CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134f62208fb3fb1',cH: '_DO7R37OihoIgw5wVKWHDHMm1XrwqwdOQEIeoLiBmWg-1739786752-1.2.1.1-fyWDIPZ4NHciK0fmBIY9YO0.JvibVnHOhMgawr4yHOJNeG2djYbdtF9d7_2E9UIn',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=equilibrium%20state&__cf_chl_tk=ELlQUeIo_roQYkyWKQXFuEn9jRxaY37jdJBpn7Eto5g-1739786752-1.0.1.1-bKj2E2UJOoErQ8ii4wWul94ZyglOXSYkQlzpMxzY2Tc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739786752',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=equilibrium%20state&__cf_chl_f_tk=ELlQUeIo_roQYkyWKQXFuEn9jRxaY37jdJBpn7Eto5g-1739786752-1.0.1.1-bKj2E2UJOoErQ8ii4wWul94ZyglOXSYkQlzpMxzY2Tc",md: "8chVaB.ciYKZJ9MmALhORcpucAhRs0tCYcLy6oGXduI-1739786752-1.2.1.1-IXvRvmeep_wqTi4RhNCbvmHxpMWRx_bMiYfTCENemEUyItVdrM3woEOBdXyIIlM1IPp06qv4FTdQH8wTvtKj2JPC.vjT92yvkiImd8tWzfP8iYIajMbhnZABjqQryRETkGZDathpuQ0lDmw3d.meEFvAYRlivKu8_98so_8ap.kcL1YrzNj9.TriY9IZCJgSI4sl_8l8.aNns7sKn6sY3vu5fuckbRdIs6OZZbiMFKu.NoPyX2tPSNl_xe0dBP8WvqODgFPvQQbBNr8FmJ96nXGyPX_pgq1Yq3R6E7dUCukEGC_T4ZZXO8RO9El6wAkkoMB9IcjXWwMY_F4Etfw0WhMivrsh7k3JaMBPx6lvALoWb.tzVUJyfW7AEYTnHWJXfsuAh4iZ9.IoG8Bsu7VEuYimQP0q8Lu8MpPcS8irdrsCUDbcvGJvEd9yYpLFron9lPTvDxXuo4d6RSUMOXA1UfZfjnbX2nAms7dx2gcOu7bN593Q7NhgkE_kSdcI2PHYmv84acNFD2XzQJXvGJldoLHMojjFh150fk19vphnXryITvlBg9NI5BwEwwSbRiEk36WXTj88xcSwaUyTkEylCCHrJfZQaeY0hqrCetKAQFDaC9xFphFlTX287i7t9ckVZp6sDcFDyXRbqUdvyu4NsZH18PqqKExt_QhwJ6.xLiK4CVtTRZeulNDT8JZc8t7ybGukWvIrat.V2RPiMNlXhj_6FZ9usDHTmR9IiNTodBYD1xGGVX9hMu_sA_IxagMhErEWVr3Cji762m6gZ9sqZ_JPIDbYM112tNZVpKCAEmSYoBJwfrs0r3cR0_TK0lLitDOq1S0gHUxf6DroiBoMSw3SaRL50TVIXw.G4ZvDJ_thP7EZBi7uAj5Axhvn3ziuJROtPQ5_OeZPMaPqxM6lkQFasmXRh7wxVTGc8h79r0Pb7hbFtzQG2FBZ0dgURyeq1gz3Lek17O0BIsc46agjIEFO7cJmvDx6w5Dn9VZj65xnJLfNGnhrb_ojrLJghRRfsDqSDYBixSnF7Shy0A92z5O.Jnx9oTc3wXxdBdaHUtLPiC4_d.wKU8oYXMiwFbGQlHTyms0h007RLd66HbGV.vd.hfD3qBssARyGYswBobcWV9fXMLVQjF2rGMSjMgud92ln9FTAf6x2dRe8uHg4sviBibK6whPqV7ppTcnlPZW3eRN0ms3HHhfNN7a2LFMrxrYD2JIJPYdoduOOxcUFm781ZkUdvjLI7xRXG1_CnbThixNvAt3C8C7qUdR0fbSOyYENy_JnMMzhRGHYDWZmJnMzBAu._YOhqYVxwTiuYZzyhyAMhEF4lnIBmDRwVeQGTchftqITQaYHTW0aTUdCJv9Gsdiv2Cg1nTnyjGxsHA67n_8.1C4gAmwuRoUmfrQ5AbdRRe0yqlD1AYRg_xEb6ka_y8UU6RgxFt.zhhDBC2AnL3Expq.iJwDwzySkE30VkzZpISrYwaP3rbk4M8tvIFFHqv_5Q3QFmTJPE6JXI_wPBoXB7ZPZA58JYdc49X4FgXQNGhWuAwNK.1v3bm4X98U39tiz_B9f9iAxbYijkugtkHyGT97OpnNy1eJD70t0.f26eCg1r7qyv0gl8s0NVAg58hY_1TYFkrdMNarZa51Tnkhh0Fz7tMhoih9wvs3evEI3QQgIvuQgqS_z4E8F35HLG_UqJP0Qa1gU55odo4xG2Xxen7Nh7S4oT_6MMcc.npI1uNNmVHMfVMmJQ4_x_XaGFQEaNFme7Df9OeCDDQMuV837Hv4ukHsfdQK8tw8ohh2IdRkml7xVGWzssfTr4KaXbxpzE3UPycJFL24cDzylfIkQ71Fsk3c3.NsA7ohE_h_TTPH3Bj7A1DiGclCEZUZ9RoHllKqNdOg3tjZb0h2wfrXm32PD.r97msyuPJIahvSbzBkjEXsIUnTJNnNAjZcYglYQhSI5O8v74bU7.FQ",mdrd: "X15tHcuSUIzzXVr7Wc4NagiPG5a1BFltUgImIO5Vee8-1739786752-1.2.1.1-73v_fsmZaG_9SDZRDmaREWcMc10sZQqkuPWWUgqLN.L44MlVyg2ixBLLH8XpmrgalgSVYf1AnDQBiUwN4RUg2Aoppwzc_V5.6kIsSsv9K__X82JqMlwC8En.t3llOkJUXTbnJUYTrxLZZaUfD_j57c_IbVFkAhul3vEg1yebB4M3N9hdcCrFGLgguGD4BT1f4O2IsJRjV1UBFdb8DrbyLf49Bqfrbsr4Uqkxe7KD67k.WgaJb3z2UxS_oACXLj4.gZunQdLKYAORGXw_rcQNXJT2kon4DIJVfeZ9d38n1OeelE3uY4OxqRTskCRNDYC7Beji5ZmwWQNnPKgRbQ_Qqjit_kiWJvcdFwoX36WJUsbEuyzokMplhUELy.psskO8w4yh13PhK2YeWPLUSjbQqBMF0dRIa0Gnp2Mq_6ibgZsDiKI5nBnRjy9jU1IBJrxB.D2b3liU6uWUUfWZ2mvZojMSJnJVEtUeuWcuS7lOr9uNrPcUpqlclH4y.IYkKp4HvF1qXSuZiZteH5iH1LRFzgH9J894zGkbfHzZUojw1zFTCTHgy3LRE4HOXtmkLjRoQrtbqmPPWrwMNBWsd4YitPZWlaW9FfXKiKUUNgag8ImSaxMEVYRta8KTHHq5STld7ucUsa6ZNRZt9u24FoxQwLMlxQGXx.e_WFclegHoD0H2NZOaF9zvcxOsBInM3N35ZozxFxFasARrQfmThofd_IimLlwfXaevfl6P5tSRfKpiqpvztMq9hYG4Qk7L.D.vE6WqHsVoOfITkp2RsJ0gFpwMcJdkW_zp55ApMaFZNO0tB6HG8ytTrR5Hc1pC3he_q9FJQsujcRDG3cUmnAYRBPVvhuIMKtgQpibsRORa8IYRnhyX_44RlkpAE0Y8aGM1uS7Z6OrLqLR0f_u2id9INpUZceopOyiiOf1fbyRbjdYv7jo.n6gzzvANbhBy1JSI1l_bcI3v8PTpYXYYMSozejSUODDR6bvWl_nkXj2AvJpA0S29lrFvakNLyBlbsGQBUy4ni4o9zQvqVcw38gaRVUE1AXABWEUZSCBUjr3FQc1Dp__WMGTdOMxYF42zRxIrY3DzogT.wkCI5QYgY7K_1kge8lJ8oiMkmRgpCk_0JZYy0xAuwjh.ipIA9lwhL89O0FKPcKxgCuInX0ytIAb7XDSHU5.3kdoJHULiXe1CkSLKWaMArbWuWEaGmplcD3a4ytQ6.wK.kmbEI9X.1dHPiTZxxYVInroDcbonVE8XLdOAeJCobQxQwzKD6n1.CCvmzJlIcY.JL685D5zJwqmYYgKO3To3T0y9IIlXlIc7giP5AV.Um3ly0kc_ho9VikRaKCSaxHaHKy4f77r7xzW9qAp7is9P918x04KiiKB.sr.Z_DRNwp4Mpc89VK6pymwmlL5vhmyr_3xhaYoR1Inu._QjLecHWRHUK4N0ViH3B._cDGKOmSYJqthYftHfUiyNfa64g2AxbOmSyvwUdwpbrKZxrq9HQQ5JV8xYGdJ3jMqhGEtcCE9cEXYw7DYt6Uf3HK_MV23sTsVBeKm.GdnEZmmXewoBaGI_hkqNQEg25xjGisd.8pDWm9JGdAZ4RolZ0nbdQXQKcO.PYbmVxhS6Hd_P9uPiBQOGfhI8gGWoKeDKYfmq6LMqhnUVos2MNHdfuye42XeZAM_5bZXeaGgRfkFcAg8A5L8LICT3QWCjBqjJtmRF0uiIoPYbX8GRv7lmFVkz.Gz9k15ueqsBz0Kq.eY2JCG_OKuhHuaQPP.21hH8wXihXewWBWeEvpoqfJaCJLkNwQt8YT2RXY3eD2JWzgf9oGo0SX7u8sm0DqySRoSkfsnNSa6abu7XmO2w_fgOPrCFrDjdU8ubP7HEUsLYsc.h2VEvIa681Grpx5P3cVp1l0NgJ7HmxHm22itNRKlnC1HxE40S.ufKUKlQsPu9fFBpU44BzFyAhWdgV_ykM3gJDturN56HUHUneV02bUCOMP8s9yCLvKx6tH1B3wg9eA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134f62208fb3fb1';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=equilibrium%20state&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ELlQUeIo_roQYkyWKQXFuEn9jRxaY37jdJBpn7Eto5g-1739786752-1.0.1.1-bKj2E2UJOoErQ8ii4wWul94ZyglOXSYkQlzpMxzY2Tc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>