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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">International Water Management Institute</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IWMI_Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official logo of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/IWMI_Logo.jpg/220px-IWMI_Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/IWMI_Logo.jpg/330px-IWMI_Logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/IWMI_Logo.jpg/440px-IWMI_Logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1985</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Nonprofit research organisation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Sri Lanka (Colombo – Headquarters); India (New Delhi, Anand – Gujarat); Pakistan (Lahore); Laos (Vientiane); Nepal (Kathmandu); Uzbekistan (Tashkent); South Africa (Pretoria); Ghana (Accra); Ethiopia (Addis Ababa), Egypt (Cairo)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Dr Mark Smith, Director General; Syon Niyogi, Corporate Services Director</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CGIAR" title="CGIAR">CGIAR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwmi.org">www<wbr />.iwmi<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Remarks</th><td class="infobox-data">IWMI won the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Water_Prize" title="Stockholm Water Prize">Stockholm Water Prize</a> Laureate</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>International Water Management Institute</b> (<b>IWMI</b>) is a non-profit international <a href="/wiki/Water_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water management">water management</a> research organisation under the <a href="/wiki/CGIAR" title="CGIAR">CGIAR</a> with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and offices across Africa and Asia. Research at the Institute focuses on improving how <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land resources (page does not exist)">land resources</a> are managed, with the aim of underpinning <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> and reducing poverty while safeguarding the environment. </p><p>Its research focuses on: <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water availability</a> and access, including <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation to climate change</a>; how water is used and how it can be used more productively; <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> and its relationship to <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">health</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>; and how societies govern their water resources. In 2012, IWMI was awarded the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Water_Prize" title="Stockholm Water Prize">Stockholm Water Prize</a> Laureate by <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Water_Institute" title="Stockholm International Water Institute">Stockholm International Water Institute</a> for its pioneering research, which has helped to improve <a href="/wiki/Farm_water" title="Farm water">agricultural water</a> management, enhance <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, protect <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a> and alleviate poverty in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IWMI is a member of <a href="/wiki/CGIAR" title="CGIAR">CGIAR</a>, a global research partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for sustainable development, and leads the CGIAR Research Program on <a href="/wiki/Water,_Land_and_Ecosystems" title="Water, Land and Ecosystems">Water, Land and Ecosystems</a>. IWMI is also a partner in the <a href="/wiki/CGIAR" title="CGIAR">CGIAR</a> Research Programs on: Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS); Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); Dryland Systems; and Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Water_Management_Institute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_focus_on_irrigation">Early focus on irrigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Water_Management_Institute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early focus on irrigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The institute was founded under the name <b>International <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> Management Institute</b> (IIMI) in 1985 by the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> and the Government of Sri Lanka, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Group_on_International_Agricultural_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research">Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> of the 1940s to 1970s, billions of dollars had been spent building large-scale <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation system">irrigation systems</a>. These contributed, along with new <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, pesticides and high-yielding varieties of seeds, to helping many countries produce greater quantities of <a href="/wiki/Food_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Food crops">food crops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1980s, however, these irrigation systems were no longer performing efficiently; IIMI's job was to find out why. </p><p>IIMI's researchers discovered that problems affecting irrigation were often more institutional than technical. It advocated ‘Participatory Irrigation Management’ (PIM) as the solution, an approach that sought to involve farmers in water management decisions. In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_Earth_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit">Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit</a> gave credence to this approach by recommending that water management be <a href="/wiki/Decentralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized">decentralized</a>, with farmers and other stakeholders playing a more important role in managing natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially met with resistance, PIM went on to become the status quo for governments and major lending agencies. IIMI became a member of the CGIAR system in 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wider_perspective">Wider perspective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Water_Management_Institute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wider perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid-1990s, competition for water resources was rising, thanks to a larger global population, expanding cities and increasing industrial applications.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viewing irrigation in isolation was no longer relevant to the global situation. A new approach was needed that would consider it within a river basin context, encompassing competing users and the environment. IIMI began developing new fields of research, on topics such as open and closed <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basins</a>, water <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a>, multiple-use systems, basin institutions, <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> analysis and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental flows">environmental flows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, its name changed to the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), reflecting this new wider approach. </p><p>Although it was becoming evident that water could no longer be considered an "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Infinite_resource&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infinite resource (page does not exist)">infinite resource</a>", as had been the case in the 1950s when there were fewer people on the planet, no one knew just how scarce the resource was. This prompted IWMI to try to find out. Its research culminated in the publication of <i>Water for food, Water for life: <a href="/wiki/A_comprehensive_assessment_of_water_management_in_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture">A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture</a></i>. A map within the report showed that a third of the world's population already suffered from ‘<a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>’. The report defined <a href="/wiki/Physical_water_scarcity" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical water scarcity">physical water scarcity</a>, as being where there are insufficient water resources to meet the demands of the population, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_water_scarcity" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic water scarcity">economic water scarcity</a> as where water requirements are not satisfied because of a lack of investment in water or human capacity. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Averting_a_global_water_crisis">Averting a global water crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Water_Management_Institute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Averting a global water crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IWMI's approach towards defining water scarcity provided a new context within which the scientific debate on water availability subsequently became centred. For example, the theme of the UN <a href="/wiki/World_Water_Day" title="World Water Day">World Water Day</a> in 2007 was Coping with Water Scarcity;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USA's Worldwatch Institute featured a chapter on water management in its assessment <i>State of the World 2008</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reports published in 2009 by the World Economic Forum and UNESCO concluded that water scarcity is now a bigger threat than the global financial crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Rajendra K. Pachauri, Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>, also highlighted water scarcity at the 2009 Nobel Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If current trends continue, global annual water usage is set to increase by more than two trillion cubic metres by 2030, rising to 6.9 trillion cubic metres. That equates to 40 per cent more than can be provided by available water supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Stockholm <a href="/wiki/World_Water_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="World Water Week">World Water Week</a> 2010, IWMI highlighted a six-point plan for averting a water crisis. According to the institute, the following actions are required: 1) gather high-quality data about water resources; 2) take better care of the environment; 3) reform how water resources are governed; 4) revitalize how water is used for farming; 5) better manage urban and municipal demands for water; and 6) involve marginalized people in water management.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, IWMI celebrated its 25th anniversary by commissioning a series of essays on agricultural and development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Using_water_management_to_reduce_poverty">Using water management to reduce poverty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Water_Management_Institute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Using water management to reduce poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IWM's work in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, India, exemplifies how improving water management can have an influence on peoples' livelihoods. The state faced the dual problem of bankrupt electricity utilities and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_depletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwater depletion">depleted groundwater</a> storage following the introduction of electricity subsidies to farmers from around 1970. The situation arose because the subsidies enabled farmers to easily pump groundwater from ever-increasing depths. The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> both indicated that governments should cut the electricity subsidies and charge farmers based on metered consumption of power. However, when some state governments tried to do so, the farmers formed such powerful lobbies that several chief ministers lost their seats. A different solution was clearly required. </p><p>IWMI scientists who studied the problem suggested governments should introduce ‘intelligent rationing’ of farm <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a> by separating the <a href="/wiki/Power_cable" title="Power cable">power cables</a> carrying electricity to farmers from those supplying other rural users, such as domestic households and industries. They should then provide farmers with a high-quality power supply for a set number of hours each day at a price they could afford. Eventually Gujarat decided to include these recommendations in a larger programme to reform the electricity utility. A study conducted afterwards found its impacts to be much greater than anticipated. Prior to the change, tube-well owners had been holding rural communities to ransom by ‘stealing’ power for irrigation. After the cables were separated, rural households, schools and industries had a much higher-quality power supply, which in turn boosted individuals’ well-being. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Water_Management_Institute&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/42px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/56px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_Agronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Agriculture and Agronomy">Agriculture and Agronomy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Water_Management_Institute&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/03/26/news20.asp">SL-based IWMI wins world's most prestigious Water Prize</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330010601/http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/03/26/news20.asp">Archived</a> 2012-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Daily News, 26 March 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mukherji, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102102545/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Other/index.aspx">Revitalising Asia's Irrigation: To sustainably meet tomorrow's food needs</a> 2009, <a href="/wiki/IWMI" class="mw-redirect" title="IWMI">IWMI</a> and <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations, 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_docukeyconf_eartsumm.shtml">Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3–14 June 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chartres, C. and Varma, S. (2010). <i>Out of Water: From abundance to scarcity and how to solve the world's water problems</i>. FT Press (USA).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turral, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/About_IWMI/Strategic_Documents/Annual_Reports/2004_2005/c32.htm">More crop per drop – Moving from dry to wet water savings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718024418/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/About_IWMI/Strategic_Documents/Annual_Reports/2004_2005/c32.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IWMI Annual Report 2004/2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5269296.stm">Map details global water stress</a>, Monday 21 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN World Water Day, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unwater.org/wwd07/flashindex.html">Coping with water scarcity.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510231141/http://www.unwater.org/wwd07/flashindex.html">Archived</a> 2017-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 22 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergkamp, G. and Sadoff, C. Chapter 8: Water in a sustainable economy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5551">State of the World 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401232108/http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5551">Archived</a> 2009-04-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Worldwatch Institute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lean, Geoffrey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/water-scarcity-now-bigger-threat-than-financial-crisis-1645358.html">Water scarcity now bigger threat than financial crisis.</a> <i>The Independent</i>, Sunday 15 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/environment/global-warming/water-scarcity-will-create-global-security-concerns-pachauri/articleshow/5097048.cms">Water scarcity will create global security concerns: Pachauri.</a> <i>The Economic Times</i>, 7 October 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101004/full/news.2010.490.html">How to avert a global water crisis.</a> <i>Nature News</i>, 4 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eichenseher, Tasha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/09/six-steps-for-avoiding-a-globa.html">Six steps for avoiding a global water crisis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100910010725/http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/09/six-steps-for-avoiding-a-globa.html">Archived</a> 2010-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Nat Geo News Watch</i>, September 6, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishra, P. K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ffydd.org/documents/congresspapers/228.pdf">Alleviating energy poverty through innovation: the case of Jyotigram Yojana (rural lighting scheme) of Gujarat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052140/http://www.ffydd.org/documents/congresspapers/228.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> World Energy Council</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Water_Management_Institute&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwmi.org/">International Water Management 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406288789">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132792720">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98093974">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="International Water Management Institute"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uzp2008433293&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" 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