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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Remediation of persistent organic pollutant-contaminated soil using biosurfactant-enhanced electrokinetics coupled with a zero-valent iron/activated carbon permeable reactive barrier | Environmental Science and Pollution Research</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Remediation of persistent organic pollutant-contaminated soil using biosurfactant-enhanced electrokinetics coupled with a zero-valent iron/activated carbon permeable reactive barrier"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Zero-valent iron/activated carbon (Fe/C) particles can degrade persistent organic pollutants via micro-electrolysis and therefore, they may be used to..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-017-0371-x/MediaObjects/11356_2017_371_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="11356"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Remediation of persistent organic pollutant-contaminated soil using biosurfactant-enhanced electrokinetics coupled with a zero-valent iron/activated carbon permeable reactive barrier"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2017 24:36"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2017-10-10"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Zero-valent iron/activated carbon (Fe/C) particles can degrade persistent organic pollutants via micro-electrolysis and therefore, they may be used to develop materials for permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). In this study, surfactant-enhanced electrokinetics (EK) was coupled with a Fe/C-PRB to treat phenanthrene (PHE) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) co-contaminated clay soil. An environment-friendly biosurfactant, rhamnolipid, was selected as the solubility-enhancing agent. Five bench-scale tests were conducted to investigate the performance of EK-PRB on PHE and TCP removal from soil as well as the impact of pH and rhamnolipid concentration. The results show that both PHE and TCP, driven by electro-osmotic flow (EOF), moved toward the cathode and reacted with the Fe/C-PRB. Catholyte acidification and rhamnolipid concentration increase improved the removal efficiencies of PHE and TCP. The highest removal efficiency of PHE in soil column was five times the efficiency of the control group on which only EK was applied (49.89 versus 9.40%). The highest removal efficiency of TCP in soil column was 4.5 times the efficiency of the control group (64.60 versus 14.30%). Desorption and mobility of PHE and TCP improved with the increase of rhamnolipid concentration when this exceeded the critical micelle concentration. This study indicates that the combination of EK and a Fe/C-PRB is efficient and promising for removing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from contaminated soil with the enhancement of rhamnolipid."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1614-7499"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2017-10-10"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="24"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="36"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="28142"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="28151"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Environ Sci Pollut Res"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1614-7499"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Remediation of persistent organic pollutant-contaminated soil using biosurfactant-enhanced electrokinetics coupled with a zero-valent iron/activated carbon permeable reactive barrier"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="24"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="36"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2017/12"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2017/10/10"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="28142"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="28151"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x"/> <meta name="size" content="149063"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Zero-valent iron/activated carbon (Fe/C) particles can degrade persistent organic pollutants via micro-electrolysis and therefore, they may be used to deve"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Sun, Yuchao"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Gao, Ke"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Zhang, Yun"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Zou, Hua"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environment, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environmental Chemistry"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Ecotoxicology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environmental Health"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Chemosphere; 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In this study, surfactant-enhanced electrokinetics (EK) was coupled with a Fe/C-PRB to treat phenanthrene (PHE) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) co-contaminated clay soil. An environment-friendly biosurfactant, rhamnolipid, was selected as the solubility-enhancing agent. Five bench-scale tests were conducted to investigate the performance of EK-PRB on PHE and TCP removal from soil as well as the impact of pH and rhamnolipid concentration. The results show that both PHE and TCP, driven by electro-osmotic flow (EOF), moved toward the cathode and reacted with the Fe/C-PRB. Catholyte acidification and rhamnolipid concentration increase improved the removal efficiencies of PHE and TCP. The highest removal efficiency of PHE in soil column was five times the efficiency of the control group on which only EK was applied (49.89 versus 9.40%). The highest removal efficiency of TCP in soil column was 4.5 times the efficiency of the control group (64.60 versus 14.30%). Desorption and mobility of PHE and TCP improved with the increase of rhamnolipid concentration when this exceeded the critical micelle concentration. This study indicates that the combination of EK and a Fe/C-PRB is efficient and promising for removing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from contaminated soil with the enhancement of rhamnolipid."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-017-0371-x/MediaObjects/11356_2017_371_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" 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In this study, surfactant-enhanced electrokinetics (EK) was coupled with a Fe/C-PRB to treat phenanthrene (PHE) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) co-contaminated clay soil. An environment-friendly biosurfactant, rhamnolipid, was selected as the solubility-enhancing agent. Five bench-scale tests were conducted to investigate the performance of EK-PRB on PHE and TCP removal from soil as well as the impact of pH and rhamnolipid concentration. The results show that both PHE and TCP, driven by electro-osmotic flow (EOF), moved toward the cathode and reacted with the Fe/C-PRB. Catholyte acidification and rhamnolipid concentration increase improved the removal efficiencies of PHE and TCP. The highest removal efficiency of PHE in soil column was five times the efficiency of the control group on which only EK was applied (49.89 versus 9.40%). The highest removal efficiency of TCP in soil column was 4.5 times the efficiency of the control group (64.60 versus 14.30%). Desorption and mobility of PHE and TCP improved with the increase of rhamnolipid concentration when this exceeded the critical micelle concentration. This study indicates that the combination of EK and a Fe/C-PRB is efficient and promising for removing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from contaminated soil with the enhancement of rhamnolipid.","datePublished":"2017-10-10T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2017-10-10T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"28142","pageEnd":"28151","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x","keywords":["Electrokinetics","PRB","Micro-electrolysis","Biosurfactant","POPs","Soil","Environment","general","Environmental Chemistry","Ecotoxicology","Environmental Health","Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution","Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic 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Research","issn":["1614-7499","0944-1344"],"volumeNumber":"24","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Yuchao Sun","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University","address":{"name":"School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology","address":{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Ke Gao","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University","address":{"name":"School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology","address":{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Yun Zhang","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University","address":{"name":"School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology","address":{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Hua Zou","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University","address":{"name":"School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology","address":{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collabrative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment","address":{"name":"Jiangsu Collabrative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"zouhua@jiangnan.edu.cn","@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="u-visually-hidden" 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href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ke-Gao-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Ke-Gao-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Gao, Ke">Ke Gao</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Yun-Zhang-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Yun-Zhang-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Zhang, Yun">Yun Zhang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 4 authors for this article" title="Show all 4 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Hua-Zou-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Hua-Zou-Aff1-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-search="Zou, Hua" data-corresp-id="c1">Hua Zou<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon 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class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Zero-valent iron<b>/</b>activated carbon (Fe/C) particles can degrade persistent organic pollutants via micro-electrolysis and therefore, they may be used to develop materials for permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). In this study, surfactant-enhanced electrokinetics (EK) was coupled with a Fe/C-PRB to treat phenanthrene (PHE) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) co-contaminated clay soil. An environment-friendly biosurfactant, rhamnolipid, was selected as the solubility-enhancing agent. Five bench-scale tests were conducted to investigate the performance of EK-PRB on PHE and TCP removal from soil as well as the impact of pH and rhamnolipid concentration. The results show that both PHE and TCP, driven by electro-osmotic flow (EOF), moved toward the cathode and reacted with the Fe/C-PRB. Catholyte acidification and rhamnolipid concentration increase improved the removal efficiencies of PHE and TCP. The highest removal efficiency of PHE in soil column was five times the efficiency of the control group on which only EK was applied (49.89 versus 9.40%). The highest removal efficiency of TCP in soil column was 4.5 times the efficiency of the control group (64.60 versus 14.30%). Desorption and mobility of PHE and TCP improved with the increase of rhamnolipid concentration when this exceeded the critical micelle concentration. This study indicates that the combination of EK and a Fe/C-PRB is efficient and promising for removing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from contaminated soil with the enhancement of rhamnolipid.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-017-0371-x%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D900fd3a7-5973-4298-8080-f427dc40b11e" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" 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The authors would like to acknowledge Jiannan Ding, Wei Du, and Xuyue Wu for their assistance in soil sampling and the experiment process. The State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology is thanked for its help in soil characterization.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Yuchao Sun, Ke Gao, Yun Zhang & Hua Zou</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi, 214122, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Yuchao Sun, Ke Gao, Yun Zhang & Hua Zou</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Jiangsu Collabrative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou, 215009, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Hua Zou</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Yuchao-Sun-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Yuchao Sun</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Yuchao%20Sun" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Sun, Y., Gao, K., Zhang, Y. <i>et al.</i> Remediation of persistent organic pollutant-contaminated soil using biosurfactant-enhanced electrokinetics coupled with a zero-valent iron/activated carbon permeable reactive barrier. <i>Environ Sci Pollut Res</i> <b>24</b>, 28142–28151 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s11356-017-0371-x?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2017-06-04">04 June 2017</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2017-09-27">27 September 2017</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2017-10-10">10 October 2017</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2017-12">December 2017</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item 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