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to 1950 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood:_1940s_to_1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_political_activism:_1950–1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_political_activism:_1950–1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Education and political activism: 1950–1963 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_political_activism:_1950–1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_training:_1963–1966" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_training:_1963–1966"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Military training: 1963–1966 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_training:_1963–1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libyan_Arab_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan_Arab_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Libyan Arab Republic </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Libyan_Arab_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Libyan Arab Republic subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Libyan_Arab_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coup_d'état:_1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_d'état:_1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Coup d'état: 1969 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_d'état:_1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidating_leadership:_1969–1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidating_leadership:_1969–1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Consolidating leadership: 1969–1973 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidating_leadership:_1969–1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_and_social_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_social_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Economic and social reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_social_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Popular_Revolution":_1973–1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Popular_Revolution":_1973–1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The "Popular Revolution": 1973–1977 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Popular_Revolution":_1973–1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_International_Theory_and_The_Green_Book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_International_Theory_and_The_Green_Book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Third International Theory and The Green Book </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_International_Theory_and_The_Green_Book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation:_1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation:_1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Foundation: 1977 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation:_1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_Committees_and_furthering_socialism:_1978–1980" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_Committees_and_furthering_socialism:_1978–1980"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Revolutionary Committees and furthering socialism: 1978–1980 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_Committees_and_furthering_socialism:_1978–1980-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_the_US_and_its_allies:_1981–1986" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_the_US_and_its_allies:_1981–1986"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Conflict with the US and its allies: 1981–1986 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_the_US_and_its_allies:_1981–1986-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Revolution_within_a_Revolution":_1987–1998" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Revolution_within_a_Revolution":_1987–1998"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 "Revolution within a Revolution": 1987–1998 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Revolution_within_a_Revolution":_1987–1998-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan-Africanism,_reconciliation_and_privatization:_1999–2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-Africanism,_reconciliation_and_privatization:_1999–2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Pan-Africanism, reconciliation and privatization: 1999–2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-Africanism,_reconciliation_and_privatization:_1999–2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Links_with_Africa_and_conflicts_in_the_Arab_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_with_Africa_and_conflicts_in_the_Arab_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Links with Africa and conflicts in the Arab League </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_with_Africa_and_conflicts_in_the_Arab_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebuilding_links_with_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebuilding_links_with_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Rebuilding links with the West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebuilding_links_with_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Economic reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libyan_Civil_War_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan_Civil_War_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Libyan Civil War and death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Libyan_Civil_War_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Libyan Civil War and death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Libyan_Civil_War_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_development:_February–August_2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_development:_February–August_2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Origins and development: February–August 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_development:_February–August_2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_and_killing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_and_killing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Capture and killing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_and_killing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political ideology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political ideology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_modernism_and_Islamic_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_modernism_and_Islamic_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Islamic modernism and Islamic socialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_modernism_and_Islamic_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Public life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Awards and honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Reception and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Posthumous_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Posthumous assessment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Muammar Gaddafi</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" > 140 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moeammar_al-Ghaddafi" title="Moeammar al-Ghaddafi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moeammar al-Ghaddafi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%8B%E1%8B%B3%E1%8D%8A" title="ሞአመር ጋዳፊ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞአመር ጋዳፊ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="معمر القذافي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معمر القذافي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A5%DC%A1%DC%AA_%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%A9%DC%95%DC%90%DC%A6%DC%9D" title="ܡܘܥܡܪ ܐܠܩܕܐܦܝ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܥܡܪ ܐܠܩܕܐܦܝ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF" title="মোৱাম্মাৰ গাড্ডাফি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মোৱাম্মাৰ গাড্ডাফি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C9%99mm%C9%99r_Q%C9%99ddafi" title="Muəmmər Qəddafi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Muəmmər Qəddafi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="معمر قذافی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="معمر قذافی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF" title="মুয়াম্মর গাদ্দাফি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুয়াম্মর গাদ্দাফি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Qadafi" title="Muammar al-Qadafi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Muammar al-Qadafi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Al_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Al Gaddafi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Muammar Al Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Каддафи Муаммар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Каддафи Муаммар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96" title="Муамар Кадафі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Муамар Кадафі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96" title="Муамар Кадафі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Муамар Кадафі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Муамар Кадафи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Муамар Кадафи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_el-Gaddafi" title="Muammar el-Gaddafi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Muammar el-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27ammar_al-Qaddafi" title="Mu'ammar al-Qaddafi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mu'ammar al-Qaddafi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Moammar al-Gaddafi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Kadd%C3%A1f%C3%AD" title="Muammar Kaddáfí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muammar Kaddáfí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="معمر لقدافي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="معمر لقدافي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E2%80%98ammar_al-Qadhdh%C4%81f%C4%AB" title="Mu‘ammar al-Qadhdhāfī – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mu‘ammar al-Qadhdhāfī" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B9" title="Μουαμάρ Καντάφι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουαμάρ Καντάφι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muamar_el_Gadafi" title="Muamar el Gadafi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muamar el Gadafi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muamar_Kadafi" title="Muamar Kadafi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muamar Kadafi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al_Kadafi" title="Muammar al Kadafi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Muammar al Kadafi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="معمر قذافی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معمر قذافی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouammar_Kadhafi" title="Mouammar Kadhafi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouammar Kadhafi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moammar_al-Kadaffy" title="Moammar al-Kadaffy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moammar al-Kadaffy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muamar_al-Qadafi" title="Muamar al-Qadafi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Muamar al-Qadafi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%80" title="મુઅમ્મર ગદ્દાફી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મુઅમ્મર ગદ્દાફી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4_%EC%95%8C_%EC%B9%B4%EB%8B%A4%ED%94%BC" title="무아마르 알 카다피 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무아마르 알 카다피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB" title="Մուամմար ալ-Կադդաֆի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուամմար ալ-Կադդաֆի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="मुअम्मर अल-गद्दाफ़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुअम्मर अल-गद्दाफ़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Qaddafi" title="Muammar al-Qaddafi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Muammar al-Qaddafi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Khadafi" title="Muammar Khadafi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muammar Khadafi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Каддафи, Муаммар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Каддафи, Муаммар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%CA%BFammar_Gheddafi" title="Muʿammar Gheddafi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muʿammar Gheddafi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99" title="מועמר קדאפי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מועמר קדאפי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Qaddafi" title="Muammar al-Qaddafi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Muammar al-Qaddafi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mouammar_Kadhafi" title="Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮುಅಮ್ಮರ್ ಗಡಾಫಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುಅಮ್ಮರ್ ಗಡಾಫಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მუამარ კადაფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუამარ კადაფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Муаммар Каддафи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Муаммар Каддафи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_el-Gaddafi" title="Muammar el-Gaddafi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Muammar el-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Каддафи, Муаммар – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Каддафи, Муаммар" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muemer_Qedaf%C3%AE" title="Muemer Qedafî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Muemer Qedafî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Муаммар Каддафи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Муаммар Каддафи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Каддафи, Муаммар – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Каддафи, Муаммар" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2_%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B5" title="ມູມມາ ກັດດາຟີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມູມມາ ກັດດາຟີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27ammar_al-Qaddh%C4%81f%C4%AB" title="Mu'ammar al-Qaddhāfī – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mu'ammar al-Qaddhāfī" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammars_Kad%C4%81fi" title="Muammars Kadāfi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Muammars Kadāfi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gheddafi" title="Muammar Gheddafi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Muammar Gheddafi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moammer_Kadhafi" title="Moammer Kadhafi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moammer Kadhafi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Муамер Гадафи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Муамер Гадафи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="മുഅമ്മർ അൽ ഖദ്ദാഫി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുഅമ്മർ അൽ ഖദ്ദാഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="मुअम्मर अल-गद्दाफी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुअम्मर अल-गद्दाफी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მუამარ კადაფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მუამარ კადაფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%89" title="معمر القذافى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معمر القذافى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="معمر قذافی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="معمر قذافی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Khadafi" title="Muammar Khadafi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Muammar Khadafi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Муаммар Каддафи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Муаммар Каддафи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%80%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%96%E1%80%AE" title="မူအမ္မာ ကဒါဖီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မူအမ္မာ ကဒါဖီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moammar_al-Qadhafi" title="Moammar al-Qadhafi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moammar al-Qadhafi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar Al-Gaddafi – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Muammar Al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="कर्णेल मुअम्मर गद्दाफी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कर्णेल मुअम्मर गद्दाफी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ムアンマル・アル＝カッザーフィー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムアンマル・アル＝カッザーフィー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Moammar al-Gaddafi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Moammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Qazzofiy" title="Muammar Qazzofiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muammar Qazzofiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਮੁਆਮਰ ਗੱਦਾਫ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਆਮਰ ਗੱਦਾਫ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="معمر قذافی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="معمر قذافی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="معمر القذافي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="معمر القذافي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6_%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8" title="មូអាំម៉ា កាដាហ្វី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មូអាំម៉ា កាដាហ្វី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E2%80%99ammar_al-Kaddafi" title="Mu’ammar al-Kaddafi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mu’ammar al-Kaddafi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Каддафи, Муаммар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каддафи, Муаммар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Муаммар Каддафи – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Муаммар Каддафи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="गद्दाफी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गद्दाफी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muamer_el_Gadafi" title="Muamer el Gadafi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muamer el Gadafi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gheddafi" title="Muammar Gheddafi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Muammar Gheddafi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%92" title="මුවම්මර් ගඩාෆි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුවම්මර් ගඩාෆි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Kadd%C3%A1f%C3%AD" title="Muammar al-Kaddáfí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Muammar al-Kaddáfí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Moamer_el_Gadafi" title="Omar Moamer el Gadafi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Omar Moamer el Gadafi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Kaddafi" title="Muammar al-Kaddafi – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Muammar al-Kaddafi" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucammar_Qadaafi" title="Mucammar Qadaafi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mucammar Qadaafi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1_%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="موعەمەر قەزافی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="موعەمەر قەزافی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Муамер ел Гадафи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Муамер ел Гадафи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moamer_Gadafi" title="Moamer Gadafi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moamer Gadafi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Khadafi" title="Muammar Khadafi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Muammar Khadafi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="முஅம்மர் அல் கதாஃபி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முஅம்மர் அல் கதாஃபி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%9Bemmer_Lqeddafi" title="Mɛemmer Lqeddafi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mɛemmer Lqeddafi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%80_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Мөәммәр әл-Каддафи – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мөәммәр әл-Каддафи" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5" title="มูอัมมาร์ กัดดาฟี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มูอัมมาร์ กัดดาฟี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D3%A3" title="Муаммар Қаззофӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муаммар Қаззофӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammer_Kaddafi" title="Muammer Kaddafi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muammer Kaddafi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Kaddafi" title="Muammar Kaddafi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Muammar Kaddafi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96" title="Муаммар Каддафі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Муаммар Каддафі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="معمر قذافی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معمر قذافی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%87%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1_%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%89" title="مۇئەممەر قەززافى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مۇئەممەر قەززافى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%94%E8%B2%BB" title="格達費 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="格達費" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%8E%E8%8F%B2" title="穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99" title="מואמאר קאדאפי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מואמאר קאדאפי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Muammar al-Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%81%94%E8%8F%B2" title="卡達菲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡達菲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1emer_Qedafi" title="Mıemer Qedafi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mıemer Qedafi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%8E%E8%8F%B2" title="穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C9%99mmar_K%C9%99ddafi" title="Muəmmar Kəddafi – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Muəmmar Kəddafi" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19878#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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For other people with the name, see <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_(name)" title="Gaddafi (name)">Gaddafi (name)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution" title="Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution">Brotherly Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Muammar Gaddafi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>معمر القذافي‎</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Moamer_el_Gadafi_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Moamer_el_Gadafi_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Moamer_el_Gadafi_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Moamer_el_Gadafi_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Moamer_el_Gadafi_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Moamer_el_Gadafi_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Moamer_el_Gadafi_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="2493" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Gaddafi in 1970</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution" title="Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution">Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 March 1979 – 20 October 2011<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ati_al-Obeidi" title="Abdul Ati al-Obeidi">Abdul Ati al-Obeidi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jadallah_Azzuz_at-Talhi" title="Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi">Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_az-Zaruq_Rajab" title="Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab">Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abuzed_Omar_Dorda" title="Abuzed Omar Dorda">Abuzed Omar Dorda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_al-Qa%E2%80%B2ud" title="Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud">Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_al-Mangoush" title="Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush">Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Imbarek_Shamekh" title="Imbarek Shamekh">Imbarek Shamekh</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Shukri_Ghanem" title="Shukri Ghanem">Shukri Ghanem</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Mahmudi" title="Baghdadi Mahmudi">Baghdadi Mahmudi</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as Chairman of the RCC)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul_Jalil" title="Mustafa Abdul Jalil">Mustafa Abdul Jalil</a> (as Chairman of the NTC)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Revolutionary_Command_Council_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya">Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 September 1969 – 2 March 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Suleiman_Maghribi" title="Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi">Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abdessalam_Jalloud" title="Abdessalam Jalloud">Abdessalam Jalloud</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris I</a> (as King of Libya)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_General_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the General People's Congress">Secretary General of the General People's Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 March 1977 – 2 March 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ati_al-Obeidi" title="Abdul Ati al-Obeidi">Abdul Ati al-Obeidi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Abdul Ati al-Obeidi</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Libya" title="List of heads of government of Libya">Head of Government of Libya</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender">As <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Command Council of Libya">Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 16 January 1970 – 16 July 1972</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Suleiman_Maghribi" title="Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi">Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdessalam_Jalloud" title="Abdessalam Jalloud">Abdessalam Jalloud</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 February 2009 – 31 January 2010</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete" title="Jakaya Kikwete">Jakaya Kikwete</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Bingu wa Mutharika</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi</div> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1942 <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Abu_Hadi" title="Qasr Abu Hadi">Qasr Abu Hadi</a>, Italian Libya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 October 2011(2011-10-20) (aged 68–69) <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a>, Libya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">Assassination</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">In an unknown location in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan Desert</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Union">Arab Socialist Union</a> (1971–1977)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1977–2011)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fathia_Nuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathia Nuri">Fathia Nuri</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1969; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1970)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Safia_Farkash" title="Safia Farkash">Safia Farkash</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1970)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">10 <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sons <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(8)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Gaddafi" title="Muhammad Gaddafi">Muhammad</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Al-Saadi_Gaddafi" title="Al-Saadi Gaddafi">Al-Saadi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mutassim_Gaddafi" title="Mutassim Gaddafi">Mutassim</a> (deceased) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Gaddafi" title="Hannibal Gaddafi">Hannibal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Arab_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Arab Gaddafi">Saif al-Arab</a> (deceased) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Gaddafi" title="Khamis Gaddafi">Khamis</a> (deceased)(disputed) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Milad (adopted) </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Daughters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Gaddafi" title="Ayesha Gaddafi">Ayesha</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hana_Gaddafi" title="Hana Gaddafi">Hana</a> (adopted) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Libya" title="University of Libya">University of Libya</a> (dropped out)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muammar Gaddafi's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg/84px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg/126px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg/168px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="163" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a> (1961–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Republic">Libyan Arab Republic</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a> (1977–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Army_(1951%E2%80%932011)" title="Libyan Army (1951–2011)">Libyan Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1961–2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">First Liberian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#008542;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_(3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg/75px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg/113px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg/150px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="2926" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#008542;color:white;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muammar Gaddafi</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Personal life of Muammar Gaddafi">Personal</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)">The Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_to_Hell" title="Escape to Hell">Escape to Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">Killing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">International reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Reception and legacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_loyalism" title="Gaddafi loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="List of awards and honours received by Muammar Gaddafi">Awards and honours</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Affiliations</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_movement_(Libya)" title="Free Officers movement (Libya)">Free Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Revolutionary_Command_Council" title="Libyan Revolutionary Command Council">Revolutionary Command Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee" title="General People's Committee">General People's Committee</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Politics of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution" title="Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution">Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_General_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the General People's Congress">Secretary General of the General People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Revolutionary_Command_Council_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya">Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Libya">Prime Minister of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Military (<a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Armed Forces</a>)</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_in_the_Gulf_of_Sidra_(1986)" title="Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)">Action in the Gulf of Sidra in 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya">1986 United States bombing of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO invasion of Libya</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Leadership (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">History</a>)</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Republic">Libyan Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_expulsion_of_Italians_from_Libya" title="1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya">1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_Libya" title="Cultural Revolution in Libya">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Libya and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_discotheque_bombing" title="West Berlin discotheque bombing">West Berlin discotheque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Lockerbie bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Support_for_rebel_and_paramilitary_groups" title="Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Support for rebel and paramilitary groups</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Elections and referendums</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Libyan_Federation_of_Arab_Republics_referendum" title="1971 Libyan Federation of Arab Republics referendum">1971 Libyan Federation of Arab Republics referendum</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="624" /></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muammar_Gaddafi_series" title="Template:Muammar Gaddafi series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muammar_Gaddafi_series" title="Template talk:Muammar Gaddafi series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muammar_Gaddafi_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muammar Gaddafi series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi<a href="#cite_note-14">[pron 1]</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1942 – 20 October 2011) was a Libyan <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a>, politician and political theorist who ruled <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> from 1969 until his <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">assassination</a> by the rebel forces of the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a> in 2011. He came to power through a <a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">military coup</a>, first becoming <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Chairman_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic">Revolutionary Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Republic">Libyan Arab Republic</a> from 1969 to 1977 and then the '<a href="/wiki/Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution" title="Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution">Brotherly Leader'</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a> from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a>, Gaddafi later ruled according to his own <a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a>. Born near <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a>, Italian Libya, to a poor <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> Arab family, Gaddafi became an Arab nationalist while at school in <a href="/wiki/Sabha,_Libya" title="Sabha, Libya">Sabha</a>, later enrolling in the <a href="/wiki/Benghazi_Military_University_Academy" title="Benghazi Military University Academy">Royal Military Academy, Benghazi</a>. He founded a revolutionary group known as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_movement_(Libya)" title="Free Officers movement (Libya)">Free Officers movement</a> which deposed the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senussi</a> monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris</a> in a <a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 coup</a>. Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed by his <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Revolutionary_Command_Council" title="Libyan Revolutionary Command Council">Revolutionary Command Council</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">Ruling by decree</a>, he <a href="/wiki/1970_expulsion_of_Italians_from_Libya" title="1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya">deported Libya's Italian population</a> and ejected its Western military bases. He strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments and unsuccessfully advocated <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arab political union</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernist</a>, he introduced <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> as the basis for the legal system and promoted <a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a>. He nationalized the oil industry and used the increasing state revenues to bolster the military, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Support_for_rebel_and_paramilitary_groups" title="Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">fund foreign revolutionaries</a>, and implement social programs emphasizing housebuilding, healthcare and education projects. In 1973, he initiated a "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolution_(Libya)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolution (Libya)">Popular Revolution</a>" with the formation of <a href="/wiki/Basic_People%27s_Congress_(political)" title="Basic People's Congress (political)">Basic People's Congresses</a>, presented as a system of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year in <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Muammar_Gaddafi)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)">The Green Book</a>. In 1977 Gaddafi transformed Libya into a new <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamahiriya">Jamahiriya</a> ("state of the masses"). He officially adopted a symbolic role in governance but remained head of both the military and the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing dissent. During the 1970s and 1980s, Libya's unsuccessful border conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadian–Libyan conflict">Chad</a>, support for foreign militants, and alleged responsibility for bombings of <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a> left it increasingly isolated on the world stage. A particularly hostile relationship developed with Israel, the United States and the United Kingdom, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya">1986 U.S. bombing of Libya</a> and United Nations–imposed economic sanctions. From 1999, Gaddafi shunned pan-Arabism, and encouraged <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanism</a> and rapprochement with <a href="/wiki/Western_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Western nations">Western nations</a>; he was <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a> from 2009 to 2010. Amid the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, protests against widespread corruption and unemployment broke out in eastern Libya. The situation descended into <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">civil war</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">intervened militarily</a> on the side of the anti-Gaddafist <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> (NTC). Gaddafi's government was overthrown; he retreated to Sirte only to be captured, tortured and killed by NTC militants. A highly divisive figure, Gaddafi dominated Libya's politics for four decades and was the subject of a pervasive <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>. He was decorated with various awards and praised for his <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialist">anti-imperialist</a> stance, support for Arab—and then African—unity, as well as for significant development to the country following the discovery of oil reserves. Conversely, many Libyans strongly opposed Gaddafi's social and economic reforms; he was accused of various human rights violations. He was condemned by many as a dictator whose <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> administration systematically violated <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Libya" title="Human rights in Libya">human rights</a> and financed global <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> in the region and abroad. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood:_1940s_to_1950">Childhood: 1940s to 1950</h3></div> Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi<a href="#cite_note-iccwarrant-15">[13]</a> was born near <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Abu_Hadi" title="Qasr Abu Hadi">Qasr Abu Hadi</a>, a rural area outside the town of <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> in the deserts of <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, Italian western Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198733Kawczynski20119St._John2012135-16">[14]</a> His family came from a small, relatively uninfluential tribe called the <a href="/wiki/Qadhadhfa" title="Qadhadhfa">Qadhadhfa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198658BlundyLycett198733Simons1996170Kawczynski20119-17">[15]</a> who were <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> in heritage. His mother was Aisha bin Niran, and his father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar; the latter earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198658BlundyLycett198733Kawczynski20119-18">[16]</a> Like other contemporary nomadic <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes, the family were illiterate and did not keep any birth records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198735Kawczynski20119St._John2012135-19">[17]</a> His birthday is not known with certainty and sources have set it in 1942 or the spring of 1943,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198735Kawczynski20119St._John2012135-19">[17]</a> although his biographers <a href="/wiki/David_Blundy" title="David Blundy">David Blundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lycett" title="Andrew Lycett">Andrew Lycett</a> noted that it could have been pre-1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198735-20">[18]</a> His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198735Kawczynski20119St._John2012135-19">[17]</a> Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes; he preferred the desert over the city and would retreat there to meditate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski20119St._John2012135-21">[19]</a> From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonial powers in Libya; his nation was <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">occupied by Italy</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> it witnessed conflict between Italian and British forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198735–37St._John2012135-22">[20]</a> According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italian invasion of 1911</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianco19754BlundyLycett198737Kawczynski20114-23">[21]</a> At the end of the Second World War in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Britain and France considered dividing the nation between their empires, but the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> of the United Nations (UN) decided that the country was to be granted political independence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198738–39Kawczynski20117–9,_14St._John2012108-24">[22]</a> and in 1951 created the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Libya">United Kingdom of Libya</a>, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-Western monarch, <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris</a>, who banned political parties and centralized power in his own hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198738–39Kawczynski20117–9,_14St._John2012108-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_political_activism:_1950–1963">Education and political activism: 1950–1963</h3></div> Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianco19755St._John2012135–136-25">[23]</a> Subsequently, moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianco19755–6,_8–9BlundyLycett198739Kawczynski201110St._John2012136-26">[24]</a> Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and only at weekends and holidays walked 20 miles (32 km) to visit his parents. Even though Gaddafi's father was not educated, he made great sacrifices to send his son to school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianco19755–6,_8–9BlundyLycett198739Simons1996170Kawczynski201110St._John2012136-27">[25]</a> As an impoverished Bedouin, he faced bullying and discrimination from his city-dwelling classmates. However, he had many Egyptian teachers who informed him of the dramatic events occurring in their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianco19755–6,_8–9BlundyLycett198739Kawczynski201110St._John2012136-26">[24]</a> From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of <a href="/wiki/Sabha,_Libya" title="Sabha, Libya">Sabha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198739Simons1996170–171Kawczynski201110–11St._John2012136-28">[26]</a> Gaddafi was popular at this school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend, <a href="/wiki/Abdessalam_Jalloud" title="Abdessalam Jalloud">Abdul Salam Jalloud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198658BlundyLycett198739–40Kawczynski201111-29">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser_portrait2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nasser_portrait2.jpg/170px-Nasser_portrait2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nasser_portrait2.jpg/255px-Nasser_portrait2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nasser_portrait2.jpg/340px-Nasser_portrait2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">President Nasser</a> was Gaddafi's political hero.</figcaption></figure> Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time, Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, especially the <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_Arabs" title="Voice of the Arabs">Voice of the Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198658BlundyLycett198740Kawczynski201111–12St._John2012136-30">[28]</a> Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events severely disturb the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">Egyptian Revolution of 1952</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (UAR) between 1958 and 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012136-31">[29]</a> Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Republic_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Republic of Egypt">Arab Republic of Egypt</a> under his hero, President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>. Nasser argued for <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>; the rejection of Western <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-colonialism">neo-colonialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>; and a transition from <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198740Vandewalle2008b10Kawczynski201111–12St._John2012136-32">[30]</a> Gaddafi was influenced by Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, which outlined how to initiate a coup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198740Simons1996171-33">[31]</a> One of Gaddafi's Egyptian teachers, Mahmoud Efay, was reportedly sympathetic towards the youth's political ideas, and advised him that a successful revolution would need the support of the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons1996171-34">[32]</a> Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198742–43Kawczynski201111–12St._John2012136-35">[33]</a> In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting against Syria's secession from the UAR and raised funds to send cables of support to Nasser. Twenty students were arrested as a result of the disorder. Gaddafi and his companions also broke windows in a local hotel that was <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">accused of serving alcohol</a>. To punish Gaddafi, the authorities expelled him and his family from Sabha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198658BlundyLycett198742–43Simons1996171–172Kawczynski201111St._John2012136-36">[34]</a> Gaddafi moved to <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a>, there attending Misrata Secondary School.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198658BlundyLycett198744Simons1996172Kawczynski201111St._John2012137-37">[35]</a> Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city—including the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Movement" title="Arab Nationalist Movement">Arab Nationalist Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>—claiming that he rejected factionalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012137-38">[36]</a> He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789, as well as the works of the Syrian political theorist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> and biographies of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012137-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_training:_1963–1966">Military training: 1963–1966</h3></div> Gaddafi briefly studied history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Libya" title="University of Libya">University of Libya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> before dropping out to join the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198646–47St._John2012138-39">[37]</a> Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the <a href="/wiki/Benghazi_Military_University_Academy" title="Benghazi Military University Academy">Royal Military Academy</a>, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognized it as a potential instrument of political change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198745Kawczynski201112St._John2012138-40">[38]</a> Under Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists, and accordingly, he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers, ultimately failing his exams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198745-41">[39]</a> British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such reports were ignored, and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course.[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198746,_48–49Simons1996173-42">[40]</a> With a group of loyal cadres, in 1964, Gaddafi established the Central Committee of the Free Officers Movement, a revolutionary group named after Nasser's <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">Egyptian predecessor</a>. Led by Gaddafi, they met secretively and were organized into a <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">clandestine cell system</a>, pooling their salaries into a single fund.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198747–48Simons1996173Kawczynski201112–13-43">[41]</a> Gaddafi travelled around Libya collecting intelligence and developing connections with sympathizers, but the government's intelligence services ignored him, considering him little threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201113-44">[42]</a> Graduating in August 1965,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012138-45">[43]</a> Gaddafi became a communications officer in the army's signal corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons1996174St._John2012138-46">[44]</a> In April 1966, he was assigned to the United Kingdom for further training; over nine months he underwent an English-language course at <a href="/wiki/Beaconsfield" title="Beaconsfield">Beaconsfield</a>, Buckinghamshire, an <a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)">Army Air Corps</a> signal instructors course in <a href="/wiki/Bovington_Camp" title="Bovington Camp">Bovington Camp</a>, Dorset, and an infantry signal instructors course at <a href="/wiki/Hythe,_Kent" title="Hythe, Kent">Hythe</a>, Kent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198749–50Simons1996174Kawczynski201113St._John2012138-47">[45]</a> Despite later rumours to the contrary, he did not attend the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst">Royal Military Academy Sandhurst</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201113-44">[42]</a> The Bovington signal course's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English, displaying a firm command of voice procedure. Noting that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, he thought of him as an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012138–139-48">[46]</a> Gaddafi disliked England, claiming <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officers had racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a> wearing traditional Libyan robes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198749–50Simons1996174Kawczynski201113St._John2012139-49">[47]</a> He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198749–50Kawczynski201113St._John2012139-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libyan_Arab_Republic">Libyan Arab Republic</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup_d'état:_1969">Coup d'état: 1969</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> People of Libya! In response to your own will, fulfilling your most heartfelt wishes, answering your most incessant demands for change and regeneration, and your longing to strive towards these ends: listening to your incitement to rebel, your armed forces have undertaken the overthrow of the corrupt regime, the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all. At a single blow our gallant army has toppled these idols and has destroyed their images. By a single stroke it has lightened the long dark night in which the Turkish domination was followed first by Italian rule, then by this reactionary and decadent regime which was no more than a hotbed of extortion, faction, treachery and treason. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Gaddafi's radio speech after seizing power, 1969<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198654Simons1996178–179-51">[49]</a></cite></div> </div> Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">centralizing</a> the country's <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal system</a> to take advantage of the country's oil wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198614BlundyLycett198752Kawczynski201115–16-52">[50]</a> Corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198751Kawczynski2011136-53">[51]</a> Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> with Israel; Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli due to its alliance with the Western powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons1996175Vandewalle200670Kawczynski201116–17-54">[52]</a> Anti-Western riots broke out in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons1996175Vandewalle200670Kawczynski201116–17-54">[52]</a> By 1969, the US <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Libya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Libya)">Free Officers Movement</a>, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were instead monitoring <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Aziz_Shalhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Aziz Shalhi (page does not exist)">Abdul Aziz Shalhi</a>'s Black Boots revolutionary group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198753Kawczynski201119St._John2012139–140-55">[53]</a> Shalhi, who effectively served as Idris' chief of staff, and his brother Omar were the sons of Idris' former chief advisor Ibrahim Shalhi, who had been murdered by <a href="/wiki/Fatimah_el-Sharif" title="Fatimah el-Sharif">Queen Fatima</a>'s nephew in the fall of 1954.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> After their father's assassination, they became the favorites of Idris.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece amid widespread rumors of an abdication or a British-backed coup by the Shalhi brothers on 5 September.<a href="#cite_note-:7-58">[56]</a> Gaddafi's Free Officers, recognizing this as their last chance to preempt the Shelhis in overthrowing the monarchy, initiated "Operation Jerusalem".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198652Kawczynski201118-59">[57]</a> If Gaddafi's Free Officers had not preempted the Shelhis, they would have almost certainly been defeated by the combined forces of Abdul Aziz Shelhi, the deputy commander of Libya's army, and the prominent families in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> that supported the Shelhi family.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> On 1 September, Gaddafi's Free Officers occupied airports, police depots, radio stations, and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while <a href="/wiki/Umar_Muhayshi" title="Umar Muhayshi">Umar Muhayshi</a> occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. <a href="/wiki/Khweldi_Hameidi" title="Khweldi Hameidi">Khweldi Hameidi</a> took over the Tripoli radio station and was sent to arrest crown prince <a href="/wiki/Hasan_as-Senussi" title="Hasan as-Senussi">Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi</a> and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198614BlundyLycett198757–59Simons1996177–178Kawczynski201118-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> They met no serious resistance and wielded little violence against the monarchists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons1996178Kawczynski201118-63">[61]</a> Once Gaddafi removed the monarchical government, he announced the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libyan Arab Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198655Harris198615Simons1996179-64">[62]</a> Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198654Harris198614BlundyLycett198759–60Kawczynski201118-65">[63]</a> Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012134-66">[64]</a> Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1983472Bearman198656St._John2012159-67">[65]</a> He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198662Harris198615BlundyLycett198764St._John2012148-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidating_leadership:_1969–1973">Consolidating leadership: 1969–1973</h3></div> The 12-member central committee of the Free Officers proclaimed themselves the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Revolutionary_Command_Council" title="Libyan Revolutionary Command Council">Revolutionary Command Council</a> (RCC), the government of the new republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198763Vandewalle2008b9St._John2012134-69">[67]</a> Lieutenant Gaddafi became RCC chairman, and therefore the de facto head of state, also appointing himself to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> and becoming commander-in-chief of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198615BlundyLycett198764St._John2012134-70">[68]</a> Jalloud became Prime Minister,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198791–92-71">[69]</a> while a civilian Council of Ministers headed by Sulaiman Maghribi was founded to implement RCC policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198617BlundyLycett198763-72">[70]</a> Libya's administrative capital was moved from <a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">al-Beida</a> to Tripoli.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198671-73">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya_(1969%E2%80%931972).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The flag of republican Libya used by Gaddafi's government from 1969 to 1972</figcaption></figure> Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012134-66">[64]</a> Some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201120-74">[72]</a> Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle200679Vandewalle2008b9St._John2012134-75">[73]</a> All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198638Vandewalle200679Vandewalle2008b10Kawczynski201120-76">[74]</a> The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012134-66">[64]</a> They purged monarchists and members of Idris' <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussi</a> clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b11Kawczynski201121–23-77">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_People%27s_Court" title="Libyan People's Court">People's Courts</a> were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, many of whom were imprisoned, although none executed. Idris was sentenced to execution <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198671Harris198616BlundyLycett198762-78">[76]</a> Three months after Gaddafi came to power, the army minister and interior minister, both of whom were from the eastern <a href="/wiki/Barqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Barqa">Barqa</a> region, tried to overthrow him in a failed <a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="1969 Libyan coup attempt">coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In 1970, Idris' great nephew <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Senussi" title="Ahmed al-Senussi">Ahmed al-Senussi</a> tried to instigate another coup against Gaddafi; the <a href="/wiki/Black_Prince_conspiracy" title="Black Prince conspiracy">monarchist plot</a> was foiled in August and Ahmed was sentenced to death (commuted in 1988 and pardoned by Gaddafi in 2001).<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198617-82">[80]</a> while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> into the legal system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198616-83">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">Ruling by decree</a>, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198617BlundyLycett198763–64Vandewalle2008b11St._John2012153-84">[82]</a> In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198791–92-71">[69]</a> In July 1972, amid widespread speculation that Gaddafi had been ousted or jailed by his political opponents, a new 18-man cabinet was formed with only two of them, Jalloud and <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Moneim_al-Houni" title="Abdel Moneim al-Houni">Abdel Moneim al-Houni</a>, being military men; the rest were civilian <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocrats</a> per Gaddafi's insistence.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In February 1973, Gaddafi resigned again, once more returning the following month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198785-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_and_social_reform">Economic and social reform</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpg/220px-Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpg/330px-Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpg/440px-Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Gaddafi at an Arab summit in Libya in 1969, shortly after the September Revolution that toppled <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">King Idris I</a>. Gaddafi sits in military uniform in the middle, surrounded by Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (left) and Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> The RCC's early economic policy has been characterized as being <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalist</a> in orientation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986124-88">[86]</a> Many initiatives were established to aid entrepreneurs and develop a Libyan bourgeoisie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986123-89">[87]</a> Seeking to expand the cultivatable acreage in Libya, in September 1969 the government launched a "Green Revolution" to increase agricultural productivity so that Libya could rely less on imported food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986128-90">[88]</a> The hope was to make Libya self-sufficient in food production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Khawas198434-91">[89]</a> All land that had either been expropriated from Italian settlers or which was not in use was repossessed and redistributed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986129-92">[90]</a> Irrigation systems were established along the northern coastline and around various inland oases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986130–132-93">[91]</a> Production costs often surpassed the value of the produce and thus Libyan agricultural production remained in deficit, relying heavily on state subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986132-94">[92]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198766–67St._John2012145–146-95">[93]</a> In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and threatened to decrease production. In December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198680–88BlundyLycett198766–67St._John2012145–146-96">[94]</a> In 1970, other <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198766–67St._John2012145–146-95">[93]</a> The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement of 20 March 1971, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b15St._John2012147-97">[95]</a> Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>, starting with the expropriation of <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">British Petroleum</a>'s share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198690BlundyLycett198768St._John2012147-98">[96]</a> In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to see 51 per cent of their operation nationalized, including the stake of <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Bunker_Hunt" title="Nelson Bunker Hunt">Nelson Bunker Hunt</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/H.L._Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="H.L. Hunt">H.L. Hunt</a>, who had played a key role in the discovery of oil in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-Libya-99">[97]</a> Among the companies that were partially nationalized was <a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> For Gaddafi, this was an essential step towards socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198691BlundyLycett198768St._John1987116St._John2012147-102">[100]</a> It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987107-103">[101]</a> In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987107-103">[101]</a> In 1969, the government also declared that all foreign owned banks must either close down or convert to joint-stock operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Khawas198428-104">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadat_Qaddafi_Assad_1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sadat_Qaddafi_Assad_1971.jpg/220px-Sadat_Qaddafi_Assad_1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sadat_Qaddafi_Assad_1971.jpg/330px-Sadat_Qaddafi_Assad_1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sadat_Qaddafi_Assad_1971.jpg/440px-Sadat_Qaddafi_Assad_1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>In 1971, Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>, Libya's Gaddafi and Syria's <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> signed an agreement <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">to form a federal Union of Arab Republics</a>. The agreement never materialized into a federal union between the three Arab states.</figcaption></figure> The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198764Vandewalle2008b31Kawczynski201121St._John2012134-105">[103]</a> The consumption of alcohol was prohibited, night clubs and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Christian churches</a> were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, and Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198672BlundyLycett198764Vandewalle2008b31Kawczynski201121St._John2012134-106">[104]</a> The RCC doubled the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, introduced statutory price controls, and implemented compulsory rent reductions of between 30 and 40 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198673-107">[105]</a> Gaddafi also wanted to combat the strict social restrictions that had been imposed on women by the previous regime, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Women%27s_Formation" title="Revolutionary Women's Formation">Revolutionary Women's Formation</a> to encourage reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986196-108">[106]</a> In 1970, a law was introduced affirming equality of the sexes and insisting on wage parity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986198-109">[107]</a> In 1971, Gaddafi sponsored the creation of a Libyan General Women's Federation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986197-110">[108]</a> In 1972, a law was passed criminalizing the marriage of any females under the age of sixteen and ensuring that a woman's consent was a necessary prerequisite for a marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986198-109">[107]</a> Gaddafi's regime opened up a wide range of educational and employment opportunities for women, although these primarily benefited a minority in the urban middle-classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986198-109">[107]</a> From 1969 to 1973, it used oil money to fund social welfare programs, which led to housebuilding projects and improved healthcare and education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201123St._John2012149-111">[109]</a> House building became a major social priority, designed to eliminate homelessness and to replace the <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">shanty towns</a> created by Libya's growing urbanization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198673-107">[105]</a> The health sector was also expanded; by 1978, Libya had 50 per cent more hospitals than it had in 1968, while the number of doctors had increased from 700 to over 3000 in that decade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198674-112">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> was eradicated, and <a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">trachoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> greatly curtailed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198674-112">[110]</a> Compulsory education was expanded from 6 to 9 years, while adult literacy programs and free university education were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198638-113">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya#Education" title="Bayda, Libya">Beida University</a> was founded, while <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripoli University">Tripoli University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benghazi_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Benghazi University">Benghazi University</a> were expanded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198638-113">[111]</a> In doing so, the government helped to integrate the poorer strata of Libyan society into the education system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198674–75-114">[112]</a> Through these measures, the RCC greatly expanded the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>, providing employment for thousands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201123St._John2012149-111">[109]</a> These early social programs proved popular within Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198619Kawczynski201122St._John2012149-115">[113]</a> This popularity was partly due to Gaddafi's personal charisma, youth and underdog status as a Bedouin, as well as his rhetoric emphasizing his role as the successor to the anti-Italian fighter <a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Mukhtar">Omar Mukhtar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b31–32Kawczynski201122-116">[114]</a> To combat the country's strong regional and tribal divisions, the RCC promoted the idea of a unified pan-Libyan identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012154-117">[115]</a> In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012154-117">[115]</a> Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, yet the communities they served often rejected them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012154–155-118">[116]</a> Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Union">Arab Socialist Union</a> (ASU) in June 1971, a mass mobilization <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a> of which he was president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986136–137BlundyLycett198791Vandewalle200683Vandewalle2008b11St._John2012155-119">[117]</a> The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198791Vandewalle2008b11St._John2012155-120">[118]</a> It remained heavily bureaucratic and failed to mobilize mass support in the way Gaddafi had envisioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986138-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser_Gaddafi_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nasser_Gaddafi_1969.jpg/170px-Nasser_Gaddafi_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nasser_Gaddafi_1969.jpg/255px-Nasser_Gaddafi_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Nasser_Gaddafi_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Gaddafi (left) with Egyptian President Nasser in 1969. Nasser privately described Gaddafi as "a nice boy, but terribly naïve".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198718-122">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle200679–80Vandewalle2008b9St._John2012137-123">[121]</a> The administration was instantly <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognized</a> by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Sudan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198655BlundyLycett198760Kawczynski201118-124">[122]</a> with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198762–63Kawczynski201118-125">[123]</a> Gaddafi propounded <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Arab">pan-Arab</a> ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198696BlundyLycett198775Kawczynski201165St._John2012186-126">[124]</a> In December 1969, Libya signed the Tripoli Charter alongside Egypt and Sudan. This established the Arab Revolutionary Front, a pan-national union designed as a first step towards the eventual political unification of the three nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198664BlundyLycett198775Kawczynski201165St._John2012186-127">[125]</a> In 1970 Syria declared its intention to join.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198696-128">[126]</a> Nasser died unexpectedly in September 1970, with Gaddafi playing a prominent role at his funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198666-129">[127]</a> Nasser was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>, who suggested that rather than creating a unified state, the Arab states should create <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">a political federation</a>, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria, and Sudan received large grants of Libyan oil money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198697Harris198687Kawczynski201165St._John2012151–152-130">[128]</a> In July 1971, Gaddafi sided with Sadat against the Soviet Union in the <a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a> and dispatched Libyan fighter jets to force down a <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">British Airlines</a> jetliner carrying the leading coup plotters, <a href="/wiki/Farouk_Osman_Hamadallah" title="Farouk Osman Hamadallah">Farouk Osman Hamadallah</a> and Babikir al-Nour. They were extradited back to <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, where they were promptly executed by Sudanese leader <a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Jaafar Nimeiry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Korn_88-131">[129]</a> In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented because relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201166St._John2012182-132">[130]</a> After the 1969 coup, representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Four Powers</a>—France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>—were called to meet RCC representatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012140-133">[131]</a> The UK and the US quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the US informed him of at least one planned counter-coup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198765Kawczynski201118St._John2012140–141-134">[132]</a> Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the US and the UK remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198676–77BlundyLycett198761Kawczynski201119St._John2012141–143-135">[133]</a> Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated, and the 12,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Italian community</a> was expelled from Libya alongside the smaller community of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libyan Jews</a>. The day became a <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">national holiday</a> known as "Vengeance Day".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198672BlundyLycett198764Kawczynski201121–22St._John2012142-136">[134]</a> Italy complained that this was in contravention of the 1956 Italo-Libyan Treaty, although no UN sanctions were forthcoming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198672-137">[135]</a> Aiming to reduce <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> cease allowing NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering Malta foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO to use the island, but only on the condition that NATO would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1983475St._John198787–88St._John2012150–151-138">[136]</a> Over the coming decade, Gaddafi's government developed stronger political and economic links with <a href="/wiki/Dom_Mintoff" title="Dom Mintoff">Dom Mintoff</a>'s Maltese administration, and under Libya's urging Malta did not renew the UK's airbases on the island in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986117-139">[137]</a> Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John198774–75St._John2012144–145-140">[138]</a> The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the US, which was then engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> with the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012144–145-141">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Oil_Rich_Libya.ogv/220px--Oil_Rich_Libya.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="630" data-mwtitle="Oil_Rich_Libya.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Oil_Rich_Libya.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Oil_Rich_Libya.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Oil_Rich_Libya.ogv/Oil_Rich_Libya.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Oil_Rich_Libya.ogv/Oil_Rich_Libya.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Oil_Rich_Libya.ogv/Oil_Rich_Libya.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>A 1973 anti-Gaddafist British <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a> including an interview with Gaddafi about his support for foreign militants</figcaption></figure> Gaddafi was especially critical of the US due to its support of Israel and sided with the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, viewing the 1948 creation of the State of Israel as a Western colonial occupation forced upon the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198770–71Vandewalle2008b34Kawczynski201164St._John2012150–152-142">[140]</a> He believed that Palestinian violence against Israeli and Western targets was the justified response of an oppressed people who were fighting against the colonization of their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986114-143">[141]</a> Calling on the Arab states to wage "continuous war" against Israel, in 1970 he initiated a Jihad Fund to finance anti-Israeli militants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1983478BlundyLycett198771St._John198736St._John2012185-144">[142]</a> In June 1972 Gaddafi created the First Nasserite Volunteers Centre to train anti-Israeli guerrillas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201137St._John2012151-145">[143]</a> Like Nasser, Gaddafi favoured the Palestinian leader <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> and his group, <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a>, over more militant and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> Palestinian groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198664–65St._John198737-146">[144]</a> As the years progressed however, Gaddafi's relationship with Arafat became strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986116BlundyLycett198769–70Kawczynski201137St._John2012178-147">[145]</a> Instead, he supported militias like the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">As-Sa'iqa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">Palestinian Popular Struggle Front</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal" title="Abu Nidal">Abu Nidal</a> Organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986116BlundyLycett1987150St._John200895-148">[146]</a> He funded the <a href="/wiki/Black_September_Organization" title="Black September Organization">Black September Organization</a> whose members perpetrated the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> of Israeli athletes in West Germany and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986114BlundyLycett198778Kawczynski201138St._John2012178-149">[147]</a> Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Almighty_Black_P._Stone_Nation" title="Almighty Black P. Stone Nation">Almighty Black P. Stone Nation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tupamaros" title="Tupamaros">Tupamaros</a>, the <a href="/wiki/19th_of_April_Movement" title="19th of April Movement">19th of April Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a> in Nicaragua, the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a> among other <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation movements">liberation movements</a> in the fight against <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> in South Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Action_directe_(armed_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action directe (armed group)">Action directe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a> in Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">Armenian Secret Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes which he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198778–81,_150,_185Kawczynski201134–35,_40–53St._John2012151-151">[149]</a> Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>'s struggle against <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198778–81,_150Kawczynski201134–35,_40–53St._John2012151-152">[150]</a> Though many of these groups were labelled "<a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorists</a>" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected this characterization, instead considering them to be revolutionaries who were engaged in liberation struggles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198655-153">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Popular_Revolution":_1973–1977">The "Popular Revolution": 1973–1977</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_1974_e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Libya_1974_e.jpg/220px-Libya_1974_e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Libya_1974_e.jpg/330px-Libya_1974_e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Libya_1974_e.jpg/440px-Libya_1974_e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Gaddafi with Romanian President <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> in Bucharest, 1974</figcaption></figure> On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a speech at <a href="/wiki/Zuwarah" title="Zuwarah">Zuwarah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986139BlundyLycett198785Vandewalle200682Vandewalle2008b12Kawczynski201122St._John2012156-154">[152]</a> He initiated this with a five-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_Libya" title="Cultural Revolution in Libya">Cultural Revolution in Libya</a>, to expunge the country of "poisonous" foreign influences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986140Harris198618BlundyLycett198785–86Kawczynski201122St._John2012156-155">[153]</a> He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198793–94-156">[154]</a> As a process, it had many similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> implemented in China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986140-157">[155]</a> As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee" title="General People's Committee">General People's Committees</a> as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct</a> <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">political participation</a> that was more democratic than a traditional party-based <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative system</a>. He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC, erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy, and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Khawas198420BlundyLycett198786St._John2012156-158">[156]</a> Many such committees were established in schools and colleges,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Khawas198420Bearman1986140-159">[157]</a> where they were responsible for vetting staff, courses, and textbooks to determine if they were compatible with the country's revolutionary ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986140-157">[155]</a> The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012157-160">[158]</a> but exacerbated tribal divisions and tensions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis198278BlundyLycett1987103–104-161">[159]</a> They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the RCC, leading to the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986141Harris198618BlundyLycett1987116St._John2012157-162">[160]</a> Operating in a pyramid structure, the base form of these Committees were local working groups, who sent elected representatives to the district level, and from there to the national level, divided between the <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Libya)" title="General People's Congress (Libya)">General People's Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee" title="General People's Committee">General People's Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987104Kawczynski201126-163">[161]</a> Above these remained Gaddafi and the RCC, who remained responsible for all major decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198664St._John2012163-164">[162]</a> In crossing regional and tribal identities, the committee system aided national integration and centralization and tightened Gaddafi's control over the state and administrative apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986141-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_International_Theory_and_The_Green_Book">Third International Theory and The Green Book</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Muammar_Gaddafi)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)">The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)</a></div> In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution: <a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a>. This approach regarded both the US and the Soviet Union as imperialist and thus rejected Western <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as well as Marxist–Leninist atheism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986150BlundyLycett198786–87St._John2012157–158-166">[164]</a> In this respect, it was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory" title="Three Worlds Theory">Three Worlds Theory</a> developed by China's political leader <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198658-167">[165]</a> As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012158-168">[166]</a> Gaddafi saw Islam as having a key role in this ideology, calling for an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> that returned to the origins of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, rejecting scholarly interpretations and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>; in doing so, he angered many Libyan clerics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198649BlundyLycett1987122St._John2012159-169">[167]</a> During 1973 and 1974, his government deepened the legal reliance on sharia, for instance by introducing <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">flogging</a> as punishment for those convicted of adultery or homosexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986163BlundyLycett1987112-170">[168]</a> Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Muammar_Gaddafi)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)">The Green Book</a>. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs regarding socialism, while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe. While the first two volumes advocated radical reform, the third adopted a <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> stance, proclaiming that while men and women were equal, they were biologically designed for different roles in life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198796–100Vandewalle2008b19Kawczynski201124St._John2012161–165-171">[169]</a> During the years that followed, Gaddafists adopted quotes from The Green Book, such as "Representation is Fraud", as slogans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012162-172">[170]</a> Meanwhile, in September 1975, Gaddafi implemented further measures to increase popular mobilization, introducing objectives to improve the relationship between the Councils and the ASU.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012165-173">[171]</a> In 1975, Gaddafi's government declared a <a href="/wiki/State_monopoly" title="State monopoly">state monopoly</a> on foreign trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986145–146-174">[172]</a> Its increasingly radical reforms, coupled with the large amount of oil revenue being spent on foreign causes, generated discontent in Libya,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b18Kawczynski201123-175">[173]</a> particularly among the country's merchant class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986146-176">[174]</a> In 1974, Libya saw its first civilian attack on Gaddafi's government when a Benghazi army building was bombed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987114-177">[175]</a> Much of the opposition centred around RCC member <a href="/wiki/Omar_Mehishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Mehishi">Umar Muhayshi</a>. With fellow RCC members <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Saghir_Hawadi" title="Bashir Saghir Hawadi">Bashir Saghir al-Hawaadi</a> and Awad Ali Hamza, he began plotting a coup against Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> In 1975, their plot was exposed and Muhayshi fled to Tunisia, eventually receiving asylum from Sadat's Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986146BlundyLycett1987118Vandewalle2008b18Kawczynski201123St._John2012165-179">[177]</a> Hawaadi, Hamza, and <a href="/wiki/Omar_El-Hariri" title="Omar El-Hariri">Omar El-Hariri</a> were arrested. Most of the other conspirators were executed in March 1976.<a href="#cite_note-:0-180">[178]</a> Another RCC member, foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Moneim_al-Houni" title="Abdel Moneim al-Houni">Abdul-Munim al-Huni</a>, also fled to Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> In the aftermath, only five RCC members remained: Gaddafi, Jalloud, <a href="/wiki/Abu-Bakr_Yunis_Jabr" title="Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr">Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kharubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kharubi">Mustafa Kharubi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khweldi_Hameidi" title="Khweldi Hameidi">Kweldi al-Hamidi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> Thus, power was further concentrated in Gaddafi's hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986147-186">[184]</a> This ultimately led to the RCC's official abolition in March 1977.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012165-173">[171]</a> In September 1975, Gaddafi purged the army, arresting around 200 senior officers, and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987118–119-187">[185]</a> In April 1976, he called upon his supporters in universities to establish "revolutionary student councils" and drive out "reactionary elements".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986148-188">[186]</a> During that year, anti-Gaddafist student demonstrations broke out at the universities of Tripoli and Benghazi, resulting in clashes with both Gaddafist students and police. The RCC responded with mass arrests and introduced compulsory <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">national service</a> for young people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986148BlundyLycett1987119–120Vandewalle2008b18Kawczynski201123-189">[187]</a> In January 1977, two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged; <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987121–122-190">[188]</a> Dissent also arose from conservative clerics and the Muslim Brotherhood, who accused Gaddafi of moving towards Marxism and criticized his abolition of private property as being against the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a>; these forces were then persecuted as anti-revolutionary,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986162BlundyLycett1987122–123Kawczynski201129–30-191">[189]</a> while all privately owned Islamic colleges and universities were shut down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986148-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_relations_2">Foreign relations</h4></div> Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198688BlundyLycett198774,_93–94Kawczynski201166-192">[190]</a> Over the coming years, the two slipped into a state of <a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">cold war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986166–167-193">[191]</a> Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution akin to that being carried out in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198688BlundyLycett198774,_93–94Kawczynski201166-192">[190]</a> In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Airlines_Flight_114" title="Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114">Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114</a>, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi's foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Salah_Busir" title="Salah Busir">Salah Busir</a> was on board and allegedly targeted by Israel in retaliation for the <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_2" title="Queen Elizabeth 2">Queen Elizabeth 2</a>, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986114–115Harris198687BlundyLycett198782–83St._John198755Kawczynski201166–67-195">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaddafi_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gaddafi_1976.jpg/170px-Gaddafi_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gaddafi_1976.jpg/255px-Gaddafi_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gaddafi_1976.jpg/340px-Gaddafi_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>Gaddafi in 1976 with a child on his lap</figcaption></figure> Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> against Israel without consulting him and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198699–100Harris198687Kawczynski201167St._John2012182–183-196">[194]</a> Gaddafi became openly hostile to Egypt's leader, calling for Sadat's overthrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201167-197">[195]</a> When Sudanese President <a href="/wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry" title="Gaafar Nimeiry">Gaafar Nimeiry</a> took Sadat's side, Gaddafi also spoke out against him, encouraging the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">Sudan People's Liberation Army</a>'s attempt to overthrow Nimeiry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986167BlundyLycett1987185St._John198762Kawczynski201179–80St._John2012191-198">[196]</a> In 1974, Gaddafi released <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Aziz_Shennib" title="Abdul-Aziz Shennib">Abdul-Aziz Shennib</a>, a commander under <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">King Idris</a>, from prison and appointed him Libyan ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. Shennib had attended the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst">Royal Military Academy Sandhurst</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">King Hussein of Jordan</a> and was tasked by Gaddafi with Hussein's assassination. Shennib instead informed Hussein of the plot and defected to Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-:7-58">[56]</a> Relations with Syria also soured over the events in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>. Initially, both Libya and Syria had contributed troops to the Arab League's peacekeeping force, although after the Syrian army attacked the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a>, Gaddafi openly accused Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> of "national treason"; he was the only Arab leader to criticize Syria's actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986165–166-199">[197]</a> In late 1972 and early 1973, Libya invaded Chad to annex the uranium-rich <a href="/wiki/Aouzou_Strip" title="Aouzou Strip">Aouzou Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987181St._John2012187-200">[198]</a> Intent on propagating Islam, in 1973 Gaddafi founded the Islamic Call Society, which had opened 132 centres across Africa within a decade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986106–107Harris1986103–104BlundyLycett198793,_122St._John2012186-201">[199]</a> In 1973 he converted Gabonese President <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a>, an action which he repeated three years later with <a href="/wiki/Jean-B%C3%A9del_Bokassa" title="Jean-Bédel Bokassa">Jean-Bédel Bokassa</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201177–78-202">[200]</a> Between 1973 and 1979, Libya provided $500 million in aid to African countries, namely to Zaire and Uganda, and founded joint-venture companies throughout the countries to aid trade and development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John198796-203">[201]</a> Gaddafi was also keen on reducing Israeli influence within Africa, using financial incentives to successfully convince eight African states to break off diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986107–109Harris198688St._John198794Kawczynski201177St._John2012184-204">[202]</a> A strong relationship was also established between Gaddafi's Libya and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>'s Pakistani government, with the two countries exchanging nuclear research and military assistance. In recognition of Gaddafi's support of <a href="/wiki/N-deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="N-deterrence">Pakistan's right to pursue nuclear weapons</a> and financial support for the "Islamic bomb," Lahore Stadium was renamed <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_Stadium" title="Gaddafi Stadium">Gaddafi Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-207">[205]</a> Gaddafi also provided support for Pakistan in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>; he reportedly deployed <a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">F-5s</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sargodha_Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargodha Airbase">Sargodha AFB</a> and penned a strongly worded letter to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Prime Minister">Indian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> accusing her of aggression against Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Pen_and_Sword,_Bowman-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-THe_News_International-209">[207]</a> Gaddafi's strong relationship with Pakistan ended after Bhutto was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fair Play">deposed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> in 1977 as Zia distrusted Gaddafi and rejected further Libyan financing for the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nuclear_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani nuclear programme">Pakistani nuclear program</a> in favor of Saudi financing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986169-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a>. Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a>, the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia, and it was soon abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986100–101BlundyLycett198776Kawczynski201171–72St._John2012183-212">[210]</a> Retaliating, Gaddafi sponsored anti-government militants in Tunisia into the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201172St._John2012183-213">[211]</a> Turning his attention to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, in 1975 Libya signed, in <a href="/wiki/Hassi_Messaoud" title="Hassi Messaoud">Hassi Messaoud</a>, a defensive alliance allegedly to counter alleged "Moroccan expansionism", also funding the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> in its independence struggle against <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986170Kawczynski201171St._John2012183-214">[212]</a> Seeking to diversify Libya's economy, Gaddafi's government began purchasing shares in major European corporations like <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> as well as buying real estate in Malta and Italy, which would become a valuable source of income during the <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil slump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1986114BlundyLycett1987199–201-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya">Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation:_1977">Foundation: 1977</h3></div> On 2 March 1977, the General People's Congress adopted the "<a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Establishment_of_the_Authority_of_the_People" title="Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People">Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People</a>" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية, al-Jamāhīrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah), a "state of the masses" conceptualized by Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986154–155BlundyLycett1987105Kawczynski201126–27St._John2012166–168-216">[214]</a> A new, all-green banner was adopted as the country's flag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986155-217">[215]</a> Officially, the Jamahiriya was a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> in which the people ruled themselves through the 187 <a href="/wiki/Basic_People%27s_Congress_(political)" title="Basic People's Congress (political)">Basic People's Congresses</a> (BPCs), where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Khawas198427BlundyLycett198729St._John2012166–168Vandewalle2008b19–20-218">[216]</a> Gaddafi became General Secretary of the GPC, although he stepped down from this position in early 1979 and appointed himself "Leader of the Revolution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John198713-219">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Libya" title="Flag of Libya">Flag of Libya</a> (1977–2011)</figcaption></figure> Although all political control was officially vested in the People's Congresses, in reality Libya's existing political leadership continued to exercise varying degrees of power and influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986155-217">[215]</a> Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198729-220">[218]</a> On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that <a href="/wiki/Home_schooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Home schooling">homeschooling</a> was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198729-220">[218]</a> In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198667–68-221">[219]</a> At other times, he ordered snap elections when it appeared that the GPC would enact laws he opposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1987133–134-222">[220]</a> Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions, and women's groups, were banned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201127St._John2012166–168-223">[221]</a> Despite these restrictions, St. John noted that the Jamahiriya system still "introduced a level of representation and participation hitherto unknown in Libya".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1987134-224">[222]</a> With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> for legal guidance, adopting sharia law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a>'s law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201127–28St._John2012167-225">[223]</a> Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening The Green Book's socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b28-226">[224]</a> His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>, furthering their opposition to his regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198650-227">[225]</a> In July 1977, a <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">border war broke out</a> with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986170–171BlundyLycett1987105Vandewalle2008b35Kawczynski201167–68St._John2012183-228">[226]</a> Both Egypt and Sudan had aligned themselves with the US, and this pushed Libya into a strategic, although not political, alignment with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986168-229">[227]</a> In recognition of the growing commercial relationship between Libya and the Soviets, Gaddafi was invited to visit Moscow in December 1976; there, he entered talks with <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986169St._John198776St._John2012180-230">[228]</a> In August 1977, he visited <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, where he met its leader <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, with whom he had a much warmer relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986169-210">[208]</a> He also enjoyed a warm relationship with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romanian</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>. According to Romanian spy chief <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihai_Pacepa" title="Ion Mihai Pacepa">Ion Mihai Pacepa</a>, Gaddafi once exclaimed to Ceaușescu, "My brother! You are my brother for the rest of my life!"<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> After Pacepa defected to the US in July 1978, Gaddafi and <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> contributed $1 million each to Ceaușescu's $4 million bounty on Pacepa.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_Committees_and_furthering_socialism:_1978–1980">Revolutionary Committees and furthering socialism: 1978–1980</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> If socialism is defined as a redistribution of wealth and resources, a socialist revolution clearly occurred in Libya after 1969 and most especially in the second half of the 1970s. The management of the economy was increasingly socialist in intent and effect with wealth in housing, capital and land significantly redistributed or in the process of redistribution. Private enterprise was virtually eliminated, largely replaced by a centrally controlled economy. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Libyan Studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bruce_St._John" title="Ronald Bruce St. John">Ronald Bruce St. John</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012173-233">[231]</a></cite></div> </div> In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than government activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from government. Although no longer in a formal government post, he adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b26Kawczynski20113St._John2012169-234">[232]</a> Historian Dirk Vandewalle stated that despite the Jamahariya's claims to being a direct democracy, Libya remained "an exclusionary political system whose decision-making process" was "restricted to a small cadre of advisers and confidantes" surrounding Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle20066-235">[233]</a> Libya turned towards socialism. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure every adult owned their own home. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former rental properties were expropriated by the state and sold to the tenants at a heavily subsidized price.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1983484BlundyLycett1987111Kawczynski2011221St._John2012171–172-236">[234]</a> In September, Gaddafi called for the People's Committees to eliminate the "bureaucracy of the public sector" and the "dictatorship of the private sector"; the People's Committees took control of several hundred companies, converting them into <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a> run by elected representatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986191BlundyLycett1987110–111St._John2012168-237">[235]</a> In March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force, and the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987116–117,_127Vandewalle2008b25–26Kawczynski201131St._John2012169–171-238">[236]</a> Dominated by revolutionary zealots, mostly youths, the Revolutionary Committees were based in Tripoli and met with Gaddafi annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986187–189BlundyLycett1987116–117,_127Vandewalle2008b25–26Kawczynski201131St._John2012169–171-239">[237]</a> Membership was drawn from within the BPCs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1987134-224">[222]</a> The revolutionary committee system became "a key—if not the main—mechanism through which [Gaddafi] exercises political control in Libya".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986189-240">[238]</a> Publishing a weekly magazine, The Green March, starting October 1980 they took control of the press.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987116–117,_127Vandewalle2008b25–26Kawczynski201131St._John2012169–171-238">[236]</a> Responsible for perpetuating the revolution, they performed ideological surveillance, adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the "law of the revolution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986189BlundyLycett1987116–117,_127Vandewalle2008b25–26Kawczynski201131St._John2012169–171-241">[239]</a> With no legal or safeguards, the administration of revolutionary justice was largely arbitrary and resulted in widespread abuse and the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>: the "Green Terror".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987117Vandewalle2008b28St._John2012174-242">[240]</a> In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the <a href="/wiki/Jafara" title="Jafara">Jefara</a> plain, continuing through 1981.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986275St._John2012172-243">[241]</a> In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000 <a href="/wiki/Libyan_dinar" title="Libyan dinar">dinar</a> in their bank account saw that extra money expropriated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1983484BlundyLycett1987128Kawczynski2011221St._John2012172-244">[242]</a> The following year, the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import, export and distribution functions, with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer goods and the development of a thriving <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986195BlundyLycett198728Vandewalle2008b21Kawczynski2011220St._John2012172-245">[243]</a> Gaddafi was frustrated by the slow pace of social reform on women's issues, and in 1979 launched a Revolutionary Women's Formation, to replace the more gradualist Libyan General Women's Federation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986199-246">[244]</a> In 1978 he had established a Women's Military Academy in Tripoli, encouraging all women to enlist for training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986241-247">[245]</a> The measure was hugely controversial and voted down by the GPC in February 1983. Gaddafi remained adamant, and when it was again voted down by the GPC in March 1984, he refused to abide by the decision, declaring that "he who opposes the training and emancipation of women is an agent of imperialism, whether he likes it or not."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986241–243-248">[246]</a> The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. Most internal opposition came from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalists</a>, inspired by the events of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986246-249">[247]</a> In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him and increasingly entrusted security to his Qadhadfa tribe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987127–128Vandewalle2008b19-250">[248]</a> Many who had seen their wealth confiscated turned against the administration, and Western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya" title="National Front for the Salvation of Libya">National Front for the Salvation of Libya</a> (NFSL), which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986247–248Harris198679Vandewalle2008b32St._John2012173–174-251">[249]</a> Another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986248–249Harris198679BlundyLycett1987156-252">[250]</a> Following Gaddafi's command to kill these "stray dogs", the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986246BlundyLycett1987133–137Vandewalle2008b27St._John2012171-253">[251]</a> Although Syria and Israel also employed hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his use of them;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987138-254">[252]</a> in April 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home by 10 June or be "liquidated wherever you are".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986246BlundyLycett1987138-255">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-256">[254]</a> Within a three months period in 1980, at least ten Libyan dissidents were murdered in Europe, including ex-diplomats, ex-army officers, businessmen, journalists, and student activists in disparate locations such as <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. At least eleven more were assassinated in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> In 1984, Gaddafi was tricked by Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> into announcing the assassination of former Libyan Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_al-Bakkoush" title="Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush">Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush</a> in Cairo; Bakkhoush not only turned up alive but held a press conference with Egypt's Interior Minister.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> In 1979, Gaddafi created the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Legion" title="Islamic Legion">Islamic Legion</a>, through which several thousand Africans were military trained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John200895-260">[258]</a> Libya had sought to improve US relations under President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, for instance by courting his brother, businessman <a href="/wiki/Billy_Carter" title="Billy Carter">Billy Carter</a>, and paying for the services of former CIA officers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986227–228-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> but in 1979 the US placed Libya on its list of "<a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012179-263">[261]</a> Relations were further damaged when a <a href="/wiki/1979_U.S._embassy_burning_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 U.S. embassy burning in Libya">demonstration torched the US embassy</a> in solidarity with the perpetrators of the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986228-264">[262]</a> Libyan fighters began intercepting US fighter jets flying over the Mediterranean, signalling the collapse of relations between the countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012179-263">[261]</a> Italian media have alleged that the <a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a> was shot down during a <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">dogfight</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force" title="Libyan Air Force">Libyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italian Air Force</a> fighters in an assassination attempt by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members on a Libyan politician, perhaps even Gaddafi, flying in the same airspace.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> Libyan relations with Lebanon and <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> communities deteriorated due to the 1978 disappearance of Imam <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Sadr" title="Musa al-Sadr">Musa al-Sadr</a> when visiting Libya; the Lebanese accused Gaddafi of having him killed or imprisoned, a charge he denied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987157–158St._John198741Kawczynski201170–71St._John2012239-267">[265]</a> Relations with Pakistan broke down in this period. Despite Gaddafi's repeated appeals to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> to spare <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>'s life, Bhutto was executed in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Congress_Publications-268">[266]</a> In retaliation and for Zia's refusal to share Pakistan's nuclear technology, Gaddafi began training <a href="/wiki/Al-Zulfiqar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zulfiqar">Al-Zulfiqar</a>, an anti-Zia insurgency led by Bhutto's sons <a href="/wiki/Murtaza_Bhutto" title="Murtaza Bhutto">Murtaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahnawaz_Bhutto" title="Shahnawaz Bhutto">Shahnawaz</a>, expelled all 150,000 Pakistanis living in Libya, and provided asylum for the <a href="/wiki/Bhutto_family" title="Bhutto family">Bhutto family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-THe_News_International2-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peoples'_Relation-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-Congress_Publications-268">[266]</a> Relations with Syria improved, as Gaddafi and Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> shared an enmity with Israel and Egypt's Sadat. In 1980, they proposed a political union, with Libya promising to pay off Syria's £1-billion debt to the Soviet Union; although pressures led Assad to pull out, they remained allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John198761–62Kawczynski201168–69-271">[269]</a> Another key ally was Uganda, and in 1979, during the <a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a>, Gaddafi sent 2,500 troops to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_support_of_Uganda_in_the_Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War#Libya" title="Foreign support of Uganda in the Uganda–Tanzania War">defend</a> President <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> from Tanzanian invaders. The mission failed; 400 Libyans were killed, and Libya was forced to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986112BlundyLycett1987185–186Kawczynski201178–79St._John2012189-272">[270]</a> Gaddafi came to regret his alliance with Amin, openly criticizing him as a "<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a>" and a "show-off".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986112–13Harris1986105-273">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_the_US_and_its_allies:_1981–1986">Conflict with the US and its allies: 1981–1986</h3></div> The early 80s saw economic trouble in Libya; from 1982 to 1986, annual oil revenues dropped from $21 to $5.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198731Vandewalle2008b23Kawczynski2011104St._John2012192-274">[272]</a> Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on Libya's largest and most expensive infrastructure project, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Man-Made_River" title="Great Man-Made River">Great Man-Made River</a>; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986274Harris1986119Kawczynski2011224St._John2012249-275">[273]</a> Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1986116Vandewalle2008b35-276">[274]</a> Foreign debt rose,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1987121-277">[275]</a> and austerity measures were introduced to promote self-reliance; in 1985 there was a mass deportation of foreign workers, mostly Egyptian and Tunisian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1987122-278">[276]</a> Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a> home was unsuccessfully attacked by a militia—linked to the NFSL or Muslim Brotherhood—and in the aftermath 5,000 dissidents were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986250Harris198670BlundyLycett1987178-279">[277]</a> In spring 1985, members of the military tried to assassinate Gaddafi twice. The first was a plot by conservative officers to assassinate him at a villa on the outskirts of Tripoli; the second was an assault on his convoy.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> In November 1985, Colonel Hassan Ishkal, the third most powerful man in Libya, head of the military region of Sirte, died in a suspicious car accident. Ishkal's death was attributed to <a href="/wiki/Abdessalam_Jalloud" title="Abdessalam Jalloud">Jalloud</a>, Khalifa Hunaysh or Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MMR_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MMR_13.jpg/220px-MMR_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MMR_13.jpg/330px-MMR_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MMR_13.jpg/440px-MMR_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="1572" /></a><figcaption>Construction for the Great Man-Made River Project</figcaption></figure> Libya had long supported the <a href="/wiki/FROLINAT" title="FROLINAT">FROLINAT</a> militia in neighbouring Chad, but FROLINAT became divided over its ties to Libya in 1976. In January 1978, the anti-Libya faction within FROLINAT, led by <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a>, switched sides and allied with Chadian President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Malloum" title="Félix Malloum">Félix Malloum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-BuijtenhuijsA19-285">[283]</a> Meanwhile, the pro-Libya faction within FROLINAT, led by <a href="/wiki/Goukouni_Oueddei" title="Goukouni Oueddei">Goukouni Oueddei</a>, renamed itself <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="People's Armed Forces">People's Armed Forces</a> (FAP). In December 1980, Gaddafi reinvaded Chad at the request of the FAP-controlled <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_National_Unity_(Chad)" title="Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)">GUNT government</a> to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (OAU) rejected this and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and Libya sent troops back in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986211–222BlundyLycett1987187–190Vandewalle2008b35St._John2012189–190-286">[284]</a> In 1982, the GUNT government was overthrown by Habré's forces and Oueddei fled to Libya, where Gaddafi provided him with arms to continue to guerrilla war against Habré.<a href="#cite_note-Habre-287">[285]</a> In November 1984, Gaddafi met with French President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>; both agreed to withdraw from Chad.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> Oueddei broke with Gaddafi in 1985 due to the former's intentions to negotiate a truce with Habré. Consequently, he was placed under house arrest by Gaddafi and allegedly arrested by Libyan police and shot in the stomach.<a href="#cite_note-Habre-287">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> Oueddei survived the shooting and fled to Algeria, but continued to claim he and Gaddafi enjoyed a good relationship. When Gaddafi ordered the remnant of GUNT to attack Habré in February 1986 in violation of his agreement with Mitterrand, France launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_%C3%89pervier" title="Operation Épervier">Operation Épervier</a>, which escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a>. Libya suffered a humiliating defeat as it was completely expelled from Chad and its commander <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a> captured, along with 600-700 Libyan soldiers. Gaddafi disavowed Haftar and the other prisoners; one possible contributing factor to this repudiation may have been that Gaddafi had signed an agreement to withdraw Libyan forces, and Haftar's operations had been in violation of this.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-bi-201404222-291">[289]</a> An embittered Haftar then joined the anti-Gaddafi <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya" title="National Front for the Salvation of Libya">National Front for the Salvation of Libya</a>, became a CIA asset, and was given refuge in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-292">[290]</a> Many African nations were tired of Libya's interference in their affairs; by 1980, nine African states had severed diplomatic relations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1987101St._John2012189-293">[291]</a> while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1986103St._John1987102Kawczynski201181St._John2012190–191-294">[292]</a> Some African states, such as <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings" title="Jerry Rawlings">Jerry Rawlings</a>'s Ghana and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a>'s Burkina Faso, had warm relations with Libya during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes199062-295">[293]</a> Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Oujda_Treaty" title="Oujda Treaty">Oujda Treaty</a>, forming the Arab–African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two. In a sign of warming relations, Gaddafi promised to stop funding the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> and Hassan II extradited former RCC member <a href="/wiki/Umar_Muhayshi" title="Umar Muhayshi">Umar Muhayshi</a> to Libya, where he was immediately killed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-180">[178]</a> But relations deteriorated, particularly due to Morocco's friendship with the US and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986261–262BlundyLycett1987214St._John198766–67Kawczynski201172–75St._John2012216-296">[294]</a> Angered by the snub, Gaddafi plotted with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal" title="Abu Nidal">Abu Nidal</a> to assassinate Hassan in 1987, but the plot was aborted.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> In 1981, the new US president, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, pursued a hardline approach to Libya, viewing it as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet regime">puppet regime</a> of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986228–229St._John198781Kawczynski2011115–116,_120St._John2012179–180-299">[297]</a> Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets, revisiting Moscow in 1981 and 1985,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198698–99St._John198771,_78Kawczynski2011115St._John2012210–211-300">[298]</a> and threatening to join the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John200896-301">[299]</a> The Soviets were nevertheless cautious of Gaddafi, seeing him as an unpredictable extremist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198697BlundyLycett1987183St._John198777–78-302">[300]</a> In August 1981, the US staged military exercises in the Gulf of Sirte – an area which Libya claimed. The US <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">shot down</a> two Libyan <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17" title="Sukhoi Su-17">Su-22</a> planes which were on an intercept course.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986230–231St._John198784Vandewalle2008b36Kawczynski2011118–119-303">[301]</a> Closing down Libya's embassy in Washington, Reagan advised US companies operating in Libya to reduce Americans stationed there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b37Kawczynski2011117–118St._John2012180-304">[302]</a> In December 1981, the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> claimed Gaddafi had dispatched a hit squad to assassinate Reagan, allegedly led by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_the_Jackal" title="Carlos the Jackal">Carlos the Jackal</a>, who had been living in Libya under Gaddafi's protection after the 1975 <a href="/wiki/OPEC_siege" title="OPEC siege">OPEC siege</a>. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a>, Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a>, Counselor to the President <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a>, chief of staff <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a>, and deputy chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Michael_Deaver" title="Michael Deaver">Michael Deaver</a> were considered potential targets and given special security. US ambassador to Italy <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_M._Rabb" title="Maxwell M. Rabb">Maxwell M. Rabb</a>, who was Jewish, was urgently recalled due to threats against his life. Gaddafi denied the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-:5-256">[254]</a> Gaddafi was accused of having ties to the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Revolutionary_Factions" title="Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions">Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions</a>, which had murdered US <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">military attaché</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Ray" title="Charles R. Ray">Charles R. Ray</a> and Israeli diplomat <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yacov_Barsimantov" title="Killing of Yacov Barsimantov">Yacov Barsimantov</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-:5-256">[254]</a> In March 1982, the US implemented an embargo of Libyan oil,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986231BlundyLycett1987207–208Vandewalle2008b37Kawczynski2011117–18St._John2012181-305">[303]</a> and in January 1986 ordered all US companies to cease operating in the country, although several hundred workers remained when the Libyan government doubled their pay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986294BlundyLycett198727,_208Kawczynski2011117–118St._John2012176-306">[304]</a> In spring 1986, <a href="/wiki/Action_in_the_Gulf_of_Sidra_(1986)" title="Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)">the US Navy again performed exercises in the Gulf of Sirte</a>; the Libyan military retaliated, but failed as the US sank Libyan ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986294–295Boyd-Judson200579Kawczynski2011121–122-307">[305]</a> Diplomatic relations also broke down with the UK, after Libyan diplomats were accused in the killing of <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Fletcher">Yvonne Fletcher</a>, a British policewoman stationed outside their London embassy, in April 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986250BlundyLycett1987175–178Vandewalle2008b37St._John2012209-308">[306]</a> In 1980, Gaddafi hired former CIA agent <a href="/wiki/Edwin_P._Wilson" title="Edwin P. Wilson">Edwin P. Wilson</a>, living in Libya as a fugitive from US justice, to plot the murder of an anti-Gaddafi Libyan graduate student at <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University" title="Colorado State University">Colorado State University</a> named Faisal Zagallai. Zagallai was shot in the head in October 1980, in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado" title="Fort Collins, Colorado">Fort Collins, Colorado</a> by a former <a href="/wiki/Green_Berets" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Berets">Green Beret</a> and associate of Wilson named Eugene Tafoya.<a href="#cite_note-:6-309">[307]</a> Zagallai survived the attack and Tafoya was convicted of third-degree assault and conspiracy to commit assault.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-309">[307]</a> Wilson was lured back to the US and sentenced to 32 years due to his ties to Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> In 1984, Gaddafi publicly <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Al-Sadek_Hamed_Al-Shuwehdy" title="Execution of Al-Sadek Hamed Al-Shuwehdy">executed Al-Sadek Hamed Al-Shuwehdy</a>, an aeronautical engineer studying in the US. After the US accused Libya of orchestrating the <a href="/wiki/1986_Berlin_discotheque_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 Berlin discotheque bombing">1986 Berlin discotheque bombing</a>, in which two US soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986287BlundyLycett19874–5Boyd-Judson200579Kawczynski2011122-312">[310]</a> The CIA was critical of the move, believing Syria was a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however, Libya was recognized as a "soft target".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett19875–6-313">[311]</a> Reagan was supported by the UK, but opposed by other European allies, who argued it contravened international law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1986102Kawczynski2011123–125-314">[312]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya">Operation El Dorado Canyon</a>, orchestrated on 15 April 1986, US military planes launched air-strikes, bombing military installations, killing around 100 Libyans, including civilians. One target had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed his adopted daughter <a href="/wiki/Hana_Gaddafi" title="Hana Gaddafi">Hanna</a> was killed, although her existence has since been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986287BlundyLycett19872–3,_7–12Boyd-Judson200579–80Vandewalle2008b37Kawczynski2011127–129-315">[313]</a> Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198713,_210Kawczynski2011130-316">[314]</a> There were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198712-317">[315]</a> Although the US was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Judson200580Kawczynski2011130-318">[316]</a> Publicly lambasting US imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened domestically and across the Arab world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198715St._John2012196-319">[317]</a> and, in June 1986, he ordered the names of the month to be changed in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198730-320">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Revolution_within_a_Revolution":_1987–1998">"Revolution within a Revolution": 1987–1998</h3></div> The late 1980s saw a series of liberalizing economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the "Revolution within a Revolution", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011225St._John2012194-321">[319]</a> Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticized them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b29St._John200897St._John2012194–195,_199–200-322">[320]</a> In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b45St._John2012222-323">[321]</a> In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights, and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the following year, although others remained inactive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b45–46St._John200897–98St._John2012197–198-324">[322]</a> Also in 1989, the government founded the <a href="/wiki/Al-Gaddafi_International_Prize_for_Human_Rights" title="Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights">Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights</a>, to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012199-325">[323]</a> From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012197–198-326">[324]</a> In the aftermath of the 1986 US attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011130-327">[325]</a> and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b38St._John2012200-328">[326]</a> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Libya_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Libya and weapons of mass destruction">Libya began production</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a> at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denied it was stockpiling chemical weapons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012201–204-329">[327]</a> and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011180–181-330">[328]</a> The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Islamic_Fighting_Group" title="Libyan Islamic Fighting Group">Libyan Islamic Fighting Group</a>. Several assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011166–167,_236St._John2012221–222-331">[329]</a> In December 1993, former Libyan foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Mansour_Rashid_El-Kikhia" title="Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia">Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia</a>, a leader of an anti-Gaddafi coalition in exile, was abducted in Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> His body was not found until 2012 in a morgue that belonged to Gaddafi's intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Senussi" title="Abdullah Senussi">Abdullah Senussi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> In October 1993, elements of the increasingly marginalized army, led by officers from the powerful <a href="/wiki/Warfalla" title="Warfalla">Warfalla</a> tribe, initiated a failed <a href="/wiki/1993_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Libyan coup d'état attempt">coup</a> in <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bani_Walid" title="Bani Walid">Bani Walid</a> allegedly with help from the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya" title="National Front for the Salvation of Libya">National Front for the Salvation of Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a> while in September 1995, Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi, and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011166St._John2012223-336">[334]</a> In March 1996, Haftar again briefly returned to Libya to instigate an uprising against Gaddafi in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">eastern Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bi-201404222-291">[289]</a> The Revolutionary Committees experienced a resurgence to combat these Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b29-337">[335]</a> In 1989, Gaddafi was overjoyed by the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union</a>, uniting Libya in an economic pact with Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, viewing it as beginnings of a new pan-Arab union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011188St._John2012216–218-338">[336]</a> Gaddafi was able to recover some influence in Chad after <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a> was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a> in a <a href="/wiki/1990_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Chadian coup d'état">Libya-sponsored coup</a> in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-340">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> Déby also gave Gaddafi detailed information about <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> operations in Chad.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_African_Biography20122-342">[340]</a> Meanwhile, Libya stepped up its support for anti-Western militants such as the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012197-343">[341]</a> and in 1988, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a> was blown up over <a href="/wiki/Lockerbie" title="Lockerbie">Lockerbie</a> in Scotland, killing 243 passengers and 16 crew members, plus 11 people on the ground. British police investigations identified two Libyans – <a href="/wiki/Abdelbaset_al-Megrahi" title="Abdelbaset al-Megrahi">Abdelbaset al-Megrahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamin_Khalifah_Fhimah" title="Lamin Khalifah Fhimah">Lamin Khalifah Fhimah</a> – as the chief suspects, and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over. When Gaddafi refused, citing the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a>, the United Nations (UN) imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992, initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Judson200580–81Vandewalle2008b39Kawczynski2011133–140St._John2012205–207-344">[342]</a> The country suffered an estimated US$900 million financial loss as a result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b42-345">[343]</a> On 5 November 1995, US President Bill Clinton declared the US would continue to induce pressure on Libya, also recognizing that Libyan terrorists were responsible for the Lockerbie bombing.<a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a> Further problems arose with the West when in January 1989, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1989)">two Libyan warplanes were shot down by the US off the Libyan coast</a> and in September 1989, <a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a> was blown up over the Ténéré desert in Niger, killing all 170 people on board (156 passengers and 14 crew members).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012202-347">[345]</a> In 1996, Gaddafi wrote a letter to the newly elected Prime Minister of Bangladesh, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a>, pleading with her to spare the lives of her father's assassins <a href="/wiki/Syed_Faruque_Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Faruque Rahman">Syed Faruque Rahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khandaker_Abdur_Rashid" title="Khandaker Abdur Rashid">Khandaker Abdur Rashid</a>. Rahman and Rashid both had business ties to Libya.<a href="#cite_note-:3-348">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-349">[347]</a> Many Arab and African states opposed the UN sanctions, with Mandela criticizing them on a visit to Gaddafi in October 1997, when he praised Libya for its work in fighting apartheid and awarded Gaddafi the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Good_Hope" title="Order of Good Hope">Order of Good Hope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Judson200573,_83Kawczynski2011147St._John2012205–206-350">[348]</a> They would only be suspended in 1998 when Libya agreed to allow the extradition of the suspects to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Court_in_the_Netherlands" title="Scottish Court in the Netherlands">Scottish Court in the Netherlands</a>, in a process overseen by Mandela.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Judson200583–88Kawczynski2011146–148St._John2012206-351">[349]</a> As a result of the trial, Fhimah was acquitted and al-Megrahi convicted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Judson200589-352">[350]</a> Privately, Gaddafi maintained that he knew nothing about who perpetrated the bombing and that Libya had nothing to do with it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Judson200582-353">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-Africanism,_reconciliation_and_privatization:_1999–2011">Pan-Africanism, reconciliation and privatization: 1999–2011</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Links_with_Africa_and_conflicts_in_the_Arab_League">Links with Africa and conflicts in the Arab League</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muammar_al-Gaddafi-30112006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Muammar_al-Gaddafi-30112006.jpg/170px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi-30112006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Muammar_al-Gaddafi-30112006.jpg/255px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi-30112006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Muammar_al-Gaddafi-30112006.jpg/340px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi-30112006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>Gaddafi wearing an insignia showing the image of the African continent</figcaption></figure> During the final years of the 20th century, Gaddafi—frustrated by the failure of his pan-Arab ideals and the refusal of the Arab world to challenge the international air embargo imposed on Libya—increasingly rejected Arab nationalism in favour of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanism</a>, emphasizing Libya's African identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011142St._John2012227-354">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-355">[353]</a> In a 1998 interview, Gaddafi claimed that "the Arab world is finished" and expressed his wish for Libya to become a "black country."<a href="#cite_note-:8-355">[353]</a> From 1997 to 2000, Libya initiated cooperative agreements or bilateral aid arrangements with 10 African states,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012229-356">[354]</a> and in 1999 joined the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel-Saharan_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Sahel-Saharan States">Community of Sahel-Saharan States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John200899Kawczynski2011189-357">[355]</a> In June 1999, Gaddafi visited Mandela in South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012226-358">[356]</a> and the following month attended the OAU summit in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, calling for greater political and economic integration across the continent and advocating the foundation of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012227–228-359">[357]</a> He became one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU), initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU. At the opening ceremonies, he called for African states to reject conditional aid from the <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed</a> world, a direct contrast to the message of South African President <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011190St._John2012229-360">[358]</a> There was speculation that Gaddafi wanted to become the AU's first chair, raising concerns within Africa that this would damage the Union's international standing, particularly with the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamutsindela20093-361">[359]</a> At the third AU summit, held in Tripoli, Libya, in July 2005, Gaddafi called for greater integration, advocating a single AU passport, a common defence system, and a single currency, using the slogan: "The United States of Africa is the hope."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011190–191St._John2012230-362">[360]</a> His proposal for a Union of African States, a project originally conceived by Ghana's <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> in the 1960s, was rejected at the 2001 Assembly of Heads of States and Government (AHSG) summit in Lusaka by African leaders who thought it "unrealistic" and "utopian".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2002280-363">[361]</a> In June 2005, Libya joined the <a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</a> (COMESA).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012231-364">[362]</a> In March 2008 in Uganda, Gaddafi gave a speech once again urging Africa to reject foreign aid.<a href="#cite_note-365">[363]</a> In August 2008, Gaddafi was proclaimed "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>" by a committee of traditional African <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">leaders</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011188St._John2012270–271-366">[364]</a> they <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">crowned</a> him in February 2009, in a ceremony held in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011190St._John2012272-367">[365]</a> That same month, Gaddafi was elected as the chairperson of the African Union, a position he retained for one year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamutsindela20091Kawczynski2011190St._John2012272-368">[366]</a> In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders for the historical enslavement of Africans by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Arab slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> Meanwhile, Gaddafi continued to have testy relationships with most of his fellow Arab leaders. In the 2003 Arab League summit, Gaddafi was involved in a public verbal altercation with <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah of Saudi Arabia</a>, then the Crown Prince. Gaddafi accused Saudi Arabia of having made an "alliance with the devil" when it invited the US to intervene in the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. Abdullah responded that Gaddafi was a "liar" and an "agent of colonizers" and threatened Gaddafi that "your grave awaits you."<a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a> Two weeks after the summit, Gaddafi allegedly plotted with the Emir <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani" title="Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani">Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> to assassinate Abdullah.<a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-373">[371]</a> The plot was overseen by Libyan intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Koussa" title="Moussa Koussa">Moussa Koussa</a>, Mohammed Ismail (a colonel in Gaddafi's military intelligence), and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_al-Amoudi" title="Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi">Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi</a> (an American citizen and founder of <a href="/wiki/American_Muslim_Council" title="American Muslim Council">American Muslim Council</a>). The assassination conspiracy was foiled by Saudi intelligence with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[372]</a> Amoudi was sentenced to 23 years in prison in the US and stripped of his American citizenship. Ismail was arrested by Saudi Arabia, pardoned by Abdullah in 2005, and later acquired <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a> citizenship due to his close ties with its ruler <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-373">[371]</a> After the failure of the assassination plot, Gaddafi continued to discuss instigating a <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> in Saudi Arabia with multiple <a href="/wiki/Power_broker" title="Power broker">power brokers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, including Qatar's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Jassim_bin_Jaber_Al_Thani" title="Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani">Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>'s foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_bin_Alawi_bin_Abdullah" title="Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah">Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah</a>, and Kuwaiti extremist preacher Hakem al-Mutairi.<a href="#cite_note-375">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[375]</a> The Gaddafi–Abdullah feud came into public view again in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Arab_League_summit" title="2009 Arab League summit">2009 Arab League summit</a> when Gaddafi accused Abdullah, who had become <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King of Saudi Arabia</a> in 2005, of being created by Britain and protected by the US.<a href="#cite_note-378">[376]</a> Alluding to their 2003 altercation, Gaddafi taunted Abdullah for ostensibly avoiding a confrontation with him for six years and quoted Abdullah's 2003 "grave awaits you" threat back at him before storming out of the meeting to visit a museum.<a href="#cite_note-379">[377]</a> Abdullah also left the meeting hall in anger.<a href="#cite_note-380">[378]</a> A Saudi official later claimed that Gaddafi and Abdullah had held a 30 minutes meeting at the sideline of the summit and that the "personal problem" between them was "over."<a href="#cite_note-381">[379]</a> However, Gaddafi had given weapons and money to the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthis</a> to attack Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-382">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rebuilding_links_with_the_West">Rebuilding links with the West</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg/220px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg/330px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg/440px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption>Gaddafi at the AU summit</figcaption></figure> In 1999, Libya began secret talks with the British government to normalize relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008a215-383">[381]</a> In 2001, Gaddafi publicly condemned the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> on the US by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, expressing sympathy with the victims and calling for Libyan involvement in the US-led <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> against militant Islamism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008a220St._John2008101Kawczynski2011176St._John2012243-384">[382]</a> His government continued suppressing domestic Islamism, at the same time as Gaddafi called for the wider application of sharia law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012254-385">[383]</a> Libya also cemented connections with China and North Korea, being visited by Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> in April 2002.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012235-386">[384]</a> However, relations with China became strained in May 2006 due to a visit to Tripoli by Taiwanese President <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[387]</a> Influenced by the events of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, in December 2003, Libya renounced its possession of <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disarmament_of_Libya" title="Disarmament of Libya">decommissioning its chemical and nuclear weapons programs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle20068Vandewalle2008a217Kawczynski2011162,_184St._John2012244Kamel2016694-390">[388]</a> Relations with the US improved as a result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011178–179St._John2012245-391">[389]</a> British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> visited Gaddafi in March 2004;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011240–241St._John2012240–241-392">[390]</a> the pair developed close personal ties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoubir2009412-393">[391]</a> In 2003, Libya paid US$2.7 billion to the families of the victims of the Lockerbie bombing as it was the condition the US and UK had made for terminating the remaining UN sanctions. Libya continued to deny any role in the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd-Judson200591St._John2008101-394">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[393]</a> In 2009, Gaddafi attempted to strong-arm global energy companies operating in Libya to cover Libya's settlement with the families of the victims of Lockerbie.<a href="#cite_note-:10-396">[394]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vladimir_Putin_and_Muammar_Gaddafi.ogv/220px--Vladimir_Putin_and_Muammar_Gaddafi.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="420" data-mwtitle="Vladimir_Putin_and_Muammar_Gaddafi.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Muammar_Gaddafi.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Vladimir_Putin_and_Muammar_Gaddafi.ogv/Vladimir_Putin_and_Muammar_Gaddafi.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="380" data-height="286" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Vladimir_Putin_and_Muammar_Gaddafi.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="380" data-height="285" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Vladimir_Putin_and_Muammar_Gaddafi.ogv/Vladimir_Putin_and_Muammar_Gaddafi.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Video showing the meeting with Russian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and Muammar Gaddafi, in 2008</figcaption></figure> In 2004, Gaddafi traveled to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>—signifying improved relations between Libya and the EU—and the EU dropped its sanctions on Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011175St._John2008101St._John2012237-397">[395]</a> As a strategic player in Europe's attempts to stem illegal migration from Africa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoubir2009408-398">[396]</a> in October 2010, the EU paid Libya over €50 million to stop African migrants passing into Europe; Gaddafi encouraged the move, saying that it was necessary to prevent the loss of European cultural identity to a new "Black Europe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012274Kamel2016684-399">[397]</a> Gaddafi also completed agreements with the Italian government that they would invest in various infrastructure projects as reparations for past Italian colonial policies in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoubir2009410-400">[398]</a> Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> gave Libya an official apology in 2006, after which Gaddafi called him the "iron man" for his courage in doing so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoubir2009410–411-401">[399]</a> In August 2008, Gaddafi and Berlusconi signed a historic cooperation <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a>;<a href="#cite_note-treaty-402">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-ansa-403">[401]</a> under its terms, Italy would pay $5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">military occupation</a>. In exchange, Libya would take measures to combat <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigration</a> coming from its shores and boost investment in Italian companies.<a href="#cite_note-ansa-403">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-rep-404">[402]</a> After the US removed Libya from its list of state sponsors of terrorism in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011176-405">[403]</a> Gaddafi nevertheless continued his anti-Western rhetoric. At the <a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_League_summit" title="2008 Arab League summit">2008 Arab League summit</a>, held in Syria, he warned fellow Arab leaders that they could be overthrown and executed by the US like <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[405]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Second_Africa-South_America_Summit" title="Second Africa-South America Summit">Second Africa-South America Summit</a>, held in Venezuela in September 2009, he called for a military alliance across Africa and Latin America to rival NATO.<a href="#cite_note-408">[406]</a> That same month he traveled to New York City and addressed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> for the first time on 23 September 2009, using it to condemn "Western aggression," and spoke for just over 90 minutes instead of the allotted 15.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012276-409">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[408]</a> In the Spring of 2010, Gaddafi proclaimed jihad against Switzerland after Swiss police accused two of his family members of criminal activity in the country, resulting in the breakdown of bilateral relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012274-411">[409]</a> Gaddafi allegedly financed <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007 French presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-412">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[413]</a> He also financed Austrian far-right politician <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider" title="Jörg Haider">Jörg Haider</a> starting in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-416">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_reform">Economic reform</h4></div> Libya's economy witnessed increasing <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>; although rejecting the socialist policies of nationalized industry advocated in The Green Book, government figures asserted that they were forging "people's socialism" rather than capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012250-419">[417]</a> Gaddafi welcomed these reforms, calling for wide-scale privatization in a March 2003 speech;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008a224-420">[418]</a> he promised that Libya would join the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2008101–102-421">[419]</a> These reforms encouraged private investment in Libya's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamel2016697-422">[420]</a> By 2004, there was US$40 billion of direct foreign investment in Libya, a six-fold rise over 2003.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011180St._John2012248-423">[421]</a> Sectors of Libya's population reacted against these reforms with public demonstrations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012248-424">[422]</a> and in March 2006, revolutionary hard-liners took control of the GPC cabinet; although scaling back the pace of the changes, they did not halt them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008a228St._John2012249–250-425">[423]</a> In 2010, plans were announced that would have seen half the Libyan economy privatized over the following decade,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012263–264-426">[424]</a> these plans appear to have been soon abandoned however, as the companies that the government stated they were going to float on the stock market, among them the National Commercial Bank and the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Iron_and_Steel_Company" title="Libyan Iron and Steel Company">Libyan Iron and Steel Company</a> were never floated and remained 100% state-owned. Many socialist policies remained however, with subsidiaries of logistics company HB Group being nationalized in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley1983467–489BlundyLycett1987156SacerdotiAcconci2011312–313-427">[425]</a> Agriculture remained largely untouched by the reforms, with farms remaining cooperatives, the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Bank_of_Libya" title="Agricultural Bank of Libya">Agricultural Bank of Libya</a> remaining wholly state-owned and state interventionist policies and price controls remaining.<a href="#cite_note-428">[426]</a> The oil industry remained largely state-owned, with the wholly state-owned <a href="/wiki/National_Oil_Corporation" title="National Oil Corporation">National Oil Corporation</a> retaining a 70% share in Libya's oil industry, the government also imposed a 93% tax on all oil that foreign companies produced in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-429">[427]</a> Price controls and subsidies over oil and food remained in place, and state-provided benefits such as free education, universal healthcare, free housing, free water and free electricity remained in place.<a href="#cite_note-430">[428]</a> Libya also changed its stance on the WTO after the removal of technocrat <a href="/wiki/Shukri_Ghanem" title="Shukri Ghanem">Shukri Ghanem</a>, with Gaddafi condemning the WTO as a neocolonial terrorist organisation, and urging African and Third World countries not to join it.<a href="#cite_note-431">[429]</a> While there was no accompanying political liberalization, with Gaddafi retaining predominant control,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008a231-432">[430]</a> in March 2010, the government devolved further powers to the municipal councils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012257-433">[431]</a> Rising numbers of reformist technocrats attained positions in the country's governance; best known was Gaddafi's son and heir apparent <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a>, who was openly critical of Libya's human rights record. He led a group who proposed the drafting of a new constitution, although it was never adopted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008a225St._John2012249–269-434">[432]</a> Involved in encouraging tourism, Saif founded several privately run media channels in 2008, but after criticizing the government, they were nationalized in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011216,_227–228-435">[433]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libyan_Civil_War_and_death">Libyan Civil War and death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">Libyan Civil War (2011)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_development:_February–August_2011">Origins and development: February–August 2011</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaddafi_Is_a_Butcher_-_Libyan_Protest_Meeting_In_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gaddafi_Is_a_Butcher_-_Libyan_Protest_Meeting_In_Dublin.jpg/220px-Gaddafi_Is_a_Butcher_-_Libyan_Protest_Meeting_In_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gaddafi_Is_a_Butcher_-_Libyan_Protest_Meeting_In_Dublin.jpg/330px-Gaddafi_Is_a_Butcher_-_Libyan_Protest_Meeting_In_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gaddafi_Is_a_Butcher_-_Libyan_Protest_Meeting_In_Dublin.jpg/440px-Gaddafi_Is_a_Butcher_-_Libyan_Protest_Meeting_In_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>An anti-Gaddafist placard being displayed by demonstrators in Ireland in 2011</figcaption></figure> Following the start of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a>, then threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisian Revolution</a>. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a Jamahiriyah system there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012278-436">[434]</a> Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government implemented preventive measures by reducing <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>, purging the army leadership of potential defectors, and releasing several Islamist prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012282–283-437">[435]</a> This proved ineffective, and on 17 February 2011, major protests broke out against Gaddafi's government. Unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya was largely religiously homogeneous and had no strong Islamist movement, but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage, while unemployment had reached around 30 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011231St._John2012279–281-438">[436]</a> Accusing the rebels of being "drugged" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> rather than leave Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011242-439">[437]</a> As he announced that the rebels would be "hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011242–243-440">[438]</a> the army opened fire on protesters in Benghazi, killing hundreds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012283-441">[439]</a> Shocked at the government's response, a number of senior politicians resigned or defected to the protesters' side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012284Vandewalle2008a236-442">[440]</a> The uprising spread quickly through Libya's less economically developed eastern half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008a236-443">[441]</a> By February's end, eastern cities such as Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda, and Tobruk were controlled by rebels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012284-444">[442]</a> and the Benghazi-based <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> (NTC) formed to represent them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012286Human_Rights_Watch201216-445">[443]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_femmes_de_Libye_d%C3%A9chir%C3%A9es_entre_le_r%C3%A9gime_et_les_rebelles_(5764877039).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Les_femmes_de_Libye_d%C3%A9chir%C3%A9es_entre_le_r%C3%A9gime_et_les_rebelles_%285764877039%29.jpg/220px-Les_femmes_de_Libye_d%C3%A9chir%C3%A9es_entre_le_r%C3%A9gime_et_les_rebelles_%285764877039%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Les_femmes_de_Libye_d%C3%A9chir%C3%A9es_entre_le_r%C3%A9gime_et_les_rebelles_%285764877039%29.jpg/330px-Les_femmes_de_Libye_d%C3%A9chir%C3%A9es_entre_le_r%C3%A9gime_et_les_rebelles_%285764877039%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Les_femmes_de_Libye_d%C3%A9chir%C3%A9es_entre_le_r%C3%A9gime_et_les_rebelles_%285764877039%29.jpg/440px-Les_femmes_de_Libye_d%C3%A9chir%C3%A9es_entre_le_r%C3%A9gime_et_les_rebelles_%285764877039%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Gaddafi protests in Tripoli, May 2011</figcaption></figure> In the conflict's early months it appeared that Gaddafi's government—with its greater fire-power—would be victorious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008a236-443">[441]</a> Both sides disregarded the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a>, committing human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial executions</a>, and revenge attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201217–18-446">[444]</a> On 26 February, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">Resolution 1970</a>, suspending Libya from the <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a>, implementing sanctions and calling for an <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) investigation into the killing of unarmed civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESacerdotiAcconci201161–62St._John2012284Human_Rights_Watch201216-447">[445]</a> In March, the Security Council declared a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">no-fly zone</a> to protect the civilian population from aerial bombardment, calling on foreign nations to enforce it; it also specifically prohibited foreign occupation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008a236Human_Rights_Watch201216-448">[446]</a> Ignoring this, Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents and, along with France and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, provided weaponry and military training to the NTC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201216-449">[447]</a> NATO announced that it would enforce the no-fly zone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008a236St._John2012284-450">[448]</a> On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Arab_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Arab Gaddafi">Gaddafi's sixth son</a> and three of his grandsons in Tripoli.<a href="#cite_note-451">[449]</a> This Western military intervention was criticized by various leftist governments, including those that had criticized Gaddafi's response to the protests, because they regarded it as an imperialist attempt to secure control of Libya's resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastro2011308–309-452">[450]</a> In June, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Senussi" title="Abdullah Senussi">Abdullah Senussi</a>, head of state security, for charges concerning crimes against humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011257St._John2012286-453">[451]</a> That month, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> published their report, finding that Gaddafi's forces were responsible for numerous war crimes but added that a number of allegations of human rights abuses lacked credible evidence. The report added that "much Western media coverage has from the outset presented a very one-sided view of the logic of events, portraying the protest movement as entirely peaceful and repeatedly suggesting that the regime's security forces were unaccountably massacring unarmed demonstrators".<a href="#cite_note-AmnestyRape-454">[452]</a> In July, over 30 governments recognized the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya; Gaddafi called on his supporters to "Trample on those recognitions, trample on them under your feet ... They are worthless".<a href="#cite_note-INDtncofficialgov-2">[2]</a> In August, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> recognized the NTC as "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".<a href="#cite_note-taipeitimmes20110826-4">[4]</a> Aided by NATO air cover, the rebel militia pushed westward, defeating loyalist armies and securing control of the centre of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012285-455">[453]</a> Gaining the support of <a href="/wiki/Amazigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh">Amazigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a>) communities of the <a href="/wiki/Nafusa_Mountains" title="Nafusa Mountains">Nafusa Mountains</a>, who had long been persecuted as non-Arabic speakers under Gaddafi, the NTC armies surrounded Gaddafi loyalists in several key areas of western Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012285-455">[453]</a> In August, the rebels seized <a href="/wiki/Zliten" title="Zliten">Zliten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">Tripoli</a>, ending the last vestiges of Gaddafist power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012286-456">[454]</a> It is probable that without the NATO air strikes supporting the rebels, they would not have been able to advance west and Gaddafi's forces would have ultimately retaken control of eastern Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPargeter20128-457">[455]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_and_killing">Capture and killing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">Killing of Muammar Gaddafi</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">fall of Tripoli</a>, only a few towns in western Libya such as <a href="/wiki/Bani_Walid" title="Bani Walid">Bani Walid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabha,_Libya" title="Sabha, Libya">Sebha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> remained Gaddafist strongholds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012286-456">[454]</a> Gaddafi was reportedly planning to catch up with his Sebha commander <a href="/wiki/Ali_Kanna" title="Ali Kanna">Ali Kanna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> forces and seek asylum in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-458">[456]</a> Instead, Gaddafi retreated to his hometown of Sirte,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201220-459">[457]</a> where he convened a meeting with his son <a href="/wiki/Mutassim_Gaddafi" title="Mutassim Gaddafi">Mutassim</a> and intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Senussi" title="Abdullah Senussi">Abdullah Senussi</a> and learned that his youngest son <a href="/wiki/Khamis_Gaddafi" title="Khamis Gaddafi">Khamis</a> had been killed by a NATO airstrike on 29 August.<a href="#cite_note-:9-460">[458]</a> In the weeks that followed, Gaddafi continued to broadcast defiant audio messages through Syria-based <a href="/wiki/Arrai_TV" title="Arrai TV">Arrai TV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-461">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012286-456">[454]</a> On 10 September, General Massoud Abdel Hafiz announced the formation of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> in Sebha, where Gaddafi would be president for life.<a href="#cite_note-463">[461]</a> Sebha fell on 22 September.<a href="#cite_note-464">[462]</a> Surrounding himself with bodyguards and a small entourage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201220-459">[457]</a> including Mutassim, security chief <a href="/wiki/Mansour_Dhao" title="Mansour Dhao">Mansour Dhao</a>, and defense minister <a href="/wiki/Abu-Bakr_Yunis_Jabr" title="Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr">Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr</a>, Gaddafi continually changed residences to escape NATO and NTC shelling, devoting his days to prayer and reading the Qur'an.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201221–22-465">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-466">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-460">[458]</a> On 20 October, Gaddafi recorded a farewell audio message for his family, later publicized by <a href="/wiki/AlHadath" title="AlHadath">AlHadath</a>, and then broke out of Sirte's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy.<a href="#cite_note-467">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201223-468">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC20112-469">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[469]</a> According to Dhao, it was a "suicide mission" as Gaddafi wanted to die in the Jarref Valley, close to where he was born.<a href="#cite_note-472">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[471]</a> At around 08:30, NATO bombers attacked, destroying at least 14 vehicles and killing at least 53 people.<a href="#cite_note-BBC20112-469">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201224–25-474">[472]</a> The convoy scattered, and Gaddafi and those closest to him fled to a nearby villa, which was shelled by rebel militia from Misrata. Fleeing to a construction site, Gaddafi and his inner cohort hid inside drainage pipes while his bodyguards battled the rebels; in the conflict, Gaddafi suffered head injuries from a grenade blast while Jabr was killed.<a href="#cite_note-BBC20112-469">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201226–27-475">[473]</a> The Misrata militia took Gaddafi prisoner, causing serious injuries as they tried to apprehend him; the events were filmed on a mobile phone. A video appears to picture Gaddafi being poked or stabbed in the anus "with some kind of stick or knife"<a href="#cite_note-476">[474]</a> or possibly a bayonet.<a href="#cite_note-Irish_Times-477">[475]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[476]</a> Pulled onto the front of a pick-up truck, he fell off as it drove away. His semi-naked body was then placed into an ambulance and taken to <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a>; upon arrival, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muammar Gaddafi">he was found to be dead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201228–29-479">[477]</a> Official NTC accounts claimed that Gaddafi was caught in a crossfire and died from bullet wounds. Other eye-witness accounts claimed that rebels had fatally shot Gaddafi in the stomach.<a href="#cite_note-BBC20112-469">[467]</a> That afternoon, NTC Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Jibril" title="Mahmoud Jibril">Mahmoud Jibril</a> publicly revealed the news of Gaddafi's death.<a href="#cite_note-BBC20112-469">[467]</a> His corpse was placed in the freezer of a local market alongside the corpses of Yunis Jabr and Mutassim; the bodies were publicly displayed for four days, with Libyans from all over the country coming to view them.<a href="#cite_note-480">[478]</a> Footage of Gaddafi's death was broadcast extensively across media networks internationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnielLavie-DinurAzran2015171,_176-481">[479]</a> In response to international calls, on 24 October Jibril announced that a commission would investigate Gaddafi's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch201244-482">[480]</a> On 25 October, the NTC announced that Gaddafi had been buried at an unidentified location in the desert.<a href="#cite_note-483">[481]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_ideology">Political ideology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> We call it the Third [International] Theory to indicate that there is a new path for all those who reject both materialist capitalism and atheist communism. The path is for all the people of the world who abhor the dangerous confrontation between the Warsaw and North Atlantic military alliances. It is for all those who believe that all nations of the world are brothers under the aegis of the rule of God. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Muammar Gaddafi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198787-484">[482]</a></cite></div> </div> Gaddafi's ideological worldview was molded by his environment, namely his Islamic faith, his Bedouin upbringing, and his disgust at the actions of Italian colonialists in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198643-485">[483]</a> As a schoolboy, Gaddafi adopted the ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a>, influenced in particular by <a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a>, the thought of the Egyptian President Nasser, whom Gaddafi regarded as his hero;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198643BlundyLycett198718-486">[484]</a> Nasser privately described Gaddafi as "a nice boy, but terribly naïve".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198718-122">[120]</a> During the early 1970s, Gaddafi formulated his own particular approach to Arab nationalism and socialism, known as <a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a>, which <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> described as a combination of "<a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialism</a>, Arab nationalism, and the Third World revolutionary theory that was in vogue at the time".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_green-487">[485]</a> In addition to Nasser, Gaddafi also cited <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> as political inspirations.<a href="#cite_note-488">[486]</a> He regarded this system as a practical alternative to the then-dominant international models of Western capitalism and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John198728-489">[487]</a> He laid out the principles of this Theory in the three volumes of The Green Book, in which he sought to "explain the structure of the ideal society".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198657-490">[488]</a> The Libyan studies specialist Ronald Bruce St. John regarded Arab nationalism as Gaddafi's "primordial value",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1983473St._John198721St._John200892-491">[489]</a> stating that during the early years of his government, Gaddafi was "the Arab nationalist par excellence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John198726-492">[490]</a> Gaddafi called for the Arab world to regain its dignity and assert a major place on the world stage, blaming Arab backwardness on stagnation resulting from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule, European colonialism and imperialism, and corrupt and repressive monarchies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1983474St._John198726–27-493">[491]</a> Gaddafi's Arab nationalist views led him to the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Arabist">pan-Arabist</a> belief in the need for unity across the Arab world, combining the Arab nation under a single nation-state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198659St._John198719,_49-494">[492]</a> To this end, he had proposed a political union with five neighbouring Arab states by 1974, although without success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John198758-495">[493]</a> In keeping with his views regarding Arabs, his political stance was described as <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinnebusch198463-496">[494]</a> Gaddafi also had international ambitions, wanting to export his revolutionary ideas throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes199059Pargeter20123-497">[495]</a> Gaddafi saw his socialist Jamahiriyah as a model for the Arab, Islamic, and non-aligned worlds to follow,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198654-498">[496]</a> and in his speeches declared that his Third International Theory would eventually guide the entire planet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John198734-499">[497]</a> He nevertheless had minimal success in exporting the ideology outside of Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John198729-500">[498]</a> Along with Arab nationalism, anti-imperialism was also a defining feature of Gaddafi's regime during its early years. He believed in opposing Western imperialism and colonialism in the Arab world, including any Western expansionism through the form of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoubir2009402-501">[499]</a> He offered support to a broad range of political groups abroad that called themselves "anti-imperialist", especially those that set themselves in opposition to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes199060-502">[500]</a> For many years, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionism</a> was a fundamental component of Gaddafi's ideology. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198654BlundyLycett198718-503">[501]</a> In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the country to be <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a> and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198719,_197-504">[502]</a> He sought to distinguish "oriental" Jews who had lived in the Middle East for generations from the European Jews who had migrated to Palestine during the 20th century, calling the latter "vagabonds" and "mercenaries" who should return to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1983478-505">[503]</a> He rallied against Jews in many of his speeches, with Blundy and Lycett claiming that his <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> was "almost <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitlerian</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198725-506">[504]</a> As Pan-Africanism increasingly became his focus in the early 21st century, Gaddafi became less interested in the Israel-Palestine issue, calling for the two communities to form a new <a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">single-state</a> that he termed "<a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Isratin</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2008100-507">[505]</a><a href="#cite_note-508">[506]</a> This would have led the Jewish population to become a minority within the new state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnielLavie-DinurAzran2015177-509">[507]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_modernism_and_Islamic_socialism">Islamic modernism and Islamic socialism</h3></div> Gaddafi rejected the <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a> approach to Arab nationalism that had been pervasive in Syria,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John198730-510">[508]</a> with his revolutionary movement placing a far stronger emphasis on Islam than previous Arab nationalist movements had done.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1983473-511">[509]</a> He deemed Arabism and Islam to be inseparable, referring to them as "one and indivisible",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986161-512">[510]</a> and called on the Arab world's Christian minority to convert to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1983476Bearman1986161St._John198730-513">[511]</a> He insisted that Islamic law should be the basis for the law of the state, blurring any distinction between the religious and secular realms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirst197425-514">[512]</a> He desired unity across the Islamic world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198719-515">[513]</a> and encouraged the propagation of the faith elsewhere; on a 2010 visit to Italy, he paid a modelling agency to find 200 young Italian women for a lecture he gave urging them to convert.<a href="#cite_note-516">[514]</a> According to the Gaddafi biographer Jonathan Bearman, in Islamic terms Gaddafi was a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">modernist</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a>, for he subordinated religion to the political system rather than seeking to Islamicise the state as Islamists sought to do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986164-517">[515]</a> He was driven by a sense of "divine mission", believing himself a conduit of God's will, and thought that he must achieve his goals "no matter what the cost".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198645,_50-518">[516]</a> His interpretation of Islam was nevertheless idiosyncratic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986164-517">[515]</a> and he clashed with conservative Libyan clerics. Many criticized his attempts to encourage women to enter traditionally male-only sectors of society, such as the armed forces. Gaddafi was keen to improve women's status, although saw the sexes as "separate but equal" and therefore felt women should usually remain in traditional roles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198633,_53-519">[517]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The purpose of the socialist society is the happiness of man, which can only be realized through material and spiritual freedom. Attainment of such freedom depends on the extent of man's ownership of his needs; ownership that is personal and sacredly guaranteed, i.e. your needs must neither be owned by somebody else, nor subject to plunder by any part of society. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Muammar Gaddafi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986157-520">[518]</a></cite></div> </div> Gaddafi described his approach to economics as "Islamic socialism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirst1974255St._John1983482Harris198648-521">[519]</a> For him, a socialist society could be defined as one in which men controlled their own needs, either through personal ownership or through a collective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986157-520">[518]</a> Although the early policies pursued by his government were state capitalist in orientation, by 1978 he believed that private ownership of the means of production was exploitative and thus he sought to move Libya away from capitalism and towards socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinnebusch198469-522">[520]</a> Private enterprise was largely eliminated in favour of a centrally controlled economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1983484-523">[521]</a> The extent to which Libya became socialist under Gaddafi is disputed. Bearman suggested that while Libya did undergo "a profound social revolution", he did not think that "a socialist society" was established in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986xvii-524">[522]</a> Conversely, St. John expressed the view that "if socialism is defined as a redistribution of wealth and resources, a socialist revolution clearly occurred in Libya" under Gaddafi's regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012173-233">[231]</a> Gaddafi was staunchly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Marxism">anti-Marxist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986104-525">[523]</a> and in 1973 declared that "it is the duty of every Muslim to combat" Marxism because it promotes atheism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986105-526">[524]</a> In his view, ideologies like Marxism and Zionism were alien to the Islamic world and were a threat to the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a>, or global Islamic community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986104–105-527">[525]</a> Nevertheless, Blundy and Lycett noted that Gaddafi's socialism had a "curiously Marxist undertone",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198798-528">[526]</a> with political scientist Sami Hajjar arguing that Gaddafi's model of socialism offered a simplification of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>'s theories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar1982-529">[527]</a> While acknowledging the Marxist influence on Gaddafi's thought, Bearman stated that the Libyan leader rejected Marxism's core tenet, that of <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> as the main engine of social development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986158-530">[528]</a> Instead of embracing the Marxist idea that a socialist society emerged from class struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, Gaddafi believed that socialism would be achieved through overturning "unnatural" capitalism and returning society to its "natural equilibrium".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986158-530">[528]</a> In this, he sought to replace a capitalist economy with one based on his own romanticized ideas of a traditional, pre-capitalist past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986159-531">[529]</a> This owed much to the Islamic belief in <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>'s natural law providing order to the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986160-532">[530]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Personal life of Muammar Gaddafi">Personal life of Muammar Gaddafi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimeiry,_Nasser_and_Gaddafi,_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nimeiry%2C_Nasser_and_Gaddafi%2C_1969.jpg/220px-Nimeiry%2C_Nasser_and_Gaddafi%2C_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nimeiry%2C_Nasser_and_Gaddafi%2C_1969.jpg/330px-Nimeiry%2C_Nasser_and_Gaddafi%2C_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Nimeiry%2C_Nasser_and_Gaddafi%2C_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Gaddafi (right) with Nimeiry and Nasser in 1969</figcaption></figure> A very private individual,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198643-485">[483]</a> Gaddafi was given to rumination and solitude and could be reclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986284-533">[531]</a> Gaddafi described himself as a "simple revolutionary" and "pious Muslim" called upon by God to continue Nasser's work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198648-534">[532]</a> Gaddafi was an austere and devout Muslim,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1987145Vandewalle20066-535">[533]</a> although according to Vandewalle, his interpretation of Islam was "deeply personal and idiosyncratic."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle20066-235">[233]</a> He was also a <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> enthusiast<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198722-536">[534]</a> and enjoyed both playing the sport and horse riding as a means of recreation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986285-537">[535]</a> He regarded himself as an intellectual;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPargeter20122-538">[536]</a> he was a fan of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> and said his favourite novels were <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Outsider_(Wilson_book)" title="The Outsider (Wilson book)">The Outsider</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198722-536">[534]</a> Gaddafi regarded personal appearance as important,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986285-537">[535]</a> with Blundy and Lycett referring to him as "extraordinarily vain."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198724-539">[537]</a> Gaddafi had a large wardrobe, and sometimes changed his outfit multiple times a day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198724-539">[537]</a> He favoured either a military uniform or traditional Libyan dress, tending to eschew Western-style suits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986285-537">[535]</a> He saw himself as a fashion icon, stating "Whatever I wear becomes a fad. I wear a certain shirt and suddenly everyone is wearing it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198724-539">[537]</a> Following his ascension to power, Gaddafi moved into the <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a> barracks, a 6-square-kilometre (2.3 square miles) fortified compound located 3.2 kilometres (2 miles) from the centre of Tripoli.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett19871-540">[538]</a> In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198732-541">[539]</a> He was preoccupied with his own security, regularly changing where he slept and sometimes grounding all other planes in Libya when he was flying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198650-227">[225]</a> He made particular requests when travelling to foreign countries. During his trips to Rome, Paris, Madrid, Moscow, and New York City,<a href="#cite_note-abcnews-542">[540]</a><a href="#cite_note-543">[541]</a> he resided in a bulletproof tent, following his Bedouin traditions.<a href="#cite_note-abcnews-542">[540]</a><a href="#cite_note-544">[542]</a> Gaddafi was notably confrontational in his approach to foreign powers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198651-545">[543]</a> and generally shunned Western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198721-546">[544]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_presidente_del_Gobierno_asiste_a_la_III_Cumbre_UE_-_%C3%81frica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/El_presidente_del_Gobierno_asiste_a_la_III_Cumbre_UE_-_%C3%81frica.jpg/220px-El_presidente_del_Gobierno_asiste_a_la_III_Cumbre_UE_-_%C3%81frica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/El_presidente_del_Gobierno_asiste_a_la_III_Cumbre_UE_-_%C3%81frica.jpg/330px-El_presidente_del_Gobierno_asiste_a_la_III_Cumbre_UE_-_%C3%81frica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/El_presidente_del_Gobierno_asiste_a_la_III_Cumbre_UE_-_%C3%81frica.jpg/440px-El_presidente_del_Gobierno_asiste_a_la_III_Cumbre_UE_-_%C3%81frica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Gaddafi with Spanish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> In the 1970s and 1980s, there were reports of his making sexual advances toward female reporters and members of his entourage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198653–54BlundyLycett198722–23-547">[545]</a> Starting in the 1980s, he travelled with his all-female <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Guard" title="Amazonian Guard">Amazonian Guard</a>, who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987112-548">[546]</a> After Gaddafi's death, the Libyan psychologist <a href="/wiki/Seham_Sergewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Seham Sergewa">Seham Sergewa</a>, part of a team investigating sexual offences during the civil war, stated that five of the guards told her they had been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials.<a href="#cite_note-rape-549">[547]</a> After Gaddafi's death, the French journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annick_Cojean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annick Cojean (page does not exist)">Annick Cojean</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annick_Cojean" class="extiw" title="fr:Annick Cojean">fr</a>; <a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86" class="extiw" title="fa:آنیک کوژان">fa</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annick_Cojean" class="extiw" title="de:Annick Cojean">de</a>; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A6%AE%E6%9F%AF%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E7%90%B4" class="extiw" title="zh:安妮柯·柯琴">zh</a>] published a book alleging that Gaddafi had had sexual relations with women, some in their early teenage years, who had been specially selected for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECojean2013-550">[548]</a> One of those Cojean interviewed, a woman named Soraya, claimed that Gaddafi kept her imprisoned in a basement for six years, where he repeatedly raped her, urinated on her, and forced her to watch pornography, drink alcohol, and snort cocaine.<a href="#cite_note-harem-551">[549]</a> The alleged sexual abuse was said to have been facilitated by Gaddafi's Chief of Protocol <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Mismari" title="Nuri al-Mismari">Nuri al-Mismari</a> and Mabrouka Sherif.<a href="#cite_note-552">[550]</a><a href="#cite_note-553">[551]</a> Gaddafi also hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him; one described him as kind and considerate and was surprised that allegations of abuse had been made against him.<a href="#cite_note-554">[552]</a> Gaddafi married his first wife, Fatiha al-Nuri, in 1969. Although they had one son, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Gaddafi" title="Muhammad Gaddafi">Muhammad Gaddafi</a> (born 1970), their relationship was strained, and they divorced in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198653BlundyLycett198722-555">[553]</a> Gaddafi's second wife was <a href="/wiki/Safia_Farkash" title="Safia Farkash">Safia Farkash</a>, née el-Brasai, a former nurse from the Obeidat tribe born in <a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Bayda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-556">[554]</a> They met in 1969, following his ascension to power, when he was hospitalized with appendicitis; he claimed that it was love at first sight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198653BlundyLycett198722-555">[553]</a> The couple remained married until his death. Together they had seven biological children:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986285-537">[535]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a> (born 1972), <a href="/wiki/Al-Saadi_Gaddafi" title="Al-Saadi Gaddafi">Al-Saadi Gaddafi</a> (born 1973), <a href="/wiki/Mutassim_Gaddafi" title="Mutassim Gaddafi">Mutassim Gaddafi</a> (1974–2011), <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi">Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi</a> (born 1975), <a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Gaddafi" title="Ayesha Gaddafi">Ayesha Gaddafi</a> (born 1976), <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Arab_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Arab Gaddafi">Saif al-Arab Gaddafi</a> (1982–2011), and <a href="/wiki/Khamis_Gaddafi" title="Khamis Gaddafi">Khamis Gaddafi</a> (1983–2011). He also adopted two children, <a href="/wiki/Hana_Gaddafi" title="Hana Gaddafi">Hana Gaddafi</a> and Milad Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-557">[555]</a> Several of his sons gained a reputation for lavish and anti-social behaviour in Libya, which proved a source of resentment toward his administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPargeter20126-558">[556]</a> At least three of his cousins were prominent figures in Gaddafi's regime. <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Gaddaf_al-Dam" title="Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam">Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam</a> is Libya's former Special Envoy to Egypt and a leading figure of the Gaddafi regime.<a href="#cite_note-559">[557]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mansour_Dhao" title="Mansour Dhao">Mansour Dhao</a> was his chief of security and led the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Guard_(Libya)" title="People's Guard (Libya)">People's Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-560">[558]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Gaddaf_al-Dam" title="Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam">Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam</a> was a brigadier general and described as the second most powerful person in Libya in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-561">[559]</a><a href="#cite_note-562">[560]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_life">Public life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13th_anniversary_of_the_Revolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/13th_anniversary_of_the_Revolution.jpg/220px-13th_anniversary_of_the_Revolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/13th_anniversary_of_the_Revolution.jpg/330px-13th_anniversary_of_the_Revolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/13th_anniversary_of_the_Revolution.jpg/440px-13th_anniversary_of_the_Revolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>13th Anniversary of 1 September Revolution on postage stamp, Libya 1982</figcaption></figure> According to Vandewalle, Gaddafi "dominated [Libya's] political life" during his period in power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle20065-563">[561]</a> The sociologist Raymond A. Hinnebusch described the Libyan as "perhaps the most exemplary contemporary case of the politics of charismatic leadership", displaying all of the traits of <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic authority</a> outlined by the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinnebusch198459-564">[562]</a> According to Hinnebusch, the foundations of Gaddafi's "personal charismatic authority" in Libya stemmed from the blessing he had received from Nasser coupled with "nationalist achievements" such as the expulsion of foreign military bases, the extraction of higher prices for Libyan oil, and his vocal support for the Palestinian and other anti-imperialist causes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinnebusch198462-565">[563]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> devoted to Gaddafi existed in Libya through most of his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986283BlundyLycett198720-566">[564]</a> His biographer Alison Pargeter noted that "he filled every space, moulding the entire country around himself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPargeter20122-538">[536]</a> Depictions of his face could be found throughout the country, including on postage stamps, watches, and school satchels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198720-567">[565]</a> Quotations from The Green Book appeared on a wide variety of places, from street walls to airports and pens, and were put to pop music for public release.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198720-567">[565]</a> In private, Gaddafi often complained that he disliked this personality cult surrounding him, but that he tolerated it because the people of Libya adored him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198720-567">[565]</a> The cult served a political purpose, with Gaddafi helping to provide a central identity for the Libyan state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986284-533">[531]</a> Several biographers and observers characterized Gaddafi as a <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinnebusch198461BlundyLycett198720-568">[566]</a> He enjoyed attending lengthy public sessions where people were invited to question him; these were often televised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirst197422–23-569">[567]</a> Throughout Libya, crowds of supporters would arrive at public events where he appeared. Described as "spontaneous demonstrations" by the government, there are recorded instances of groups being coerced or paid to attend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198716-570">[568]</a> He was typically late to public events, and would sometimes fail to arrive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198717-571">[569]</a> Although Bianco thought he had a "gift for oratory",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianco19757-572">[570]</a> he was considered a poor orator by Blundy and Lycett.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198718-122">[120]</a> The biographer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kawczynski" title="Daniel Kawczynski">Daniel Kawczynski</a> noted that Gaddafi was famed for his "lengthy, wandering" speeches,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011191-573">[571]</a> which typically involved criticizing Israel and the US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198717-571">[569]</a> The journalist <a href="/wiki/Ruth_First" title="Ruth First">Ruth First</a> described his speeches as being "an inexhaustible flow; didactic, at times incoherent; peppered with snatches of half-formed opinions; admonitions; confidences; some sound common sense, and as much prejudice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirst197423-574">[572]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_bestowed_upon_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of awards and honours bestowed upon Muammar Gaddafi">List of awards and honours bestowed upon Muammar Gaddafi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_legacy">Reception and legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi</a></div> Supporters praised Gaddafi's administration for the creation of a more equal society through domestic reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198719Kawczynski2011196–200-575">[573]</a> They stressed the regime's achievements in combating homelessness, ensuring access to food and safe drinking water, and to dramatic improvements in education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198719Kawczynski2011196–200-575">[573]</a> Supporters have also applauded achievements in medical care, praising the universal free healthcare provided under the Gaddafist administration, with diseases like <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> being contained and life expectancy raised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198719Kawczynski2011196–200-575">[573]</a> Gaddafi's government's treatment of non-Arab Libyans came in for criticism from human rights activists, with native Berbers, Italian colonists, Jews, refugees, and foreign workers all facing persecution in Gaddafist Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski2011202–203,_209-576">[574]</a> Human rights groups also criticized the treatment of migrants, including <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">asylum seekers</a>, who passed through Gaddafi's Libya on their way to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoubir2009409-577">[575]</a> During the Civil War, various leftist groups endorsed the anti-Gaddafist rebels—but not the Western military intervention—by arguing that Gaddafi had become an ally of Western imperialism by cooperating with the War on Terror and efforts to block African migration to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastro2011309-578">[576]</a> Gaddafi was widely perceived as a terrorist, especially in the US and UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes199058Boyd-Judson200591-579">[577]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_assessment">Posthumous assessment</h3></div> International reactions to Gaddafi's death were divided.<a href="#cite_note-580">[578]</a> Gaddafi was mourned as a hero by many across sub-Saharan Africa but was widely condemned elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-581">[579]</a> Following his defeat in the civil war, Gaddafi's system of governance was dismantled and replaced by the interim government of the NTC, which legalized trade unions and freedom of the press.<a href="#cite_note-582">[580]</a> In January 2013, the GNC officially renamed the Jamahiriyah as the "State of Libya".<a href="#cite_note-Herald_StateofLibya-583">[581]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_loyalism" title="Gaddafi loyalism">Gaddafi loyalists</a> then founded a new political party, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Libya" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya">Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-584">[582]</a> Led by Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, the Popular Front was allowed to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Next_Libyan_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Libyan general election">future general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-585">[583]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Libyan_financing_in_the_2007_French_presidential_election" title="Alleged Libyan financing in the 2007 French presidential election">Alleged Libyan financing in the 2007 French presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament_of_Libya" title="Disarmament of Libya">Disarmament of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_trial_in_Libya" title="HIV trial in Libya">HIV trial in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Libya and weapons of mass destruction">Libya and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNC-Lavalin_affair" title="SNC-Lavalin affair">SNC-Lavalin affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_discotheque_bombing" title="West Berlin discotheque bombing">West Berlin discotheque bombing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> English pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmoʊəmɑːr ɡəˈdæfi/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MOH-ə-mar gə-DAF-ee</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡəˈdɑːfi/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">gə-DAH-fee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مُعمّر محمد أبو منيار القذّافي, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Muʿammar Muḥammad ʾAbū Minyār al-Qaḏḏāfī, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Arabic language">Standard Arabic</a> pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[muˈʕamːar alqaˈðːaːfiː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/Ar-Muammar_al-Qaddafi.ogg\/Ar-Muammar_al-Qaddafi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-Muammar al-Qaddafi.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Ar-Muammar_al-Qaddafi.ogg/Ar-Muammar_al-Qaddafi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-Muammar_al-Qaddafi.ogg" title="File:Ar-Muammar al-Qaddafi.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arabic language">Libyan Arabic</a> pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɡəˈðːaːfi]</a> (eastern dialects) or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɡəˈdːaːfi]</a> (western dialects).<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a>Due to the lack of standardization of transcribing written and regionally pronounced Arabic, Gaddafi's name has been <a href="/wiki/Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized">romanized</a> in various ways. A 1986 column by <a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a> lists 32 spellings known from the US <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> while <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> identified 112 possible spellings.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> A 2007 interview with Gaddafi's son <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a> confirms that Saif spelled his own name Qadhafi<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> and the passport of Gaddafi's son Mohammed used the spelling Gathafi.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Google_Ngram" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram">Google Ngram</a> the variant Qaddafi was slightly more widespread, followed by Qadhafi, Gaddafi and Gadhafi.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Scientific romanizations of the name are Qaḏḏāfī (<a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr_transliteration" title="Hans Wehr transliteration">Wehr</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO</a>) or (rarely used) Qadhdhāfī (<a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a>). </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> For purposes of this article, 20 October 2011—the date on which Gaddafi died<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>—is considered to be the date he left office. Other dates might have been chosen: <ul><li>On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, more than 30 governments, including the United States, withdrew recognition from Gaddafi's government and recognized the National Transitional Council (NTC) as the legitimate government of Libya.<a href="#cite_note-INDtncofficialgov-2">[2]</a></li> <li>On 23 August 2011, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">Battle of Tripoli</a>, Gaddafi lost effective political and military control of Tripoli after his compound was captured by rebel forces.<a href="#cite_note-liveblog23811-3">[3]</a></li> <li>On 25 August 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> proclaimed the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".<a href="#cite_note-taipeitimmes20110826-4">[4]</a></li> <li>On 16 September 2011, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> sat the representatives of the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> as Libya's official delegation.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15390980">"Muammar Gaddafi: How He Died"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 31 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324201718/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15390980">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Muammar+Gaddafi%3A+How+He+Died&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-15390980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-INDtncofficialgov-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INDtncofficialgov_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INDtncofficialgov_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVela2011" class="citation news cs1">Vela, Justin (16 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/west-prepares-to-hand-rebels-gaddafis-billions-2314576.html">"West Prepares to Hand Rebels Gaddafi's Billions"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512101059/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/west-prepares-to-hand-rebels-gaddafis-billions-2314576.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=West+Prepares+to+Hand+Rebels+Gaddafi%27s+Billions&rft.date=2011-07-16&rft.aulast=Vela&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fwest-prepares-to-hand-rebels-gaddafis-billions-2314576.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liveblog23811-3"><a href="#cite_ref-liveblog23811_3-0">^</a> Staff (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-aug-23-2011-1819">"Tuesday, 23 August 2011 – 16:19"</a>. Libya Live Blog. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>. Retrieved 23 August 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-taipeitimmes20110826-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taipeitimmes20110826_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taipeitimmes20110826_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/08/26/2003511688">"Arab League Gives Its Full Backing to Libya's Rebel Council"</a>. The Taipei Times. 26 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221153/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/08/26/2003511688">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Arab+League+Gives+Its+Full+Backing+to+Libya%27s+Rebel+Council&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffront%2Farchives%2F2011%2F08%2F26%2F2003511688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/ga11137.doc.htm">"After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country's Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session"</a>. United Nations. 16 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601170251/https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/ga11137.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+Much+Wrangling%2C+General+Assembly+Seats+National+Transitional+Council+of+Libya+as+Country%27s+Representative+for+Sixty-Sixth+Session&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2011%2Fga11137.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereira2008" class="citation book cs1">Pereira, Christophe (2008). "Libya". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Vol. 3. 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J. (1984). International Law Reports. Vol. 66. Cambridge University Press. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46411-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46411-0"><bdi>0-521-46411-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+Reports&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-521-46411-0&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/magazine/the-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html">"The Riddle of Armand Hammer"</a>. The New York Times. 29 November 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217222637/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/magazine/the-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Riddle+of+Armand+Hammer&rft.date=1981-11-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F11%2F29%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/08/archives/occidentallibya-exploration-pact-set.html">"Occidental-Libya Exploration Pact Set"</a>. The New York Times. 8 February 1974. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011054821/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/02/08/archives/occidentallibya-exploration-pact-set.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Occidental-Libya+Exploration+Pact+Set&rft.date=1974-02-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F02%2F08%2Farchives%2Foccidentallibya-exploration-pact-set.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198691BlundyLycett198768St._John1987116St._John2012147-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198691BlundyLycett198768St._John1987116St._John2012147_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 68; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John1987">St. John 1987</a>, p. 116; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987107-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987107_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett1987107_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Khawas198428-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Khawas198428_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Khawas1984">El-Khawas 1984</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198764Vandewalle2008b31Kawczynski201121St._John2012134-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198764Vandewalle2008b31Kawczynski201121St._John2012134_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 64; <a href="#CITEREFVandewalle2008b">Vandewalle 2008b</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198672BlundyLycett198764Vandewalle2008b31Kawczynski201121St._John2012134-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198672BlundyLycett198764Vandewalle2008b31Kawczynski201121St._John2012134_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 72; <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 64; <a href="#CITEREFVandewalle2008b">Vandewalle 2008b</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198673-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198673_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198673_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986196-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986196_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986198-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986198_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986198_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986198_109-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986197-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986197_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201123St._John2012149-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201123St._John2012149_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201123St._John2012149_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198674-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198674_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198674_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198638-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198638_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198638_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1986">Harris 1986</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198674–75-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198674–75_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198619Kawczynski201122St._John2012149-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198619Kawczynski201122St._John2012149_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1986">Harris 1986</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b31–32Kawczynski201122-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b31–32Kawczynski201122_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVandewalle2008b">Vandewalle 2008b</a>, pp. 31–32; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012154-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._John2012154_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._John2012154_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012154–155-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._John2012154–155_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, pp. 154–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986136–137BlundyLycett198791Vandewalle200683Vandewalle2008b11St._John2012155-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986136–137BlundyLycett198791Vandewalle200683Vandewalle2008b11St._John2012155_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, pp. 136–137; <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFVandewalle2006">Vandewalle 2006</a>, p. 83; <a href="#CITEREFVandewalle2008b">Vandewalle 2008b</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198791Vandewalle2008b11St._John2012155-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198791Vandewalle2008b11St._John2012155_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFVandewalle2008b">Vandewalle 2008b</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986138-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986138_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198718-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198718_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198718_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198718_122-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle200679–80Vandewalle2008b9St._John2012137-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandewalle200679–80Vandewalle2008b9St._John2012137_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVandewalle2006">Vandewalle 2006</a>, pp. 79–80; <a href="#CITEREFVandewalle2008b">Vandewalle 2008b</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198655BlundyLycett198760Kawczynski201118-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198655BlundyLycett198760Kawczynski201118_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 55; <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198762–63Kawczynski201118-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198762–63Kawczynski201118_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, pp. 62–63; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198696BlundyLycett198775Kawczynski201165St._John2012186-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198696BlundyLycett198775Kawczynski201165St._John2012186_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 75; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 65; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198664BlundyLycett198775Kawczynski201165St._John2012186-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198664BlundyLycett198775Kawczynski201165St._John2012186_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 64; <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 75; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 65; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198696-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198696_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198666-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198666_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman198697Harris198687Kawczynski201165St._John2012151–152-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman198697Harris198687Kawczynski201165St._John2012151–152_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFHarris1986">Harris 1986</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 65; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-Korn_88-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Korn_88_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorn1993" class="citation book cs1">Korn, David A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDcwB0LusBEC&q=Hashem+al-Atta&pg=PA87">Assassination in Khartoum</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253332028" title="Special:BookSources/0253332028"><bdi>0253332028</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307180303/https://books.google.com/books?id=NDcwB0LusBEC&q=Hashem+al-Atta&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assassination+in+Khartoum&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0253332028&rft.aulast=Korn&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDcwB0LusBEC%26q%3DHashem%2Bal-Atta%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201166St._John2012182-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201166St._John2012182_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 66; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012140-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._John2012140_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198765Kawczynski201118St._John2012140–141-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198765Kawczynski201118St._John2012140–141_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 65; 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<a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 78; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAp1987" class="citation news cs1">Ap (31 December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/31/us/five-draw-long-sentences-for-terrorism-scheme.html">"Five Draw Long Sentences for Terrorism Scheme"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211085951/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE5D71F3CF932A05751C1A961948260">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Five+Draw+Long+Sentences+for+Terrorism+Scheme&rft.date=1987-12-31&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.au=Ap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F12%2F31%2Fus%2Ffive-draw-long-sentences-for-terrorism-scheme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198778–81,_150,_185Kawczynski201134–35,_40–53St._John2012151-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198778–81,_150,_185Kawczynski201134–35,_40–53St._John2012151_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, pp. 78–81, 150, 185; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, pp. 34–35, 40–53; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198778–81,_150Kawczynski201134–35,_40–53St._John2012151-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundyLycett198778–81,_150Kawczynski201134–35,_40–53St._John2012151_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, pp. 78–81, 150; 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Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=The+iconic+Gaddafi+Stadium+%7C+Sports+%7C+thenews.com.pk&rft.date=2020-10-04&rft.aulast=Faridi&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Salman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Ftns%2Fdetail%2F724066-the-iconic-gaddafi-stadium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/content/gaddafis-mental-follies-and-megalomania">"Gaddafi's Mental Follies and Megalomania"</a>. Israel Defense. 9 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206153751/https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/content/gaddafis-mental-follies-and-megalomania">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Defense&rft.atitle=Gaddafi%27s+Mental+Follies+and+Megalomania&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israeldefense.co.il%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fgaddafis-mental-follies-and-megalomania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pen_and_Sword,_Bowman-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Pen_and_Sword,_Bowman_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2016" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Martin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QleqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations 1950–1972</a>. Pen and Sword. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7463-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7463-3"><bdi>978-1-4738-7463-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214845/https://books.google.com/books?id=QleqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com/Todays-News-2-64753-Gaddafi-is-gone-long-live-Libya">the original</a> on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=Gaddafi+is+gone%2C+long+live+Libya&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.au=Nazar+Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com%2FTodays-News-2-64753-Gaddafi-is-gone-long-live-Libya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986169-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986169_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986169_210-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19810815-colonel-gaddafi-pressurises-general-zia-ul-haq-to-supply-libya-with-nuclear-weapon-773135-2013-11-13">"Colonel Gaddafi pressurises General Zia-ul-Haq to supply Libya with nuclear weapon"</a>. India Today. 13 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206153750/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19810815-colonel-gaddafi-pressurises-general-zia-ul-haq-to-supply-libya-with-nuclear-weapon-773135-2013-11-13">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Colonel+Gaddafi+pressurises+General+Zia-ul-Haq+to+supply+Libya+with+nuclear+weapon&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F19810815-colonel-gaddafi-pressurises-general-zia-ul-haq-to-supply-libya-with-nuclear-weapon-773135-2013-11-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986100–101BlundyLycett198776Kawczynski201171–72St._John2012183-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986100–101BlundyLycett198776Kawczynski201171–72St._John2012183_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, pp. 100–101; <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 76; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, pp. 71–72; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201172St._John2012183-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201172St._John2012183_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, p. 72; 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<a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, pp. 166–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1987134-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._John1987134_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._John1987134_224-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSt._John1987">St. John 1987</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201127–28St._John2012167-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKawczynski201127–28St._John2012167_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, pp. 27–28; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b28-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b28_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVandewalle2008b">Vandewalle 2008b</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198650-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198650_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198650_227-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1986">Harris 1986</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986170–171BlundyLycett1987105Vandewalle2008b35Kawczynski201167–68St._John2012183-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986170–171BlundyLycett1987105Vandewalle2008b35Kawczynski201167–68St._John2012183_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, pp. 170–171; <a href="#CITEREFBlundyLycett1987">Blundy & Lycett 1987</a>, p. 105; <a href="#CITEREFVandewalle2008b">Vandewalle 2008b</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFKawczynski2011">Kawczynski 2011</a>, pp. 67–68; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986168-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986168_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearman1986169St._John198776St._John2012180-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearman1986169St._John198776St._John2012180_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBearman1986">Bearman 1986</a>, p. 169; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John1987">St. John 1987</a>, p. 76; <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Muammar Gaddafi, as quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacepa1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mihai_Pacepa" title="Ion Mihai Pacepa">Pacepa, Ion Mihai</a> (1987). Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief. Regnery Gateway. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895265708" title="Special:BookSources/9780895265708"><bdi>9780895265708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Horizons%3A+Chronicles+of+a+Communist+Spy+Chief&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Regnery+Gateway&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780895265708&rft.aulast=Pacepa&rft.aufirst=Ion+Mihai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObituaries2021" class="citation news cs1">Obituaries, Telegraph (25 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/02/25/ion-mihai-pacepa-romanian-spy-star-defector-revealed-sordid/">"Ion Mihai Pacepa, Romanian spy and star defector who revealed the sordid reality of the Ceausescus and their regime – obituary"</a>. The Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211132556/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/02/25/ion-mihai-pacepa-romanian-spy-star-defector-revealed-sordid/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Ion+Mihai+Pacepa%2C+Romanian+spy+and+star+defector+who+revealed+the+sordid+reality+of+the+Ceausescus+and+their+regime+%E2%80%93+obituary&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Obituaries&rft.aufirst=Telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fobituaries%2F2021%2F02%2F25%2Fion-mihai-pacepa-romanian-spy-star-defector-revealed-sordid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John2012173-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._John2012173_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._John2012173_233-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSt._John2012">St. John 2012</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b26Kawczynski20113St._John2012169-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandewalle2008b26Kawczynski20113St._John2012169_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVandewalle2008b">Vandewalle 2008b</a>, p. 26; 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Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libya+Herald&rft.atitle=On+the+First+Anniversary+of+Qaddafi%27s+death+%E2%80%93+Is+Libya+Better+off+a+Year+On%3F&rft.date=2012-10-20&rft.aulast=Zaptia&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libyaherald.com%2F2012%2F10%2F20%2Fon-the-first-anniversary-of-qaddafis-death-is-libya-better-off-a-year-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herald_StateofLibya-583"><a href="#cite_ref-Herald_StateofLibya_583-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaptia2013" class="citation news cs1">Zaptia, Sami (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/01/09/gnc-officially-renames-libya-the-state-of-libya-until-the-new-constitution/">"GNC Officially Renames Libya the 'State of Libya' – Until the New Constitution"</a>. Libya Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323183928/https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/01/09/gnc-officially-renames-libya-the-state-of-libya-until-the-new-constitution/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libya+Herald&rft.atitle=GNC+Officially+Renames+Libya+the+%27State+of+Libya%27+%E2%80%93+Until+the+New+Constitution&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.aulast=Zaptia&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libyaherald.com%2F2013%2F01%2F09%2Fgnc-officially-renames-libya-the-state-of-libya-until-the-new-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-584"><a href="#cite_ref-584">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2016" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Declan (23 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/23/world/europe/libya-malta-hijack-afriqiyah-airways.html">"Hijacking Ends Peacefully After Libyan Airliner Lands in Malta"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223125732/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/23/world/europe/libya-malta-hijack-afriqiyah-airways.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hijacking+Ends+Peacefully+After+Libyan+Airliner+Lands+in+Malta&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F23%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Flibya-malta-hijack-afriqiyah-airways.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-585"><a href="#cite_ref-585">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/3/19/gaddafis-son-saif-to-run-for-libya-president">"In Saif Hands: Gaddafi's Son to Run for Libya President"</a>. alaraby. The New Arab. 19 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006154841/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/3/19/gaddafis-son-saif-to-run-for-libya-president">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alaraby&rft.atitle=In+Saif+Hands%3A+Gaddafi%27s+Son+to+Run+for+Libya+President&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2018%2F3%2F19%2Fgaddafis-son-saif-to-run-for-libya-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearman1986" class="citation book cs1">Bearman, Jonathan (1986). 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Boston: Little Brown & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-10042-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-10042-7"><bdi>978-0-316-10042-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qaddafi+and+the+Libyan+Revolution&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-316-10042-7&rft.aulast=Blundy&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lycett%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fqaddafilibyanre00blun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd-Judson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd-Judson, Lyn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-8594.2005.00004.x">"Strategic Moral Diplomacy: Mandela, Qaddafi, and the Lockerbie Negotiations"</a>. Foreign Policy Analysis. 1: 73–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-8594.2005.00004.x">10.1111/j.1743-8594.2005.00004.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-8586">1743-8586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy+Analysis&rft.atitle=Strategic+Moral+Diplomacy%3A+Mandela%2C+Qaddafi%2C+and+the+Lockerbie+Negotiations&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1743-8594.2005.00004.x&rft.issn=1743-8586&rft.aulast=Boyd-Judson&rft.aufirst=Lyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1743-8594.2005.00004.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2011" class="citation journal cs1">Castro, Jose Esteban (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12115-011-9442-7">"Gaddafi and Latin America"</a>. 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London: Sidgwick & Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98944-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98944-5"><bdi>978-0-283-98944-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libyan+Sandstorm&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-283-98944-5&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1982" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, J. (1982). "Qaddafi's Theory and Practice of Non-Representative Government". Government and Opposition. 17 (1): 61–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1477-7053.1982.tb00679.x">10.1111/j.1477-7053.1982.tb00679.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44483404">44483404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144831599">144831599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=Qaddafi%27s+Theory+and+Practice+of+Non-Representative+Government&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144831599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44483404%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1477-7053.1982.tb00679.x&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Khawas1984" class="citation journal cs1">El-Khawas, Mohamed (1984). 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Durham and London: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822330714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822330714"><bdi>978-0822330714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+the+Blood%3A+The+Pagan+Revival+and+White+Separatism&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0822330714&rft.aulast=Gardell&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajjar1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hajjar, Sami G. (1982). "The Marxist Origins of Qadhafi's Economic Thought". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 20 (3): 361–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022278x00056871">10.1017/s0022278x00056871</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/160522">160522</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154903399">154903399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Marxist+Origins+of+Qadhafi%27s+Economic+Thought&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154903399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F160522%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022278x00056871&rft.aulast=Hajjar&rft.aufirst=Sami+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1986" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Lillian Craig (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libyaqadhafisrev0000harr">Libya: Qadhafi's Revolution and the Modern State</a>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0075-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0075-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-0075-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya%3A+Qadhafi%27s+Revolution+and+the+Modern+State&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-0075-7&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Lillian+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibyaqadhafisrev0000harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes1990" class="citation journal cs1">Haynes, Jeff (1990). "Libyan Involvement in West Africa: Qadhaffi's 'Revolutionary' Foreign Policy". Paradigms. 4 (1): 58–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13600829008442987">10.1080/13600829008442987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paradigms&rft.atitle=Libyan+Involvement+in+West+Africa%3A+Qadhaffi%27s+%27Revolutionary%27+Foreign+Policy&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13600829008442987&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinnebusch1984" class="citation journal cs1">Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (1984). "Charisma, Revolution, and State Formation: Qaddafi and Libya". Third World Quarterly. 6 (1): 59–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436598408419755">10.1080/01436598408419755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Charisma%2C+Revolution%2C+and+State+Formation%3A+Qaddafi+and+Libya&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436598408419755&rft.aulast=Hinnebusch&rft.aufirst=Raymond+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/16/death-dictator-0">Death of a Dictator: Bloody Vengeance in Sirte</a>. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-952-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-952-3"><bdi>978-1-56432-952-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503103538/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/10/16/death-dictator-0">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+of+a+Dictator%3A+Bloody+Vengeance+in+Sirte&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-952-3&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2012%2F10%2F16%2Fdeath-dictator-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kamel, Amir M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/52080164/AMK_Trade_and_Peace.pdf">"Trade and Peace: The EU and Gaddafi's Final Decade"</a> (PDF). International Affairs. 92 (3): 683–702. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2346.12602">10.1111/1468-2346.12602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156529941">156529941</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827043438/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/52080164/AMK_Trade_and_Peace.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Trade+and+Peace%3A+The+EU+and+Gaddafi%27s+Final+Decade&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E683-%3C%2Fspan%3E702&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2346.12602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156529941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kamel&rft.aufirst=Amir+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkclpure.kcl.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F52080164%2FAMK_Trade_and_Peace.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnielLavie-DinurAzran2015" class="citation journal cs1">Karniel, Yuval; Lavie-Dinur, Amit; Azran, Tal (2015). "Broadcast Coverage of Gaddafi's Final Hours in Images and Headlines: A Brutal Lynch or the Desired Death of a Terrorist?". The International Communication Gazette. 77 (2): 171–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1748048514562686">10.1177/1748048514562686</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144642774">144642774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Communication+Gazette&rft.atitle=Broadcast+Coverage+of+Gaddafi%27s+Final+Hours+in+Images+and+Headlines%3A+A+Brutal+Lynch+or+the+Desired+Death+of+a+Terrorist%3F&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1748048514562686&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144642774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Karniel&rft.aufirst=Yuval&rft.au=Lavie-Dinur%2C+Amit&rft.au=Azran%2C+Tal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawczynski2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kawczynski" title="Daniel Kawczynski">Kawczynski, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Seeking_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeking Gaddafi">Seeking Gaddafi: Libya, the West and the Arab Spring</a>. London: Biteback. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-148-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-148-0"><bdi>978-1-84954-148-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Gaddafi%3A+Libya%2C+the+West+and+the+Arab+Spring&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Biteback&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84954-148-0&rft.aulast=Kawczynski&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2002" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Guy (2002). Africa in World Politics: A Pan-African Perspective. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-865-43858-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-865-43858-3"><bdi>978-0-865-43858-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+in+World+Politics%3A+A+Pan-African+Perspective&rft.place=Trenton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-865-43858-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPargeter2012" class="citation book cs1">Pargeter, Alice (2012). Libya: The Rise and Fall of Qaddafi. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13932-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13932-7"><bdi>978-0-300-13932-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Qaddafi&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13932-7&rft.aulast=Pargeter&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonen1986" class="citation book cs1">Ronen, Yehudit (1986). "Libya". In Shaked, Haim; Dishon, Daniel (eds.). Middle East Contemporary Survey. Volume VIII: 1983–84. Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. pp. 578–603. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-224-006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-224-006-4"><bdi>978-965-224-006-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libya&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Contemporary+Survey.+Volume+VIII%3A+1983%E2%80%9384&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E578-%3C%2Fspan%3E603&rft.pub=Moshe+Dayan+Center+for+Middle+Eastern+and+African+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-965-224-006-4&rft.aulast=Ronen&rft.aufirst=Yehudit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamutsindela2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ramutsindela, Maano (2009). 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The Italian Yearbook of International Law Online. 21 (1): 61–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22116133-90000210">10.1163/22116133-90000210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Italian+Yearbook+of+International+Law+Online&rft.atitle=The+Security+Council%27s+Asset+Freeze+against+Gaddafi%27s+Libya+and+its+Implementation+in+Libya&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22116133-90000210&rft.aulast=Sacerdoti&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft.au=Acconci%2C+Pia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Simons" title="Geoff Simons">Simons, Geoff</a> (1996). 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Oxford: Centre for Libyan Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-988-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-988-2"><bdi>978-1-86064-988-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya+and+the+West%3A+From+Independence+to+Lockerbie&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Centre+for+Libyan+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-988-2&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibyawestfromind00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bruce_St._John" title="Ronald Bruce St. John">St. John, Ronald Bruce</a> (1983). "The Ideology of Muammar al-Qadhdhafi: Theory and Practice". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 15 (4): 471–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800051394">10.1017/S0020743800051394</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/163557">163557</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145692912">145692912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ideology+of+Muammar+al-Qadhdhafi%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E490&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145692912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F163557%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800051394&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John1987" class="citation book cs1">St. John, Ronald Bruce (1987). Qaddafi's World Design: Libyan Foreign Policy, 1969–1987. London: Saqi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-161-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-161-0"><bdi>978-0-86356-161-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qaddafi%27s+World+Design%3A+Libyan+Foreign+Policy%2C+1969%E2%80%931987&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-161-0&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John2008" class="citation journal cs1">St. John, Ronald Bruce (2008). "Redefining the Libyan Revolution: The Changing Ideology of Muammar al-Qaddafi". The Journal of North African Studies. 13 (1): 91–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629380701742819">10.1080/13629380701742819</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219626768">219626768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+North+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Redefining+the+Libyan+Revolution%3A+The+Changing+Ideology+of+Muammar+al-Qaddafi&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629380701742819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219626768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John2012" class="citation book cs1">St. John, Ronald Bruce (2012). Libya: From Colony to Revolution (rev. ed.). Oxford: Oneworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-919-4"><bdi>978-1-85168-919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya%3A+From+Colony+to+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-919-4&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes2005" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Alan (2005). The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333599242" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333599242"><bdi>978-0333599242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Right+in+Britain%3A+Social+Imperialism+to+the+BNP&rft.place=Basingstoke+and+New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0333599242&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTandon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tandon, Yash (2011). "Whose Dictator Is Qaddafi? The Empire and Its Neo-Colonies". <a href="/wiki/Insight_on_Africa" title="Insight on Africa">Insight on Africa</a>. 3 (1): 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0975087814411129">10.1177/0975087814411129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155823080">155823080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insight+on+Africa&rft.atitle=Whose+Dictator+Is+Qaddafi%3F+The+Empire+and+Its+Neo-Colonies&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0975087814411129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155823080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tandon&rft.aufirst=Yash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandewalle2006" class="citation book cs1">Vandewalle, Dirk (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernl0000vand">A History of Modern Libya</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61554-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61554-9"><bdi>978-0-521-61554-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Libya&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61554-9&rft.aulast=Vandewalle&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernl0000vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandewalle2008a" class="citation book cs1">Vandewalle, Dirk (2008a). "Libya in the New Millennium". In Vandewalle, Dirk (ed.). Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 215–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-230-61386-7_10">10.1007/978-0-230-61386-7_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33750-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33750-3"><bdi>978-0-230-33750-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libya+in+the+New+Millennium&rft.btitle=Libya+Since+1969%3A+Qadhafi%27s+Revolution+Revisited&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-230-61386-7_10&rft.isbn=978-0-230-33750-3&rft.aulast=Vandewalle&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandewalle2008b" class="citation book cs1">Vandewalle, Dirk (2008b). "Libya's Revolution in Perspective 1969–2000". In Vandewalle, Dirk (ed.). Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 9–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-230-61386-7_2">10.1007/978-0-230-61386-7_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33750-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33750-3"><bdi>978-0-230-33750-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libya%27s+Revolution+in+Perspective+1969%E2%80%932000&rft.btitle=Libya+Since+1969%3A+Qadhafi%27s+Revolution+Revisited&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-230-61386-7_2&rft.isbn=978-0-230-33750-3&rft.aulast=Vandewalle&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoubir2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zoubir, Yahia H. (2009). "Libya and Europe: Economic Realism at the Rescue of the Qaddafi Authoritarian Regime". Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 17 (3): 401–415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14782800903339354">10.1080/14782800903339354</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153625134">153625134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+European+Studies&rft.atitle=Libya+and+Europe%3A+Economic+Realism+at+the+Rescue+of+the+Qaddafi+Authoritarian+Regime&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E415&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14782800903339354&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153625134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zoubir&rft.aufirst=Yahia+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuammar+Gaddafi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Muammar Gaddafi at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muammar_al-Gaddafi" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Muammar al-Gaddafi">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Muammar_al-Gaddafi" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Muammar al-Gaddafi">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" class="extiw" title="q:Muammar Gaddafi">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Muammar_Gaddafi" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Muammar Gaddafi">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19878" class="extiw" title="d:Q19878">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGm492qVEzA">Torture and assassination of Gaddaffi</a> – ABC News video</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121126093043/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552527">U.S. Policy Towards Qaddafi</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312181034/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/person/muammar-gaddafi.html">Muammar Gaddafi</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12688033">The Muammar Gaddafi story</a> at <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/muammar-gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19878#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/q/muammar_el_qaddafi/index.html">Muammar Gaddafi</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6JaxKsK8Q0">2009 UN Security council speech from Al jazeera (English)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris</a></div>as King of Libya </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Revolutionary_Command_Council_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya">Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya</a> 1969–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div>as Secretary General of the General People's Congress of Libya </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Sulayman_al-Maghribi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi">Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Libya">Prime Minister of Libya</a> 1970–1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abdessalam_Jalloud" title="Abdessalam Jalloud">Abdessalam Jalloud</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div>as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_General_People%27s_Congress_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the General People's Congress of Libya">Secretary General of the General People's Congress of Libya</a> 1977–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ati_al-Obeidi" title="Abdul Ati al-Obeidi">Abdul Ati al-Obeidi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution" title="Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution">Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution of Libya</a> 1977–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Position abolished</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete" title="Jakaya Kikwete">Jakaya Kikwete</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a> 2009–2010 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Bingu wa Mutharika</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muammar_Gaddafi147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Template:Muammar Gaddafi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Template talk:Muammar Gaddafi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muammar Gaddafi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muammar_Gaddafi147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muammar Gaddafi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Politics of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Domestic politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_Libya" title="Cultural Revolution in Libya">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_to_Hell" title="Escape to Hell">Escape to Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Muammar_Gaddafi)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)">The Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">Killing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="International reactions to the killing of Muammar Gaddafi">international reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Reception and legacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Personal life of Muammar Gaddafi">Personal life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathia_Nuri_Khalid" title="Fathia Nuri Khalid">Fathia Nuri Khalid</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safia_Farkash" title="Safia Farkash">Safia Farkash</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Gaddafi" title="Muhammad Gaddafi">Muhammad Gaddafi</a> (first son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a> (second son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saadi_Gaddafi" title="Al-Saadi Gaddafi">Al-Saadi Gaddafi</a> (third son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutassim_Gaddafi" title="Mutassim Gaddafi">Mutassim Gaddafi</a> (fourth son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Gaddafi" title="Hannibal Gaddafi">Hannibal Gaddafi</a> (fifth son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Gaddafi" title="Ayesha Gaddafi">Ayesha Gaddafi</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Arab_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Arab Gaddafi">Saif al-Arab Gaddafi</a> (sixth son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Gaddafi" title="Khamis Gaddafi">Khamis Gaddafi</a> (seventh son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shams_(newspaper)" title="Al-Shams (newspaper)">Al-Shams newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Gaddafi_International_Prize_for_Human_Rights" title="Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights">Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Guard" title="Amazonian Guard">Amazonian Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution" title="Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution">Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_International_Foundation_for_Charity_Associations" title="Gaddafi International Foundation for Charity Associations">GICDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_anniversary_of_the_Libyan_Revolution" title="40th anniversary of the Libyan Revolution">40th anniversary of the Libyan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Isratin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_Mosque" title="Gaddafi Mosque">Gaddafi Mosque</a> (Tanzania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_National_Mosque" title="Uganda National Mosque">Uganda National Mosque</a> (Gaddafi National Mosque, 2007–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_Stadium" title="Gaddafi Stadium">Gaddafi Stadium</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_Khadafi" title="Tragedy Khadafi">Tragedy Khadafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaki_Kadafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaki Kadafi">Yaki Kadafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libya" title="Portal:Libya">Libya portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups_d&#039;état_in_Africa_since_1960179" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template:African coups d'état"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template talk:African coups d'état"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African coups d'état"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups_d&#039;état_in_Africa_since_1960179" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups d'état</a> in Africa since 1960</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Dissolution of the Lumumba Government">Republic of the Congo (1960)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Ethiopian_coup_attempt" title="1960 Ethiopian coup attempt">Ethiopia (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_Gitarama" title="Coup of Gitarama">Rwanda (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">French Algeria (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia" title="1961 revolt in Somalia">Somalia (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Senegalese_coup_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Senegalese coup attempt">Senegal (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Algerian_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Algerian crisis (page does not exist)">Algeria (1962)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Dahomey (1963)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Togolese coup d'état">Togo (1963)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Gabonese coup d'état">Gabon (1964)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">Algeria (1965)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Dahomey (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1965 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mobutu_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Second Mobutu coup d'état">Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Sylvestre_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état">Central African Republic (1965–66)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1966_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="July 1966 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (July 1966)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1966_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1966 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (November 1966)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Ghanaian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Ghanaian coup d'état">Ghana (1966)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état">Upper Volta (1966)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (January 1966)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_counter-coup" title="1966 Nigerian counter-coup">Nigeria (July 1966)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="1966 Republic of the Congo coup attempt">Republic of the Congo (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Dahomey (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Sierra_Leonean_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1967 Sierra Leonean coups d'état">Sierra Leone (1967)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Guitar_Boy" title="Operation Guitar Boy">Ghana (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1967 Togolese coup d'état">Togo (1967)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Algerian_coup_attempt" title="1967 Algerian coup attempt">Algeria (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeants%27_Coup_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Sergeants' Coup (Sierra Leone)">Sierra Leone (1968)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Malian coup d'état">Mali (1968)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Republic of the Congo coup d'état">Republic of the Congo (1968)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Dahomey (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (1969)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">Libya (September 1969)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Somali_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Somali coup d'état">Somalia (1969)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="1969 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (December 1969)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1970)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Ugandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Ugandan coup d'état">Uganda (1971)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Moroccan_coup_attempt" title="1971 Moroccan coup attempt">Morocco (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (1971)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Dahomeyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1972 Dahomeyan coup d'état">Dahomey (1972)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redemption_Council" title="National Redemption Council">Ghana (1972)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Moroccan_coup_attempt" title="1972 Moroccan coup attempt">Morocco (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="1972 Republic of the Congo coup attempt">Republic of the Congo (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Rwandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Rwandan coup d'état">Rwanda (1973)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Upper Voltan coup d'état">Upper Volta (1974)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arube_uprising" title="Arube uprising">Uganda (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1974)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">Ethiopia (1974)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Comorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Comorian coup d'état">Comoros (1975)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1975 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Libyan_coup_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1975 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1975)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1975 Chadian coup d'état">Chad (1975)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Comorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Comorian coup d'état">Comoros (1976)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1976)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Nigerian_coup_attempt" title="1976 Nigerian coup attempt">Nigeria (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1976 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Benin_coup_attempt" title="1977 Benin coup attempt">Benin (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Seychelles_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1977 Seychelles coup d'état">Seychelles (1977)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Sudan_Juba_coup_attempt" title="1977 Sudan Juba coup attempt">Sudan (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mafuta_Mingi" title="Operation Mafuta Mingi">Uganda (June 1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Angolan_coup_attempt" title="1977 Angolan coup attempt">Angola (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">Somalia (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Comorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1978 Comorian coup d'état">Comoros (1978)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_(Ghana)" title="Supreme Military Council (Ghana)">Ghana (1978)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1978 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (1978)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (1979)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4th_revolution_in_Ghana" title="June 4th revolution in Ghana">Ghana (1979)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état">Equatorial Guinea (1979)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Caban" title="Operation Caban">Central African Republic (1979)</a>c</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (1980)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Liberian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Liberian coup d'état">Liberia (1980)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (1980)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Upper_Volta_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Upper Volta coup d'état">Upper Volta (1980)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Mauritanian_coup_attempt" title="1981 Mauritanian coup attempt">Mauritania (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="1981 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1981 Central African Republic coup d'état">Central African Republic (1981)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Ghanaian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1981 Ghanaian coup d'état">Ghana (1981)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Seychelles_coup_attempt" title="1981 Seychelles coup attempt">Seychelles (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="1982 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Kenyan_coup_attempt" title="1982 Kenyan coup attempt">Kenya (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état">Upper Volta (1982)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Upper_Voltan_coup_attempt" title="1983 Upper Voltan coup attempt">Upper Volta (February 1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état">Upper Volta (August 1983)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1983 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1983)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1984 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (1984)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Cameroonian_coup_attempt" title="1984 Cameroonian coup attempt">Cameroon (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1984 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (1984)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Ugandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Ugandan coup d'état">Uganda (1985)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1985)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (1985)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Guinean_coup_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Guinean coup attempt">Guinea (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1985 Liberian coup attempt">Liberia (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1986 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1986)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Togolese_coup_attempt" title="1986 Togolese coup attempt">Togo (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état">Burkina Faso (1987)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1987)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="1987 Republic of the Congo coup attempt">Republic of the Congo (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Tunisian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Tunisian coup d'état">Tunisia (1987)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Transkei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Transkei coup d'état"> Transkei (1987)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Benin_coup_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Benin coup attempt">Benin (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="1988 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="1989 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Ethiopian_coup_attempt" title="1989 Ethiopian coup attempt">Ethiopia (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Chadian_coup_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (1989)</a>c</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1990 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nigerian_coup_attempt" title="1990 Nigerian coup attempt">Nigeria (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Zambian_coup_attempt" title="1990 Zambian coup attempt">Zambia (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Chadian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Chadian coup d'état">Chad (1990)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Ciskei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Ciskei coup d'état"> Ciskei (1990)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état"> Venda (1990)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Malian coup d'état">Mali (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1991)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1992 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1992)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">Algeria (1992)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état attempt">Sierra Leone (December 1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1993 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="1993 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1993)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis"> Bophuthatswana (1994)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Gambian coup d'état">Gambia (1994)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1994)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1994 Liberian coup attempt">Liberia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Azalee" title="Operation Azalee">Comoros (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1996)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Guinean_coup_attempt" title="1996 Guinean coup attempt">Guinea (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1996)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1996)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Sierra Leonean coup d'état attempt">Sierra Leone (August 1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Zambian_coup_attempt" title="1997 Zambian coup attempt">Zambia (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1997)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt">Republic of the Congo (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1999)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Comorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Comorian coup d'état">Comoros (1999)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Ivorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Ivorian coup d'état">Côte d'Ivoire (1999)</a>c</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2001 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2002 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2002 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Central African Republic coup d'état">Central African Republic (2003)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Mauritanian_coup_attempt" title="2003 Mauritanian coup attempt">Mauritania (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2003)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2003 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2004 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2004 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_attempt" title="2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt">Equatorial Guinea (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2004 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Togolese coup d'état">Togo (2005)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2005)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2006 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Malagasy_coup_attempt" title="2006 Malagasy coup attempt">Madagascar (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2008)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2008)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Omdurman_attack" title="2008 Omdurman attack">Sudan (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis" title="2009 Malagasy political crisis">Madagascar (2009)</a>c</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Madagascar_coup_attempt" title="2010 Madagascar coup attempt">Madagascar (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2010 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2010)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2011 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2011 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">Mali (March 2012)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2012)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_counter-coup_attempt" title="2012 Malian counter-coup attempt">Mali (April 2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2012 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Eritrean_Army_mutiny" title="2013 Eritrean Army mutiny">Eritrea (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2013 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">Egypt (2013)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="2013 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (October 2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2013)" title="Battle of Bangui (2013)">Central African Republic (2013)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_coup_attempts" title="2014 Libyan coup attempts">Libya (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">Lesotho (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2014 Gambian coup attempt">The Gambia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Burkina Faso coup d'état">Burkina Faso (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2016 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_West_Libya_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–17 West Libya clashes">Libya (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">Zimbabwe (2017)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gabonese_coup_attempt" title="2019 Gabonese coup attempt">Gabon (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (2019)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region_coup_attempt" title="Amhara Region coup attempt">Ethiopia (2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2020)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2021)" title="Battle of Bangui (2021)">Central African Republic (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2021 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_self-coup" title="2021 Tunisian self-coup">Tunisia (2021)</a>‡c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2021_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (September 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (October 2021)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">Burkina Faso (January 2022)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">Burkina Faso (September 2022)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2022 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudan (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2023)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Gabonese coup d'état">Gabon (2023)</a>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sierra_Leone_coup_attempt" title="2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt">Sierra Leone (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State_coup_attempt" title="Oyo State coup attempt">Nigeria (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>c: successful coup</li> <li>‡: <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a></li> <li>no sign: attempted coup</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Muammar_Gaddafi102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Muammar_Gaddafi102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Muammar Gaddafi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Libya312" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Libya" title="Template:Heads of state of Libya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Libya" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Libya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Libya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Libya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Libya312" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Libya" title="List of heads of state of Libya">Heads of state of Libya</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a> (1951–1969)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Kingdom of Libya"><img alt="Flag of the Kingdom of Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/80px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Kingdom of Libya</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya_(1969%E2%80%931972).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972"><img alt="Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya_(1972%E2%80%931977).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977"><img alt="Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya"><img alt="Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Libya"><img alt="Flag of Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/80px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Libya</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya under Gaddafi</a> (1969–2011)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Republic">Libyan Arab Republic</a> (1969–1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaddafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a> (1977–2011)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ati_al-Obeidi" title="Abdul Ati al-Obeidi">al-Obeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_az-Zaruq_Rajab" title="Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab">Rajab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifta_al-Usta_Umar" title="Mifta al-Usta Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razzaq_as-Sawsa" title="Abdul Razzaq as-Sawsa">as-Sawsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_az-Zanati" title="Muhammad az-Zanati">az-Zanati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miftah_Muhammed_K%27eba" title="Miftah Muhammed K'eba">K'eba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbarek_Shamekh" title="Imbarek Shamekh">Shamekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zwai" title="Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai">al-Zwai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya#Transition_and_the_Second_Civil_War" title="History of Libya">Transitional period</a> (2011–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul_Jalil" title="Mustafa Abdul Jalil">Jalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Salim" title="Mohammed Ali Salim">Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Magariaf" title="Mohammed Magariaf">Magariaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuma_Ahmed_Atigha" title="Giuma Ahmed Atigha">Atigha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouri_Abusahmain" title="Nouri Abusahmain">Abusahmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Baira" title="Abu Bakr Baira">Baira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguila_Saleh_Issa" title="Aguila Saleh Issa">Issa</a> <ul><li>contested by <a href="/wiki/Nouri_Abusahmain" title="Nouri Abusahmain">Abusahmain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_al-Sarraj" title="Fayez al-Sarraj">al-Sarraj</a> <ul><li>contested by <a href="/wiki/Aguila_Saleh_Issa" title="Aguila Saleh Issa">Issa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">al-Menfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate interim officeholder</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_government_of_Libya321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Libya" title="Template:Prime ministers of Libya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Libya" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Libya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Libya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Libya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_government_of_Libya321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Libya" title="List of heads of government of Libya">Heads of government of Libya</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a> (1951–1969)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Muntasir" title="Mahmud al-Muntasir">M. al-Muntasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sakizli" title="Muhammad Sakizli">Sakizli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Ben_Halim" title="Mustafa Ben Halim">Ben Halim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Kabar" title="Abdul Majid Kabar">Kabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Osman_Said" title="Muhammad Osman Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohieddin_Fikini" title="Mohieddin Fikini">Fikini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Muntasir" title="Mahmud al-Muntasir">M. al-Muntasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Maziq" title="Hussein Maziq">Maziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_al-Badri" title="Abdul Qadir al-Badri">al-Badri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_al-Bakkoush" title="Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush">al-Bakkoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanis_al-Qaddafi" title="Wanis al-Qaddafi">al-Qaddafi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Kingdom of Libya"><img alt="Flag of the Kingdom of Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/80px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Kingdom of Libya</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya_(1969%E2%80%931972).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972"><img alt="Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Libya_%281969%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya_(1972%E2%80%931977).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977"><img alt="Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Libya_%281972%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya"><img alt="Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Libya"><img alt="Flag of Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/80px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Libya</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya under Gaddafi</a> (1969–2011)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Republic">Libyan Arab Republic</a> (1969–1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Suleiman_Maghribi" title="Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi">Maghribi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdessalam_Jalloud" title="Abdessalam Jalloud">Jalloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a> (1977–2011)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ati_al-Obeidi" title="Abdul Ati al-Obeidi">al-Obeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadallah_Azzuz_at-Talhi" title="Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi">at-Talhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_az-Zaruq_Rajab" title="Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab">Rajab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadallah_Azzuz_at-Talhi" title="Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi">at-Talhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Mustafa_Al_Muntasir" title="Umar Mustafa Al Muntasir">U. M. Al Muntasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuzed_Omar_Dorda" title="Abuzed Omar Dorda">Dorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_al-Qa%E2%80%B2ud" title="Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud">al-Qa′ud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_al-Mangoush" title="Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush">al-Mangoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbarek_Shamekh" title="Imbarek Shamekh">Shamekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_Ghanem" title="Shukri Ghanem">Ghanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Mahmudi" title="Baghdadi Mahmudi">Mahmudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya#Transition_and_the_Second_Civil_War" title="History of Libya">Transitional period</a> (2011–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Jibril" title="Mahmoud Jibril">Jibril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Tarhouni" title="Ali Tarhouni">Tarhouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahim_El-Keib" title="Abdurrahim El-Keib">El-Keib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Zeidan" title="Ali Zeidan">Zeidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Theni" title="Abdullah al-Theni">al-Theni</a> <ul><li>contested by <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Maiteeq" title="Ahmed Maiteeq">Maiteeq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Hassi" title="Omar al-Hassi">al-Hassi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_al-Ghawil" title="Khalifa al-Ghawil">al-Ghawil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_al-Sarraj" title="Fayez al-Sarraj">al-Sarraj</a> <ul><li>contested by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Theni" title="Abdullah al-Theni">al-Theni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_al-Ghawil" title="Khalifa al-Ghawil">al-Ghawil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Dbeibeh" title="Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh">Dbeibeh</a> <ul><li>contested by <a href="/wiki/Fathi_Bashagha" title="Fathi Bashagha">Bashagha</a> • <a href="/wiki/Osama_Hammad" title="Osama Hammad">Hammad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate acting officeholder</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity_and_the_African_Union208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Template:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Template talk:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairpersons_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity_and_the_African_Union208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation of African Unity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah" title="Joseph Arthur Ankrah">Ankrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahidjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ould_Daddah" title="Moktar Ould Daddah">Daddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Gowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam" title="Seewoosagur Ramgoolam">Ramgoolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Nimeiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tolbert" title="William Tolbert">Tolbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Babangida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Chiluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Mwanawasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Chissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete" title="Jakaya Kikwete">Kikwete</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Mutharika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Obiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Déby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Sall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Assoumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Ghazouani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-Africanism673" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Africanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Africanism673" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhuru Movement">Uhuru Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikism" title="Zikism">Zikism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_century" title="African century">African century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanists" title="Category:Pan-Africanists">Proponents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Akumu" title="Dennis Akumu">Dennis Akumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Amílcar Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Comissiong" title="David Comissiong">David Comissiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochola_Ogaye_Mak%27Anyengo" title="Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo">Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdias_do_Nascimento" title="Abdias do Nascimento">Abdias do Nascimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nyathi_Pokela" title="John Nyathi Pokela">John Nyathi Pokela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson">I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marimba_Ani" title="Marimba Ani">Marimba Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">Edward Wilmot Blyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke">John Henrik Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin R. Delany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Ashwood_Garvey" title="Amy Ashwood Garvey">Amy Ashwood Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Jackson_(writer)" title="John G. Jackson (writer)">John G. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Leonard Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Ben-Jochannan" title="Yosef Ben-Jochannan">Yosef Ben-Jochannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kinloch" title="Alice Kinloch">Alice Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Mafeje" title="Archie Mafeje">Archie Mafeje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephania_Mothopeng" title="Zephania Mothopeng">Zephania Mothopeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">George Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motsoko_Pheko" title="Motsoko Pheko">Motsoko Pheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoko_Rashidi" title="Runoko Rashidi">Runoko Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Robinson" title="Randall Robinson">Randall Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Issa Laye Thiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Frances Cress Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sylvester_Williams" title="Henry Sylvester Williams">Henry Sylvester Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_N._Wilson" title="Amos N. Wilson">Amos N. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela">Omali Yeshitela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanist_organizations" title="Category:Pan-Africanist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy" title="African Leadership Academy">African Leadership Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_University" title="African Leadership University">African Leadership University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Trade_Union_Federation" title="All-African Trade Union Federation">All-African Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente">Conseil de l'Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">First Pan-African Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_African_Service_Bureau" title="International African Service Bureau">International African Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity" title="Organisation of African Trade Union Unity">Organisation of African Trade Union Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Association" title="Pan African Association">Pan African Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Freedom_Movement_for_East_and_Central_Africa" title="Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa">Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_and_Social_League_of_the_Great_Sahara_Tribes" title="Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes">Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Rassemblement Démocratique Africain">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Star_of_Africa" title="Black Star of Africa">Black Star of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">Le Marron Inconnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">Pan-African flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">Conflicts in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">African-American leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference">All-African Peoples' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanism" title="Category:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Africa category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pan-Africanism" title="Portal:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Spring415" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Spring" title="Template talk:Arab Spring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Spring415" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div>"<a href="/wiki/Ash-shab_yurid_isqat_an-nizam" title="Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam">Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Events by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Djiboutian_protests" title="2011 Djiboutian protests">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_protests_(2011%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian protests (2011–12)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_protests_(2011%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti protests (2011–2013)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Lebanese_protests" title="2011 Lebanese protests">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Mauritanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Mauritanian protests">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Palestinian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Palestinian protests">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14_Youth_Coalition" title="February 14 Youth Coalition">February 14 Youth Coalition</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement" title="April 6 Youth Movement">April 6 Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefaya" title="Kefaya">Kefaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">FJP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Change" title="National Association for Change">National Association for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Egypt)" title="National Salvation Front (Egypt)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialists_(Egypt)" title="Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)">Revolutionary Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayfeencom" title="Shayfeencom">Shayfeencom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy" title="Ultras Ahlawy">Ultras Ahlawy</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/February_25th_Movement" title="February 25th Movement">February 25th Movement</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Women_to_drive_movement" title="Women to drive movement">Women to drive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the Arabian Peninsula">CDHRAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">Society for Development and Change</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Regional Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">National Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign fighters</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Democratic Rally">Constitutional Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Tunisia)" title="Popular Front (Tunisia)">Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_General_Labour_Union" title="Tunisian General Labour Union">Tunisian General Labour Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Yemeni_Tribes" title="Alliance of Yemeni Tribes">Alliance of Yemeni Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashid" title="Hashid">Hashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthis" title="Houthis">Houthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Movement">Hiraak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_Spring" title="Women in the Arab Spring">Women in the Arab Spring</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia" title="Ahmed Ouyahia">Ahmed Ouyahia</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Mushaima" title="Hasan Mushaima">Hasan Mushaima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salman" title="Ali Salman">Ali Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ali_Jawad_al-Sheikh" title="Death of Ali Jawad al-Sheikh">Ali Jawad al-Sheikh</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawy">Mohamed Hussein Tantawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Kamal Ganzouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed">Khaled Mohamed Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_Sharaf" title="Essam Sharaf">Essam Sharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Qandil" title="Hesham Qandil">Hesham Qandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassem_Youssef_(television_host)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassem Youssef (television host)">Bassem Youssef</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Marouf al-Bakhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Samir Rifai</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul-Jelil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Abdul-Jelil">Mustafa Abdul-Jelil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gebril" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Gebril">Mahmud Gebril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous" title="Mohammed Nabbous">Mohammed Nabbous</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulaye_Ould_Mohamed_Laghdaf" title="Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf">Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_El_Fassi" title="Abbas El Fassi">Abbas El Fassi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Johani" title="Khaled al-Johani">Khaled al-Johani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif" title="Manal al-Sharif">Manal al-Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ghannouchi" title="Mohamed Ghannouchi">Mohamed Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Marzouki" title="Moncef Marzouki">Moncef Marzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Ghannushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid al-Ghannushi">Rashid al-Ghannushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Mebazaa" title="Fouad Mebazaa">Fouad Mebazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beji_Caid_Essebsi" title="Beji Caid Essebsi">Beji Caid Essebsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadi_Jebali" title="Hamadi Jebali">Hamadi Jebali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokri_Belaid" title="Chokri Belaid">Chokri Belaid</a></li></ul> <ul><li>United Arab Emirates:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_Five" title="UAE Five">UAE Five</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohsen_al-Ahmar" title="Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar">Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Ahmar" title="Sadiq al-Ahmar">Sadiq al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali al-Houthi">Mohammed Ali al-Houthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Role of the Internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_Arab_Spring" title="Internet censorship in the Arab Spring">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media%27s_role_in_the_Arab_Spring" title="Social media's role in the Arab Spring">Online social media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">Impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Albanian_opposition_demonstrations" title="2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests" title="2011 Armenian protests">Armenia</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Baku_protests" title="2013 Baku protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Belarusian_protests" title="2011 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Burkinab%C3%A8_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Burkinabè protests">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–12 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests" title="2011–2012 Iranian protests">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kurdish_protests_in_Iraq" title="2011 Kurdish protests in Iraq">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests" title="2011 Israeli social justice protests">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Maldives_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Maldives political crisis">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Mali</a></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Portugal" title="Anti-austerity movement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Russian_protests" title="2011–2013 Russian protests">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Spanish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Spanish protests">Spain</a></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_anti-austerity_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_public_employee_protests" title="2011 United States public employee protests">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan civil war (2011–present)">Libyan civil war (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">UN Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_65/265" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265">65/265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2009" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2014" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2016" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016">2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Arab_Spring" title="International reactions to the Arab Spring">International reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Libyan civil war">civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">death of Muammar Gaddafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Tunisian_revolution" title="International reactions to the Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="International reactions to the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Domestic reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan Civil War">domestic responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Timeline of the Arab Spring">Timelines</a> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011%E2%80%9313_Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="Timeline of the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni crisis (2011–present)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Spring" title="Category:Arab Spring">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_publicly_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Court1181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ICC_indictees_(NavBox)" title="Template:ICC indictees (NavBox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ICC_indictees_(NavBox)" title="Template talk:ICC indictees (NavBox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ICC_indictees_(NavBox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ICC indictees (NavBox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_publicly_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Court1181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="List of people indicted in the International Criminal Court">People publicly indicted in the International Criminal Court</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics and (*) indicate that a person was convicted by the ICC and that the conviction remains valid; a name in (parentheses) indicates that charges were dropped or a conviction was overturned; † indicates a person confirmed by the ICC as deceased before or during trial; (x) after a name indicates that the case was closed by the ICC because of a national-level trial of the accused</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central African Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba">Jean-Pierre Bemba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noureddine_Adam" title="Noureddine Adam">Noureddine Adam</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Maxime_Mokom" title="Maxime Mokom">Maxime Mokom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice-Edouard_Nga%C3%AFssona" title="Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona">Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamat_Said_Abdel_Kani" title="Mahamat Said Abdel Kani">Mahamat Said Abdel Kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Yekatom" title="Alfred Yekatom">Alfred Yekatom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germain_Katanga" title="Germain Katanga">Germain Katanga</a> (*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo" title="Thomas Lubanga Dyilo">Thomas Lubanga Dyilo</a> (*)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Callixte_Mbarushimana" title="Callixte Mbarushimana">Callixte Mbarushimana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_Mudacumura" title="Sylvestre Mudacumura">Sylvestre Mudacumura</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Ngudjolo_Chui" title="Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui">Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda" title="Bosco Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</a> (*)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">Darfur, Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Bahr_Idriss_Abu_Garda" title="Bahr Idriss Abu Garda">Bahr Abu Garda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Banda" title="Abdallah Banda">Abdallah Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Haroun" title="Ahmed Haroun">Ahmed Haroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahim_Mohammed_Hussein" title="Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein">Abdel Rahim Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Jerbo" title="Saleh Jerbo">Saleh Jerbo</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kushayb" title="Ali Kushayb">Ali Kushayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Georgia" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Georgia">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Sanakoev" title="David Sanakoev">David Sanakoev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mindzaev" title="Mikhail Mindzaev">Mikhail Mindzaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_Guchmazov" title="Hamlet Guchmazov">Hamlet Guchmazov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ivory Coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bl%C3%A9_Goud%C3%A9" title="Charles Blé Goudé">Charles Blé Goudé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Gbagbo" title="Laurent Gbagbo">Laurent Gbagbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Gbagbo" title="Simone Gbagbo">Simone Gbagbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Kenya" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Kenya">Kenya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hussein_Ali" title="Mohammed Hussein Ali">Mohammed Ali</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Henry_Kosgey" title="Henry Kosgey">Henry Kosgey</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Francis_Muthaura" title="Francis Muthaura">Francis Muthaura</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Joshua_Sang" title="Joshua Sang">Joshua Sang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gicheru" title="Paul Gicheru">Paul Gicheru</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Libya" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Libya">Libya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muammar Gaddafi</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Senussi" title="Abdullah Senussi">Abdullah Senussi</a> (x)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohami_Khaled" title="Tohami Khaled">Tohami Khaled</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Werfalli" title="Mahmoud al-Werfalli">Mahmoud al-Werfalli</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Mali" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Faqi_al-Mahdi" title="Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi">Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi</a> (*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hassan_Ag_Abdoul_Aziz" title="Al-Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz">al-Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz</a> (*)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Palestine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine">Palestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Deif" title="Mohammed Deif">Mohammed Deif</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gallant" title="Yoav Gallant">Yoav Gallant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Uganda" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Uganda">Uganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kony" title="Joseph Kony">Joseph Kony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raska_Lukwiya" title="Raska Lukwiya">Raska Lukwiya</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okot_Odhiambo" title="Okot Odhiambo">Okot Odhiambo</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Ongwen" title="Dominic Ongwen">Dominic Ongwen</a> (*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Otti" title="Vincent Otti">Vincent Otti</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Valery Gerasimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kobylash" title="Sergey Kobylash">Sergey Kobylash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lvova-Belova" title="Maria Lvova-Belova">Maria Lvova-Belova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sokolov_(naval_officer)" title="Viktor Sokolov (naval officer)">Viktor Sokolov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libyan_civil_war_(2011)1391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" title="Template:Libyan Civil War (2011)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" title="Template talk:Libyan Civil War (2011)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libyan Civil War (2011)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libyan_civil_war_(2011)1391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">Libyan civil war (2011)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the First Libyan Civil War">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_before_military_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War before military intervention">15 February–18 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_and_military_intervention_(19_March_%E2%80%93_May)" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and military intervention (19 March – May)">19 March–31 May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_and_military_intervention_(June_%E2%80%93_15_August)" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and military intervention (June – 15 August)">June–15 August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_and_military_intervention_(16_August_%E2%80%93_23_October)" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and military intervention (16 August – 23 October)">16 August–23 October</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Gaddafi_forces" title="Anti-Gaddafi forces">Opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Libyan_Air_Force" title="Free Libyan Air Force">Free Libyan Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_for_the_Libyan_Opposition" title="National Conference for the Libyan Opposition">NCLO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Army_(1951%E2%80%932011)" title="Libyan Army (1951–2011)">Libyan Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force" title="Libyan Air Force">Libyan Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Navy" title="Libyan Navy">Libyan Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Category:Battles of the Libyan civil war (2011)">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayda" title="Battle of Bayda">Battle of Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Benghazi" title="First Battle of Benghazi">First Battle of Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Brega" title="First Battle of Brega">First Battle of Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ra%27s_Lanuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ra's Lanuf">Battle of Ra's Lanuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bin_Jawad" title="Battle of Bin Jawad">Battle of Bin Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Brega" title="Second Battle of Brega">Second Battle of Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajdabiya" title="Battle of Ajdabiya">Battle of Ajdabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Benghazi" title="Second Battle of Benghazi">Second Battle of Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Gulf_of_Sidra_offensive" title="First Gulf of Sidra offensive">First Gulf of Sidra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Brega" title="Third Battle of Brega">Third Battle of Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brega%E2%80%93Ajdabiya_road" title="Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road">Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaican_desert_campaign" title="Cyrenaican desert campaign">Cyrenaica campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Battle_of_Brega" title="Fourth Battle of Brega">Fourth Battle of Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_Lanuf_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra's Lanuf raid">Ra's Lanuf raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Sabha_clashes" title="2011 Sabha clashes">Sabha clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezzan_campaign" title="Fezzan campaign">Fezzan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabha" title="Battle of Sabha">Battle of Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadames_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadames raid">Ghadames raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_protests_and_clashes_(February_2011)" title="Tripoli protests and clashes (February 2011)">First Tripoli clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misrata_(2011)" title="Battle of Misrata (2011)">Battle of Misrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zawiya" title="First Battle of Zawiya">First Battle of Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nafusa_Mountains_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Nafusa Mountains Campaign">Nafusa Mountain Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wazzin" title="Battle of Wazzin">Battle of Wazzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gharyan" title="Battle of Gharyan">Battle of Gharyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Misrata_frontline" title="Battle of the Misrata frontline">Battle of the Misrata frontline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zliten_uprising" title="Zliten uprising">Zliten uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zliten" title="Battle of Zliten">Battle of Zliten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tawergha" title="Battle of Tawergha">Battle of Tawergha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_skirmish" title="Zawiya skirmish">Zawiya skirmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Msallata_clashes" title="2011 Msallata clashes">Msallata clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_rebel_coastal_offensive" title="2011 Libyan rebel coastal offensive">Rebel coastal offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zawiya" title="Second Battle of Zawiya">Second Battle of Zawiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Ras_Ajdir_clashes" title="2011 Ras Ajdir clashes">Ras Ajdir clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">Battle of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Gulf_of_Sidra_offensive" title="Second Gulf of Sidra offensive">Second Gulf of Sidra offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2011)" title="Battle of Sirte (2011)">Battle of Sirte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bani_Walid" title="Battle of Bani Walid">Battle of Bani Walid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_clashes_(mid-October_2011)" title="Tripoli clashes (mid-October 2011)">Second Tripoli clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ellamy" title="Operation Ellamy">Operation Ellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Harmattan" title="Opération Harmattan">Opération Harmattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mobile" title="Operation Mobile">Operation Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn" title="Operation Odyssey Dawn">Operation Odyssey Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector" title="Operation Unified Protector">Operation Unified Protector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Category:People of the Libyan civil war (2011)">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Anti-Gaddafi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul_Jalil" title="Mustafa Abdul Jalil">Mustafa Abdul Jalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Jibril" title="Mahmoud Jibril">Mahmoud Jibril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Younis" title="Abdul Fatah Younis">Abdul Fatah Younis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhakim_Belhadj" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhakim Belhadj">Abdelhakim Belhadj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sallabi" title="Ali al-Sallabi">Ali al-Sallabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Ghoga" title="Abdul Hafiz Ghoga">Abdul Hafiz Ghoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Mahmoud" title="Suleiman Mahmoud">Suleiman Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_El-Hariri" title="Omar El-Hariri">Omar El-Hariri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Madani" title="Mohammed Ali Madani">Mohammed Ali Madani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bin_Dardef" title="Mustafa Bin Dardef">Mustafa Bin Dardef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Hassy" title="Hamid Hassy">Hamid Hassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daou_al-Salhine_al-Jadak" title="Daou al-Salhine al-Jadak">Daou al-Salhine al-Jadak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Digheily" title="Jalal al-Digheily">Jalal al-Digheily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Tarhouni" title="Ali Tarhouni">Ali Tarhouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Moneim_al-Houni" title="Abdel Moneim al-Houni">Abdel Moneim al-Houni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Zeidan" title="Ali Zeidan">Ali Zeidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahim_El-Keib" title="Abdurrahim El-Keib">Abdurrahim El-Keib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_al-Juwaili" title="Osama al-Juwaili">Osama al-Juwaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Senussi" title="Ahmed al-Senussi">Ahmed al-Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Darbouk" title="Hussein Darbouk">Hussein Darbouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Terbil" title="Fathi Terbil">Fathi Terbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Attalah_Obeidi" title="Ali Attalah Obeidi">Ali Attalah Obeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_al-Harati" title="Mahdi al-Harati">Mahdi al-Harati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Shahmah" title="Khalid Shahmah">Khalid Shahmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousef_Mangoush" title="Yousef Mangoush">Yousef Mangoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Oweis" title="Abu Oweis">Abu Oweis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Naker" title="Abdullah Naker">Abdullah Naker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Salabi" title="Ismail al-Salabi">Ismail al-Salabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Al-Ghariani" title="Sadiq Al-Ghariani">Sadiq Al-Ghariani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seham_Sergiwa" title="Seham Sergiwa">Seham Sergiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Bashagha" title="Fathi Bashagha">Fathi Bashagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_A._G._Abushagur" title="Mustafa A. G. Abushagur">Mustafa A. G. Abushagur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Omar_Bani" title="Ahmed Omar Bani">Ahmed Omar Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Al-Barghathi" title="Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi">Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwa_Bughaighis" title="Salwa Bughaighis">Salwa Bughaighis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel-Hakim_al-Hasidi" title="Abdel-Hakim al-Hasidi">Abdel-Hakim al-Hasidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kais_al-Hilali" title="Kais al-Hilali">Kais al-Hilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abd-al-Aziz_al-Isawi" title="Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi">Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Magariaf" title="Mohammed Magariaf">Mohammed Magariaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Najm" title="Mohammed Najm">Mohammed Najm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Mohammed_Zeyo" title="Mehdi Mohammed Zeyo">Mehdi Mohammed Zeyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Werfalli" title="Mahmoud al-Werfalli">Mahmoud al-Werfalli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Pro-Gaddafi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Bakr_Yunis_Jabr" title="Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr">Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Gaddafi" title="Khamis Gaddafi">Khamis Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutassim_Gaddafi" title="Mutassim Gaddafi">Mutassim Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saadi_Gaddafi" title="Al-Saadi Gaddafi">Al-Saadi Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Gaddafi" title="Ayesha Gaddafi">Ayesha Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Senussi" title="Abdullah Senussi">Abdullah Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sharif_al-Rifi" title="Ali Sharif al-Rifi">Ali Sharif al-Rifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Ibrahim" title="Moussa Ibrahim">Moussa Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuzed_Omar_Dorda" title="Abuzed Omar Dorda">Abuzed Omar Dorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Mahmudi" title="Baghdadi Mahmudi">Baghdadi Mahmudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_Dhao" title="Mansour Dhao">Mansour Dhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Arab_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Arab Gaddafi">Saif al-Arab Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Gaddafi_al-Qahsi" title="Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi">Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_al-Senussi" title="Mohammed Abdullah al-Senussi">Mohammed Abdullah al-Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Saleh_Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashir Saleh Bashir">Bashir Saleh Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Gaddaf_al-Dam" title="Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam">Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_Abdel_Hamid" title="Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid">Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohami_Khaled" title="Tohami Khaled">Tohami Khaled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kanna" title="Ali Kanna">Ali Kanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khweldi_Hameidi" title="Khweldi Hameidi">Khweldi Hameidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftah_Anaqrat" title="Muftah Anaqrat">Muftah Anaqrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Kabir_al-Gaddafi" title="Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi">Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Gayth" title="Mohamed Gayth">Mohamed Gayth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Abdelhafid" title="Massoud Abdelhafid">Massoud Abdelhafid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_al-Arabi" title="Mahdi al-Arabi">Mahdi al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huda_Ben_Amer" title="Huda Ben Amer">Huda Ben Amer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hala_Misrati" title="Hala Misrati">Hala Misrati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safia_Farkash" title="Safia Farkash">Safia Farkash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ati_al-Obeidi" title="Abdul Ati al-Obeidi">Abdul Ati al-Obeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zwai" title="Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai">Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Rajab_al-Mismari" title="Salih Rajab al-Mismari">Salih Rajab al-Mismari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_al-Qa%E2%80%B2ud" title="Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud">Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayeb_El-Safi" title="Tayeb El-Safi">Tayeb El-Safi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Gaddaf_al-Dam" title="Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam">Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Saghir_Hawadi" title="Bashir Saghir Hawadi">Bashir Saghir Hawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulqadir_al-Baghdadi" title="Abdulqadir al-Baghdadi">Abdulqadir al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kharoubi" title="Mustafa Kharoubi">Mustafa Kharoubi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">NATO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Stavridis" title="James G. Stavridis">James G. Stavridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bouchard" title="Charles Bouchard">Charles Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Jodice" title="Ralph Jodice">Ralph Jodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_Veri" title="Rinaldo Veri">Rinaldo Veri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Christopher_Stevens" title="J. Christopher Stevens">J. Christopher Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Koussa" title="Moussa Koussa">Moussa Koussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_Ghanem" title="Shukri Ghanem">Shukri Ghanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_Shalgham" title="Abdel Rahman Shalgham">Abdel Rahman Shalgham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdessalam_Jalloud" title="Abdessalam Jalloud">Abdessalam Jalloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Treki" title="Ali Treki">Ali Treki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbarek_Shamekh" title="Imbarek Shamekh">Imbarek Shamekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Mismari" title="Nuri al-Mismari">Nuri al-Mismari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous" title="Mohammed Nabbous">Mohammed Nabbous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_al-Obeidi" title="Iman al-Obeidi">Iman al-Obeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_El_Senussi" title="Mohammed El Senussi">Prince Mohammed El Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_bin_Abdullah_al-Senussi" title="Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi">Prince Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Sadiq_al_Musrati" title="Hussein Sadiq al Musrati">Hussein Sadiq al Musrati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Ben_Halim" title="Mustafa Ben Halim">Mustafa Ben Halim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihab_Al-Mismari" title="Ihab Al-Mismari">Ihab Al-Mismari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Places, buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Salim_prison" title="Abu Salim prison">Abu Salim prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fist_Crushing_a_U.S._Fighter_Plane_Sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture">Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliana_Bridge" title="Giuliana Bridge">Giuliana Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Tripoli" title="Martyrs' Square, Tripoli">Green Square/Martyrs' Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maydan_al_Shajara" title="Maydan al Shajara">Maydan al Shajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitiga_International_Airport" title="Mitiga International Airport">Mitiga International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Hall,_Tripoli" title="People's Hall, Tripoli">People's Hall, Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Casualties of the Libyan civil war (2011)">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan Civil War (2011)">Domestic responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">Human rights violations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_rape_allegations" title="2011 Libyan rape allegations">Rape allegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian situation during the 2011 Libyan Civil War">Humanitarian situation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_refugees" title="Libyan refugees">Refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="International reactions to the Libyan civil war (2011)">International reactions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">International reactions to military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">Protests against military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_domestic_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">U.S. reactions to military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="International reactions to the killing of Muammar Gaddafi">International reactions to Gaddafi's death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">Factional violence in Libya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">2012 Benghazi attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Timeline of the Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Manchester Arena bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afriqiyah_Airways_Flight_209" title="Afriqiyah Airways Flight 209">Afriqiyah Airways Flight 209</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus_in_Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarus in Libyan conflict">Belarus in Libyan conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Libya)" title="Democratic Party (Libya)">Democratic Party (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Freedom_and_Democracy_Campaign" title="Libyan Freedom and Democracy Campaign">Libyan Freedom and Democracy Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_in_the_media_during_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech in the media during the 2011 Libyan Civil War">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War#UK_squatting_by_'Topple_the_Tyrants'" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the First Libyan Civil War">Topple the Tyrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_65/265" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2009" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2016" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Free_Libya" title="Voice of Free Libya">Voice of Free Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenga_Zenga" title="Zenga Zenga">Zenga Zenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics denote operations or battles related to the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Category:Libyan civil war (2011)">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Libyan civil war (2011)">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:2011_Libyan_uprising" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:2011 Libyan uprising">Wikinews</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:2011 Libyan civil war">Wikiquotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_nationalism328" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_nationalism" title="Template talk:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_nationalism328" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">1941 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Syrian coup d'état">1961 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalists" title="Category:Arab nationalists">Personalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jassem_Alwan" title="Jassem Alwan">Jassem Alwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Atassi" title="Jamal al-Atassi">Jamal al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Darwaza" title="Izzat Darwaza">Izzat Darwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most%C3%A9fa_Merarda" title="Mostéfa Merarda">Mostéfa Merarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Pachachi" title="Adnan Pachachi">Adnan Pachachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi" title="Hamdeen Sabahi">Hamdeen Sabahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_nationalist_parties" title="List of Arab nationalist parties">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatat" title="Al-Fatat">Al-Fatat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Movement" title="Arab Nationalist Movement">Arab Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Action_Party" title="Arab Socialist Action Party">Arab Socialist Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Egypt)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Iraq)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)">Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_People%27s_Union" title="Arabian Peninsula People's Union">Arabian Peninsula People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)">Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Legion" title="Islamic Legion">Islamic Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Political_Command" title="Unified Political Command">Unified Political Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Awakening" title="The Arab Awakening">The Arab Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalist_symbols" title="Category:Arab nationalist symbols">Symbolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Flag" title="Arab Liberation Flag">Arab Liberation Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic">Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_of_Saladin" title="Eagle of Saladin">Eagle of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Federation" title="Flag of the Arab Federation">Flag of the Arab Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_Revolt" title="Flag of the Arab Revolt">Flag of the Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics">Flag of the Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Flag of the United Arab Republic">Flag of the United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk_of_Quraish" title="Hawk of Quraish">Hawk of Quraish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalism" title="Category:Arab nationalism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/21px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/42px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libya" title="Portal:Libya">Libya</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000088383915">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000369489687">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22147434">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/243245335">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/120145857057522921530">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/74528/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjCH6w4C4kwXhHhDwRtbtX">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118559060">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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