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the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Union of African States</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اتحاد الدول الإفريقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتحاد الدول الإفريقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuni%C3%B3n_d%27Estaos_Africanos" title="Xunión d'Estaos Africanos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xunión d'Estaos Africanos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Саюз Афрыканскіх Дзяржаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саюз Афрыканскіх Дзяржаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaniezh_Stado%C3%B9_Afrika" title="Unaniezh Stadoù Afrika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unaniezh Stadoù Afrika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_afrikanischer_Staaten" title="Union afrikanischer Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Union afrikanischer Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Estados_Africanos" title="Unión de Estados Africanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión de Estados Africanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_%C3%89tats_africains" title="Union des États africains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union des États africains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio_Civitatum_Africanarum" title="Unio Civitatum Africanarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unio Civitatum Africanarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unie_van_Afrikaanse_Staten" title="Unie van Afrikaanse Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Unie van Afrikaanse Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%AB%B8%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88" title="アフリカ諸国連合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフリカ諸国連合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%87%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="د افريقايي هېوادونو ټولنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د افريقايي هېوادونو ټولنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unia_Afryka%C5%84skich_Stan%C3%B3w" title="Unia Afrykańskich Stanów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unia Afrykańskich Stanów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_dos_Estados_Africanos" title="União dos Estados Africanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União dos Estados Africanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniunea_Statelor_Africane" title="Uniunea Statelor Africane – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uniunea Statelor Africane" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Союз Африканских Государств – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Союз Африканских Государств" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Devletler_Birli%C4%9Fi" title="Afrika Devletler Birliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afrika Devletler Birliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="افریقی ریاستی اتحاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افریقی ریاستی اتحاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="非洲国家联盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="非洲国家联盟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Union of African States" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union (1961–1963)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Union of African States<br /><i>Union des États africains</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_(1961%E2%80%931962).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg/175px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg/263px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg/350px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag (1961–1963)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_of_African_States_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Union_of_African_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Union_of_African_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Union_of_African_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Union_of_African_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Union_of_African_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Union_of_African_States_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of UAS members, shown in green.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">23 November 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Unknown</i> (de jure) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> (de facto)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>3 states</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (joined in 1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_(1958-1961).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg/170px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg/255px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg/340px-Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281958-1961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag (1958–1961)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Union of African States</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Union des États africains</i>), sometimes called the <b>Ghana–Guinea–Mali Union</b>, was a short-lived and loose <a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">regional organization</a> formed in 1958 linking the <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> nations of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> as the <b>Union of Independent African States</b>. <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> joined in 1961. It disbanded in 1963. </p><p>The union planned to develop a common currency and unified foreign policy amongst members; however, none of these proposals were implemented by the countries. The union was the first organization in Africa to bring together former colonies of the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Africa" title="British West Africa">British</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the union was open to all independent states in Africa, no other states joined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihss196612_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKihss196612-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union had a limited impact on politics as there was never any administration or permanent meetings to support the goals of unity. Its legacy was largely limited to longstanding political relationships between </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_and_Prime_Minister">President and Prime Minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_African_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: President and Prime Minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (President and Prime Minister of Ghana 1957–1966), <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a> (President of Guinea 1958–1984), and <a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a> (President of Mali 1960–1968). The union again came into the news when Nkrumah was named as the co-president of Guinea after he was deposed as President of Ghana by a military coup in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19661_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19661-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Birth–Death)</span> </th> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><b>Ghana–Guinea–Mali Union</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a><br /> </td> <td>23 November 1958 </td> <td>1963 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a> </td> <td>1958 </td> <td>1963 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a> </td> <td>1958 </td> <td>1963 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Ghana–Guinea–Mali </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_African_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colonies of Guinea, the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (which became Ghana), and <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a> (which became Mali) followed different paths toward <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Africa">decolonization</a>. French Sudan and Guinea were both French colonies and thus after the <a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1958 crisis">May 1958 crisis</a> were given the chance to vote for immediate independence or to join a reorganized <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a> (which would grant domestic autonomy while maintaining French defense and economic policy). Guinea voted for full independence (the only French colony in Africa to do so) while French Sudan voted to join the French Community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1970405_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1970405-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gold Coast, in contrast, was a British colony which achieved independence as Ghana in March 1957 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference continued into the post-independence era. The French government, with urging from the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, began a complete withdrawal of French personnel from Guinea and a suspension of aid when the country declared independence. This resulted in economic turmoil throughout the country and sent a warning against independence for the other colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French Sudan joined with <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a> for a few months in 1960. However, political intractability led to the dissolution of the Mali Federation in August 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1965182–183_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1965182–183-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghana, in contrast, was presented as a success story of the decolonization period in Africa with a booming economy and the recognition from international organizations for its astute fiscal management.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these differences, the leaders of the three countries shared a common vision of Africa's future. Kwame Nkrumah, Ahmed Sékou Touré, and Modibo Keïta were each pivotal anti-colonial figures in their countries and the first leaders after independence. In addition, each became prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-African</a> movement and were architects in developing a theory of <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635–36_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635–36-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The motivation for creating a federation was to reduce the dependence of the states to the former colonial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large size would reduce the economic vulnerability of the states, improve economic development programs, and reduce interference by foreign powers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate goal of Ghana-Mali-Guinea federation was for more African states to join the union; however between 1963 and 1965, most African states preferred the organization Organization of African Unity over a formal union.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nkrumah was influenced by the United States as a successful model for how to organize an African federation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mutual_assistance">Mutual assistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_African_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mutual assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kwame_Nkrumah_%28JFKWHP-AR6409-A%29.jpg/170px-Kwame_Nkrumah_%28JFKWHP-AR6409-A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kwame_Nkrumah_%28JFKWHP-AR6409-A%29.jpg/255px-Kwame_Nkrumah_%28JFKWHP-AR6409-A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Kwame_Nkrumah_%28JFKWHP-AR6409-A%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Kwame Nkrumah, first President of Ghana and major leader in the Union of African States</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1958, with the sudden cessation of French aid and personnel for Guinea, Nkrumah and Touré met in <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a>, the capital of Guinea, to discuss an emergency loan which Ghana was going to provide to Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFage1969217_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFage1969217-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 November, the two leaders announced a plan for the creation of a union of African states which the two leaders would work towards over a series of meetings with the loan as the first of many steps towards integration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013121_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013121-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following these negotiations, the Union of Independent African States (UIAS) was declared on 1 May 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrady19594_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady19594-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was very loose, only requiring that the members work together on relations with other African countries and thus was, in the words of journalist <a href="/wiki/Russel_Warren_Howe" class="mw-redirect" title="Russel Warren Howe">Russel Warren Howe</a>, more pragmatic than ambitious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They declared intentions for developing a shared currency (a union bank and union economic council were planned)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrady19594_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady19594-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shared citizenship, but did not include unified defense or foreign policy provisions in regards to countries outside of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these declarations, little happened to cement any shared currency or create unified citizenship between the two countries in 1958 or 1959. The only significant effect of the union was the £10 million (about £295 million today<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) loan provided by Ghana to Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19661_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19661-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFage1969217_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFage1969217-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013121_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013121-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even this relationship was hesitantly agreed to by the members. Guinea used less than half of the funds provided by Ghana despite its continued economic problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegum196576_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196576-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The individual constitutions of Ghana, Mali and Guinea contained provisions that would allow the national parliaments to transfer the sovereignty of the whole or part of each country; the intent was to easily form a Union of African States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sekou_Toure_usgov-83-08641.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sekou_Toure_usgov-83-08641.jpg/170px-Sekou_Toure_usgov-83-08641.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sekou_Toure_usgov-83-08641.jpg/255px-Sekou_Toure_usgov-83-08641.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sekou_Toure_usgov-83-08641.jpg/340px-Sekou_Toure_usgov-83-08641.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1846" /></a><figcaption>Ahmed Sékou Touré, First President of Guinea</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1960, following the tense end of the Mali Federation in August, talks begun between the two original members with Mali to join an expanded union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender19614_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender19614-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These negotiations reached fruition on 1 July 1961 when the charter of the newly named Union of African States was published simultaneously in the capitals of the three members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charter of the union provided for <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a> (the agreement that an attack on any of the three countries would be an attack on all) and shared diplomatic, economic, educational, and cultural activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union remained loose but the leaders believed it would set the ground for a larger and stronger union between members. At the signing ceremony on 1 July, Nkrumah declared that the union would be "a nucleus of a United States of Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diplomatically, the union became a key part of the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Casablanca group">Casablanca group</a> and the three members agreed to push for similar policy issue within that forum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloman1962391_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloman1962391-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the leaders approached Cold War politics in a similar manner, promoting a pro-Soviet involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Mali and Ghana had discussed creating a shared parliament, such a provision was not contained in the final agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19619_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19619-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other issues, such as the creation of a single flag for all three countries, a unified economic policy, a unified foreign policy, and the development of a common constitution were mentioned but not provided with details and were to be worked out by regular meetings of the three leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19619_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19619-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No administration was ever established and the only regular governance of the union was set to be meetings between the three leaders of the members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The union was confronted by a series of significant problems from its establishment. Ghana was separated from Guinea by the countries of the Ivory Coast and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> and separated from Mali by the country of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Upper_Volta" title="Republic of Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to bridge this gap by including Upper Volta in the union failed, despite a number of overtures by Nkrumah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one meeting between <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo" title="Maurice Yaméogo">Maurice Yaméogo</a>, the president of Upper Volta, and Nkrumah the two pledged to work together toward "effective unity of Africa" and together knocked down a wall constructed specifically for the ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegum196576_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196576-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, although Mali and Guinea share a border, there had been little creation of significant transportation infrastructure between the countries (both of them being more significantly linked to Senegal during the colonial period). Another problem was that the countries had separate linguistic and colonial infrastructures which limited the space for any significant policy unification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, although the parties agreed on many foreign policy goals, they were divided about <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">United Nations Operation in the Congo</a> in 1960 and 1961. Finally, although the agreement was open to all African states, suspicion about Nkrumah and regional politics between the three leaders and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny" title="Félix Houphouët-Boigny">Félix Houphouët-Boigny</a> in the Ivory Coast limited the union's expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihss196612_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKihss196612-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic council never got started and only a few meetings were held between the three leaders. Tensions increased between the members in 1963 with the <a href="/wiki/1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Togolese coup d'état">1963 Togolese coup d'état</a>: Nkrumah was accused of having supported the coup. In the preparation for the Addis Ababa summit to found the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a>, Touré was upset with Nkrumah for pursuing an agenda without consultation of the other members. The union was dissolved without much attention in May 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013121–122_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013121–122-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegum196576–77_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196576–77-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different explanations have been offered for the failure of the UAS, such as competing nationalisms and intrinsic flaws in the U.S. model of federation that Nkrumah was influenced by. <a href="/wiki/Adom_Getachew" title="Adom Getachew">Adom Getachew</a> argues that the failure was caused by "deep disagreements about the precise balance between federal union and independence of member states."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nkrumah advocated for a strong federal state capable of major economic development projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_African_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Predsednik_republike_Mali_Modibo_Keita_s_spremstvom_v_Tovarni_avtomobilov_in_motorjev_Maribor_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Predsednik_republike_Mali_Modibo_Keita_s_spremstvom_v_Tovarni_avtomobilov_in_motorjev_Maribor_1961.jpg/220px-Predsednik_republike_Mali_Modibo_Keita_s_spremstvom_v_Tovarni_avtomobilov_in_motorjev_Maribor_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Predsednik_republike_Mali_Modibo_Keita_s_spremstvom_v_Tovarni_avtomobilov_in_motorjev_Maribor_1961.jpg/330px-Predsednik_republike_Mali_Modibo_Keita_s_spremstvom_v_Tovarni_avtomobilov_in_motorjev_Maribor_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Predsednik_republike_Mali_Modibo_Keita_s_spremstvom_v_Tovarni_avtomobilov_in_motorjev_Maribor_1961.jpg/440px-Predsednik_republike_Mali_Modibo_Keita_s_spremstvom_v_Tovarni_avtomobilov_in_motorjev_Maribor_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption>Modibo Keïta, the first President of Mali</figcaption></figure> <p>The political alliance between the three leaders was the most significant legacy of the union. Ghana, Guinea, and Mali remained tightly connected until Nkrumah was removed from power by a military coup in 1966. As an example of this continuing relationship, the Ghanaian ambassador to Mali retained the title of "Resident Minister" even after the political union had dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013122_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013122-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The union again became important in 1966 when Nkrumah was removed as the President of Ghana by a military coup while he was in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> dealing with peace talks about the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihss196612_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKihss196612-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the coup, he could not return to Ghana and so instead came to Guinea where he was greeted ceremoniously by Touré who declared that Nkrumah was now the head of state of Guinea and the Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guinea_%E2%80%93_African_Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally">Democratic Party of Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19661_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19661-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Touré declared that "If there were a conference of African heads of state tomorrow, Comrade Nkrumah would speak in the name of Guinea, because Nkrumah is not a simple African but a universal man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19661_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19661-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. State Department was incredulous at the time about whether this naming of Nkrumah as president of the country was genuine<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times196612_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times196612-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the declaration of Nkrumah as the co-president of Guinea with Touré is often considered to be an honorific title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipschutz1989176_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipschutz1989176-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Sertima1988331_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Sertima1988331-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_and_area_of_members">Population and area of members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_African_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Population and area of members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Population<br /><small>(in millions, 1960)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2013_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2013-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td> <td>1,240,192</td> <td>5.2637 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>238,535</td> <td>6.6352 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></td> <td>245,857</td> <td>3.4942 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>1,724,584</td> <td>15.393 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_African_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Donnelly_Fage" class="mw-redirect" title="John Donnelly Fage">John Donnelly Fage</a> categorizes the three leaders together as the "radical West African leaders" in the independence era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFage1969219_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFage1969219-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although no common flag was decided on by the members in this declaration, a flag for the union was decided to be based on the Ghanaian flag, but "with as many black stars as there are members".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKown1973124_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKown1973124-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This geographic division between the countries was emphasized in the 1 July ceremonies which included the first <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radiotelephone</a> call between Mali and Guinea, but did not include Ghana because the connections were not yet constructed to enable such a transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_African_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe1959A4_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe1959">Howe 1959</a>, p. A4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKihss196612-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihss196612_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihss196612_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKihss196612_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKihss1966">Kihss 1966</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeLancey1966">DeLancey 1966</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19661-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19661_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19661_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19661_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoston_Globe1966">Boston Globe 1966</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1970405-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1970405_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1970">Kurtz 1970</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWashington_Post1959">Washington Post 1959</a>, p. A16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz1965182–183-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz1965182–183_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz1965">Foltz 1965</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635–36-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLancey196635–36_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeLancey1966">DeLancey 1966</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFage1969219-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFage1969219_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFage1969">Fage 1969</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGetachew2019">Getachew 2019</a>, pp. 107–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2018-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper2018_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2018">Cooper 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFage1969217-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFage1969217_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFage1969217_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFage1969">Fage 1969</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013121-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013121_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013121_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandful2013">Brandful 2013</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady19594-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrady19594_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrady19594_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrady1959">Brady 1959</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloman1962390_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloman1962">Kloman 1962</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196576-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegum196576_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegum196576_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegum1965">Legum 1965</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender19614-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChicago_Defender19614_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChicago_Defender1961">Chicago Defender 1961</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1961A9_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWashington_Post1961">Washington Post 1961</a>, p. A9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloman1962391-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloman1962391_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKloman1962">Kloman 1962</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoston_Globe19662_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoston_Globe1966">Boston Globe 1966</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19619-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19619_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19619_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times1961">New York Times 1961</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKown1973124-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKown1973124_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKown1973">McKown 1973</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013121–122-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013121–122_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandful2013">Brandful 2013</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegum196576–77-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegum196576–77_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegum1965">Legum 1965</a>, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013122-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandful2013122_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandful2013">Brandful 2013</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19661-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times19661_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times1966">New York Times 1966</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times196612-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times196612_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times1966">New York Times 1966</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipschutz1989176-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipschutz1989176_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipschutz1989">Lipschutz 1989</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Sertima1988331-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Sertima1988331_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Sertima1988">van Sertima 1988</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2013-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2013_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorld_Bank2013">World Bank 2013</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_African_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History of the<br />African Union</a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Economic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Constitutive Act of the African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union#Union_launch" title="History of the African Union">Union Launch</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_African_Union" title="Template:History of the African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:History_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:History of the African Union (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics of the African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Institutions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Conferences_and_Events&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Conferences and Events (page does not exist)">Conference and Events</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Peace_and_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Peace and Security (page does not exist)">Peace & Sec.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Political_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Political Affairs (page does not exist)">Pol. Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Infrastructure_and_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Infrastructure and Energy (page does not exist)">Infra. & Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Social_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Social Affairs (page does not exist)">Soc. Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Human Resources, Science, and Technology (page does not exist)">HR, Sci., & Tech.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Trade_and_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Trade and Industry (page does not exist)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Rural Economy and Agriculture (page does not exist)">Rural Econ. & Agri.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Economic_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Economic Affairs (page does not exist)">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_Legal_Counsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of the Legal Counsel (page does not exist)">Legal Counsel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Rep. Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of the Pan-African Parliament (page does not exist)">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fortune_Z._Charumbira" title="Fortune Z. Charumbira">Fortune Z. Charumbira</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="List of members of the Pan-African Parliament">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committees_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Permanent Committees of the Pan-African Parliament">Permanent Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Rural_Economy,_Agriculture,_Natural_Resources,_and_Environment" title="Committee on Rural Economy, Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Environment">Rural Econ., Agri., Resources, Environ.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Monetary_and_Financial_Affairs" title="Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs">Monetary & Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Trade,_Customs,_and_Immigration_Matters" title="Committee on Trade, Customs, and Immigration Matters">Trade, Customs, & Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Cooperation,_International_Relations,_and_Conflict_Resolution" title="Committee on Cooperation, International Relations, and Conflict Resolution">Cooperation, IR, & Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Transport,_Industry,_Communication,_Energy,_Science,_and_Technology" title="Committee on Transport, Industry, Communication, Energy, Science, and Technology">Transport, Industry, Communication, <br /> Energy, Science, & Tech.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Health,_Labour,_and_Social_Affairs" title="Committee on Health, Labour, and Social Affairs">Health, Labour, & Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Education,_Culture,_Tourism,_and_Human_Resources" title="Committee on Education, Culture, Tourism, and Human Resources">Educ., Culture, Tourism, & HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Gender,_Family,_Youth,_and_People_with_Disabilities" title="Committee on Gender, Family, Youth, and People with Disabilities">Gender, Family, Youth, Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Justice_and_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Justice and Human Rights">Justice & Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Rules,_Privileges,_and_Discipline" title="Committee on Rules, Privileges, and Discipline">Rules, Privileges, & Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_on_Audit_and_Public_Accounts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee on Audit and Public Accounts (page does not exist)">Committee on Audit and Public Accounts</a> (CAPA)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Constitutive Act of the AU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_law" title="African Union law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">Charter on Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights"> Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_of_Justice_and_Human_Rights" title="African Court of Justice and Human Rights">Justice and Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judges_of_the_African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">List of judges</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Advisory bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">Economic, Social and Cultural Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialised Technical Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Rural_Economy_and_Agricultural_Matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Rural Economy and Agricultural Matters (page does not exist)">Rural Econ., Agri.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Monetary_and_Financial_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs (page does not exist)">Monetary & Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Trade,_Customs,_and_Immigration_Matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Trade, Customs, and Immigration Matters (page does not exist)">Trade, Customs, and Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Industry,_Science_and_Technology,_Energy,_Natural_Resources,_and_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, Energy, Natural Resources, and Environment (page does not exist)">Industry, Sci. & Tech., Energy, Natural Resources, & Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Transport,_Communications,_and_Tourism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Transport, Communications, and Tourism (page does not exist)">Transport, Comm., Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Health,_Labor,_and_Social_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Health, Labor, and Social Affairs (page does not exist)">Health, Labor, Social</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialised_Technical_Committee_on_Education,_Culture,_and_Human_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specialised Technical Committee on Education, Culture, and Human Resources (page does not exist)"> Edu., Culture, & Human Resources</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Financial bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li>AEC Pillars (<a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">Abuja Treaty</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">CEN-SAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">COMESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">ECCAS/CEEAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">CEMAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS/CEDEAO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">UEMOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary Zone">WAMZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">IGAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">SACU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">AMU/UMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">African Monetary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">New Partnership for Africa's Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">African Peer Review Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development_E-School_Program" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development E-School Program">New Partnership for Africa's Development E-School Program</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)">Decentralised bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agencies_of_the_African_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agencies of the African Union (page does not exist)">Agencies of the AU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa CDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:palegreen;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrafrica_partnership" title="Terrafrica partnership">TerrAfrica partnership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_African_Union" title="Template:Politics of the African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_African_Union" title="Template talk:Politics of the African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Books and Journal Articles</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandful2013" class="citation book cs1">Brandful, William G.M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6eglzXVDcMC&pg=PA122"><i>Personal Reflections of a Ghanaian Foreign Service Officer - Whither Ghanaian Diplomacy?</i></a>. Dorrance Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4809-0006-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4809-0006-6"><bdi>978-1-4809-0006-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+Reflections+of+a+Ghanaian+Foreign+Service+Officer+-+Whither+Ghanaian+Diplomacy%3F&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4809-0006-6&rft.aulast=Brandful&rft.aufirst=William+G.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_6eglzXVDcMC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2018" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Frederick (24 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-111">"The Politics of Decolonization in French and British West Africa"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.111">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190277734" title="Special:BookSources/9780190277734"><bdi>9780190277734</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Decolonization+in+French+and+British+West+Africa&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.111&rft.isbn=9780190277734&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fafricanhistory%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLancey1966" class="citation journal cs1">DeLancey, Mark W. (1966). "The Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union: A Bibliographic Essay". <i>African Studies Bulletin</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 35–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F523014">10.2307/523014</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/523014">523014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Studies+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Ghana-Guinea-Mali+Union%3A+A+Bibliographic+Essay&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=35-51&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F523014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F523014%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=DeLancey&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFage1969" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J.D. (1969). <i>A History of West Africa</i>. London: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+West+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz1965" class="citation book cs1">Foltz, William J. (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromfrenchwestaf0000folt"><i>From French West Africa to the Mali Federation</i></a></span>. New Haven: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+French+West+Africa+to+the+Mali+Federation&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromfrenchwestaf0000folt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetachew2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adom_Getachew" title="Adom Getachew">Getachew, Adom</a> (2019). <i><a href="/wiki/Worldmaking_after_Empire:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Self-Determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination">Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination</a></i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3znwvg">10.2307/j.ctv3znwvg</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17915-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17915-5"><bdi>978-0-691-17915-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3znwvg">j.ctv3znwvg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmaking+after+Empire%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Self-Determination&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3znwvg%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3znwvg&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17915-5&rft.aulast=Getachew&rft.aufirst=Adom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloman1962" class="citation journal cs1">Kloman, Erasmus H. Jr. (1962). "African Unification Movements". <i>International Organization</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 387–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020818300011127">10.1017/s0020818300011127</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2705391">2705391</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154719814">154719814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=African+Unification+Movements&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=387-404&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154719814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2705391%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020818300011127&rft.aulast=Kloman&rft.aufirst=Erasmus+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz1970" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtz, Donn M. (1970). "Political Integration in Africa: The Mali Federation". <i>The Journal of Modern African Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 405–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022278x00019923">10.1017/s0022278x00019923</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154671339">154671339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Political+Integration+in+Africa%3A+The+Mali+Federation&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-424&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022278x00019923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154671339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Donn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegum1965" class="citation book cs1">Legum, Colin (1965). <i>Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide</i>. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan-Africanism%3A+A+Short+Political+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Legum&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschutz1989" class="citation book cs1">Lipschutz, Mark R. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYoPkk04Yp4C&pg=PA176"><i>Dictionary of African Historical Biography</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06611-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06611-3"><bdi>978-0-520-06611-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+African+Historical+Biography&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06611-3&rft.aulast=Lipschutz&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYoPkk04Yp4C%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKown1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_McKown" title="Robin McKown">McKown, Robin</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xPwNAQAAMAAJ"><i>Nkrumah: a biography</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385027786" title="Special:BookSources/9780385027786"><bdi>9780385027786</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nkrumah%3A+a+biography&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780385027786&rft.aulast=McKown&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxPwNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Sertima1988" class="citation book cs1">van Sertima, Ivan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QpqtmirkK2UC&pg=PA331"><i>Great Black Leaders: Ancient and Modern</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-739-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-739-5"><bdi>978-0-88738-739-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Black+Leaders%3A+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-739-5&rft.aulast=van+Sertima&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQpqtmirkK2UC%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Newspaper articles</b> (organized chronologically) </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1959" class="citation news cs1">Brady, Thomas F. (2 May 1959). "New West Africa Union Sealed By Heads of Ghana and Guinea". <i>New York Times</i>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+West+Africa+Union+Sealed+By+Heads+of+Ghana+and+Guinea&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1959-05-02&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_Post1959" class="citation news cs1">"The Birth of UIAS". <i>Washington Post</i>. 6 May 1959. p. A16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+UIAS&rft.pages=A16&rft.date=1959-05-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1959" class="citation news cs1">Howe, Russell (23 May 1959). "Ghana, Guinea Build Federation Designed to Lure Other States". <i>Washington Post</i>. p. A4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ghana%2C+Guinea+Build+Federation+Designed+to+Lure+Other+States&rft.pages=A4&rft.date=1959-05-23&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times1961" class="citation news cs1">"3 African Lands take Unity Step: Ghana, Guinea and Mali Sign Charter for New Grouping". <i>New York Times</i>. 30 April 1961. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=3+African+Lands+take+Unity+Step%3A+Ghana%2C+Guinea+and+Mali+Sign+Charter+for+New+Grouping&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1961-04-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_Post1961" class="citation news cs1">"Ghana, Guinea and Mali Inaugurate New Union". <i>The Washington Post</i>. 2 July 1961. p. A9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ghana%2C+Guinea+and+Mali+Inaugurate+New+Union&rft.pages=A9&rft.date=1961-07-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicago_Defender1961" class="citation news cs1">"3 Nations in African Union". <i>Chicago Daily Defender</i>. 3 July 1961. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Daily+Defender&rft.atitle=3+Nations+in+African+Union&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1961-07-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKihss1966" class="citation news cs1">Kihss, Peter (25 February 1966). "Ghana, Now in Dire Straits, Began as a Showcase". <i>New York Times</i>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ghana%2C+Now+in+Dire+Straits%2C+Began+as+a+Showcase&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1966-02-25&rft.aulast=Kihss&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoston_Globe1966" class="citation news cs1">"Ousted Ghana Boss Now Rules Guinea: Unprecedented Shift in Africa Has World Capitals Stunned". <i>Boston Globe</i>. 4 March 1966. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Ousted+Ghana+Boss+Now+Rules+Guinea%3A+Unprecedented+Shift+in+Africa+Has+World+Capitals+Stunned&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1966-03-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times1966" class="citation news cs1">"Toure ls Quoted as Saying Nkrumah Is Guinea's Chief". <i>New York Times</i>. 4 March 1966. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Toure+ls+Quoted+as+Saying+Nkrumah+Is+Guinea%27s+Chief&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1966-03-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://databank.worldbank.org">"World DataBank"</a>. World Bank. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+DataBank&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabank.worldbank.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+of+African+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-Africanism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Africanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Africanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Movement" title="Uhuru Movement">Uhuru Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikism" title="Zikism">Zikism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_century" title="African century">African century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanists" title="Category:Pan-Africanists">Proponents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Akumu" title="Dennis Akumu">Dennis Akumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Amílcar Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Comissiong" title="David Comissiong">David Comissiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochola_Ogaye_Mak%27Anyengo" title="Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo">Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdias_do_Nascimento" title="Abdias do Nascimento">Abdias do Nascimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nyathi_Pokela" title="John Nyathi Pokela">John Nyathi Pokela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson">I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marimba_Ani" title="Marimba Ani">Marimba Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">Edward Wilmot Blyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke">John Henrik Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin R. Delany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Ashwood_Garvey" title="Amy Ashwood Garvey">Amy Ashwood Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Jackson_(writer)" title="John G. Jackson (writer)">John G. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Leonard Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Ben-Jochannan" title="Yosef Ben-Jochannan">Yosef Ben-Jochannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kinloch" title="Alice Kinloch">Alice Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Mafeje" title="Archie Mafeje">Archie Mafeje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephania_Mothopeng" title="Zephania Mothopeng">Zephania Mothopeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">George Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motsoko_Pheko" title="Motsoko Pheko">Motsoko Pheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoko_Rashidi" title="Runoko Rashidi">Runoko Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Robinson" title="Randall Robinson">Randall Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Issa Laye Thiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Frances Cress Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sylvester_Williams" title="Henry Sylvester Williams">Henry Sylvester Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_N._Wilson" title="Amos N. Wilson">Amos N. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela">Omali Yeshitela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanist_organizations" title="Category:Pan-Africanist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy" title="African Leadership Academy">African Leadership Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_University" title="African Leadership University">African Leadership University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Trade_Union_Federation" title="All-African Trade Union Federation">All-African Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente">Conseil de l'Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">First Pan-African Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_African_Service_Bureau" title="International African Service Bureau">International African Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity" title="Organisation of African Trade Union Unity">Organisation of African Trade Union Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Association" title="Pan African Association">Pan African Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Freedom_Movement_for_East_and_Central_Africa" title="Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa">Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_and_Social_League_of_the_Great_Sahara_Tribes" title="Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes">Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Rassemblement Démocratique Africain">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Star_of_Africa" title="Black Star of Africa">Black Star of Africa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">Le Marron Inconnu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">Pan-African flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">Conflicts in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">African-American leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference">All-African Peoples' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanism" title="Category:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Africa category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pan-Africanism" title="Portal:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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\"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d94db5ff4-vm4mq","timestamp":"20241128205130","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Union of African States","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_of_African_States","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q633609","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q633609","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-12-01T05:22:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T09:59:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1e\/Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_%281961%E2%80%931962%29.svg","headline":"international organization"}</script> </body> </html>