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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabardian_Cyrillic_Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabardian_Cyrillic_Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Kabardian Cyrillic Alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabardian_Cyrillic_Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ADDER_Latin_Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ADDER_Latin_Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 ADDER Latin Alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ADDER_Latin_Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabardian_Arabic_Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabardian_Arabic_Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Kabardian Arabic Alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabardian_Arabic_Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Example </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kabardian language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Къэбэрдей Адыгэбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къэбэрдей Адыгэбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Къэбэртэябзэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Къэбэртэябзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardies" title="Kabardies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kabardies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardinische_Sprache" title="Kabardinische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kabardinische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аҟабарда бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҟабарда бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة القبردينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة القبردينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabardianu" title="Cabardianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cabardianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabarda-%C3%A7%C9%99rk%C9%99z_dili" title="Kabarda-çərkəz dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kabarda-çərkəz dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قاباردی چرکرسجه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاباردی چرکرسجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кабардзінская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кабардзінская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кабардино-черкезки език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кабардино-черкезки език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardeg" title="Kabardeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kabardeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabard%C3%AD" title="Kabardí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kabardí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardo-%C4%8Derke%C5%A1tina" title="Kabardo-čerkeština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kabardo-čerkeština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardinische_Sprache" title="Kabardinische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kabardinische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardi-t%C5%A1erkessi_keel" title="Kabardi-tšerkessi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kabardi-tšerkessi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Καμπαρντιανή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καμπαρντιανή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cabardino" title="Idioma cabardino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma cabardino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabarda_lingvo" title="Kabarda lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kabarda lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardera" title="Kabardera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kabardera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان کاباردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کاباردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardian_bhasa" title="Kabardian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kabardian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabarde" title="Kabarde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kabarde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_kabardina" title="Lingua kabardina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua kabardina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%A4%EC%96%B4" title="카바르다어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카바르다어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1-%D5%B9%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Կաբարդա-չերքեզերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաբարդա-չերքեզերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Kabardinšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kabardinšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardinski_jezik" title="Kabardinski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kabardinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kabardia" title="Bahasa Kabardia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Kabardia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Кæсгон-черкесаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кæсгон-черкесаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cabarda" title="Lingua cabarda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cabarda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קברדינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קברדינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Къабарты-черкес тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къабарты-черкес тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ყაბარდოული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყაბარდოული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikabardia" title="Kikabardia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kikabardia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Кабарда-черкес кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кабарда-черкес кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_kabardin%C3%AE" title="Zimanên kabardinî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên kabardinî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кабарда-черкес тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кабарда-черкес тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Cabardino-Circassica" title="Lingua Cabardino-Circassica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Cabardino-Circassica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Kabardiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kabardiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardin%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kabardinų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kabardinų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кабардински јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кабардински јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="കബർദിയാൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കബർദിയാൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ყაბარდოული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყაბარდოული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="القبردينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القبردينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کاباردی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاباردی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardijns" title="Kabardijns – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kabardijns" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E" title="カバルド語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カバルド語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ГӀебартойн-чергазийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀебартойн-чергазийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardiinisk" title="Kabardiinisk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kabardiinisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardinsk" title="Kabardinsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kabardinsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabard" title="Cabard – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cabard" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Кабарда-черкес йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кабарда-черкес йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Kabardian" title="Lenga Kabardian – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Kabardian" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_kabardyjski" title="Język kabardyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kabardyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_cabardiana" title="Língua cabardiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua cabardiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кабардино-черкесский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кабардино-черкесский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱟᱵᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱵᱟᱨᱰᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kabardian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardo-%C4%8Derke%C5%A1tina" title="Kabardo-čerkeština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kabardo-čerkeština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Kabardskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kabardskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardinski_jezik" title="Kabardinski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kabardinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardin_kieli" title="Kabardin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kabardin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardinska" title="Kabardinska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kabardinska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabarda_tele" title="Qabarda tele – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Qabarda tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาคาบาร์เดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาคาบาร์เดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardeyce" title="Kabardeyce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kabardeyce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кабардин-Черкес кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кабардин-Черкес кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кабардинська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кабардинська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kabardia" title="Tiếng Kabardia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Kabardia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="卡巴尔达语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡巴尔达语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B7%B4%E9%81%94%E6%96%87" title="卡巴達文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡巴達文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="卡巴尔达语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡巴尔达语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kabardia" title="Bahasa Kabardia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Kabardia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33522#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Northwest Caucasian language natively spoken by Circassians</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Kabardian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Kabardino-Cherkess East Circassian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">адыгэбзэ (къэбэрдейбзэ) Adıǵebze (Keberdéybze) آد‍ہگەییبزە (قەبەردەییبزە)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[qɜbɜrˈdeːbzɜ]</a><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b6\/Qabardejbza.ogg\/Qabardejbza.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Qeberdieibze"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Qabardejbza.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Qabardejbza.ogg/Qabardejbza.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Qeberdieibze</a><a href="/wiki/File:Qabardejbza.ogg" title="File:Qabardejbza.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> (in parts of <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1.9 million (2020)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Kabardian</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=230">kbd</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kbd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kbd">kbd</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kaba1278">kaba1278</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Kabardian is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em; background:#053F0D; padding-top:0.6em; color:white;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Circassians" title="Category:Circassians">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; background:#053F0D; padding:0.4em 0 0.4em 0; font-size:175%; line-height:0.9em; color:white; font-family:Palatino Linotype;""><big><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a></big> Адыгэхэр</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em; padding:0.8em 0.4em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Adyghe Xabze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a></li></ul> </div><a href="/wiki/File:Circassian_arrows.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arrows in the Circassian flag"><img alt="Arrows in the Circassian flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Circassian_arrows.svg/60px-Circassian_arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Circassian_arrows.svg/90px-Circassian_arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Circassian_arrows.svg/120px-Circassian_arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Circassians" title="List of Circassians">List of notable Circassians</a> <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora" title="Circassian diaspora">Circassian diaspora</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Turkey" title="Circassians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Jordan" title="Circassians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Syria" title="Circassians in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Germany" title="Circassians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Circassians in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Libya" title="Circassians in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Egypt" title="Circassians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Bulgaria" title="Circassians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Kosovo" title="Circassians in Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Romania" title="Circassians in Romania">Romania</a> (historical)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Category:Circassian_tribes" title="Category:Circassian tribes">Circassian tribes</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <big>Surviving</big> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedug" class="mw-redirect" title="Bzhedug">Bzhedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatuqway" title="Hatuqway">Hatuqway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div> <big>Destroyed or barely existing</big> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ademey" title="Ademey">Ademey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebsin" title="Chebsin">Chebsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherchenay" title="Cherchenay">Cherchenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaye" title="Guaye">Guaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuchey" title="Hakuchey">Hakuchey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatuq" title="Khatuq">Khatuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khegayk" title="Khegayk">Khegayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhosh" title="Makhosh">Makhosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamkhegh" title="Mamkhegh">Mamkhegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegeruqway" title="Yegeruqway">Yegeruqway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaney" title="Zhaney">Zhaney</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Circassia" title="Religion in Circassia">Religion</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Circassia" title="Religion in Circassia">Religion in Circassia</a> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Languages and dialects</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">West Circassian</a> (Adyghe)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Circassian</a> (Kabardian)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Circassia#History" title="Circassia">History</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div style="text-align: center;">Show</div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;display:none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="text-align: center;">Ancient</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeotians" title="Maeotians">Maeotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygii" title="Zygii">Zygii</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">Medieval</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Mongol invasion of Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichia" title="Zichia">Zichia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inal_the_Great_of_Circassia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inal the Great of Circassia">Inal the Great</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">Modern</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Revolution" title="Circassian Revolution">Circassian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Majlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian Majlis">Circassian Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg/10px-Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg/15px-Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg/20px-Black_awareness_ribbon_icon_symmetrical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1600" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus" title="Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus">Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Union_and_Mutual_Aid_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society">Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">Contemporary</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Adygea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Adygea">Republic of Adygea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kabardino-Balkaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria">Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugsky_National_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapsugsky National District">Shapsugsky National District</a> (until 1945)</li></ul> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">Key battles</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kanzhal" title="Battle of Kanzhal">Battle of Kanzhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qbaada" title="Battle of Qbaada">Battle of Qbaada</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#053F0D; color:white; font-size:105%;"> <big><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Adyghe Xabze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_flag" title="Circassian flag">Circassian flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_beauty" title="Circassian beauty">Circassian beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_music" title="Circassian music">Circassian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nart_saga" title="Nart saga">Circassian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Day_of_Mourning" title="Circassian Day of Mourning">Circassian Day of Mourning</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Circassians" title="Template:Circassians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Circassians" title="Template talk:Circassians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Circassians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Circassians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="103" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Yinal_speaking_Adyghe_and_Kabardian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Yinal speaking Kabardian.</figcaption></figure> Kabardian (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəˈbɑːrdiən/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> also known as East Circassian, is a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian language</a>, that is considered to be the east <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe language</a>. While some Soviet linguists have treated the two as distinct languages, the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardian</a> people) consider the eastern and western language variants to be dialects of one <a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> It is spoken mainly in parts of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> republics of <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> (Eastern Circassia), and in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (the extensive post-war diaspora). It has 47 or 48 consonant <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a>, of which 22 or 23 are <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a>, depending upon whether one counts [h] as phonemic, but it has only 3 phonemic vowels. It is one of very few languages to possess a clear phonemic distinction between <a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricates</a> and ejective <a href="/wiki/Fricatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricatives">fricatives</a>. Some linguists argue that Kabardian is only one dialect of an overarching <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Circassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian language">Circassian language</a>, which consists of all of the dialects of Adyghe and Kabardian together, and the Kabardians themselves most often refer to their language using the Circassian term Adighabze ("Adyghe language"). Several linguists, including <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a>, have used the terms "eastern Circassian" (Kabardian) and "western Circassian" (Adyghe) to avoid that confusion, but both "Circassian" and "Kabardian" may still be found in linguistic literature. There are several key phonetic and lexical differences that create a reasonably well-defined separation between the eastern and the western Circassian dialects, but the degree to which the two are <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> has not yet been determined. The matter is also complicated somewhat by the existence of Besleney, which is usually considered [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] a dialect of Kabardian but also shares many features with certain[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] dialects of Adyghe. Kabardian is written in a form of <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> and serves as the literary language for Circassians in both Kabardino-Balkaria (where it is usually called the "Kabardian language") and Karachay-Cherkessia (where it is called the "Cherkess language"). Like all other Northwest Caucasian languages, Kabardian is <a href="/wiki/Ergative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative language">ergative</a> and has an extremely complex verbal system. Since 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> broadcasting corporation <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Turkish Radio and Television Corporation">TRT</a> has maintained a half-an-hour programme a week in the Terek dialect of Kabardian. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_Circassian_dialects/sub-dialects">East Circassian dialects/sub-dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: East Circassian dialects/sub-dialects">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>East Circassian <ul><li>Kabardian <ul><li>West Kabardian <ul><li>Kuban</li> <li>Kuban-Zelenchuk (<a href="/wiki/Cherkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkes">Cherkess</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Central Kabardian <ul><li>Baksan (basis for the literary language)</li> <li>Malka</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Kabardian <ul><li>Terek</li> <li>Mozdok</li></ul></li> <li>North Kabardian <ul><li>Mulka</li> <li>Zabardiqa (1925 until 1991 Soviet Zaparika)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney#Language" title="Besleney">Baslaney dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a>: Бэслъыныйбзэ)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> The phoneme written Л л is pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">voiced alveolar lateral fricative</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a>] mostly by the Circassians of <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabarda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Cherkessia</a>, but many Kabardians pronounce it as an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">alveolar lateral approximant</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] in diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-Phonetic_Structures_of_Turkish_Kabardian-6">[5]</a> The series of <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> alveolar sibilant affricates and fricatives that exist in Adyghe /ʃʷʼ/ /ʒʷ/ /ʃʷ/ /t͡sʷ/ became <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">labiodental</a> consonants /fʼ/ /v/ /f/ /v/ in Kabardian, for example the Kabardian words мафӏэ [maːfʼa] "fire", зэвы [zavə] "narrow", фыз [fəz] "wife" and вакъэ [vaːqa] "shoe" are pronounced as машӏо [maːʃʷʼa], зэжъу [zaʒʷə], шъуз /ʃʷəz/ and цуакъэ [t͡sʷaːqa] in Adyghe. Kabardian has a labialized <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> [xʷ] which correspond to Adyghe [f], for example the Adyghe word "тфы" (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/75\/Ady-5.oga\/Ady-5.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[tf\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ady-5.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Ady-5.oga/Ady-5.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[tfə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ady-5.oga" title="File:Ady-5.oga">ⓘ</a> "five" is тху (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3c\/Kbd-txho.oga\/Kbd-txho.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[tx\u02b7\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Kbd-txho.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Kbd-txho.oga/Kbd-txho.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[txʷə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Kbd-txho.oga" title="File:Kbd-txho.oga">ⓘ</a>) in Kabardian. In the <a href="/wiki/Baslaney" class="mw-redirect" title="Baslaney">Beslenei</a> dialect, there exists an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">alveolar lateral ejective affricate</a> [t͡ɬʼ] which corresponds to [<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a>] in literary Kabardian.<a href="#cite_note-UCLA_Phonetics_Lab_Archive_-_Recording_Details_for_Kabardian_Baslanei_dialect-7">[6]</a> The Turkish Kabardians (Uzunyayla) and <a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleneys</a> have a palatalized <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced velar stop">voiced velar stop</a> [ɡʲ] and a palatalized <a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar ejective">velar ejective</a> [kʲʼ] which corresponds to [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>] in literary Kabardian.<a href="#cite_note-Phonetic_Structures_of_Turkish_Kabardian-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_phonetic_comparison_of_Kabardian_spoken_in_the_caucasus_and_Diaspora-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo- palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pal.</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲʼ</a>)1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʔʷ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɡʲ</a>)1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">q͡χ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">q͡χʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">χʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʁʷ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>In some Kabardian dialects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Besleney_Kabardian_dialect" title="Besleney Kabardian dialect">Baslaney dialect</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzunyayla_Kabardian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzunyayla Kabardian dialect (page does not exist)">Uzunyayla dialect</a>), there is a palatalized <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced velar stop">voiced velar stop</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡʲ</a>] and a palatalized <a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar ejective">velar ejective</a> [<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʲʼ</a>] that were merged with [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>] in most Kabardian dialects.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> For example, the Baslaney words "гьанэ" [ɡʲaːna] "shirt" and "кӏьапсэ" [kʲʼaːpsa] "rope" are pronounced in other Kabardian dialects as "джанэ" [d͡ʒaːna] and кӏапсэ [t͡ʃʼaːpsa].</li> <li>Consonants that exist only in borrowed words.</li></ol> The glottalization of the ejective stops (but not fricatives) can be quite weak, and has been reported to often be <a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">creaky voice</a>, that is, to have laryngealized voicing. Something similar seems to have happened historically in the <a href="/wiki/Veinakh_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Veinakh languages">Veinakh languages</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> Kabardian has a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_vowel_system" title="Vertical vowel system">vertical vowel system</a>. Although many surface vowels appear, they can be analyzed as consisting of at most the following three phonemic vowels: /ə/, /a/ and /aː/.<a href="#cite_note-jipa-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-halle-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuipers-12">[11]</a> The following allophones of the short vowels /ə/, /a/ appear:<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Feature</th> <th rowspan="2">Description</th> <th colspan="2">Not preceding labialized cons.</th> <th colspan="2">Preceding labialized cons. </th></tr> <tr> <th>/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</th> <th>/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</th> <th>/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</th> <th>/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ </th></tr> <tr> <td>[+high, -back]</td> <td>After laterals, palatalized palatovelars and /j/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>[-round, +back]</td> <td>After plain velars, pharyngeals, /h/, /ʔ/</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>[+round, +back]</td> <td>After labialized palatovelars, uvulars and laryngeals</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>[-high, -back]</td> <td>After other consonants</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> According to Kuipers,<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <dl><dd>These symbols must be understood as each covering a wide range of sub-variants. For example, i stands for a sound close to cardinal [i] in 'ji' "eight", for a sound close to English [ɪ] in "kit" in the word x'i "sea", etc. In fact, the short vowels, which are found only after consonants, have different variants after practically every series defined as to point of articulation and presence or absence of labialization or palatalization, and the number of variants is multiplied by the influence of the consonant (or zero) that follows.</dd></dl> Most of the long vowels appear as automatic variants of a sequence of short vowel and glide, when it occurs in a single syllable:<a href="#cite_note-jipa-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuipers-12">[11]</a> <ul><li>[uː] = /əw/</li> <li>[oː] = /aw/</li> <li>[iː] = /əj/</li> <li>[eː] = /aj/</li></ul> This leaves only the vowel [aː]. Kuipers claims that this can be analyzed as underlying /ha/ when word-initial, and underlying /ah/ elsewhere, based on the following facts:<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <ul><li>[h] occurs only in the plural suffix [ha], which does not occur word-initially.</li> <li>[aː] is the only word-initial vowel; analyzing it as /ha/ makes the language underlyingly universally consonant-initial.</li> <li>Certain complications involving stress and morphophonemic alternations are dramatically simplified by these assumptions.</li></ul> Halle finds Kuipers' analysis "exemplary".<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Gordon and Applebaum note this analysis, but also note that some authors disagree, and as a result prefer to maintain a phoneme /aː/.<a href="#cite_note-jipa-10">[9]</a> In a later section of his monograph, Kuipers also attempts to analyze the two vowels phonemes /ə/ and /a/ out of existence. Halle, however,<a href="#cite_note-halle-11">[10]</a> shows that this analysis is flawed, as it requires the introduction of multiple new phonemes to carry the information formerly encoded by the two vowel phonemes. The vowel /o/ appears in some loan words; it is often pronounced /aw/.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The diphthong /aw/ is pronounced /oː/ in some dialects. /jə/ may be realised as /iː/, /wə/ as /uː/ and /aj/ as /eː/. This monophthongisation does not occur in all dialects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The vowels /a, aː/ can have the semi-vowel /j/ in front of it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> The official alphabet used for writing Kabardian, is Cyrillic alphabet, including additional letters, totalling 59 letters. Digraphs, trigraphs, and one tetragraph, are counted as independent letters on their own. The Cyrillic alphabet in its current form has been the official alphabet since 1938. Kabardian alphabet, while having minor differences reflecting dialectical variations, is very similar to orthography of the <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Orthography" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe language</a>, the other prominent Circassian language. Kabardian is also unofficially written and taught in Latin, in some diaspora communities, especially in Turkey where government-backing of a Latin-based script has been a cause for controversy and opposition among Kabardians who still overwhelmingly favor Cyrillic.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nogma_arabic_alphabet,_1825.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nogma_arabic_alphabet%2C_1825.PNG/220px-Nogma_arabic_alphabet%2C_1825.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nogma_arabic_alphabet%2C_1825.PNG/330px-Nogma_arabic_alphabet%2C_1825.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Nogma_arabic_alphabet%2C_1825.PNG 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Nogma's Arabic alphabet (1825)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_(1881).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%281881%29.PNG/220px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%281881%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%281881%29.PNG/330px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%281881%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%281881%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Bekmurza Pachev's Arabic alphabet (1881)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabarda_latin_alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kabarda_latin_alphabet.jpg/220px-Kabarda_latin_alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kabarda_latin_alphabet.jpg/330px-Kabarda_latin_alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kabarda_latin_alphabet.jpg/440px-Kabarda_latin_alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>The Latin alphabet for Kabardian, 1930 version<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> Prior to the 19th century, Kabardian did not have a literary tradition yet, and it did not have a native orthography. At the time, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> was used as the literary language by Circassians. Starting in the 1820s, efforts at compiling and standardizing Arabic-based scripts were undertaken by various Kabardian literaturists, and by the early 1920s, an officially-adopted Arabic-based script was in widespread educational and literary use. However, in 1924, Kabardian Arabic alphabet was discarded and replaced with Latin.. A second version of Latin script was adopted in 1930. This lasted for another 6 years, and in 1936, Latin alphabet was discarded in favour of Cyrillic. Kabardian Cyrillic alphabet underwent an iteration of modification in 1938, and the 1938 version has been in popular and official use eversince.<a href="#cite_note-urys-20">[19]</a> First ever notable attempt at compiling an orthography for Kabardian was conducted by famous Kabardian poet, Sh. Nogma, in 1825. His alphabet consisted of 42 letters, including 15 letters introduced by him, some of which had unusual forms, diverging from the conventional <a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">rasm</a> (base of letters which are then used for addition of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I'jam_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">dots and diacritics</a>). His alphabet thus didn't take hold.<a href="#cite_note-urys-20">[19]</a> In 1830, in collaboration with Russian philologist and orientalist, <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Грацилевский, Иван Михайлович">Gratsilevsky</a>, Nogma developed a Cyrillic-based script for Kabardian.<a href="#cite_note-urys-20">[19]</a> Over the decades, the popularity in use of Arabic-derived script increased. In 1881, the poet <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Пачев, Бекмурза Машевич">Bekmurza Pachev</a> compiled a standardized Arabic script for Kabardian consisting of 39 letters. He published various literature and wrote poetry in this version of the alphabet. The Arabic alphabet was gaining universal acceptance and increasing usage among Kabardian Circassians.<a href="#cite_note-urys-20">[19]</a> In 1908, Nuri Tsagov compiled another iteration of the Arabic alphabet, better suited for all consonant and vowel phonemes of Kabardian. This version of the alphabet was widely accepted, with many authors utilizing it to publish books and literature, including a <a href="/wiki/Primer_(textbook)" title="Primer (textbook)">primer</a>. The alphabet gained official status in education and later also inspired the standardization of Arabic-based orthography for <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Orthography" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe language</a> by Akhmetov Bekukh.<a href="#cite_note-urys-20">[19]</a> In line with the general linguistic policy of the Soviet Union at the time, the existing Arabic script was replaced with a newly developed Kabardian Latin alphabet in 1924. Khuranov is credited for first compiling the first version of Latin alphabet in May 1923. This version closely resembled the Latin alphabet adopted for <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe language</a> in 1927. This alphabet consisted of many newly created letters, some even borrowed from Cyrillic. Another interesting feature of this iteration of Adyghe Latin Alphabet was that there was no distinction between lower case and upper case letters. Each letter only had one single case. The alphabet consisted of а b w d g ꜧ <a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_middle_hook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_middle_hook.svg/5px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_middle_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_middle_hook.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_middle_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_middle_hook.svg/10px-Latin_small_letter_Ghe_with_middle_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="211" /></a> е ӡ z ž ⱬ i j k ⱪ q qh l <a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg/3px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg/5px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg/6px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="447" /></a> lh m n o p ph r s š ş t th v f fh x х̌ ɦ c ç ch y h u è ù â ỳ.<a href="#cite_note-urys-20">[19]</a> Kabardian Latin alphabet underwent another update in 1925. In this version, many of the newly created letters were removed in favour of introduction of accents and diacritics over base Latin letters. In this version, upper-case/lower-case distinction was reintroduced. The alphabet consisted of the following letters: A a, B b, V v, D d, E e, G g, Gu gu, Z z, Ž ž, Z̧ z̧, Ӡ ӡ, Ꜧ ꜧ, Ꜧu ꜧu, I i, J j, K k, Ku ku, Ⱪ ⱪ, Ⱪu ⱪu, Q q, Qu qu, Qh qh, Qhu qhu, L l, <a href="/wiki/File:Latin_capital_letter_L_with_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Latin_capital_letter_L_with_descender.svg/8px-Latin_capital_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Latin_capital_letter_L_with_descender.svg/12px-Latin_capital_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Latin_capital_letter_L_with_descender.svg/16px-Latin_capital_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="463" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg/3px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg/5px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg/6px-Latin_small_letter_L_with_descender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="447" /></a>, Lh lh, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, Š š, Ş ş, T t, Th th, U u, F f, Fh fh, X x, Xu xu, X̌ x̌, X̌u x̌u, ɦ, C c, Ç ç, Ch ch, Y y, H h, ', Ù ù, Je je, Jo jo, Ju ju, Ja ja.<a href="#cite_note-urys-20">[19]</a> In 1930, Kabardian Latin alphabet was replaced by a new version derived from the nationally-adopted new standard, <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">Yañalif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urys-20">[19]</a> In 1936, Kabardian was one of the languages in the Soviet Union to switch to Cyrillic alphabet. <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Борукаев, Тута Магомедович">Tuta Borukaev</a>, Kabardian public figure and linguist is credited with the compilation of the first official Cyrillic alphabet for Kabardian. They consisted of the following: А а, ’А ’а, Б б, В в, Г г, Гъ гъ, Д д, Е е, Ж ж, Жь жь, З з, И и, Й й, К к, К’ к’, Л л, Ль ль, Л’ л’, М м, Н н, О о, П п, П’ п’, Р р, С с, Т т, Т’ т’, У у, ’У ’у, Ф ф, Ф’ ф’, Х х, Хь хь, Хъ хъ, Ц ц, Ц’ ц’, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Щ’ щ’, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, Ь ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я. The extensive reliance on use of apostrophes made the alphabet inconvenient to learn and use. Thus two year later, in 1938, <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Яковлев, Николай Феофанович">N.F. Yakovlev</a> led a commission that reformed the Cyrillic alphabet to its present form.<a href="#cite_note-urys-20">[19]</a> Among the diasporic Circassian communities, the situation with respect to orthography has been more complex. Some groups have advocated for use of Latin or Arabic in line with the language of the larger society in which Circassian communities reside. On the other hand, since the adoption of Cyrillic in <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a> others have advocated for continued use of Cyrillic as it helps maintain contact with the Circassian homeland and the literary tradition there. This divergence goes back to the early 20th century, when in 1909, Muhammad Pchegatlukov developed a new and independent Arabic-based writing system in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. His proposed script didn't manage to displace the main orthography of the time in the Circassian homeland, i.e. Nuri Tsagov's script. More recently, there has been developments in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. In the 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>-based Adyghe Language Teaching Association (ADDER) has compiled a Latin alphabet for Kabardian. While many in the Circassian community have opposed the move, the endorsement of the project by Turkey's ruling party, <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a>, has resulted in the boosting of ADDER script and its usage in development of new educational material.<a href="#cite_note-alMonitor-21">[20]</a> The alphabet consists of the following letters:A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, Ć ć, D d, E e, É é, F f, Ḟ ḟ, G g, Ǵ ǵ, Ğ ğ, H h, Ḣ ḣ, I ı, İ i, J j, Ĵ ĵ, K k, Ḱ ḱ, Ǩ ǩ, L l, Ĺ ĺ, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, Ṕ ṕ, Q q, R r, S s, Ś ś, Š š, Ş ş, Ṩ ṩ, T t, Ṫ ṫ, U u, Ü ü, W w, V v, X x, Y y, Z z, Ź ź, ' <a href="#cite_note-ADDER1-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADDER2-23">[22]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B.PNG/200px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="1190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B.PNG/300px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B.PNG/400px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B.PNG 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption>1 – modern alphabet, 2 – alphabet of 1930, 3 – Khuranov's alphabet, 4 – Tsagov's alphabet, 5 – Lopatin's alphabet, 6 – Atazhukin's alphabet, 7 – Nogma's alphabet</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kabardian_Cyrillic_Alphabet">Kabardian Cyrillic Alphabet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kabardian Cyrillic Alphabet">edit</a>]</div> Table below lists the 59-letter Kabardian Cyrillic Alphabet. Dighraphs, trigraphs, and a tetragraph are counted as independent letters. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Cyrillic </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col">Arabic (before 1924)<a href="#cite_note-urys-20">[19]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Scholarly transliteration<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> </th> <th scope="col">ADDER transliteration<a href="#cite_note-ADDER1-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADDER2-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADDER3-25">[24]</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a> transliteration<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">А</a> а </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ا </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ā ā </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">A a Á á </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">A a </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Э">Э</a> э </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئە / ە </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">Ă ă </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">E e </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ä ä </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Б">Б</a> б </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ب </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌B b </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">B b </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">B b </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="В">В</a> в </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ۋ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌V v </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">V v </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">V v </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Г">Г</a> г </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">گ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌G g </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ǵ ǵ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">G g </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Гу">Гу</a> гу </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">گو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌G˚ g˚ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Gu gu </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Gw gw </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Гъ">Гъ</a> гъ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">غ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ġ ġ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ğ ğ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Gh gh </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Гъу">Гъу</a> гъу </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʁʷ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">غو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ġ˚ ġ˚ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ğu ğu </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ghw ghw </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Д">Д</a> д </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">د </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌D d </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">D d </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">D d </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Дж">Дж</a> дж </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡʲ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ج </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ǯʹ ǯʹ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">C c </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">J j </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Дз">Дз</a> дз </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ذ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ʒ ʒ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ź ź </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Dz dz </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">Е</a> е </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[ja/aj] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئە / ەی </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌E e </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">É é </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">E e </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ё">Ё</a> ё<a href="#cite_note-loan-27">[b]</a> </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[jo] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">- </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">- </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">- </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Yë yë Ë ë </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ж">Ж</a> ж </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ژ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ž ž </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">J j </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Zh zh </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Жь">Жь</a> жь </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ظ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ẑ ẑ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ĵ ĵ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ź ź </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="З">З</a> з </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ز </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Z z </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Z z </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Z z </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">И</a> и </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[jə/əj] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئی / ی </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌I i </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">İ i </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">I i </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Й">Й</a> й </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ی </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌J j </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Y y </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Y y </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="К">К</a> к </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ک </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌K k </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">K k </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">K k </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ку">Ку</a> ку </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">کو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌K˚ k˚ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ku ku </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Kw kw </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Кӏ">Кӏ</a> кӏ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʲʼ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ࢰ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Č̣ʼ č̣ʼ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ć ć Q q </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">K’ k’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%8F%D1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Кӏу">Кӏу</a> кӏу </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ࢰو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ḳ˚ ḳ˚ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Qu qu </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Kw’ kw’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Къ">Къ</a> къ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ق </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Q̇ q̇ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">K k </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Q’ q’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Къу">Къу</a> къу </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">قو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Q̇˚ q̇˚ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ku ku </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Qw’ qw’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D1%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Кхъ">Кхъ</a> кхъ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">q͡χ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ٯّ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Q q </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ǩ ǩ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Q q </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Кхъу">Кхъу</a> кхъу </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">q͡χʷ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ٯّو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Q˚ q˚ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ǩu ǩu </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Qw qw </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Л">Л</a> л </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ل </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌L l </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">L l </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">L l </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Лъ">Лъ</a> лъ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ݪ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ł ł </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ĺ ĺ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Lh lh </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Лӏ">Лӏ</a> лӏ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ࢦ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ḷ ḷ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ĺ' ĺ' </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">L’ l’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="М">М</a> м </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">م </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌M m </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">M m </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">M m </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Н">Н</a> н </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ن </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌N n </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">N n </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">N n </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">О</a> о </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɜw</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">wa</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئۆ / ۆ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">O o </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">O o Ö ö </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">O o </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="П">П</a> п </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">پ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌P p </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">P p </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">P p </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Пӏ">Пӏ</a> пӏ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ٮ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ṗ ṗ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ṕ ṕ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">P’ p’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">Р</a> р </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ر </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌R r </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">R r </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">R r </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="С">С</a> с </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">س </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌S s </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">S s </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">S s </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">Т</a> т </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ت </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌T t </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">T t </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">T t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Тӏ">Тӏ</a> тӏ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ط </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ṭ ṭ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ṫ ṫ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">T’ t’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">У</a> у </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w/əw</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">و </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌W w ‌U u </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">‌W w ‌U u </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">‌W w ‌U u </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф">Ф</a> ф </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ف </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌F f </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">F f </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">F f </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Фӏ">Фӏ</a> фӏ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ڡ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌F̣ f̣ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ḟ ḟ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">F’ f’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">Х</a> х </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ݗ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌X x </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">X x </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Kh kh </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ху">Ху</a> ху </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ݗو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌X˚ x˚ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Xu xu </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Khw khw </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Хь">Хь</a> хь </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ح </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ḥ ḥ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">H h </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">H̱ ẖ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Хъ">Хъ</a> хъ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">خ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ꭓ ꭓ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ḣ ḣ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">X x </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Хъу">Хъу</a> хъу </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">χʷ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">خو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ꭓ˚ ꭓ˚ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ḣu ḣu </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Xw xw </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ц">Ц</a> ц </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ث </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌C c </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ś ś </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ts ts </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Цӏ">Цӏ</a> цӏ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ڗ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌C̣ c̣ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Š š </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ts’ ts’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ч">Ч</a> ч </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">چ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Čʼ čʼ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ç ç </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ch ch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">Ш</a> ш </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ش </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Š š </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ṩ ṩ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Sh sh </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">Щ</a> щ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ص </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ŝ ŝ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ş ş </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ś ś </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9%D3%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Щӏ">Щӏ</a> щӏ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ض </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ṣ̂ ṣ̂ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ş' ş' </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ś’ ś’ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ъ">Ъ</a> ъ<a href="#cite_note-loan-27">[b]</a> </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">ˠ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">- </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">- </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">- </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">[ˮ] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ы">Ы</a> ы </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئہ‍ / ‍ہ‍ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ə ə </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">I ı </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Y y </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ь">Ь</a> ь<a href="#cite_note-loan-27">[b]</a> </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ʲ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">- </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">- </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">- </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">[ʼ] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ю">Ю</a> ю </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[ju] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">یو </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Ju ju </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Yu yu </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Yu yu </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">Я</a> я </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[jaː] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">یا </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">‌Jā jā </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ya ya </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">Ya ya </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D3%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӏ">Ӏ</a> ӏ </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ئ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[‌ʾ] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">['] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">[’] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/%D3%80%D1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӏу">Ӏу</a> ӏу </td> <td style="width: 3em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʔʷ</a>] </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">ؤ </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 3px;">[‌ʾ˚] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">'u </td> <td style="width: 5em; text-align: center; padding: 2px;">’w </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ADDER_Latin_Alphabet">ADDER Latin Alphabet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: ADDER Latin Alphabet">edit</a>]</div> Since the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian Genocide">genocide and forced expulsion of Circassians in their homeland</a> in the second half of the 19th century, most Circassians have been living as diaspora communities in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and elsewhere. In fact more Circassians live in the diaspora than within <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a>. As far as orthographic conventions among diasporic communities is concerned, a majority of diaspora Circasians have tried to follow the conventions and literary practices in place among people living in the Circassian homeland. This is to help diaspora communities maintain ties to their homeland. Therefore, before 1924, the Arabic-based scripts developed for <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Western</a> and Eastern (Kabardian) Circassian, also took roots among the diaspora communities. This is also why for the past decades up till today, the majority of Circassians, be they in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> or elsewhere, have adopted the Cyrillic alphabet and insist on educating the new generation in Cyrillic alphabet. Nevertheless, the issue of orthography hasn't been without controversy among diaspora communities. In the 2000s in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>-based Adyghe Language Teaching Association (ADDER) has compiled a Latin alphabet for Kabardian. While many in the Circassian community have opposed the move, the endorsement of the project by Turkey's ruling party, <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a>, has resulted in the boosting of ADDER script. Since then, government-endorsed education material and primers have been prepared in ADDER Latin script.<a href="#cite_note-alMonitor-21">[20]</a> Table below lists the 49-letter Kabardian Latin (ADDER) Alphabet and their respective Cyrillic equivalents.<a href="#cite_note-ADDER1-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADDER2-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADDER3-25">[24]</a> Highlighted letters aren't considered independent letters, but are digraphs and are used to correspond to specific Kabardian phonemes. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">A a [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] А а </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Á á [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] А а </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">B b [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] Б б </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">C c [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡʲ</a>] Дж дж </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ć ć [<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>] Кӏ кӏ </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ç ç [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>] Ч ч </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">D d [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] Д д </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">E e [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] Э э </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">É é [ja/aj] Е е </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">F f [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] Ф ф </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ḟ ḟ [<a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a>] Фӏ фӏ </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">F f [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] Ф ф </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">G g [<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a>] Г(у) г(у) </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ǵ ǵ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] Г г </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ğ ğ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] Гъ гъ </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">H h [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>] Хь хь </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ḣ ḣ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] Хъ хъ </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">I ı [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] Ы ы </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">İ i [jə/əj] И и </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">J j [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] Ж ж </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ĵ ĵ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>] Жь жь </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">K k [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] Къ къ </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ḱ ḱ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] К к </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead">Ǩ ǩ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">q͡χ</a>] Кхъ кхъ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">L l [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] Л л </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ĺ ĺ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>] Лъ лъ </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead">Ĺ' ĺ' [<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a>] Лӏ лӏ </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">M m [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] М м </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">N n [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] Н н </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">O o [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɜw</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">wa</a>] О о / Ӏо </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ö ö [ʔʷa] Ӏуе ӏуе </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">P p [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] П п </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ṕ ṕ [<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a>] Пӏ пӏ </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Q q [<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a>] Кӏ(у) кӏ(у) </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">R r [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] Р р} </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">S s [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] С с </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ś ś [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>] Ц ц </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Š š [<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>] Цӏ цӏ </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ş ş [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>] Щ щ </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead">Ş' ş' [<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a>] Щӏ щӏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ṩ ṩ [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>] Ш ш </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">T t [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] Т т </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ṫ ṫ [<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>] Тӏ тӏ </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">U u [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">əw</a>] У у / Ӏу </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ü ü [ʔʷə] Ӏуи ӏуи </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">W w [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] У у </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">V v [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] В в </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">X x [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] Х х </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Y y [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] Й й </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Z z [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] З з </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">Ź ź [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>] Дз дз </td> <td style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;">' [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] Ӏ Ӏ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kabardian_Arabic_Alphabet">Kabardian Arabic Alphabet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kabardian Arabic Alphabet">edit</a>]</div> Below table shows Kabardian Arabic alphabet, as it was the official script of Kabardian Circassian between 1908 and 1924, compiled by Nuri Tsagov.<a href="#cite_note-urys-20">[19]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Forms </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Kabardian Cyrillic Equivalent </th> <th rowspan="2">Scholarly transliteration<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Unicode</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Isolated </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـا </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـا </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">آ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] </td> <td>А а </td> <td>Ā ā </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:آ">U+0622</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ا">U+0627</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ئ">ئ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـئ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـئـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td> <td>Ӏ ӏ </td> <td>[‌ʾ] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ئ">U+0626</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>This letter plays another role as well. It proceeds a vowel letter at the beginning of a word, with the exception of آ (equivalent to Cyrillic А а)</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ؤ">ؤ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـؤ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ʔʷ</a>] </td> <td>Ӏу Ӏу </td> <td>[‌ʾ˚] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ؤ">U+0624</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ە">ە</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـە </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئە </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] </td> <td>Э э Е е1 </td> <td>Ă ă E e </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%95" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ە">U+06D5</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>The sound equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Е е" is represented by a digraph ئەیـ / ئەی / ـەی / ەی.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ہ">‍ہ‍</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـہ‍ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـہـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئہـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] </td> <td>Ы ы </td> <td>Ə ə </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ہ">U+06C1</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%80%8D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:‍">U+200D</a>1 </td> <td> <ol><li>The main character consists of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ہ">U+06C1</a> (ـہ / ہ), and is always written in medial form. Thus, the use of <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">Zero-width joiner</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%80%8D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:‍">U+200D</a>) may be necessary based on context. Below are sample scenarios: <ul><li>صہص</li> <li>د‍ہص</li> <li>صہ‍</li> <li>د‍ہ‍</li></ul></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـب </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـبـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">بـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td>Б б </td> <td>B b </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ب">U+0628</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـت </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـتـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">تـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>T t </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ت">U+062A</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـث </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـثـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ثـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>] </td> <td>Ц ц </td> <td>C c </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ث">U+062B</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـپ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـپـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">پـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td>П п </td> <td>P p </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:پ">U+067E</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ٮ">ٮ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـٮ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـٮـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ٮـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">p’</a>] </td> <td>ПӀ пӀ </td> <td>‌Ṗ ṗ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٮ">U+066E</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>Equivalent to ࢠ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%A0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢠ">U+08A0</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> Arabic alphabet.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـج </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـجـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">جـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] </td> <td>Дж дж </td> <td>‌Ǯʹ ǯʹ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ج">U+062C</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـح </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـحـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">حـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>] </td> <td>Хь хь </td> <td>‌Ḥ ḥ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ح">U+062D</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـخ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـخـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">خـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] </td> <td>Хъ хъ </td> <td>‌‌Ꭓ ꭓ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AE" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:خ">U+062E</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ݗ">ݗ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـݗ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـݗـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ݗـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] </td> <td>Х х </td> <td>‌X x </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%97" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݗ">U+0757</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـچ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـچـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">چـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>] </td> <td>Ч ч </td> <td>‌Čʼ čʼ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:چ">U+0686</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـد </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] </td> <td>Д д </td> <td>D d </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:د">U+062F</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـذ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>] </td> <td>Дз дз </td> <td>‌Ʒ ʒ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ذ">U+0630</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـر </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] </td> <td>Р р </td> <td>R r </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ر">U+0631</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـز </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td>З з </td> <td>Z z </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ز">U+0632</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـژ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] </td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>‌Ž ž </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%98" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ژ">U+0698</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ڗ">ڗ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـڗ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>] </td> <td>ЦӀ цӀ </td> <td>‌‌C̣ c̣ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%97" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڗ">U+0697</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـس </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـسـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">سـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td>С с </td> <td>S s </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:س">U+0633</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـش </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـشـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">شـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] </td> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>‌Š š </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ش">U+0634</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـص </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـصـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">صـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>] </td> <td>Щ щ </td> <td>‌Ŝ ŝ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B5" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ص">U+0635</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـض </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـضـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ضـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a>] </td> <td>Щӏ щӏ </td> <td>‌‌Ṣ̂ ṣ̂ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ض">U+0636</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـط </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـطـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">طـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>] </td> <td>ТӀ тӀ </td> <td>‌‌‌Ṭ ṭ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ط">U+0637</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـظ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـظـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ظـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>] </td> <td>Жь жь </td> <td>‌‌‌‌Ẑ ẑ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ظ">U+0638</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـع </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـعـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">عـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td> <td>Гь' гь' </td> <td>[‌‌‌‌‌ʾ] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ع">U+0639</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـغ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـغـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">غـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td>Гъ гъ </td> <td>‌‌‌‌‌‌Ġ ġ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%BA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:غ">U+063A</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـف </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـفـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">فـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td> <td>Ф ф </td> <td>F f </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%81" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ف">U+0641</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ڡ">ڡ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـڡ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـڡـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ڡـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a>] </td> <td>Фӏ фӏ </td> <td>‌F̣ f̣ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڡ">U+06A1</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـق </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـقـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">قـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td> <td>Къ къ </td> <td>‌Q̇ q̇ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ق">U+0642</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%AF%D9%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ٯّ (page does not exist)">ٯّ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـٯّ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـٯّـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ٯّـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">q͡χ</a>] </td> <td>Кхъ кхъ </td> <td>‌‌Q q </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ٯ">U+066F</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%91" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ّ">U+0651</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ک">ک</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـک </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـکـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">کـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td>К к </td> <td>K k </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ک">U+0643</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="گ">گ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـگ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـگـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">گـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]/[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>] ([<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">gʷ</a>]) </td> <td>Г г </td> <td>‌G g </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:گ">U+06AF</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A2%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ࢰ (page does not exist)">ࢰ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـࢰ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـࢰـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ࢰـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>]/[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>] ([<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a>]) </td> <td>КӀ кӀ </td> <td>‌Č̣ʼ č̣ʼ ‌‌Ḳ˚ ḳ˚ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢰ">U+08B0</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـل </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـلـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">لـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]/[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a>] </td> <td>Л л </td> <td>L l </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ل">U+0644</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ݪ">ݪ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـݪ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـݪـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ݪـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>] </td> <td>Лъ лъ </td> <td>‌Ł ł </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DD%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ݪ">U+076A</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A2%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ࢦ">ࢦ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـࢦ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـࢦـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ࢦـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a>] </td> <td>ЛӀ лӀ </td> <td>‌Ḷ ḷ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A2%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ࢦ">U+08A6</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـم </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـمـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">مـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] </td> <td>М м </td> <td>M m </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:م">U+0645</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـن </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـنـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">نـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td>Н н </td> <td>N n </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ن">U+0646</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـو </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئو / و </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] / [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] </td> <td>У у </td> <td>U u W w </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%88" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:و">U+0648</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ۆ">ۆ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـۆ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئۆ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɜw</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">wa</a>] </td> <td>О о </td> <td>O o </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%86" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۆ">U+06C6</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ۋ">ۋ</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـۋ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">- </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] </td> <td>В в </td> <td>V v </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ۋ">U+06CB</a> </td> <td> <ol><li>Equivalent to ڤ (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ڤ">U+06A4</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a> Arabic alphabet.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ی">ی</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـی </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ـیـ </td> <td style="font-size:120%;">ئیـ / یـ </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] / [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td>И и Й й </td> <td>I i / J j </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ی">U+06CC</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian grammar</a></div> Kabardian, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has a basic <a href="/wiki/Agent%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent–object–verb">agent–object–verb</a> typology, and is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Ergative–absolutive alignment">ergative–absolutive alignment</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</div> The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Kabardian and Adyghe, along with the original declaration in English. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a></th> <th>Kabardian<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></th> <th>Adyghe<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</td> <td>Цӏыху Хуэфащэхэм Теухуа Дунейпсо Джэпсалъэ</td> <td>Цӏыф Фэшъуашэхэм Афэгъэхьыгъэ Дунэепстэу Джэпсалъ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Article 1</td> <td>1-нэ пычыгъуэ</td> <td>1-нэрэ пычыгъу </td></tr> <tr> <td>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</td> <td>ЦӀыху псори щхьэхуиту, я щӀыхьымрэ я хуэфащэхэмрэкӀэ зэхуэдэу къалъхур. Акъылрэ зэхэщӀыкӀ гъуазэрэ яӀэщи, зыр зым зэкъуэш зэхащІэ яку дэлъу зэхущытын хуейхэщ.</td> <td>ЦӀыф пстэури шъхьэфитэу, ялъытэныгъэрэ яфэшъуашэхэмрэкӀэ зэфэдэу къалъфы. Акъылрэ зэхэшӀыкӀ гъуазэрэ яӀэшъы, зыр зым зэкъош зэхашІэ азфагу дэлъэу зэфыщытынхэ фае. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Transliteration </th> <td>C‡yhu Huèfaŝèhèm Teuhua Dunejpso Džèpsalʺè</td> <td>C‡yf Fèšʺuašèhèm Afègʺèhʹygʺè Dunèepstèu Džèpsalʺ </td></tr> <tr> <td>1-nè pyčygʺuè</td> <td>1-nèrè pyčygʺu </td></tr> <tr> <td>C‡yhu psori ŝhʹèhuitu, â ŝ‡yhʹymrè â huèfaŝèhèmrèk‡è zèhuèdèu kʺalʺhur. Akʺylrè zèhèŝʺykʺ gʺuazèrè â‡èŝi, zyr zym zèkʺuèš zèhaŝ‡è âku dèlʺu zèhuŝytyn huejhèŝ.</td> <td>C‡yf pstèuri šʺhʹèfitèu, âlʺytènygʺèrè âfèšʺuašèhèmrèk‡è zèfèdèu kʺalʺfy. Akʺylrè zèhèš‡yk‡ gʺuazèrè â‡èšʺy, zyr zym zèkʺoš zèhaš‡è azfagu dèlʹèu zèfyŝytynhè fae. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pronunciation </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tsʼəxʷ xʷafaːɕaxam tajwəxʷa dəwnajpsaw dʒapsaːɬa]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tsʼəf faʃʷaːʃaxam aːfaʁaħəʁa duːnaja pstawə dʒapsaɬ]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[jazaːna pətʃəʁʷa]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[1-nara pətʃəʁʷ]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tsʼəxʷ psawrəj ɕħɑxʷəjtəw jaː ɕʼəħəmra jaː xʷafaːɕaxɑmratʃʼa zaxʷadawə qaːɬxʷər aːqəɮra zaxaɕʼətʃʼ ʁʷaːzara jaːʔaɕəj zər zəm zaqʷaʃ zaxaːɕʼa jaːkʷ daɬəw zaxʷəɕətən xʷajxaɕ]</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tsʼəf pstawərəj ʂħafəjtawə jaːɬətanəʁara jaːfaʂʷaːʃaxamratʃʼa zafadawə qaːɬfə aqəɮra zaxaʃʼətʃʼ ʁʷaːzara jaːʔaʃə zər zəm zaqʷaʃ azfaːgʷ daɬawə zafəɕətənxa faːja]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kbd">Kabardian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/kabardian">"Kabardian in Russian Federation"</a>. UNESCO WAL. Retrieved 22 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+WAL&rft.atitle=Kabardian+in+Russian+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Fcountries%2Frussian-federation%2Flanguages%2Fkabardian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Circassian">"Kabardian | people | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kabardian+%7C+people+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCircassian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phonetic_Structures_of_Turkish_Kabardian-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phonetic_Structures_of_Turkish_Kabardian_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phonetic_Structures_of_Turkish_Kabardian_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/gordon/kabardianphonetics.pdf">"Phonetic Structures of Turkish Kabardian (page 3 and 4)"</a> (PDF). Retrieved Nov 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phonetic+Structures+of+Turkish+Kabardian+%28page+3+and+4%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucsb.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fgordon%2Fkabardianphonetics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCLA_Phonetics_Lab_Archive_-_Recording_Details_for_Kabardian_Baslanei_dialect-7"><a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_Phonetics_Lab_Archive_-_Recording_Details_for_Kabardian_Baslanei_dialect_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/KBD/kbd.html">UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive – Recording Details for Kabardian Baslanei dialect</a>. In the first word list called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/KBD/kbd_word-list_1970_01.html">kbd_word-list_1970_01.html</a> The words "man" and "quarter" are pronounced as /t͡ɬʼə/ and /pt͡ɬʼaːna/ compare to Standard Kabardian /ɬʼə/ and /pɬʼaːna/ </li> <li id="cite_note-A_phonetic_comparison_of_Kabardian_spoken_in_the_caucasus_and_Diaspora-8"><a href="#cite_ref-A_phonetic_comparison_of_Kabardian_spoken_in_the_caucasus_and_Diaspora_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/07-CaucasusConference/pdf/final%20abstracts%20english/ApplebaumGordonAbstract.pdf">"A phonetic comparison of Kabardian spoken in the Caucasus and Diaspora"</a> (PDF). Retrieved Nov 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+phonetic+comparison+of+Kabardian+spoken+in+the+Caucasus+and+Diaspora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eva.mpg.de%2Flingua%2Fconference%2F07-CaucasusConference%2Fpdf%2Ffinal%2520abstracts%2520english%2FApplebaumGordonAbstract.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoroz" class="citation journal cs1">Moroz, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1888554">"Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков"</a>. www.academia.edu. 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's-Gravenhage: Mouton and Co.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Kuipers, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Halle, pp. 96–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Kuipers, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Kuipers, pp. 32–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Halle, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/turkey-circassians-in-uproar-over-latin-alphabet.html">"Turkey's Circassians in uproar over alphabet"</a>. Al-monitor. 22 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015026/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/turkey-circassians-in-uproar-over-latin-alphabet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Circassians+in+uproar+over+alphabet&rft.pub=Al-monitor&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2015%2F04%2Fturkey-circassians-in-uproar-over-latin-alphabet.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Ţ. Borьquej. Ja pe ļевaqve. — Nalşьk, 1930. </li> <li id="cite_note-urys-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urys_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urys_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urys_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urys_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urys_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urys_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urys_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urys_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urys_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urys_20-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-urys_20-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Sh._Urys2000" class="citation book cs1">H. Sh. Urys (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.kbsu.ru/Elib/4/14/1/index.htm">Adygebzem and tkhide (Адыгэбзэм и тхыдэ)</a>. 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Retrieved 2015-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Circassians+in+uproar+over+alphabet&rft.pub=Al-monitor&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2015%2F04%2Fturkey-circassians-in-uproar-over-latin-alphabet.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADDER1-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADDER1_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADDER1_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADDER1_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danef.net/download_dosya/1395680186.pdf">"ADIǴE ALFABE"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020501/http://www.danef.net/download_dosya/1395680186.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADI%C7%B4E+ALFABE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danef.net%2Fdownload_dosya%2F1395680186.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADDER2-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADDER2_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADDER2_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADDER2_23-2">c</a> 6.Sınıf Adıgabze Çerkesçe Ders Kitabı pdf indir (Doğu Diyalekti). Link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.mebders.com/dosya/8373-6sinif-adigabze-cerkesce-ders-kitabi-pdf-indir">[1]</a>. Download link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mebders.com/indir/8373">https://www.mebders.com/indir/8373</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Kabardian.pdf">KABARDIAN</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADDER3-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADDER3_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADDER3_25-1">b</a> Benk, A. C. (2020, October 1). Adder alfabesi. Jineps Gazetesi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jinepsgazetesi.com/2020/10/adder-alfabesi/">https://jinepsgazetesi.com/2020/10/adder-alfabesi/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nga.mil/geonames/GNSSearch/GNSDocs/romanization/ROMANIZATION_OF_KABARDIAN.pdf">ROMANIZATION OF KABARDIAN BGN/PCGN 2011 System</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Kabardian.pdf">KABARDIAN</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=eng">"OHCHR |"</a>. www.ohchr.org. Retrieved Nov 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%26%23124%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=kbd">"OHCHR |"</a>. www.ohchr.org. Retrieved Nov 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%26%23124%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dkbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=ady">"OHCHR |"</a>. www.ohchr.org. Retrieved Nov 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%26%23124%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kabardian</a>: Къэбэрдей-Адыгэбзэ, romanized: Qeberdiei-Adygebze, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Kabardian Circassian' <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">locally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[qɜbɜrˈdeːbzɜ]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a>: Kъэбэртай-Aдыгабзэ/Kъэбэртайбзэ, romanized: Qebertai-Adygabze/Qebertaibze </li> <li id="cite_note-loan-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loan_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loan_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loan_27-2">c</a> Only in loanwords. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColarusso1992" class="citation book cs1">Colarusso, John (1992). A Grammar of the Kabardian Language. University of Calgary Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1880%2F49341">1880/49341</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-668-2"><bdi>978-1-55238-668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Kabardian+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1880%2F49341&rft.isbn=978-1-55238-668-2&rft.aulast=Colarusso&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonApplebaum2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Matthew; Applebaum, Ayla (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/gordon/kabardianphonetics.pdf">"Phonetic structures of Turkish Kabardian"</a> (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 36 (2): 159–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002532">10.1017/S0025100306002532</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44526410">44526410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6665600">6665600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Phonetic+structures+of+Turkish+Kabardian&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-186&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6665600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44526410%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002532&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Applebaum%2C+Ayla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucsb.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fgordon%2Fkabardianphonetics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalle1970" class="citation journal cs1">Halle, Morris (February 1970). "Is Kabardian a Vowel-Less Language?". Foundations of Language. 6 (1): 95–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Language&rft.atitle=Is+Kabardian+a+Vowel-Less+Language%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-103&rft.date=1970-02&rft.aulast=Halle&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuipers1960" class="citation book cs1">Kuipers, Aert H. (1960). van Schooneveld, Cornelis H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circassianworld.com/Congress_Archives/A_Kuipers_Phoneme_and_Morpheme_in_Kabardian_1960.pdf">Phoneme and Morpheme in Kabardian (Eastern Adyghe)</a> (PDF). Janua Linguarum: Studiae Memoriae Nicolai van Wijk Dedicata. Vol. 8. 's-Gravenhage: Mouton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoneme+and+Morpheme+in+Kabardian+%28Eastern+Adyghe%29&rft.place=%27s-Gravenhage&rft.series=Janua+Linguarum%3A+Studiae+Memoriae+Nicolai+van+Wijk+Dedicata&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Kuipers&rft.aufirst=Aert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circassianworld.com%2FCongress_Archives%2FA_Kuipers_Phoneme_and_Morpheme_in_Kabardian_1960.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabardian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="kbd:"> Kabardian edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanko_Matasović2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" title="Ranko Matasović">Ranko Matasović</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/KabardianGrammar.pdf">"A Short Grammar of Kabardian"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+Grammar+of+Kabardian&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Ranko+Matasovi%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ffzg.hr%2F~rmatasov%2FKabardianGrammar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080425145640/http://www.adyga.org/">Adyga.org – Popular Circassian internet forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523132110/http://audio.adyga.org/">Audio.Adyga.org – Virtual Circassian Dictionary</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Loewe1854" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Loewe" title="Louis Loewe">Louis Loewe</a> (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CRgAAAAMAAJ">A dictionary of the Circassian language</a>. George Bell. Retrieved 25 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+the+Circassian+language&rft.pub=George+Bell&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Louis+Loewe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CRgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKabardian+language" class="Z3988">, Circassian, English, Turkish</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingvarium.org/publications/caucas/ACL-N_Cau.pdf">A guide to North Caucasian languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kabardian.htm">Kabardian (къэбэрдеибзэ) alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zihia.narod.ru/ing/instead.htm">Circassian language online lessons</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Caucasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Caucasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Caucasian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>The proposed <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian language</a> family comprises the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> language families.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a> (Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages#Connections_to_Hattic" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">proposed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasic_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/250px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/375px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Caucasic_languages.svg/500px-Caucasic_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> (Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlix</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karata language">Karata</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukita_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tukita language (page does not exist)">Tukita</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Тукитинский диалект каратинского языка">ru</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inkhoqwari_language" title="Inkhoqwari language">Inkhoqwari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a> (areal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a> (Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a> (Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li> <li>Samur <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a> (Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo- European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut/Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mansi language">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mansi language">Eastern Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Yukaghir_language" title="Tundra Yukaghir language">Northern Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yukaghir_language" title="Southern Yukaghir language">Southern Yukaghir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Buryat script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Kalmyk script</a>)2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>1 In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. 2 For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_languages_of_Russia" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia">Wikipedia in languages of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_by_language_of_Russia" title="Category:Mass media by language of Russia">Mass media by language of Russia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li>Circassian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Orthography">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li>Tatar (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li> <li>Pamir (<a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing_system" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li>Shina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Fulfulde" title="Nigerian Fulfulde">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjemi" title="Anjemi">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_script" title="Category:Arabic 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4367208-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000274505&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538510405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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