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Franking%2F2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuchma-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuchma_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuchma_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuchma_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_KaratnyckyAlexander_J._MotylAmanda_Schnetzer2001" class="citation book cs1">Adrian Karatnycky; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Motyl" title="Alexander J. Motyl">Alexander J. Motyl</a>; Amanda Schnetzer, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R6v0RN-KUUgC&pg=PA397">Nations in Transit, 2001: Civil Society, Democracy, and Markets in East Central Europe and the Newly Independent States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0897-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0897-4"><bdi>978-0-7658-0897-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+in+Transit%2C+2001%3A+Civil+Society%2C+Democracy%2C+and+Markets+in+East+Central+Europe+and+the+Newly+Independent+States&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0897-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR6v0RN-KUUgC%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929200559/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2003?page=251&year=2003">"Freedom of the Press 2003"</a>. freedomhouse.org. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2003?page=251&year=2003">the original</a> on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freedomhouse.org&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2003&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-press%2Ffreedom-press-2003%3Fpage%3D251%26year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFH2010-11"><a href="#cite_ref-RFH2010_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918231053/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2010?page=251&year=2010">"Freedom of the Press 2010"</a>. freedomhouse.org. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2010?page=251&year=2010">the original</a> on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freedomhouse.org&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2010&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-press%2Ffreedom-press-2010%3Fpage%3D251%26year%3D2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFH2009-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RFH2009_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RFH2009_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930080450/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2009?page=251&year=2009">"Freedom of the Press 2009"</a>. freedomhouse.org. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2009?page=251&year=2009">the original</a> on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freedomhouse.org&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2009&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-press%2Ffreedom-press-2009%3Fpage%3D251%26year%3D2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FHUkraine-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FHUkraine_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FHUkraine_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine">"Ukraine"</a>. freedomhouse.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910040040/https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freedomhouse.org&rft.atitle=Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022183400/http://www.rsf.org/en-classement1003-2009.html">"Press Freedom Index 2009"</a>. rsf.org. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/en-classement1003-2009.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2009&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2Fen-classement1003-2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090607100340/http://www.rsf.org/en-classement794-2008.html">"Press Freedom Index 2008"</a>. rsf.org. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/en-classement794-2008.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2008&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2Fen-classement794-2008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703081345/http://www.rsf.org/en-classement298-2002.html">"Press Freedom Index 2002"</a>. rsf.org. October 2002. 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Retrieved 9 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RSF&rft.atitle=2017+World+Press+Freedom+Index+%7C+Reporters+Without+Borders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Franking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/half-of-all-ukrainians-consider-current-freedom-of-50721.html">"Half of all Ukrainians consider current freedom of speech level sufficient"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. Interfax-Ukraine. 15 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930031002/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/half-of-all-ukrainians-consider-current-freedom-of-50721.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Half+of+all+Ukrainians+consider+current+freedom+of+speech+level+sufficient&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Fhalf-of-all-ukrainians-consider-current-freedom-of-50721.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120213543/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/93128/">"Poll: More than half of Ukrainians trust the media"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. Interfax-Ukraine. 17 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/93128/">the original</a> on 20 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+More+than+half+of+Ukrainians+trust+the+media&rft.date=2010-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fdetail%2F93128%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HayozLushnycky2005-23"><a href="#cite_ref-HayozLushnycky2005_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayozLushnycky2005" class="citation book cs1">Hayoz, Nicolas; Lushnycky, Andrej N. (2005). "Prologue: Ukraine's New Deal". In Nicolas Hayoz; Andrej N. Lushnycky (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GYfXtvCujQMC">Ukraine at a Crossroads</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-468-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-468-0"><bdi>978-3-03910-468-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921120347/https://books.google.com/books?id=GYfXtvCujQMC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prologue%3A+Ukraine%27s+New+Deal&rft.btitle=Ukraine+at+a+Crossroads&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-468-0&rft.aulast=Hayoz&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Lushnycky%2C+Andrej+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGYfXtvCujQMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905041903/http://en.rian.ru/exsoviet/20100311/158161844.html">"Biography of new Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a>. 11 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rian.ru/exsoviet/20100311/158161844.html">the original</a> on 5 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biography+of+new+Ukrainian+Prime+Minister+Mykola+Azarov&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rian.ru%2Fexsoviet%2F20100311%2F158161844.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Mykola_Azarov_Yanukovychs_RightHand_Man_/1982331.html">Mykola Azarov: Yanukovych's Right-Hand Man</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314215451/http://www.rferl.org/content/Mykola_Azarov_Yanukovychs_RightHand_Man_/1982331.html">Archived</a> 14 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> (12 March 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS2003-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2003_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2003_26-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27871.htm">2003 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331185129/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27871.htm">Archived</a> 31 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> (25 February 2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS2004-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2004_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2004_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2004_27-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41715.htm">2004 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019001517/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41715.htm">Archived</a> 19 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> (28 February 2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS2000-28"><a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2000_28-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/eur/854.htm">2000 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430183429/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/eur/854.htm">Archived</a> 30 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> (23 February 2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS2001-29"><a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2001_29-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8361.htm">2001 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230093606/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8361.htm">Archived</a> 30 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> (4 March 2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS2002-30"><a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2002_30-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18398.htm">2002 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210403050635/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18398.htm">Archived</a> 3 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> (31 March 2003) </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS2005-31"><a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2005_31-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61682.htm">2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026145303/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61682.htm">Archived</a> 26 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> (8 March 2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-PoSoStatN1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-PoSoStatN1_32-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CcQj3DjrHAC&dq=press+freedom+Ukraine&pg=PA39">Ukraine (Country Guide)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921120348/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CcQj3DjrHAC&dq=press+freedom+Ukraine&pg=PA39">Archived</a> 21 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Sarah Johnstone and Greg Bloom, <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-481-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-481-2">978-1-74104-481-2</a> (page 39) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/ukrainian-parties-scramble-for-media-foreign-allies-ahead-of-parliamentary-elections/">"Ukrainian Parties Scramble for Media, Foreign Allies, Ahead of Parliamentary Elections"</a>. Jamestown. <a href="/wiki/The_Jamestown_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jamestown Foundation">The Jamestown Foundation</a>. 17 August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211062500/https://jamestown.org/program/ukrainian-parties-scramble-for-media-foreign-allies-ahead-of-parliamentary-elections/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Parties+Scramble+for+Media%2C+Foreign+Allies%2C+Ahead+of+Parliamentary+Elections&rft.date=2005-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fukrainian-parties-scramble-for-media-foreign-allies-ahead-of-parliamentary-elections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/179018.html">"National TV Council Claims Harder Political Pressure on Mass Media"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_News_Agency" title="Ukrainian News Agency">Ukrainian News Agency</a>. 6 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=National+TV+Council+Claims+Harder+Political+Pressure+on+Mass+Media&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukranews.com%2Feng%2Farticle%2F179018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001051756/http://en.rsf.org/ukraine-local-newspaper-editor-badly-31-03-2010,36900">"Local newspaper editor badly injured in assault"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>. 31 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/ukraine-local-newspaper-editor-badly-31-03-2010,36900">the original</a> on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+newspaper+editor+badly+injured+in+assault&rft.pub=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rsf.org%2Fukraine-local-newspaper-editor-badly-31-03-2010%2C36900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190348/http://en.rsf.org/ukraine-disturbing-deterioration-in-press-15-04-2010,37027.html">"Disturbing deterioration in press freedom situation since new president took over"</a>. Reporters Without Borders. 15 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/ukraine-disturbing-deterioration-in-press-15-04-2010,37027.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=Disturbing+deterioration+in+press+freedom+situation+since+new+president+took+over&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rsf.org%2Fukraine-disturbing-deterioration-in-press-15-04-2010%2C37027.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120224057/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/64793/">Media crackdown under way?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (22 April 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW2007-38"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW2007_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070116150453/http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/ukrain14835.htm">"Ukraine: Events of 2006"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/ukrain14835.htm">the original</a> on 16 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Ukraine%3A+Events+of+2006&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglishwr2k7%2Fdocs%2F2007%2F01%2F11%2Fukrain14835.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/node/258888">Ukraine: Events of 2008</a>. 13 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082614/https://www.hrw.org/node/258888">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+Events+of+2008&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnode%2F258888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS2009-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2009_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2009_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2009_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2009_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2009_40-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136063.htm">2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017154904/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136063.htm">Archived</a> 17 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> (11 March 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-USDoS2008-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2008_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDoS2008_41-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eur/119110.htm">2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017171030/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eur/119110.htm">Archived</a> 17 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a> (25 February 2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/ukraine-local-newspaper-editor-badly-31-03-2010,36900">Local newspaper editor badly injured in assault</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001051756/http://en.rsf.org/ukraine-local-newspaper-editor-badly-31-03-2010,36900">Archived</a> 1 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (31 March 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/ukraine-disturbing-deterioration-in-press-15-04-2010,37027.html">Disturbing deterioration in press freedom situation since new president took over</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190348/http://en.rsf.org/ukraine-disturbing-deterioration-in-press-15-04-2010,37027.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (15 April 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100424113640/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/64793/">Media crackdown under way?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (22 April 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw.org-45"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw.org_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704194735/http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/ukrain14835.htm">"Ukraine: Events of 2006"</a>. hrw.org. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/ukrain14835.htm">the original</a> on 4 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrw.org&rft.atitle=Ukraine%3A+Events+of+2006&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglishwr2k7%2Fdocs%2F2007%2F01%2F11%2Fukrain14835.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117073609/http://www.hrw.org/en/node/79345">"Ukraine:Events of 2008"</a>. hrw.org. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/node/79345">the original</a> on 17 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrw.org&rft.atitle=Ukraine%3AEvents+of+2008&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fnode%2F79345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sinceFeb2010-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sinceFeb2010_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinceFeb2010_47-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Concerns_Mount_About_Press_Freedom_In_Ukraine_As_Journalist_Attacked/2164350.html">Concerns Mount About Press Freedom In Ukraine As Journalist Attacked</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921041608/http://www.rferl.org/content/Concerns_Mount_About_Press_Freedom_In_Ukraine_As_Journalist_Attacked/2164350.html">Archived</a> 21 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> (21 September 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201024403/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/54511/">More women than men support Tymoshenko, poll shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (7 December 2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091212093435/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/54545/">Tymoshenko accuses central TV channels of manipulating people's consciousness in favor of oligarchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (8 December 2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-owner-50"><a href="#cite_ref-owner_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/175978.html">"Inter TV Channel Denies Businessman Firtash's Being Among Shareholders of Company"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_News_Agency" title="Ukrainian News Agency">Ukrainian News Agency</a>. 23 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrainian+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Inter+TV+Channel+Denies+Businessman+Firtash%27s+Being+Among+Shareholders+of+Company&rft.date=2009-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukranews.com%2Feng%2Farticle%2F175978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-YanFP2-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YanFP2_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YanFP2_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101114182039/https://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66011/">"1+1 TV journalists claim censorship of news reports"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. 6 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66011/">the original</a> on 14 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=1%2B1+TV+journalists+claim+censorship+of+news+reports&rft.date=2010-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fdetail%2F66011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100511155833/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66119/">"STB TV channel journalists claim imposing of censorship on STB"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. 8 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66119/">the original</a> on 11 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=STB+TV+channel+journalists+claim+imposing+of+censorship+on+STB&rft.date=2010-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fdetail%2F66119%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101111043811/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66353/">"European journalists call on Ukrainian authorities, media owners to respect press freedom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/66353/">the original</a> on 11 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=European+journalists+call+on+Ukrainian+authorities%2C+media+owners+to+respect+press+freedom&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fdetail%2F66353%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Mills2010" class="citation news cs1">Anthony Mills (11 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123070848/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/77815/">"International Press Institute: Ukraine's press freedom environment has deteriorated 'significantly'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. 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The Christian Science Monitor. 21 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180514/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2014/0921/Crackdown-in-Ukraine-sullies-its-democratic-aspirations">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Crackdown+in+Ukraine+sullies+its+democratic+aspirations&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FEurope%2F2014%2F0921%2FCrackdown-in-Ukraine-sullies-its-democratic-aspirations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-television-idUSKBN0GJ1QM20140819">"Ukraine bans Russian TV channels for airing war 'propaganda' "</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230160018/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-television-idUSKBN0GJ1QM20140819">Archived</a> 30 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Natalia Zinets, Reuters, 19 August 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/16/ukraine-president-bans-journalists-from-country">"Ukraine bans journalists who 'threaten national interests' from country"</a>. The Guardian. 16 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921094238/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/16/ukraine-president-bans-journalists-from-country">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ukraine+bans+journalists+who+%27threaten+national+interests%27+from+country&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fsep%2F16%2Fukraine-president-bans-journalists-from-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/11871144/Ukraine-bans-dozens-of-foreign-journalists-as-threats-to-national-security.html">"Ukraine bans dozens of foreign journalists as 'threats to national security"</a>. The Telegraph. 17 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923022003/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/11871144/Ukraine-bans-dozens-of-foreign-journalists-as-threats-to-national-security.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Ukraine+bans+dozens+of+foreign+journalists+as+%27threats+to+national+security&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fukraine%2F11871144%2FUkraine-bans-dozens-of-foreign-journalists-as-threats-to-national-security.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34282136">"Ukraine removes BBC journalists from banned list"</a>. Bbc.com. 17 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921091107/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34282136">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukraine+removes+BBC+journalists+from+banned+list&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-34282136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw201705-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrw201705_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw201705_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw201705_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw201705_71-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/16/ukraine-revoke-ban-dozens-russian-web-companies">"Ukraine: Revoke Ban on Dozens of Russian Web Companies"</a>. 15 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170521154144/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/16/ukraine-revoke-ban-dozens-russian-web-companies">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+Revoke+Ban+on+Dozens+of+Russian+Web+Companies&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2F16%2Fukraine-revoke-ban-dozens-russian-web-companies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/society/1911158-two-more-russian-journalists-denied-entry-to-ukraine.html">"Two more Russian journalists denied entry to Ukraine"</a>. 7 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507164506/https://www.unian.info/society/1911158-two-more-russian-journalists-denied-entry-to-ukraine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+more+Russian+journalists+denied+entry+to+Ukraine&rft.date=2017-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fsociety%2F1911158-two-more-russian-journalists-denied-entry-to-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/11/ukraine-news-raid-vesti-kiev-website-media_n_5805642.html">"Ukraine Security Services Break into Newspaper Office, Shut Down Website"</a>. Huff Post Media. 9 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120114500/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/11/ukraine-news-raid-vesti-kiev-website-media_n_5805642.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huff+Post+Media&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Security+Services+Break+into+Newspaper+Office%2C+Shut+Down+Website&rft.date=2014-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F09%2F11%2Fukraine-news-raid-vesti-kiev-website-media_n_5805642.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=247789675&cat_id=247077361">"Міністр інформаційної політики України"</a> (Press release). Supreme Council of Ukraine. 2 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102140943/http://validate.perfdrive.com/?ssa=8a33e533-d722-4b0d-a9b6-85b415df64d6&ssb=40770227300&ssc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmu.gov.ua%2Fcontrol%2Fuk%2Fpublish%2Farticle%3Fart_id%3D247789675&cat_id=247077361&ssi=8ee8e8a7-bqw7-4d37-a4b5-4e5c131a74e1&ssk=support%40shieldsquare.com&ssm=19406815145387815971921582562717&ssn=fc515ffbd9fcdafcc37cee9673e11912487fcfb66e08-831a-4691-b764e7&sso=6baf53c4-d17217b9f0375ccebebf2f2012fd0569f071f859109fe7f4&ssp=19788684021665043804166733558501606&ssq=53821689818224644965884780694141409430874&ssr=NjYuMjIuMTIyLjM2&sst=Mozilla%2F5.0%20%28compatible&%20archive.org_bot%20+http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchive.org_bot%29&ssv=&ssw=&ssx=W10%3D">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.pub=Supreme+Council+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmu.gov.ua%2Fcontrol%2Fuk%2Fpublish%2Farticle%3Fart_id%3D247789675%26cat_id%3D247077361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FLUYGIU21214-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FLUYGIU21214_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FLUYGIU21214_76-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/237576.html">Rada supports coalition-proposed government lineup</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312042607/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/237576.html">Archived</a> 12 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a> (2 December 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/rada-approves-new-cabinet-with-three-former-foreigners-in-it-373861.html">Rada approves new Cabinet with three foreigners</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121045056/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/rada-approves-new-cabinet-with-three-former-foreigners-in-it-373861.html">Archived</a> 21 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (2 December 2014) (in Ukrainian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/12/2/7046214/">Rada voted the new Cabinet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210114547/http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/12/2/7046214/">Archived</a> 10 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a> (2 December 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202151021/http://nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/584095/">Ukraine must establish Information Policy Ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Radio_Company_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Radio Company of Ukraine">National Radio Company of Ukraine</a> (2 December 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-PPsbiU812-78"><a href="#cite_ref-PPsbiU812_78-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/238615.html">Poroshenko: Information Ministry's main task is to repel information attacks against Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211115628/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/238615.html">Archived</a> 11 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a> (8 December 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/421954.html">"All of Ukrainian president's official pages on Russian social media sites being closed"</a>. Interfax-Ukraine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517041028/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/421954.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interfax-Ukraine&rft.atitle=All+of+Ukrainian+president%27s+official+pages+on+Russian+social+media+sites+being+closed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F421954.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNews" class="citation news cs1">News, VOA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-bans-dozens-of-russian-websites/3852930.html">"Ukraine Bans Dozens of Russian Websites"</a>. VOA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517010317/http://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-bans-dozens-of-russian-websites/3852930.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Bans+Dozens+of+Russian+Websites&rft.aulast=News&rft.aufirst=VOA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fukraine-bans-dozens-of-russian-websites%2F3852930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-rsf201705-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rsf201705_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsf201705_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsf201705_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-urges-ukraine-scrap-ban-russian-social-media-sites">"RSF urges Ukraine to scrap ban on Russian social media sites"</a>. Reporters without borders. 23 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708022541/https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-urges-ukraine-scrap-ban-russian-social-media-sites">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RSF+urges+Ukraine+to+scrap+ban+on+Russian+social+media+sites&rft.pub=Reporters+without+borders&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Frsf-urges-ukraine-scrap-ban-russian-social-media-sites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/306311.html">Ukrainian state authorities can not be founders, cofounders of printed media from now on</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125040807/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/306311.html">Archived</a> 25 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Interfax Ukraine">Interfax Ukraine</a> (24 November 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-rsf201701-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rsf201701_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsf201701_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/ukraine-bans-independent-russian-tv-channel-dozhd">"Ukraine bans independent Russian TV channel Dozhd"</a>. 13 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026162752/https://rsf.org/en/news/ukraine-bans-independent-russian-tv-channel-dozhd">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+bans+independent+Russian+TV+channel+Dozhd&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fukraine-bans-independent-russian-tv-channel-dozhd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpj201705-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cpj201705_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpj201705_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpj201705_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/2017/05/ukraine-bans-russian-media-outlets-websites.php">"Ukraine bans Russian media outlets, websites"</a>. Committee to Protect Journalists. 17 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629223050/https://cpj.org/2017/05/ukraine-bans-russian-media-outlets-websites.php">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+bans+Russian+media+outlets%2C+websites&rft.pub=Committee+to+Protect+Journalists&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F2017%2F05%2Fukraine-bans-russian-media-outlets-websites.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/europe/ukraine/">"Ukraine"</a>. cpj.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515101415/https://cpj.org/europe/ukraine/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cpj.org&rft.atitle=Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2Feurope%2Fukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/report-human-rights-situation-ukraine-1-august-2022-31-january-2023">"Report On The Human Rights Situation In Ukraine"</a>. OHCHR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925201134/https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/report-human-rights-situation-ukraine-1-august-2022-31-january-2023">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. 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Retrieved 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Tucker+Carlson+and+Elon+Musk+have+rallied+behind+an+American+%27red+pill%27+dating+coach+turned+Russian+propagandist+detained+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2023-12-17&rft.aulast=Shoaib&rft.aufirst=Alia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Felon-musk-tucker-carlson-us-red-pill-youtuber-detained-ukraine-2023-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dress_2023-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Dress_2023_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDress2023" class="citation web cs1">Dress, Brad (2 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/3795160-zelensky-signs-controversial-law-expanding-government-power-to-regulate-media/">"Zelensky signs controversial law expanding government power to regulate media"</a>. 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The Guardian. 5 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419135152/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/05/pro-russia-tv-inter-kiev-evacuated-fire-ukraine">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2017. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217074651/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/10/ukraine-draft-dodgers-jail-kiev-struggle-new-fighters">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ukraine%3A+draft+dodgers+face+jail+as+Kyiv+struggles+to+find+new+fighters&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft.au=Shaun+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F10%2Fukraine-draft-dodgers-jail-kiev-struggle-new-fighters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> On 10 February 2015, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reported that a Ukrainian journalist, <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Kotsaba" title="Ruslan Kotsaba">Ruslan Kotsaba</a>, was accused and arrested by Ukrainian authorities for "treason and obstructing the military" in reaction to his statement that he would rather go to prison than be drafted by the Ukrainian Army. 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Retrieved 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Car+bomb+kills+pioneering+journalist+Pavel+Sheremet+in+Kiev&rft.date=2016-07-20&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Luhn&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjul%2F20%2Fukraine-journalist-pavel-sheremet-killed-kiev-car-bombing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/journalist-pavel-sheremets-murder-shocks-ukraine/a-19414665">"Journalist's murder shocks Ukraine – DW – 07/20/2016"</a>. dw.com. 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Retrieved 19 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%22%3A+%22%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%22+%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.date=2016-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobozrevatel.com%2Fpolitics%2F70425-doklad-o-smi-ukrainyi-svet-i-teni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-v180-137"><a href="#cite_ref-v180_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meduza.io/news/2024/10/09/redaktsiya-ukrainskoy-pravdy-zayavila-o-sistemnom-davlenii-so-storony-ofisa-prezidenta-ukrainy">"Редакция "Украинской правды" заявила о "системном давлении" со стороны Офиса президента Украины"</a>. Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meduza&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%8B%22+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%22%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%22+%D1%81%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeduza.io%2Fnews%2F2024%2F10%2F09%2Fredaktsiya-ukrainskoy-pravdy-zayavila-o-sistemnom-davlenii-so-storony-ofisa-prezidenta-ukrainy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedom+of+the+press+in+Ukraine" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_-KrKh35Ao">Ukraine CCTV: Masked mob savages Russian-language newspaper office in Kyiv</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, 6 July 2014.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Freedom_of_the_press_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Europe">Freedom of the press in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Spain" title="Freedom of the press in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_press_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the press in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the press in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Europe" title="Transparency of media ownership in Europe">Transparency of media ownership in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Bulgaria" title="Transparency of media ownership in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Croatia" title="Transparency of media ownership in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in France (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Germany (page does not exist)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Romania" title="Transparency of media ownership in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Turkey" title="Transparency of media ownership in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in the United Kingdom (page does not exist)">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency of media ownership in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transparency of media ownership in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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