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class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 外观 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class="">资助维基百科</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class="">创建账号</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class="">登录</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 个人工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-國名" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國名"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 國名 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國名-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 歷史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关歷史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-日耳曼部落及法蘭克王國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日耳曼部落及法蘭克王國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 日耳曼部落及法蘭克王國 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日耳曼部落及法蘭克王國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-东法兰克王国与神圣罗马帝国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#东法兰克王国与神圣罗马帝国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 东法兰克王国与神圣罗马帝国 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-东法兰克王国与神圣罗马帝国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-德意志邦聯及德意志帝國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#德意志邦聯及德意志帝國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 德意志邦聯及德意志帝國 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-德意志邦聯及德意志帝國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-魏瑪共和國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#魏瑪共和國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 魏瑪共和國 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-魏瑪共和國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-納粹德國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#納粹德國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 納粹德國 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-納粹德國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-東西德分裂時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#東西德分裂時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 東西德分裂時期 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-東西德分裂時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-兩德統一與歐盟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#兩德統一與歐盟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 兩德統一與歐盟 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-兩德統一與歐盟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 地理 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-地理-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关地理子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-地理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-氣候" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氣候"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 氣候 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氣候-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生態" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生態"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 生態 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生態-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-城市" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#城市"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 城市 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-城市-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 政治 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关政治子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-法律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 法律 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行政區劃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行政區劃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 行政區劃 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-行政區劃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國際關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國際關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 國際關係 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國際關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-軍事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#軍事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 軍事 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-軍事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經濟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經濟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 經濟 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-經濟-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关經濟子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-經濟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-企业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#企业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 企业 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-企业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-交通" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#交通"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 交通 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-交通-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-能源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#能源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 能源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-能源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科技" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科技"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 科技 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科技-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-旅游" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#旅游"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 旅游 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-旅游-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 社会 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-社会-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关社会子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-社会-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-人口" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人口"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 人口 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人口-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-移民" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#移民"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 移民 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-移民-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 宗教 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 語言 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 教育 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-醫療衛生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#醫療衛生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 醫療衛生 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-醫療衛生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 文化 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关文化子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-音乐" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音乐"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 音乐 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音乐-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美术" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美术"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 美术 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美术-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-建筑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#建筑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 建筑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-建筑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學及哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學及哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 文學及哲學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文學及哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-媒體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#媒體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 媒體 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-媒體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-电影" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#电影"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 电影 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-电影-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-飲食" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#飲食"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 飲食 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-飲食-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-体育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#体育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 体育 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-体育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-时尚和设计" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#时尚和设计"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 时尚和设计 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-时尚和设计-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 註解 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 參考資料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考書目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考書目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 參考書目 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考書目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">德国</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。306种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-306" aria-hidden="true" > 306种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Германиа – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Германиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeureuman" title="Jeureuman – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jeureuman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Германие – 阿迪格语" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Германие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="阿迪格语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ጀርመን – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eeodscland" title="Þeodscland – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þeodscland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameni" title="Jameni – 奥博洛语" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jameni" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="奥博洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ألمانيا – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A2" title="ܓܪܡܢ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܪܡܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ألمانيا – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="المانيا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="জাৰ্মানী – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana" title="Germana – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Germana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%C3%B1a" title="Alimaña – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alimaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%C4%ABt%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Vuokītėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Германія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нямеччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямеччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8tslan" title="Dètslan – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dètslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemani" title="Jemani – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jemani" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%C9%B2i" title="Alimaɲi – 班巴拉语" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Alimaɲi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্মানি – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="འཇར་མན། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্মানি – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamagn" title="Alamagn – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ – 布吉语" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="布吉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ik-gu%C3%B3k" title="Dáik-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Девтойчоь – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Девтойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – 查莫罗语" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="查莫罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎠᏛᏥ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏛᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ev%C3%A9%27ho%27%C3%A9no" title="Ma'evé'ho'éno – 夏延语" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'evé'ho'éno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="夏延语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئەڵمانیا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵمانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Německo – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemieck%C3%B4" title="Niemieckô – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemieckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%A3%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Нѣмьци – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimska" title="Nimska – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2" title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི – 宗卡语" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="宗卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzamanya" title="Dzamanya – 埃维语" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dzamanya" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="埃维语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A2gna" title="Germâgna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Germâgna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa" title="Saksamaa – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaanya" title="Almaanya – 富拉语" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almaanya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="富拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27aksamaa" title="S'aksamaa – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksamaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamani" title="Jamani – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jamani" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDskland" title="Týskland – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemagnes" title="Alemagnes – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemagnes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%BCschl%C3%B6nj" title="Tjüschlönj – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüschlönj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermanie" title="Gjermanie – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjermanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtsl%C3%A2n" title="Dútslân – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in" title="An Ghearmáin – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – 加告兹语" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="加告兹语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanlmangn" title="Lanlmangn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanlmangn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghearmailt" title="A' Ghearmailt – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghearmailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Alemáña – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80" title="જર્મની – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મની" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan" title="Yn Ghermaan – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghermaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamus" title="Jamus – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jamus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-koet" title="Tet-koet – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelem%C4%81nia" title="Kelemānia – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="גרמניה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmska" title="Němska – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almay" title="Almay – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Almay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1g" title="Németország – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Németország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Գերմանիա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Գերմանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jereman" title="Jereman – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9man%E1%BB%8B" title="Jémanị – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jémanị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuitchilan" title="Tuitchilan – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tuitchilan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="Немций мохк – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýskaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%94%AE%E1%92%AA%E1%93%82" title="ᔮᒪᓂ – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔮᒪᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84" title="ドイツ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joermani" title="Joermani – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joermani" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotygu%27e" title="dotygu'e – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Джэрмэн – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama" title="Caama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%CC%B1ni" title="Jami̱ni – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Jami̱ni" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanyi" title="Alemanyi – 刚果语" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Alemanyi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="刚果语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C4%A9r%C4%A9mani" title="Njĩrĩmani – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njĩrĩmani" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC" title="독일 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Немечму – 科米-彼尔米亚克语" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немечму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼尔米亚克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جَرمَنی – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَنی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtschland" title="Dütschland – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütschland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almayn" title="Almayn – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almania" title="Almania – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Almania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itschland" title="Däitschland – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitschland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutxland" title="Deutxland – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutxland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girimane" title="Girimane – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Girimane" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9mani" title="Alémani – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietija" title="Vokietija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoceja" title="Vuoceja – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuoceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cija" title="Vācija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rman" title="Jèrman – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Jèrman" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Дойчмастор – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaina" title="Alemaina – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alemaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%87_%D0%AD%D0%BB" title="Немыч Эл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч Эл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamana" title="Tiamana – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Германија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ജർമ്മനി – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġermanja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanha" title="Almanha – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Almanha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Германия Мастор – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Германия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtschland" title="Düütschland – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütschland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutslaand" title="Duutslaand – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duutslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%9F%DF%8F%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%AF" title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ – 西非书面文字" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="西非书面文字" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemangne" title="Allemangne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemangne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_Bich%CA%BCahii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – 齐切瓦语" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="齐切瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanii" title="Germuanii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmanii" title="Jarmanii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jarmanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80" title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – 邦阿西南语" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="邦阿西南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanne" title="Alemanne – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemanne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – 賓夕法尼亞德文" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="賓夕法尼亞德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – 普法爾茨德文" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="普法爾茨德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagna" title="Almagna – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Almagna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανία – 旁狄希臘文" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="旁狄希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جرمني – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimanya" title="Alimanya – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alimanya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaniya" title="Jermaniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermaniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudagi" title="Ubudagi – 隆迪语" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubudagi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="隆迪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghermanii" title="Ghermanii – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ghermanii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanie" title="Germanie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Germanie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Нїмецько – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецько" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudage" title="Ubudage – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubudage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="शर्मण्यदेशः – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शर्मण्यदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0nia" title="Germània – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Germània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmania" title="Girmania – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Girmania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جرمني – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiska" title="Duiska – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ – 掸语" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="掸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ජර්මනිය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemecko" title="Nemecko – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C4%8Dija" title="Nemčija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – 伊纳里萨米语" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊纳里萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerumani" title="Jerumani – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmalka" title="Jarmalka – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jarmalka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania" title="Gjermania – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Њемачка – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њемачка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysrikondre" title="Doysrikondre – 苏里南汤加语" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysrikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="苏里南汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimane" title="IJalimane – 斯瓦蒂语" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJalimane" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦蒂语" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – 南索托语" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="南索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsklound" title="Düütsklound – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsklound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rman" title="Jérman – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymcy" title="Mjymcy – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymcy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="ஜெர்மனி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெர்மனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%A6%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80" title="జర్మనీ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మనీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – 德顿语" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="德顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Олмон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศเยอรมนี – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ጀርመን – 提格利尼亚语" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="提格利尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani%C3%BDa" title="Germaniýa – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Germaniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanij%C9%99" title="Almanijə – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamane" title="Siamane – 汤加语" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Siamane" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – 赛德克语" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="赛德克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarimani" title="Jarimani – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Jarimani" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – 通布卡语" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="通布卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – 契维语" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="契维语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heremani" title="Heremani – 塔希提语" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="塔希提语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="گېرمانىيە – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېرمانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Німеччина – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німеччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerm%C3%A0nia" title="Zermània – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zermània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksanma" title="Saksanma – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Đức – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%C3%A4n" title="Deutän – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagne" title="Almagne – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almagne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaa%C3%B1" title="Almaañ – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Almaañ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJamani" title="IJamani – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="דייטשלאנד – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטשלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Jẹ́mánì – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwzgoz" title="Dwzgoz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok" title="Tek-kok – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimani" title="IJalimani – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IJalimani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" hreflang="zh">维基新闻</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" hreflang="zh">维基语录</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" hreflang="zh">维基导游</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style>  此條目介紹的是現今的德意志聯邦共和國。关于<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a>前該國歷史，请见「<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a>」。</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74069148">  关于其他用法，请见「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" class="mw-disambig" title="德意志">德意志</a>」和「<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-disambig" title="日耳曼">日耳曼</a>」。</div> <div id="noteTA-3badec7b" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="DE Places"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="州邦"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="地名"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="政治人物"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:摩泽尔;zh-hant:莫澤;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:约翰内斯·谷登堡;zh-hk:約翰尼斯·古騰堡;zh-tw:約翰尼斯·谷騰堡;zh-sg:约翰内斯·谷登堡"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh:克劳迪娅·席费尔; zh-cn:克劳迪娅·席费尔; zh-tw:克勞蒂亞·雪佛; zh-hk:歌地亞·雪花;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84055776">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">德意志联邦共和国</div><div class="ib-country-names">Bundesrepublik Deutschland <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;font-size:10pt;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">（其他语言）</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:9pt;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥語">丹麥語</a>：</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="低地德語">低地德語</a>：</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">Bundesrepubliek Düütschland</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="上索布語">上索布語</a>：</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">Zwjazkowa Republika Němska</td></tr></tbody></table></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; padding:0 2px 0 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德國国旗"><img alt="德國国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/125px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/188px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/250px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="德国国旗">国旗</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; padding:0 5px 0 2px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德國国徽"><img alt="德國国徽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BE%BD" title="德国国徽"> 国徽</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">格言：Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>）<div>「統一、正義和自由」</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem" style="">国歌：《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C" title="德意志之歌">德意志之歌</a>》<a href="#cite_note-3">[註 1]</a> «Das Deutschlandlied» <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/National_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg/National_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/National_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track 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kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="oc" label="occitan‪（oc）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil‪（pt-br）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português‪（pt）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский‪（ru）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=sm&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sm" label="Gagana Samoa‪（sm）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=sw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sw" label="Kiswahili‪（sw）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย‪（th）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog‪（tl）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=yue&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="yue" label="粵語‪（yue）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体）‪（zh-hans）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文‪（zh）‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="德国的位置（深綠色） – 歐洲（綠色及深灰色） – 歐盟（綠色）  —  [圖例放大]"><img alt="德国的位置（深綠色） – 歐洲（綠色及深灰色） – 歐盟（綠色）  —  [圖例放大]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/250px-EU-Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/375px-EU-Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/500px-EU-Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;{{{padding}}}"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德国</a>的位置（深綠色）– <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>（綠色及深灰色） – <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐盟">歐盟</a>（綠色）  —  [<a href="/wiki/File:EU-Germany.svg" title="File:EU-Germany.svg">圖例放大</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">首都<div class="ib-country-largest">暨最大城市</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/22px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/33px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/44px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a><a href="#endnote_aaa">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">官方语言</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a><a href="#cite_note-a-4">[註 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="德國政治">政府</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="聯邦制">聯邦制</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會制</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6" title="共和立憲制">共和立憲制</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="德國聯邦總統">总统</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B-%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" title="弗兰克-瓦尔特·施泰因迈尔">弗兰克-瓦尔特·施泰因迈尔</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">总理</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%95%AD%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="奧拉夫·蕭茲">奥拉夫·蕭茲</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦议院">联邦议院</a>议长 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝貝爾·巴斯（页面不存在）">貝貝爾·巴斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rbel_Bas" class="extiw" title="en:Bärbel Bas">Bärbel Bas</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦参议院">联邦参议院</a>议长 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E9%9F%A6%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼努埃拉·施韦西希（页面不存在）">曼努埃拉·施韦西希</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela_Schwesig" class="extiw" title="en:Manuela Schwesig">Manuela Schwesig</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦宪法法院">宪法法院</a>院长 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯特凡·哈巴特（页面不存在）">斯特凡·哈巴特</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Harbarth" class="extiw" title="de:Stephan Harbarth">Stephan Harbarth</a>）</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">立法机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="clear:both;"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="上议院">上议院</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦参议院">联邦参议院</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="下议院">下议院</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦议院">联邦议院</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國軍事">现役军人</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">183,885人 30,050人（預備役）（2021年）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="德国历史">历史</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="東法蘭克王國">東法蘭克王國</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">843年—962年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">962年—1806年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵聯邦">萊茵聯邦</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1806年—1813年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志邦联">德意志邦联</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1815年—1866年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="北德意志邦联">北德意志邦联</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1867年—1871年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1871年—1918年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1918年—1933年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1933年—1945年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">德意志联邦共和国</a>成立 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1949年5月23日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">德意志民主共和国</a>成立 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1949年10月7日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1990年10月3日</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="德国地理">面积</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 总计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">357,386平方公里（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="世界各国和地区面积列表">第63名</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 水域率</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2.416%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="德國人口">人口</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022年估计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">83,695,430<a href="#cite_note-Bevölk7erungsstand-5">[參 3]</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国家和地区人口列表">第19名</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 密度</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">227/平方公里（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国家和地区人口密度列表">第58名</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">GDP</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7" title="购买力平价">PPP</a>）</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2023年估计</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 总计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">5.545萬億<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83" title="美元">美元</a><a href="#cite_note-IMF-6">[參 4]</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%9E%E8%B4%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国实质国内生产总值列表">第5名</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 人均</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">66,132美元<a href="#cite_note-IMF-6">[參 4]</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E5%AE%9E%E8%B4%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国人均实质国内生产总值列表">第17名</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">GDP</a>（国际汇率）</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2023年估计</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 总计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">4.308萬億美元<a href="#cite_note-IMF-6">[參 4]</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8D%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国名义国内生产总值列表">第3名</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 人均</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">51,383美元<a href="#cite_note-IMF-6">[參 4]</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E5%90%8D%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国人均名义国内生产总值列表">第19名</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="基尼系数">基尼系数</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0.307<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-7">[參 5]</a>（2014年） <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83933911">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>中</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="人类发展指数">人类发展指数</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">▲ 0.939<a href="#cite_note-8">[參 6]</a>（2018年） <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732967">html:not(.skin-theme-clientpref-night) .mw-parser-output .ifdarkmode>.isdarkmode{display:none}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ifdarkmode>.nodarkmode{display:none}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ifdarkmode>.nodarkmode{display:none}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911">极高<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911">极高 · <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各國人類發展指數列表">第4名</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">货币</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="歐元">歐元</a>（<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">时区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E8%B0%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%97%B6" title="协调世界时">UTC</a>+1（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="欧洲中部时间">歐洲中部時間</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%B6%E5%88%B6" title="夏时制">夏令时</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E8%B0%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%97%B6" title="协调世界时">UTC</a>+2（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%8F%E4%BB%A4%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲中部夏令時間">歐洲中部夏令時間</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91" title="道路通行方向">行驶方位</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">靠右</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">电话区号</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國電話號碼（页面不存在）">+49</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Telephone numbers in Germany">Telephone numbers in Germany</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166码</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DE" title="ISO 3166-2:DE">DE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E9%A0%82%E7%B4%9A%E5%9F%9F" title="國家和地區頂級域">互联网顶级域</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a> 歐盟亦使用<a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="ib-country-website">网站 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschland.de/">www.deutschland.de</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183#P856" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><a href="#ref_aaa">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>为法定首都及聯邦政府所在地，但德意志联邦共和国前临时首都<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%81%A9" title="波恩">波恩</a>亦有“联邦城市”（Bundesstadt）之稱，并为六个政府部门的主要办公处；所有政府部门在两个城市均设有办公处。</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 德意志聯邦共和國（德語：Bundesrepublik Deutschland），通稱德國（Deutschland），是位於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="中歐">中</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="西歐">西歐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会民主制">議會民主制</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="聯邦共和國">聯邦共和國</a>，由16个<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="德國行政區劃">邦</a>组成，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="首都">首都</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E6%8C%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%92%E5%88%97)" title="德国城市列表 (按人口排列)">最大城市</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>。国土面积35.7万平方公里，南北距离876公里，东西相距640公里，从北部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B)" title="北海 (大西洋)">北海</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" title="波罗的海">波罗的海</a>延伸至南部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山">阿尔卑斯山</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[參 7]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%B8%A6" title="温带">气候温和</a>，季节分明。德国人口約8,322万，为<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>中人口最多的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%9B%BD" title="欧洲联盟成员国">国家</a>，是世界上人口第三多的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="发达国家">发达国家</a>，仅次于美国、日本。也是世界第二大移民目的地，仅次于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[參 8]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德語</a>是歐盟境内使用人數最多的母語。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="德国文化">德國文化</a>的豐富層次和對世界的影響表現在其<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="建築">建築</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93" title="美術">美術</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="音樂">音樂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="德国电影">電影</a>等，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="文化遺產">文化遺產</a>主要以老城為代表，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国国家公园列表">國家公園</a>和自然公園共計上百處。 在50万年前的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%9F" title="旧石器时代中期">舊石器時代中期</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E4%BA%BA" title="海德堡人">海德堡人</a>及其後代<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人">尼安德特人</a>生活在今德國中部。自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="古典時代">古典時代</a>以來各<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼部族</a>開始定居於今德國北部地區。1世紀時，有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬</a>人著作的關於“<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="日耳曼尼亚">日耳曼尼亞</a>”的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%BF%97" title="日耳曼尼亚志">歷史記載</a>。在4到7世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%81%E5%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="欧洲民族大迁徙">民族遷徙期</a>时，日耳曼部族逐漸向歐洲南部擴張。10世紀起，德意志領土組成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="神聖羅馬帝國">神聖羅馬帝國</a>的核心部分<a href="#cite_note-11">[參 9]</a>。16世紀時，德意志北部地區成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>中心。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="神聖羅馬帝國">神聖羅馬帝國</a>滅亡後，<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="萊茵邦聯">萊茵邦聯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼邦聯">日耳曼邦聯</a>先後建立。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a>主導之下，1871年，多數德意志邦國<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一">統一</a>成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a>，「德意志」開始作為國名使用。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="德国十一月革命">1918-1919年德國革命</a>後，德意志帝國解體，議會制的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="威瑪共和國">威瑪共和國</a>取而代之。1933年<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="納粹黨">納粹黨</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%85%9A%E6%8E%8C%E6%9D%83" title="纳粹党掌权">獲取政權</a>並建立<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">獨裁統治</a>，最終導致<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太人大屠殺">系統性種族滅絕</a>的發生。在戰敗並經歷<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="同盟國軍事佔領德國">同盟國軍事佔領</a>後，德國分裂为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">德意志聯邦共和國</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">德意志民主共和國</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a>）。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5" title="德國統一日">1990年10月3日</a>重新<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="两德统一">統一</a>成為現在的德國。其国家元首为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="德國聯邦總統">联邦总统</a>，政府首脑則为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="德国联邦总理">联邦总理</a>。 德國是世界<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大國">大國</a>之一，亦是已開發國家當中較為先進的，其國内生產總值以國際匯率計<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B1%87%E7%8E%87)" class="mw-redirect" title="各国国内生产总值列表 (国际汇率)">居世界第三</a>，以購買力平價計<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7)" class="mw-redirect" title="各国国内生产总值列表 (购买力平价)">居世界第五</a>。其諸多工業工程和科技部門位居世界前列，例如全球馳名的德國車廠、精密部件等，為世界<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%A2%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国出口额列表">第三大出口國</a>。德國為<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%81%94%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="發達國家">發達國家</a>，生活水準<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="人類發展指數列表">居世界前列</a>。 德國是再生能源大國，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E5%8C%96" title="綠化">綠化</a>率極高，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="可持续发展">可持續發展</a>經濟的樣板。除了強調環境保護與自然生態保育，在人為飼養活體的態度也十分嚴謹，不但獲得大量外匯和資訊優勢，其動物保護法律管束、生命教育水準也是首屈一指的。高等教育方面，提供免費<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="德國教育">大學教育</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[參 10]</a>，社會保障制度和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="德国医疗制度">醫療體系</a>完善，催生出<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%B0%94" title="拜尔">拜爾</a>等大藥廠。德国为1993年<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>创始成员国之一，为<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E6%A0%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="申根区">申根区</a>一部分，并于1999年推动<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83%E5%8C%BA" title="欧元区">欧元区</a>的建立。德国亦为<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="八国集团">八国集团</a>、<a href="/wiki/G20%E5%B3%B0%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="G20峰会">20国集团</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="经济合作与发展组织">经济合作与发展组织</a>成员，军事开支总额居世界第九。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="國名">國名</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：國名">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0" title="德国的名称">德國的名稱</a></div> 德意志最初是單指脫離<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加洛林王朝">加洛林王朝</a>獨立，並於10世紀初建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志王国">德意志王國</a>的四個日耳曼民族<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E6%9C%AC" title="施瓦本">施瓦本人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴伐利亞">巴伐利亞人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="撒克遜人">撒克遜人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰克尼亚">法蘭克尼亞人</a>，源自一本約1080年寫成、關於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E7%B8%BD%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="科隆總主教">科隆總主教</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%AB%BE%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿諾二世（页面不存在）">阿諾二世</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_II" class="extiw" title="en:Anno II">Anno II</a>）的德語傳記作品<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%AB%BE%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿諾之歌（页面不存在）">阿諾之歌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annolied" class="extiw" title="en:Annolied">Annolied</a>）。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="中文">中文</a>“德意志”一词是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a>Deutsch的音译，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>也参照中文“德意志”，称德国为“德（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a>：Đức／<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80129570">.mw-parser-output .han-nom{font-family:"Gothic Nguyen","Han-Nom Gothic","Minh Nguyen","Han-Nom Minh","Nom Na Tong","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)","FZKaiS-Extended","FZKaiS-Extended(SIP)","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU_HKSCS","MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB",sans-serif}</style>德）”。 <a href="#cite_note-13">[參 11]</a>日韩对德国的称呼汉字写法则都是「独逸（独逸，Doitsu）」，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="日文">日文</a>写作「ドイツ（独逸，Doitsu）」，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="韩文">韩文</a>写作「독일（独逸，Dogil）」，而朝鲜的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="文化语">文化语</a>则依照德文音译成“도이췰란드”。而<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-disambig" title="日耳曼">日耳曼</a>一词是来自于<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="日耳曼尼亚">日耳曼尼亚</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%92%92" class="mw-redirect" title="尤利乌斯·凯撒">尤利乌斯·凯撒</a>以日耳曼尼亚称呼<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" title="莱茵河">莱茵河</a>东岸的各个部落<a href="#cite_note-14">[書 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[書 2]</a>，日耳曼尼亚纪载于西元100年的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%BF%97" title="日耳曼尼亚志">日耳曼尼亚志</a>》，后来<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>单词的德国（Germany）由此演变而来。而<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a>中的德国（Deutschland，德意志人的土地，起初为diutisciu land）来自deutsch，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="古高地德語">古高地德语</a>的diutisc（大众的，指属于diot或diota人的<a href="#cite_note-16">[書 3]</a>）一词而来，该词最初用以区别源自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族">罗曼语族</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%9D" title="地方话">地方话</a>。 diutisc一词依序来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="原始日耳曼語">原始日耳曼语</a>的þiudiskaz（大众的），þiudiskaz又来自于þeudō，þeudō又承继自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="原始印欧语">原始印欧语</a>的tewtéh（人）。 <a href="#cite_note-17">[書 4]</a> 德國的名詞變遷為Theodiscus（8世紀開始，意指加洛林王朝領土內的日耳曼民族）和Teutonicus（10世紀開始德意志王國成立後的德意志名稱，又可稱“<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E9%A1%BF%E4%BA%BA" title="条顿人">條頓</a>”）演變成Teutsch（16世紀開始的德意志名稱），最後變成Deutsch（19世紀開始至今的德國名稱）。 歐洲人對德國的稱謂甚多，詞源分別代表過去不同的日耳曼部落，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙語">西班牙語</a>的“阿勒芒”（Allemagne）、“阿拉曼尼亞”（Alemania）源自<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="阿勒曼尼人">阿勒曼尼部</a>（Alemanni）；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭語">芬蘭語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="愛沙尼亞語">愛沙尼亞語</a>中的“薩沙”（Saksa）、“薩沙瑪”（Saksamaa）源自<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="撒克遜人">撒克遜部</a>（Saxons）；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="匈牙利語">匈牙利語</a>中的“涅米多薩”（Németország）則源自涅米特部（Nemetes）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="德国历史">德国历史</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:180px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="德国历史">德国历史</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1950年来的德意志联邦共和国国徽"><img alt="1950年来的德意志联邦共和国国徽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> 历史系列条目</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">早期历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大迁徙时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国">法兰克王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="加洛林帝国">加洛林帝国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">中世纪</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="東法蘭克王國">東法蘭克王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志王国">德意志王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="哈布斯堡君主國">哈布斯堡君主國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%90%91%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="东向移民运动">东向移民运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E9%A1%BF%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2%E5%9B%BD" title="条顿骑士团国">条顿骑士团国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="德意志近代史">近代历史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%89%B2%E6%8D%AE" title="德意志割据">地方割据</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="18世纪德意志历史">18世纪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧地利帝國">奧地利帝國</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一">统一</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="萊茵邦聯">萊茵邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%971848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志1848年革命">德意志1848年革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="德意志關稅同盟">关税同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志国">德意志國</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="第一次世界大战期间的德国">第一次世界大战</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</a></li></ul> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.1em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="萨尔盆地地区">萨尔</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BC%8A%E5%BD%AD-%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E8%BF%AA" title="奧伊彭-馬爾默迪">东比利时</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E6%BE%A4%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" title="但澤自由市">但泽</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E4%BD%A9%E9%81%94%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="克萊佩達地區">梅梅尔</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97-%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志-奧地利共和國">奥地利</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%8F%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="蘇台德地區">苏台德</a></li></ul></div></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="弗伦斯堡政府">弗伦斯堡政府</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2_(1945%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941990%E5%B9%B4)" title="德国历史 (1945年—1990年)">冷战时期</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="同盟國軍事佔領德國">军事占领</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="德国前东部领土">前东部领土</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%88%98%E5%90%8E%E5%AF%B9%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%B1%E9%80%90" title="第二次世界大战战后对德意志人的驱逐">对德意志人的驱逐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E9%A0%98" title="薩爾保護領">薩爾保護領</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">当代</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="德国新联邦州">新联邦州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A5%E4%BE%86%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="兩德統一以來德國歷史">两德统一以来德国历史</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">专题史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="德国历史年表">时间轴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="德国经济史">经济史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国军事史（页面不存在）">军事史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Military history of Germany">Military history of Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7" title="德國領土變遷">領土變遷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="柏林歷史">柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国女权主义（页面不存在）">女权主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Feminism in Germany">Feminism in Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0" title="德国的名称">德國国名</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:德国历史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德国历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebra_Scheibe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nebra_Scheibe.jpg/170px-Nebra_Scheibe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nebra_Scheibe.jpg/255px-Nebra_Scheibe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nebra_Scheibe.jpg/340px-Nebra_Scheibe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%98%9F%E8%B1%A1%E7%9B%A4" title="內布拉星象盤">内布拉星象盘</a>，约前1600年</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%9B%E5%8E%84%E5%8E%9F%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毛厄原人（页面不存在）">毛厄原人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauer_1" class="extiw" title="en:Mauer 1">Mauer 1</a>）下颌骨化石的发掘表明至少600,000年前在德国即有古人类活动<a href="#cite_note-18">[參 12]</a>。自<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9" title="舍宁根">舍宁根</a>的煤矿中亦出土三支380,000年前的标枪，为世界上最古老的完整狩猎武器<a href="#cite_note-19">[參 13]</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7" title="尼安德河谷">尼安德河谷</a>发现史上第一枚非现代人类化石，这一物种被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人">尼安德特人</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼安德特-1（页面不存在）">尼安德特-1</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal_1" class="extiw" title="en:Neanderthal 1">Neanderthal 1</a>）化石具有近40,000年的历史。乌尔姆附近<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%9D%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="施瓦本汝拉山">施瓦本汝拉山</a>洞穴中亦有同一时期的现代人类生存迹象，包括42,000年前的鸟骨和猛犸象牙笛，为至今出土的最早乐器<a href="#cite_note-20">[參 14]</a>；40,000年前大冰期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E4%BA%BA%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F" title="史前獅子人雕像">狮子人</a>为世界已知无争议的最古老雕塑品<a href="#cite_note-21">[參 15]</a>；距今35,000年前的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E5%8B%92%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%B4%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍勒费尔斯维纳斯（页面不存在）">霍勒费尔斯维纳斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Fels" class="extiw" title="en:Venus of Hohle Fels">Venus of Hohle Fels</a>）则为无争议的最古老人类雕塑<a href="#cite_note-22">[參 16]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%98%9F%E8%B1%A1%E7%9B%A4" title="內布拉星象盤">内布拉星象盘</a>于<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E5%AE%89%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="萨克森-安哈尔特">萨克森-安哈尔特</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89" title="内布拉">内布拉</a>附近出土，为一欧洲<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="青铜时代">青铜时代</a>铜制文物，被列入<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%80%81%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="联合国教育、科学及文化组织">联合国教科文组织</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="世界记忆项目">世界记忆项目</a>名录<a href="#cite_note-23">[參 17]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日耳曼部落及法蘭克王國">日耳曼部落及法蘭克王國</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：日耳曼部落及法蘭克王國">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="日耳曼尼亚">日耳曼尼亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%81%E5%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="欧洲民族大迁徙">欧洲民族大迁徙</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AF%B9%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E5%AF%B9%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5.png/220px-%E5%AF%B9%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E5%AF%B9%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5.png/330px-%E5%AF%B9%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E5%AF%B9%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5.png/440px-%E5%AF%B9%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5.png 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>欧洲民族迁徙（100–500年）</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼部落</a>最早可追溯至<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E9%8A%85%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北歐銅器時代（页面不存在）">北歐銅器時代</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordische_Bronzezeit" class="extiw" title="de:Nordische Bronzezeit">Nordische Bronzezeit</a>）（西元前17至前5世紀）或者最晚是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%90%B5%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前羅馬鐵器時代（页面不存在）">前羅馬鐵器時代</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="extiw" title="en:Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a>）（西元前5~4世紀至西元前1世紀）。西元前1世纪，部落开始从<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="斯堪的纳维亚半岛">斯堪的纳维亚半岛</a>南部和德国北部逐渐向南、向东和向西扩散，与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BA%BA" title="伊朗人">伊朗人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA" title="波羅的人">波罗的人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="凯尔特人">凯尔特人</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="高卢人">高卢部落</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7" title="东欧">东欧</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="斯拉夫人">斯拉夫人</a>发生接触<a href="#cite_note-24">[書 5]</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奥古斯都">奥古斯都</a>的统治时代，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>军队开始入侵日耳曼地区，該地區約為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" title="莱茵河">莱茵河</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="乌拉尔山脉">乌拉尔山脉</a>之間，西元9年時，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AC%9D%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="謝魯斯克（页面不存在）">謝魯斯克</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherusker" class="extiw" title="de:Cherusker">Cherusker</a>）部落主<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔米尼乌斯">阿尔米尼乌斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E9%A1%BF%E5%A0%A1%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="条顿堡森林战役">擊敗</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%9B%A7%E6%96%AF" title="瓦盧斯">瓦盧斯</a>領導的三個<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E5%9B%A2" title="罗马军团">罗马军团</a>，使奧古斯都放棄將羅馬帝國邊界擴張至易北河的意圖<a href="#cite_note-25">[書 6]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%97" title="塔西佗">塔西佗</a>於西元100年完成<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%BF%97" title="日耳曼尼亚志">日耳曼尼亚志</a>時，日耳曼部落已在萊因河、多瑙河沿岸定居，佔據現今德國的大部分地區，而奧地利、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚">巴伐利亚</a>南部及<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E5%85%B0" title="莱茵兰">莱茵兰</a>西部則為羅馬帝國所管轄<a href="#cite_note-9-13-26">[書 7]</a>。 3世紀時出現許多較大的西日耳曼部落，包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉曼人">阿拉曼人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="法蘭克人">法蘭克人</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8F%E7%99%BB%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夏登人（页面不存在）">夏登人</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatten" class="extiw" title="de:Chatten">Chatten</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="撒克遜人">撒克遜人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="弗里西人">弗里西人</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯卡姆布里人（页面不存在）">斯卡姆布里人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicambri" class="extiw" title="en:Sicambri">Sicambri</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88%E5%90%89%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圖靈吉人（页面不存在）">圖靈吉人</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringer" class="extiw" title="de:Thüringer">Thüringer</a>）等。日耳曼人約於西元260年進入羅馬帝國控制地區<a href="#cite_note-27">[書 8]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" title="匈人">匈人</a>於375年西移至羅馬帝國統治地區後，羅馬帝國勢力自395年起衰弱，日耳曼部落因而得以進一步向西南方遷移<a href="#cite_note-28">[書 9]</a>，同時，今日德國境內出現較大的部落取代或吸收先前的小型部落。日耳曼地區大片土地（即<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E6%B4%9B%E6%BA%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="墨洛溫王朝">墨洛溫王朝</a>時所稱的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="奥斯特拉西亚">奥斯特拉西亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="紐斯特利亞">纽斯特利亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E5%9D%A6" title="阿基坦">阿基坦</a>一带）為法蘭克人所佔領，建立起<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国">法兰克王国</a>，并向东征服<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="萨克森公国">萨克森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="巴伐利亚公国">巴伐利亚</a>；今德国东部地区则由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="西斯拉夫民族">西斯拉夫民族</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%BA" title="索布人">索布人</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E8%8E%B1%E8%92%82%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维莱蒂人（页面不存在）">维莱蒂人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleti" class="extiw" title="en:Veleti">Veleti</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="奧博特人">奧博特人</a>）定居<a href="#cite_note-9-13-26">[書 7]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="东法兰克王国与神圣罗马帝国">东法兰克王国与神圣罗马帝国</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：东法兰克王国与神圣罗马帝国">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="查理大帝">查理大帝</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[註 3]</a>於800年聖誕節於羅馬接受教宗<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E8%89%AF%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="教宗良三世">利奧三世</a>加冕，並建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="卡洛林帝国">卡洛林帝國</a>，後於843年根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="凡尔登条约">凡尔登条约</a>分裂<a href="#cite_note-f11-31">[書 11]</a>，分裂後出現的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="東法蘭克王國">東法蘭克王國</a>為神聖羅馬帝國的雛型<a href="#cite_note-32">[書 12]</a>，领土西至莱茵河，东至<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%B3" title="易北河">易北河</a>，北至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B)" title="北海 (大西洋)">北海</a>，南至<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山">阿尔卑斯山</a><a href="#cite_note-f11-31">[書 11]</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="奥托王朝">奥托王朝</a>（919年-1024年<a href="#cite_note-34">[註 4]</a>）統治期間，由各公國推舉間推舉共主，王位雖非世襲，但仍多为父死子繼的情形，而形成王室家族<a href="#cite_note-周20-33">[書 13]</a>。德意志國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="奥托一世 (神圣罗马帝国)">奥托一世</a>於962年經加冕成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="神圣罗马帝国皇帝列表">神聖羅馬帝國皇帝</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[參 18]</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="法兰克尼亚王朝">薩利安王朝</a>（1024年-1125年<a href="#cite_note-周20-33">[書 13]</a>）統治期間，義大利北部及勃艮第併入神聖羅馬帝國，但由於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E4%BB%BB%E6%9D%83%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89" title="叙任权斗争">叙任权斗争</a>，皇帝權力遭到削弱<a href="#cite_note-36">[書 14]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther,_1528_(Veste_Coburg).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/150px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/225px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/300px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="马丁·路德">马丁·路德</a>（1483–1546）在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%9F%8E%E7%BB%B4%E6%BB%95%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="路德城维滕贝格">维滕贝格</a>發布《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E6%9D%A1%E8%AE%BA%E7%BA%B2" title="九十五条论纲">论纲</a>》，掀起了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>的大幕</figcaption></figure> 12世纪<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B6%E8%8A%AC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="霍亨斯陶芬王朝">霍亨斯陶芬王朝</a>（1138年-1254年）统治期间，德意志诸侯的影响力向南方和东方扩张至<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="斯拉夫人">斯拉夫人</a>定居地区；他们鼓励德意志人向这些区域移居，称<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%90%91%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="东向移民运动">东向移民运动</a>。多数由北部德意志城镇组成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%90%A8%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="汉萨同盟">汉萨同盟</a>由于贸易的扩张而繁荣<a href="#cite_note-37">[書 15]</a>。南部的大拉芬斯堡贸易组织（Große Ravensburger Handelsgesellschaft）起到类似的作用。1356年<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="查理四世 (神圣罗马帝国)">查理四世</a>颁布<a href="/wiki/1356%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%91%E7%8E%BA%E8%AF%8F%E4%B9%A6" title="1356年金玺诏书">金玺诏书</a>，确立帝国的基础政治结构，规定七个最具势力的公国统治者或大主教为<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E5%B8%9D%E4%BE%AF" title="选帝侯">选帝侯</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[書 16]</a>，通过多数制选举皇帝<a href="#cite_note-39">[書 17]</a>。 14世纪上半叶，德意志人口大幅减少。1315年发生<a href="/wiki/1315%E2%80%931317%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" title="1315–1317年大饥荒">大饥荒</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a>则于1348年至1350年流行<a href="#cite_note-40">[參 19]</a>。即便如此，德意志的艺术家、工程师和科学家仍在这一时期发展一系列的技术，与同一时期在意大利诸城邦使用的科技类似。德意志诸国的艺术和文化中心培养<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%8B%9C%E5%9B%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老汉斯·霍尔拜因（页面不存在）">老汉斯·霍尔拜因</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Elder" class="extiw" title="en:Hans Holbein the Elder">Hans Holbein the Elder</a>）、其子<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%8B%9C%E5%9B%A0" title="小汉斯·霍尔拜因">小汉斯·霍尔拜因</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%B8%A2%E5%8B%92" title="阿尔布雷希特·丢勒">阿尔布雷希特·丢勒</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B0%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="约翰内斯·谷登堡">约翰内斯·谷登堡</a>将<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%AD%97%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E6%9C%AF" title="活字印刷术">活字印刷术</a>引入欧洲，为日后知识的大众化创造条件<a href="#cite_note-41">[參 20]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg/220px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg/330px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg/440px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>1648年的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" title="威斯特伐利亚和约">威斯特伐利亚和约</a>的签订宣告<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="三十年战争">三十年战争</a>的结束，也宣告<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="哈布斯堡王室">哈布斯堡王室</a>統一德意志的嘗試失敗。反復的兵连祸结對德意志地區造成了巨大的破壞，致使總人口減少30%以上</figcaption></figure> 1517年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%9F%8E%E7%BB%B4%E6%BB%95%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="路德城维滕贝格">维滕贝格</a>教士<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="馬丁·路德">馬丁·路德</a>撰寫<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E6%9D%A1%E8%AE%BA%E7%BA%B2" title="九十五条论纲">九十五条论纲</a>，挑戰<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="天主教會">天主教會</a>（羅馬公教會）並引發<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[書 18]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[參 21]</a>。1555年的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%84" title="奧格斯堡和約">奥格斯堡和约</a>》宣告路德宗为可接受的天主教替代信仰，但还规定诸侯的信仰应为其子民的信仰，这一原则称“<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E9%9A%A8%E5%90%9B%E5%AE%9A" title="教隨君定">教隨君定</a>”（Cuius regio, eius religio）。和约未涉及其他信仰，由此<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="加尔文主义">归正宗</a>仍为异端，而其原则亦未涉及神权领袖改信的状况（如1583年<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E9%81%B8%E4%BE%AF%E5%9C%8B" title="科隆選侯國">科隆选侯国</a>的情形）。自<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="科隆戰爭">科隆战争</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="三十年战争">三十年战争</a>（1618–1648）的一系列宗教战事对德意志地区造成严重的破坏<a href="#cite_note-44">[書 19]</a>，其中后者导致诸邦国总人口减少近百分之三十，而在一些地区人口减少高达百分之八十<a href="#cite_note-45">[書 20]</a>。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" title="威斯特伐利亚和约">威斯特伐利亚和约</a>》的签订终结德意志诸国的宗教战事<a href="#cite_note-46">[書 21]</a>。1648年后，德意志诸侯可选择天主教、路德宗及归正宗为其国教<a href="#cite_note-47">[參 22]</a>。 18世纪，神圣罗马帝国由近1,800个领地所组成<a href="#cite_note-48">[書 22]</a>。由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="帝国改革">帝国改革</a>（1450–1555年）推动的法律体系建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BD%93" title="帝国政治体">帝国政治体</a>，并在其神权、世俗及世袭邦国中确定一定程度的地方自治权，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="帝國議會 (神聖羅馬帝國)">帝国议会</a>代表。<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="哈布斯堡王朝">哈布斯堡王朝</a>自1438年起保有帝国皇权。1740年<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="查理六世 (神圣罗马帝国)">查理六世</a>过世；其生前无嗣，由此说服各选帝侯接受《<a href="/wiki/1713%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%8B%E9%81%97%E8%AF%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="1713年国事遗诏">国事遗诏</a>》以确保王朝统治。这一问题通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="奥地利王位继承战争">奥地利王位继承战争</a>最终得到解决：《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%90%9B%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="第二亚琛和约">亚琛和约</a>》规定<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E8%95%BE%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="玛丽亚·特蕾西亚">玛丽亚·特蕾西亚</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="弗朗茨一世 (神圣罗马帝国)">丈夫</a>将继承神圣罗马帝国皇位，而特蕾西亚将以皇后之名统治帝国。自1740年起，奥地利<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="哈布斯堡君主國">哈布斯堡君主国</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士王国">普鲁士王国</a>的二元之争主导德意志地区的局势。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="法国大革命战争">法国大革命战争</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E5%8C%96%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="德國教會的世俗化運動">帝国议会最终会议</a>之后，多数世俗的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="帝国自由城市">帝国自由城市</a>均为各王朝吞并，而神权领土则被世俗化并吞并。1806年帝国终结，多数德意志邦国（尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="莱茵邦联">莱茵河畔诸国</a>）为法国所统治。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破仑战争">拿破仑战争</a>期间，法国、俄罗斯、普鲁士及哈布斯堡对德意志地区的霸权展开争夺。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="德意志邦聯及德意志帝國">德意志邦聯及德意志帝國</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：德意志邦聯及德意志帝國">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志統一">德意志統一</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="泛日耳曼主義">泛日耳曼主義</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="拿破仑一世">拿破仑一世</a>失敗後，歐洲各國於1814年召開<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="维也纳会议">维也纳会议</a>，並建立由39個主權邦<a href="#cite_note-50">[註 5]</a>組成的鬆散聯盟－<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a>。對<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%94%E8%AA%BF" title="歐洲協調">歐洲協調</a>政治的不滿在一定程度上促成<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自由主义">自由主义</a>運動，但隨後遭奧地利政治家<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E9%96%80%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E6%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="克萊門斯·梅特涅">克萊門斯·梅特涅</a>所鎮壓。於1834年成立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="德意志關稅同盟">德意志關稅同盟</a>則促成日耳曼邦國的經濟整合<a href="#cite_note-51">[參 23]</a>。受<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a>影響，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a>及自由主義广泛传播，建立中央集權民族国家的观点在德意志人，尤其是年輕知識分子中日渐流行<a href="#cite_note-52">[書 24]</a>。受<a href="/wiki/1848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1848年革命">1848年歐洲革命</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法國二月革命">法國建立共和國</a>影響，德意志知識份子和平民也發動<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%971848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志1848年革命">革命</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="法蘭克福國民議會">國民議會</a>決議由普魯士王<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="腓特烈·威廉四世">腓特烈·威廉四世</a>担任德意志帝國皇帝，但威廉四世認為其權力將受限而拒絕，使革命運動暫時遭遇挫敗<a href="#cite_note-state-53">[參 24]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_(3._Fassung_1885).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/330px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/440px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>1871年，德意志帝國於<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E5%AE%AB" title="凡尔赛宫">凡尔赛宫</a>鏡廳<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">宣告成立</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">俾斯麦</a>為中間著白色制服者</figcaption></figure> 威廉四世的繼任者——<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>，與以自由派為主的議會漸生衝突，就軍事預算有相當歧異，於1862年任命<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</a>為普魯士首相，主導普魯士改革及建軍政策<a href="#cite_note-54">[書 25]</a>。普魯士於1864年<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%B9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普丹战争">普丹战争</a>及1866年<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普奥战争">普奥战争</a>獲得勝利後，並成立<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a>，排除過去曾主導日耳曼地區事務的奧地利勢力<a href="#cite_note-56">[註 6]</a>。俾斯麥欲將巴伐利亞、巴登、符騰堡及达姆施塔特等地併入北德意志邦聯，與法國衝突漸增<a href="#cite_note-57">[書 27]</a>，遂於1870年爆發<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="普法戰爭">普法戰爭</a>，德国取胜，威廉一世在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E5%AE%AB" title="凡尔赛宫">凡尔赛宫</a>加冕<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="德意志皇帝">德意志皇帝</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a>宣布成立，統合奧地利以外的日耳曼國家，即採「<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="小德意志">小德意志</a>」路線。普魯士約佔帝國三分之二的土地及人口，主導帝國事務，德意志帝國由<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="霍亨索伦王朝">霍亨索伦王朝</a>統治，首都柏林<a href="#cite_note-state-53">[參 24]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/220px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/330px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/440px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志帝国">德意志帝国</a>（1871–1918），主要勢力分為北方的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士王国">普鲁士王国</a>（藍色）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%9B%E9%82%A6" title="南德四邦">南德四邦</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一">德意志统一</a>后，作为威廉一世治下<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">德国总理</a>的俾斯麦在外交上试图巩固德国的大国地位，与外国结盟，孤立法国，避免战争<a href="#cite_note-58">[書 28]</a>。但在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)">威廉二世</a>治下，德国同其他欧洲列强一样逐渐朝<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新帝国主义">帝国主义</a>方向发展，同周边国家时有冲突。先前的同盟关系多数终止，由此德国同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥匈帝国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="德奥同盟">结盟</a>，保证一定程度中立并获得军事支持。1882年的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="三国同盟">三国同盟</a>将意大利揽入，这也反映德、奥、意三国对法国、俄国的担忧。同时，英国、法国、俄国亦各自结盟，以防奥地利对巴尔干半岛（俄罗斯利益）、德国对法国的干预<a href="#cite_note-59">[書 29]</a>。 1884年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="柏林西非会议">柏林会议</a>中，德国对<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%AC%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" title="德屬東非">东非</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="德属西南非洲">西南非</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="多哥兰">多哥</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86" title="喀麦隆">喀麦隆</a>等殖民地提出宣称<a href="#cite_note-60">[書 30]</a>。此后德国进一步扩张，将<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%AC%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" title="德屬新幾內亞">新几内亚、密克罗尼西亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%9E%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="德属萨摩亚">萨摩亚</a>纳入其殖民地范围。德国殖民政府在西南非（今<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="纳米比亚">纳米比亚</a>）对当地的赫雷罗人和纳马人展开<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%9B%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%B3%E9%A9%AC%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="赫雷罗和纳马种族灭绝">灭绝行动</a>，以报复其反抗运动，日后被称为「二十世纪首次种族灭绝」。近十万人（80%的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%9B%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BA%BA" title="赫雷羅人">赫雷罗人</a>和50%的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纳马人（页面不存在）">纳马人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_people" class="extiw" title="en:Nama people">Nama people</a>））死于集中营内，多数死于疾病、虐待、积劳、脱水和饥荒<a href="#cite_note-61">[參 25]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[參 26]</a>。 1914年6月28日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="弗朗茨·斐迪南">奥匈帝国王储</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E7%83%AD%E7%AA%9D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="萨拉热窝事件">遇刺</a>，奥地利借此对塞尔维亚开战，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a>爆发。在四年的战事中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a>损失严重，超过200万名军人死亡<a href="#cite_note-63">[參 27]</a>。1918年11月11日<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E8%BE%B9%E5%81%9C%E6%88%98%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="康边停战协定">停战协定</a>签署，德军士兵返回国内。同年11月<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="德国十一月革命">德国革命</a>爆发，威廉二世及各邦国统治者被迫逊位。1919年6月28日新政府签署《<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="凡尔赛条约">凡尔赛条约</a>》。作为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9B%BD_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98)" class="mw-redirect" title="同盟国 (第一次世界大战)">同盟国</a>成员，德国接受其为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E7%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="协约国">协约国</a>所败。德国民众认为条约不公且使德国蒙羞，史学家日后称这一态度最终导致<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">阿道夫·希特勒</a>的崛起<a href="#cite_note-64">[書 31]</a>。 <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：魏瑪共和國">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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.ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Incomplete plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节不完整。 請幫忙改善本條目，或到<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="Talk:德国">討論頁</a>去討論该條目的問題。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Veil plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambox_scales.svg/40px-Ambox_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambox_scales.svg/60px-Ambox_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambox_scales.svg/80px-Ambox_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">偏重</a>在某些見解、事件或爭議上。 請協助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit">建立</a>更平衡的陳述以符合比例原則。在移除本提示前請先<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="Talk:德国">討論</a>並<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:争论的解决">解決</a>相關問題。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</a></div> 1918年11月<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德国革命">德国革命</a>初期，德国宣布改行共和制。1919年8月11日，总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" title="弗里德里希·艾伯特">弗里德里希·艾伯特</a>签署《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="魏玛宪法">魏玛宪法</a>》<a href="#cite_note-65">[書 32]</a>。在此后的权力斗争中，左翼激进共产主义者在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="巴伐利亚苏维埃共和国">巴伐利亚夺权</a>，而德国其他地区的保守派则试图通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="卡普政变">卡普政变</a>推翻共和国。后者一定程度上得到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%98%B2%E5%8D%AB%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="国家防卫军">国家防卫军</a>、保守主义、民族主义、保皇主义的支持。此后的德国经历工业中心的血腥街道战、比利时和法国军队<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E9%A2%86%E9%B2%81%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="占领鲁尔区">对鲁尔区的占领</a>、1922年至1923年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="威瑪共和國惡性通貨膨脹">恶性通货膨胀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" class="mw-redirect" title="道威斯计划">债务重组计划</a>及1924年<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%A7%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%BC%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="地产抵押马克">新货币的引入</a>。此后<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="黄金二十年代">黄金二十年代</a>到来，德国进入一段文化及艺术的自由繁荣期。即便如此，对《凡尔赛条约》的恨意仍旧存在，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E5%88%BA%E5%9C%A8%E8%83%8C%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4" title="刀刺在背传说">刀刺在背传说</a>广泛流传，为此后二十年的反犹潮提供基础<a href="#cite_note-66">[參 28]</a>。经济仍然持续动荡，史学家仅称1924年至1929年间为“局部稳定期”。1929年<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="大萧条">大萧条</a>对德国造成冲击。<a href="/wiki/1930%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="1930年德国国会选举">1930年联邦选举</a>后，总统<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="保罗·冯·兴登堡">保罗·冯·兴登堡</a>授权<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%90%95%E5%AE%81" title="海因里希·布吕宁">海因里希·布吕宁</a>领导的政府不经议会批准采取举措。布吕宁政府采取财政紧缩和通货紧缩政策，导致大幅度的失业；1932年失业率高达30%。 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/320px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">阿道夫·希特勒</a>，1933至1945年德國元首兼總理</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/1932%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="1932年7月德国联邦选举">1932年特别联邦选举</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%85%9A" title="纳粹党">纳粹党</a>获胜。在一系列失败内阁后，1933年兴登堡任命<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">阿道夫·希特勒</a>为德国总理<a href="#cite_note-67">[書 33]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="納粹德國">納粹德國</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：納粹德國">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国国家社会主义时期（页面不存在）">德国国家社会主义时期</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeit_des_Nationalsozialismus" class="extiw" title="de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus">Zeit_des_Nationalsozialismus</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="纳粹德国">纳粹德国</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E7%BA%B5%E7%81%AB%E6%A1%88" title="国会纵火案">国会纵火案</a>后，《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E7%BA%B5%E7%81%AB%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="国会纵火法令">国会纵火法令</a>》取消民众的基本权利。在数周之内首个<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="纳粹集中营">纳粹集中营</a>于<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B1%AA%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5" title="达豪集中营">达豪</a>开始运作<a href="#cite_note-68">[參 29]</a><a href="#cite_note-MNN-69">[參 30]</a>。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B1933%E5%B9%B4%E6%8E%88%E6%AC%8A%E6%B3%95" title="德國1933年授權法">1933年授权法</a>》授予希特勒无限立法权，由此其政府建立起中央集权的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="极权主义">极权主义</a>国家，通过全民投票<a href="/w/index.php?title=1933%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933年德国全民投票（页面不存在）">退出国际联盟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_referendum,_1933" class="extiw" title="en:German referendum, 1933">German referendum, 1933</a>），并开始重新武装化<a href="#cite_note-70">[參 31]</a>。 通过赤字财政政策，由政府支持的经济复兴计划开始实施，主要着重于公共工程领域。1934年的公共工程项目中，170万德国民众投入工作，由此获得收入和社会福利<a href="#cite_note-71">[參 32]</a>。最为著名的工程项目为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="德国高速公路">全国高速公路</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[參 33]</a>。其他重要建设项目包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="水力发电">水力发电</a>项目<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B2%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%9D%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鲁尔大坝（页面不存在）">鲁尔大坝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rur_Dam" class="extiw" title="en:Rur Dam">Rur Dam</a>）、供水项目如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BD%90%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%9D%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="齐利尔河大坝（页面不存在）">齐利尔河大坝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zillierbach_Dam" class="extiw" title="en:Zillierbach Dam">Zillierbach Dam</a>）及交通枢纽如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E8%80%83%E7%81%AB%E8%BD%A6%E7%AB%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="茨维考火车站（页面不存在）">茨维考火车站</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwickau_Hauptbahnhof" class="extiw" title="en:Zwickau Hauptbahnhof">Zwickau Hauptbahnhof</a>）<a href="#cite_note-73">[參 34]</a>。此后五年内，失业率大幅度下跌，时均和周均薪酬上升<a href="#cite_note-74">[參 35]</a>。 1935年，当局宣布不再履行《凡尔赛条约》，并颁布<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="纽伦堡法案">纽伦堡法案</a>，针对犹太人及其他少数族群。德国亦于1935年收回<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F)" class="mw-redirect" title="薩爾 (國際聯盟)">萨尔</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[書 34]</a>，于1938年<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="德奥合并">吞并奥地利</a>，并于1939年初<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%8F%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="苏台德区问题">占领捷克斯洛伐克</a>。 1939年8月，希特勒政府同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>签署《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%92%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="苏德互不侵犯条约">苏德互不侵犯条约</a>》，划分双方在东欧的势力范围。条约签署后，1939年9月1日德国对波兰<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰战役">展开入侵</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>就此展开<a href="#cite_note-Fulbrook_190-76">[參 36]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[參 37]</a>。作为回应，英、法亦对德国宣战<a href="#cite_note-78">[參 38]</a>。1940年春，德国攻克<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%91%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="威瑟演習作戰">丹麦及挪威</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="荷蘭戰役">荷兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="比利時戰役">比利时</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="德国入侵卢森堡">卢森堡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="法國戰役">法国</a>，并在德军近乎占领法国全境后迫使其签订停战协定。同年，英国抵御<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="不列颠战役">德国的空中攻势</a>。1941年，德国入侵<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="入侵南斯拉夫之戰">南斯拉夫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="希臘戰役">希腊</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E7%BD%97%E8%90%A8%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="巴巴罗萨行动">苏联</a>。至1942年，德国及其他<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%B4%E5%BF%83%E5%9B%BD" title="轴心国">轴心国</a>占领欧洲和北非大部分地区，但1943年<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="斯大林格勒战役">斯大林格勒战役</a>苏联获胜，盟军<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%B0%E5%A0%B4" title="北非戰場">夺回北非</a>并<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%94%BB%E9%98%B2%E6%88%B0_(%E4%BA%8C%E6%88%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利攻防戰 (二戰)">入侵意大利</a>，德国连续遭遇失败<a href="#cite_note-Fulbrook_190-76">[參 36]</a>。1944年6月，西方盟军<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E7%8E%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="霸王行动">在法国登陆</a>，法国复国，并且加入反击德国的行动。苏联<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89#苏军进攻" title="苏德战争">向东欧推进</a>；年末，西方盟军已进入德国境内，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%87%BA%E9%83%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="突出部之役">德军最后一次反攻</a>未果。在希特勒于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="柏林戰役">柏林战役</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%BB" title="阿道夫·希特勒之死">自杀身亡</a>后，1945年5月8日，美、英、法、苏攻入<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%AC%A7%E6%88%98%E8%83%9C%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大战欧战胜利纪念日">德国投降</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%88%98%E5%9C%BA" title="第二次世界大战欧洲战场">第二次世界大战欧洲战场</a>终结<a href="#cite_note-79">[參 39]</a>。 在日后称<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="犹太人大屠杀">犹太人大屠杀</a>中，纳粹对少数族裔进行迫害，并通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="纳粹集中营">集中营</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D%E8%90%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="灭绝营">灭绝营</a>对其所称劣等种族进行<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="种族灭绝">种族灭绝</a>。超过1,000万平民被系统性杀害，包括600万犹太人、220,000至1,500,000<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9E%E7%81%AD" title="吞灭">罗姆人</a>、275,000<a href="/wiki/T-4%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="T-4行动">身心障碍者</a>、数千<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%8E%E8%A7%81%E8%AF%81%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="耶和华见证人">耶和华见证人</a>、数千<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%B9%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%81%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3%E5%8F%8A%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="纳粹德国对同性恋的迫害及屠杀">同性恋者</a>及成千上万<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA#左翼份子" title="納粹大屠殺">政治和宗教异见者</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[參 40]</a>。在占领区内的政策导致270万波兰人死亡<a href="#cite_note-81">[參 41]</a>、130万乌克兰人<a href="#cite_note-Maksudov,_S._1994-82">[參 42]</a>、及近280万苏联战俘<a href="#cite_note-Maksudov,_S._1994-82">[參 42]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-83">[參 43]</a>。德国约有320万至530万士兵阵亡<a href="#cite_note-Rüdiger_Overmans_2000-84">[參 44]</a>，近200万平民死亡<a href="#cite_note-85">[參 45]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="德国前东部领土">前东部领土</a>的损失导致<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%88%98%E5%90%8E%E5%AF%B9%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%B1%E9%80%90" title="第二次世界大战战后对德意志人的驱逐">近1,200万德意志裔人被由东欧驱逐</a>。其战前领土损失近四分之一。战略轰炸及地面战事导致许多城市及文化遗产被摧毁。第二次世界大战后，前纳粹政权参与者于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4" title="纽伦堡审判">纽伦堡审判</a>中接受战争罪审判<a href="#cite_note-86">[參 46]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="東西德分裂時期">東西德分裂時期</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：東西德分裂時期">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Germany-1945.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/220px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/330px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/440px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption>1947年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9F%E8%BB%8D%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="盟軍佔領下的德國">盟軍佔領下的德國</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%B3-%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="奧德河-尼斯河線">奧德河-尼斯河線</a>以東，法律上由波蘭及蘇聯管理，但事實上為併吞；而西部的分離地區為<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E9%A0%98" title="薩爾保護領">薩爾保護領</a></figcaption></figure> 於德國投降後，德國領土及柏林由<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0)" title="同盟國 (第二次世界大戰)">同盟國</a>中的四强美、英、法、苏分區佔領，這些地區接受650萬名來自東部領土的德意志人<a href="#cite_note-87">[參 47]</a>。1949年5月23日，法國、英國及美國占領區合併，成立<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">德意志聯邦共和國</a>，1949年10月7日，蘇聯佔領區成立<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">德意志民主共和國</a>，一般也以西德及東德稱之。東德首都設於柏林，西德將<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%81%A9" title="波恩">波恩</a>設為臨時首都，以強調兩國分治僅為暫時性的現狀<a href="#cite_note-88">[參 48]</a>。 西德為議會民主制共和國，採行“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="社会市场经济">社会市场经济</a>”。自1948年起，西德成为<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="马歇尔计划">马歇尔计划</a>的主要受援国之一，通过援助重建其工业基础<a href="#cite_note-89">[參 49]</a>。1949年<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%99%BB%E7%BA%B3" title="康拉德·阿登纳">康拉德·阿登纳</a>当选为首任<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">联邦总理</a>，并任至1963年。在他和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" title="路德维希·艾哈德">路德维希·艾哈德</a>领导之下，西德自1950年代起经历长期的经济增长，被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%A5%87%E8%B9%9F" title="德國經濟奇蹟">经济奇迹</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[參 50]</a>。1955年西德加入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[參 51]</a>，并为1957年<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="欧洲经济共同体">欧洲经济共同体</a>创始国<a href="#cite_note-92">[參 52]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/330px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/440px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>1989年<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A2%99" class="mw-redirect" title="柏林墙">柏林墙</a>倒塌；背景为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E9%97%A8" title="勃兰登堡门">勃兰登堡门</a></figcaption></figure> 东德为一<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="东方集团">东方集团</a>国家，苏联通过其军力和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="华沙条约组织">华沙条约组织</a>在政治和军事上对其进行控制。虽然其名义上为民主国家，政治权力仅由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" title="德国统一社会党">德国统一社会党</a>高官（政治局成员）行使，并由控制社会诸多领域的秘密机构<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="斯塔西">斯塔西</a>支持<a href="#cite_note-spiegel_20080311-93">[參 53]</a>。民主德国采行苏联式<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="计划经济">统治经济</a>，后成为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="经济互助委员会">经济互助委员会</a>成员国<a href="#cite_note-loc-cs-94">[參 54]</a>。虽然东德官方对其社会政策进行大规模宣传，并鼓吹西德入侵威胁，诸多东德公民仍然向往西德的政治自由及经济繁荣<a href="#cite_note-NYT_19890822-95">[參 55]</a>。1961年建成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A2%99" class="mw-redirect" title="柏林墙">柏林墙</a>旨在阻止东德人逃亡西德，成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a>的象征之一<a href="#cite_note-state-53">[參 24]</a>。在此<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%B9" title="罗纳德·里根">罗纳德·里根</a>于1987年6月12日发表《<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E5%80%92%E9%80%99%E5%A0%B5%E7%89%86%EF%BC%81" title="推倒這堵牆！">推倒这堵墙！</a>》演说，与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%AA" title="约翰·肯尼迪">约翰·肯尼迪</a>于1963年6月26日的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E6%98%AF%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E4%BA%BA" title="我是柏林人">我是柏林人</a>》演讲相应合。1989年<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A2%99%E5%80%92%E5%A1%8C" title="柏林墙倒塌">柏林墙倒塌</a>成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7%E5%89%A7%E5%8F%98" title="东欧剧变">共产主义垮台</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="两德统一">两德统一</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="东德转型与和平革命">东德转型</a>的象征<a href="#cite_note-96">[參 56]</a> 東、西德間的緊張關係在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">西德總理</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9" title="维利·勃兰特">维利·勃兰特</a>於1970年代初期通过<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="东方政策">东方政策</a>稍獲緩解<a href="#cite_note-97">[書 35]</a>。1989年夏，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="匈牙利人民共和國">匈牙利</a>放棄<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%B9%95" title="铁幕">铁幕</a>並開放邊界，數千名東德國民經匈牙利成功進入西德，事件也對東德造成衝擊，大型抗議活動獲得更多支持。東德當局放松边境限制，使東德居民能自由前往西德旅遊，以維持東德的國家地位，而實際上此舉加速了轉向改革的進程。1990年9月12日，四个占领国签署《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E7%BB%88%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="最终解决德国问题条约">最终解决德国问题条约</a>》，放弃其在投降书中获得的权力，德国重获完整主权。由此1990年10月3日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="两德统一">两德统一</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="德国新联邦州">前东德五个联邦州</a>重新建立并加入德国<a href="#cite_note-state-53">[參 24]</a>。 <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="兩德統一與歐盟">兩德統一與歐盟</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：兩德統一與歐盟">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A5%E4%BE%86%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="兩德統一以來德國歷史">兩德統一以來德國歷史</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/270px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/405px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/540px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8347" data-file-height="3157" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a>于1990年10月3日实现<a href="#cite_note-Einigungsvertrag-98">[參 57]</a>。自1999年起，柏林<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="德国国会大厦">国会大厦</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦议院">德国联邦议院</a>会址</figcaption></figure> 两德统一以来的德国被认为是西德的扩大延续而非改朝换代，由此其获得西德在所有国际组织中的成员资格<a href="#cite_note-99">[參 58]</a>。根据1994年《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97-%E6%B3%A2%E6%81%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="柏林-波恩法案">柏林-波恩法案</a>》，柏林重新成为统一德国首都，而波恩则获得“联邦城市”（Bundesstadt）这一独有地位，保有一些联邦机关<a href="#cite_note-100">[參 59]</a>。政府迁移于1999年全部完成<a href="#cite_note-101">[參 60]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=1998%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998年德国联邦选举（页面不存在）">1998年选举</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_federal_election,_1998" class="extiw" title="en:German federal election, 1998">German federal election, 1998</a>）后<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="德国社会民主党">德国社会民主党</a>政治家<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="格哈特·施罗德">格哈特·施罗德</a>当选首位<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E7%BB%BF%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="红绿联盟">红绿联盟</a>德国总理，与<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F90/%E7%BB%BF%E5%85%9A" title="联盟90/绿党">联盟90/绿党</a>共同组建政府。 东德经济的现代化及集合为一长期过程，计划至少持续至2019年，每年由西部向东部转移金额近800亿欧元<a href="#cite_note-102">[參 61]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_(081).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/220px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/330px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/440px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>德国为<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>创始国之一（1993年），引入<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83" title="欧元">欧元</a>（2002年），并签署《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="里斯本条约">里斯本条约</a>》（2007年；如图）</figcaption></figure> 自统一后，德国在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>中日渐扮演重要角色。1992年德国与其欧洲伙伴共同签署《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="马斯特里赫特条约">马斯特里赫特条约</a>》，1999年建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83%E5%8C%BA" title="欧元区">欧元区</a>，2007年签署《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="里斯本条约">里斯本条约</a>》<a href="#cite_note-103">[參 62]</a>。德国派出维和部队以稳定<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%A6%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="北约轰炸南斯拉夫">巴尔干地区</a>局势，并在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD" title="塔利班">塔利班</a>政权被推翻后，以北约成员身份<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="德国联邦国防军">派出军队</a>维护<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89_(2001%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗战争 (2001年)">阿富汗</a>安全局势<a href="#cite_note-104">[參 63]</a>。由于国内法律规定德国只能部署军队进行国防行动，这些举措产生一定的争议<a href="#cite_note-105">[參 64]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/2005%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="2005年德国联邦议院选举">2005年选举</a>后，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="德国基督教民主联盟">基督教民主联盟</a>领袖<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="安格拉·梅克爾">安格拉·梅克爾</a>成为首位女性德国总理<a href="#cite_note-state-53">[參 24]</a>。2009年德国政府批准一项总额达500亿欧元的经济刺激计划以保护其产业免受经济危机冲击<a href="#cite_note-106">[參 65]</a>。 2009年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%8A%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%86%85%E9%98%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第二届梅克爾内阁（页面不存在）">梅克爾领导下</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Merkel_cabinet" class="extiw" title="en:Second Merkel cabinet">Second Merkel cabinet</a>）的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="自由民主党 (德国)">自由</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="德国基督教民主联盟">保守</a>联盟当政。2013年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%8A%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%86%85%E9%98%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第三届梅克爾内阁（页面不存在）">第三届梅克爾内阁</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Merkel_cabinet" class="extiw" title="en:Third Merkel cabinet">Third Merkel cabinet</a>）组建大联合政府。21世纪的德国主要政治目标包括推进<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%B5%B1%E5%90%88" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲統合">欧洲统合</a>、向<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可持續能源">可持续能源</a>进行转移（Energiewende）、平衡预算、提升生育率及高科技主导的德国经济未来转型（“<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD4.0" title="工業4.0">工业4.0</a>”）<a href="#cite_note-107">[參 66]</a>。 2015年德国受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="歐洲移民危機">欧洲移民危机</a>的影响，其为多数进入欧盟移民的最终目的地。其接受超过一百万难民，并通过配额机制将移民根据税收及人口密度分配至各州<a href="#cite_note-108">[參 67]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="2021年德國聯邦議院選舉">2021年德國聯邦議院選舉</a>後<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="德國社會民主黨">社民黨</a>取得多數席次。同年12月8日，社民黨政治家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%94%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="奥拉夫·朔尔茨">奥拉夫·朔尔茨</a>於宣誓就任德國總理，並與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%BF%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="德国绿党">绿党</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="自由民主党 (德国)">自由民主党</a>共組<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%A6" title="中間偏左">中間偏左</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%85%E7%B6%A0%E7%87%88%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紅綠燈聯合政府（页面不存在）">紅綠燈聯合政府</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" class="extiw" title="en:Traffic light coalition">Traffic light coalition</a>）<a href="#cite_note-109">[參 68]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[參 69]</a>。 2022年2月13日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B-%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" title="弗兰克-瓦尔特·施泰因迈尔">弗兰克-瓦尔特·施泰因迈尔</a>再次當選德國聯邦總統，成為首位連任的社民黨總統<a href="#cite_note-111">[參 70]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地理">地理</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：地理">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="德国地理">德国地理</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutschland_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/170px-Deutschland_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/255px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/340px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="2654" /></a><figcaption>德國地形圖</figcaption></figure> 在地区分类上德国属于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西欧</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7" title="中欧">中欧</a>，北與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a>相连，东面与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a>接壤，东南临<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>，西南偏南为<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>，西同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">卢森堡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a>相界，西北毗<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷兰</a>。其领土大部分位于北纬47至55度，东经5至16度间。德国北濒北海，东北偏北临波罗的海，于奥地利及瑞士边界同中欧第三大湖<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%99%BB%E6%B9%96" title="博登湖">博登湖</a>相邻<a href="#cite_note-112">[參 71]</a>。德国国土面积为357,021平方公里（137,847平方英里），包括349,223平方公里（134,836平方英里）陆地及7,798平方公里（3,011平方英里）水域，为欧洲面积第7大国家及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="国家面积列表">世界面积第62大国家</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-113">[參 72]</a>。 德国地势总体南高北低，高度由位于南部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山">阿尔卑斯山</a>向位于西北的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B)" title="北海 (大西洋)">北海</a>海岸及东北的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" title="波罗的海">波罗的海</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[註 7]</a>海岸递减<a href="#cite_note-115">[書 36]</a>。其最高点为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E6%A0%BC%E5%B3%B0" title="楚格峰">楚格峰</a>（阿尔卑斯山），海拔2,962米（9,718英尺），最低点为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB%E7%89%B9%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威尔士特马斯克（页面不存在）">威尔士特马斯克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilstermarsch" class="extiw" title="en:Wilstermarsch">Wilstermarsch</a>）（北德低地），海拔为海平面以下3.54米（11.6英尺）。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" title="莱茵河">莱茵河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%99%E6%B2%B3" title="多瑙河">多瑙河</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%B3" title="易北河">易北河</a>等大河穿流而过德国中部的森林高地及北部低地。阿尔卑斯山地区的冰川正逐渐经历消退。德国重要自然资源包括铁矿、煤矿、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%A8%E7%81%B0" title="草木灰">草木灰</a>、木材、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E7%85%A4" title="褐煤">褐煤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80" class="mw-redirect" title="铀">铀</a>、铜、天然气、盐、镍、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%95%E5%9C%B0" title="耕地">耕地</a>及水<a href="#cite_note-CIA-113">[參 72]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="氣候">氣候</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：氣候">编辑</a>]</div> 德國大多數地區受西風帶影響，屬<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%B8%A6%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="温带海洋性气候">温带海洋性气候</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[書 37]</a>。此地區氣候因<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%81%A3%E6%9A%96%E6%B5%81" title="墨西哥灣暖流">墨西哥灣暖流</a>向北延伸的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E6%BC%82%E6%B5%81" title="北大西洋漂流">北大西洋漂流</a>而較為溫和，而該暖流較溫暖的海水影響北海周邊區域。 德国年均降水量为789毫米（31英寸），无稳定的干燥期。冬季温和，夏季温暖，气温可超30 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>（86 <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%8F%E6%BA%AB%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="華氏溫標">°F</a>）<a href="#cite_note-climate-117">[參 73]</a>。 德國東部偏向<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="大陆性气候">大陆性气候</a>，冬季寒冷，夏季溫暖，較常出現長時間的乾燥。德國中部及南部地區為海洋性氣候及大陸性氣候的過渡帶，最南部的阿爾卑斯山區氣溫較低，德國中部的高地屬山地氣候，氣溫較低且降雨較多<a href="#cite_note-climate-117">[參 73]</a>。 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:725px;max-width:725px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg/173px-Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg/260px-Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg/346px-Mittelrhein_Burg_Katz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylt_Rotes_Kliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sylt_Rotes_Kliff.jpg/173px-Sylt_Rotes_Kliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sylt_Rotes_Kliff.jpg/260px-Sylt_Rotes_Kliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sylt_Rotes_Kliff.jpg/346px-Sylt_Rotes_Kliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Totengrund_seitlich_Seitenlicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Totengrund_seitlich_Seitenlicht.jpg/190px-Totengrund_seitlich_Seitenlicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Totengrund_seitlich_Seitenlicht.jpg/285px-Totengrund_seitlich_Seitenlicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Totengrund_seitlich_Seitenlicht.jpg/380px-Totengrund_seitlich_Seitenlicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1139" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Zugspitze_Westansicht.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zugspitze_Westansicht.JPG/173px-Zugspitze_Westansicht.JPG" decoding="async" width="173" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zugspitze_Westansicht.JPG/260px-Zugspitze_Westansicht.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zugspitze_Westansicht.JPG/346px-Zugspitze_Westansicht.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">夏季<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%95%BE%E8%8E%B1" title="罗蕾莱">罗蕾莱</a>附近的莱茵河谷；秋季的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E5%B2%9B" title="叙尔特岛">叙尔特岛</a>海岸；春季<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E8%A8%A5%E5%A0%A1%E7%9F%B3%E6%A5%A0%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="呂訥堡石楠草原">吕讷堡石楠草原</a>景象；冬季<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E6%A0%BC%E5%B3%B0" title="楚格峰">楚格峰</a>峰顶。</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生態">生態</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：生態">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg/220px-Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg/330px-Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg/440px-Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%9B%95" title="金雕">金雕</a>為保育類猛禽，為德國國家紋章動物</figcaption></figure> 德國國土可分為兩個生態區域，分別為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2-%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%9C%B0%E6%B7%B7%E5%92%8C%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲-地中海山地混和林（页面不存在）">歐洲-地中海山地混和林</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European-Mediterranean_montane_mixed_forest" class="extiw" title="en:European-Mediterranean montane mixed forest">European-Mediterranean montane mixed forest</a>）及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%A3%9A%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東北大西洋大陸棚海洋（页面不存在）">東北大西洋大陸棚海洋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast-Atlantic_shelf_marine" class="extiw" title="en:Northeast-Atlantic shelf marine">Northeast-Atlantic shelf marine</a>）生態系<a href="#cite_note-118">[參 74]</a>。於2008年，德國土地利用以耕地（34%）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%9E%97" title="疏林">林地</a>（30.1%）為主，其次為永久放牧區（13.4%）及居住區、街道（10.8%）<a href="#cite_note-119">[參 75]</a>。 動植物為中歐地區常見的物種，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%9D%92%E5%86%88%E5%B1%9E" title="水青冈属">山毛櫸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%8E%E5%B1%9E" title="栎属">橡樹</a>及其他落葉林構成森林的三分之一，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%9F%8F%E9%96%80" title="松柏門">松柏</a>則因重新造林而增加，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E6%9D%89%E5%B1%9E" title="云杉属">云杉</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%9D%89%E5%B1%9E" title="冷杉属">冷杉</a>為高山地區主要林相，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B1%AC" title="松屬">松</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B6%E6%9D%BE%E5%B1%9E" title="落叶松属">落叶松</a>多生長於砂質土壤。另存在多種<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%A8%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-disambig" title="蕨類">蕨类</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%A7%93" title="华姓">花</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%97%93%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="苔藓植物门">苔藓類</a>。主要野生動物包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E7%A7%91" title="鹿科">鹿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E8%B1%AC" title="野豬">野豬</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%9B%A4%E7%BE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲盤羊（页面不存在）">盤羊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouflon" class="extiw" title="en:Mouflon">Mouflon</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%90" title="狐">狐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%BE%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%91" title="獾亚科">獾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E5%85%94" class="mw-redirect" title="野兔">野兔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E7%8B%B8" title="河狸">河狸</a>。<a href="#cite_note-120">[書 38]</a> 德國國家公園包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%98%87%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC-%E8%8D%B7%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E7%93%A6%E7%99%BB%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="石勒蘇益格-荷爾斯泰因瓦登海國家公園">石勒蘇益格-荷爾斯泰因瓦登海國家公園</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="亞斯蒙德國家公園">亞斯蒙德國家公園</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%BD%9F%E6%B9%96%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="西波美拉尼亞潟湖地區國家公園">西波美拉尼亞潟湖地區國家公園</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E8%8C%A8%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="米利茨國家公園">米利茨國家公園</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%A5%A7%E5%BE%97%E6%B2%B3%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="下奧得河河谷國家公園">下奧得河河谷國家公園</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%A8%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="哈爾茨國家公園">哈爾茨國家公園</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%8F%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="薩克森小瑞士">薩克森小瑞士</a>國家公園、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="巴伐利亞森林國家公園">巴伐利亞森林國家公園</a>等<a href="#cite_note-121">[參 76]</a>。德國境內共有超過400家動物園及動物公園，數量居世界之冠<a href="#cite_note-122">[參 77]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%92" title="柏林動物園">柏林動物園</a>為德國歷史最悠久的動物園，展示物種超過1,500種，為世界上展示物種最多的動物園<a href="#cite_note-123">[參 78]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="城市">城市</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：城市">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国城市列表">德国城市列表</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E6%8C%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%92%E5%88%97)" title="德国城市列表 (按人口排列)">德国城市列表 (按人口排列)</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%8D%80" title="德國大都市區">德國大都市區</a></div> 德國有诸多<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国城市列表">大型城市</a>，共有11个官方认定的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%8D%80" title="德國大都市區">德国大都会区</a>。其中最大的為<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5-%E9%AD%AF%E7%88%BE" title="萊茵-魯爾">萊茵-魯爾都會區</a>，2008年人口达1,170萬，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="杜塞尔多夫">杜塞尔多夫</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a>首府）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86" title="科隆">科隆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%81%A9" title="波恩">波恩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%89%B9%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7" title="多特蒙德">多特蒙德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%A3%AE" title="埃森">埃森</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="杜伊斯堡">杜伊斯堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%B8%BF" title="波鸿">波鸿</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[參 79]</a>。 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84339893">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Template:德國最大城市"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Template talk:德國最大城市"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德國最大城市"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">德國最大城市排名 <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">德國聯邦統計局2015年12月31日發布</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>排名 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国城市列表">名称</a> </th> <th>州 </th> <th>人口 </th> <th>排名 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国城市列表">名称</a> </th> <th>州 </th> <th>人口</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Potsdamer_Platz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="柏林"><img alt="柏林" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Potsdamer_Platz.jpg/120px-Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Potsdamer_Platz.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Potsdamer_Platz.jpg/180px-Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Potsdamer_Platz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Potsdamer_Platz.jpg/240px-Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Potsdamer_Platz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="汉堡"><img alt="汉堡" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg/120px-Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg/180px-Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg/240px-Hamburger_Rathaus_von_St-Petri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1449" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡">汉堡</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,710,156</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%9D%A5%E6%A2%85" title="不来梅">不来梅</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%86%E6%A2%85%E5%B7%9E" title="不來梅州">不來梅</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">560,472 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="慕尼黑"><img alt="慕尼黑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama.JPG/120px-M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama.JPG/180px-M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama.JPG/240px-M%C3%BCnchen_Panorama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a> <a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="科隆"><img alt="科隆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/K%C3%B6ln_Panorama.jpg/120px-K%C3%B6ln_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/K%C3%B6ln_Panorama.jpg/180px-K%C3%B6ln_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/K%C3%B6ln_Panorama.jpg/240px-K%C3%B6ln_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86" title="科隆">科隆</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡">汉堡</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡">汉堡</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,787,408</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF" title="德累斯顿">德累斯顿</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="萨克森">萨克森</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">543,825 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚">巴伐利亚</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,450,381</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81" title="汉诺威">汉诺威</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="下萨克森">下萨克森</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">532,163 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86" title="科隆">科隆</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,060,582</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="纽伦堡">纽伦堡</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚">巴伐利亚</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">509,975 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F" title="美因河畔法兰克福">法蘭克福</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森">黑森</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">732,688</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="杜伊斯堡">杜伊斯堡</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">491,231 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9" title="斯图加特">斯图加特</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="巴登－符腾堡">巴登－符腾堡</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">623,738</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%B8%BF" title="波鸿">波鸿</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">364,742 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="杜塞尔多夫">杜塞尔多夫</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">612,178</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E7%8F%80%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="伍珀塔尔">伍珀塔尔</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">350,046 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%89%B9%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7" title="多特蒙德">多特蒙德</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">586,181</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%8B%92%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="比勒费尔德">比勒费尔德</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">333,090 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%A3%AE" title="埃森">埃森</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">582,624</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%98%82" class="mw-redirect" title="波昂">波昂</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">318,809 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%AF%94%E9%94%A1" title="莱比锡">莱比锡</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="萨克森">萨克森</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">557,464</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="明斯特">明斯特</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">310,039 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治">政治</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：政治">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="德國政治">德國政治</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="2398" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Olaf_Scholz_in_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Olaf_Scholz_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Olaf_Scholz_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Olaf_Scholz_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Olaf_Scholz_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Olaf_Scholz_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Olaf_Scholz_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="874" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B-%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" title="弗兰克-瓦尔特·施泰因迈尔">弗兰克-瓦尔特·施泰因迈尔</a> 现任<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="德國聯邦總統">联邦总统</a>（2017年就任） </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%94%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="奥拉夫·朔尔茨">奥拉夫·朔尔茨</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">联邦总理</a>（2021年就任） </td></tr></tbody></table> 德國為採行<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="代議民主制">代議民主制</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">聯邦</a>共和國，其政治體制於1949年的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95" title="德意志聯邦共和國基本法">基本法</a>》架構下運行<a href="#cite_note-125">[書 39]</a>，修改基本法通常須聯邦議院及聯邦參議院以三分之二多數通過。基本法的核心原則包括人性尊嚴、權力分立、聯邦組織架構及依循法治<a href="#cite_note-126">[參 80]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="德國聯邦總統">聯邦總統</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B-%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" title="弗兰克-瓦尔特·施泰因迈尔">弗兰克-瓦尔特·施泰因迈尔</a>，2017年3月19日就任）為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96" title="國家元首">國家元首</a>，僅具象徵性，權利及責任由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="德国联邦大会">联邦大会</a>選舉產生；联邦大会由聯邦議院全體議員及各邦議會選出與聯邦議院同等數量的代表組成，其中各邦代表數量依人口比例分配<a href="#cite_note-127">[書 40]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E8%AD%B0%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國聯邦議院議長（页面不存在）">聯邦議院議長</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident_des_Deutschen_Bundestages" class="extiw" title="de:Präsident des Deutschen Bundestages">Präsident des Deutschen Bundestages</a>）地位僅次於聯邦總統，由聯邦議院選舉產生，負責議院日常事務。總理為<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%84%91" title="政府首脑">政府首脑</a>及位階第三高者，由聯邦議院選任後經聯邦總統任命<a href="#cite_note-state-53">[參 24]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_System_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Political_System_of_Germany.svg/220px-Political_System_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Political_System_of_Germany.svg/330px-Political_System_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Political_System_of_Germany.svg/440px-Political_System_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>德国政治体系</figcaption></figure> 联邦总理（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%94%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="奥拉夫·朔尔茨">奥拉夫·朔尔茨</a>，2021年12月8日就任）為政府首腦並行使<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="行政机构">行政权</a>，其职责類似於其他採行議會民主制國家的首相。联邦<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="立法机构">立法权</a>則由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦议院">联邦议院</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦参议院">联邦参议院</a>行使，两院共同组成国家立法机关。联邦议院代表由<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6" title="比例代表制">比例代表制</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E7%AB%8B%E5%88%B6" title="联立制">联立制</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="直接选举">直接选举</a>產生<a href="#cite_note-CIA-113">[參 72]</a>；联邦参议院代表則由各邦政府成員代表出任，代表各邦利益<a href="#cite_note-state-53">[參 24]</a>。 自1949年起，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="德国基督教民主联盟">基督教民主联盟</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" title="德国社会民主党">德国社会民主党</a>為主導政黨，至今總理皆由這兩黨黨員出任，但规模较小的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="自由民主党 (德国)">自由民主党</a>（1949年至2013年在议会中拥有席位）及<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F90/%E7%BB%BF%E5%85%9A" title="联盟90/绿党">联盟90/绿党</a>（自1983年在议会中拥有席位）亦為議院中重要力量<a href="#cite_note-128">[參 81]</a>。 德国<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%BA%E5%8A%A1-GDP%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="债务-GDP比（页面不存在）">债务-GDP比</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/debt-to-GDP_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:debt-to-GDP ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a>）在2010年达到最高（80.3%），在此后逐渐下降<a href="#cite_note-129">[參 82]</a>。根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="欧洲统计局">欧洲统计局</a>数据，2015年德国<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%80%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="公债">政府净债</a>规模达到2.152万亿欧元，占其GDP的71.9%<a href="#cite_note-130">[參 83]</a>。2015年联邦政府预算盈余达121亿欧元（131亿美元）<a href="#cite_note-131">[參 84]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="标准普尔">标准普尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E8%BF%AA" title="穆迪">穆迪</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E8%AA%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" title="惠誉国际">惠誉</a>等信用评级机构对德国评级为最高的AAA级，2016年展望为稳定<a href="#cite_note-132">[參 85]</a>。 <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法律">法律</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：法律">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="德國法院體系">德國法院體系</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="德國執法機構">德國執法機構</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F083310-0001,_Karlsruhe,_Bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F083310-0001%2C_Karlsruhe%2C_Bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F083310-0001%2C_Karlsruhe%2C_Bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F083310-0001%2C_Karlsruhe%2C_Bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F083310-0001%2C_Karlsruhe%2C_Bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F083310-0001%2C_Karlsruhe%2C_Bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F083310-0001%2C_Karlsruhe%2C_Bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>1989年联邦宪法法院法官</figcaption></figure> 德国为<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E9%99%86%E6%B3%95%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="欧陆法系">欧陆法系</a>国家，其法律体系以<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%95" title="罗马法">罗马法</a>为基础，具有一定<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古日耳曼法（页面不存在）">日耳曼法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Germanic_law" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Germanic law">Ancient Germanic law</a>）成分<a href="#cite_note-133">[書 41]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦宪法法院">联邦宪法法院</a>為德國最高法院，负责宪政事宜，拥有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%86%E6%A0%B8" title="司法覆核">司法复核</a>权<a href="#cite_note-state-53">[參 24]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[參 86]</a>。德国的最高法院系统（Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes）分工明确，其中<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦最高法院">联邦最高法院</a>为民事与刑事案件终审法院，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="德國聯邦最高勞工法院">联邦最高劳工法院</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="德國聯邦最高社會法院">联邦最高社会法院</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国联邦最高财政法院（页面不存在）">联邦最高财政法院</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Finance_Court_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Federal Finance Court of Germany">Federal Finance Court of Germany</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="德國聯邦最高行政法院">联邦最高行政法院</a>则为其他类型案件的终审法院<a href="#cite_note-135">[書 42]</a>。 在国家层面，刑法及私法分别编著为《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%91%E6%B3%95" title="德国刑法">德國刑法典</a>》及《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="德国民法典">德国民法典</a>》。德国刑罚制度以矫正罪犯及保护公众为目标<a href="#cite_note-136">[參 87]</a>。除轻微犯罪（由单一职业法官审判）及严重政治犯罪外，所有案件均采用混合审判制，由公民陪审团同职业法官一同审案<a href="#cite_note-137">[參 88]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[參 89]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95" title="行政法">行政法</a>的许多部分由各州自行负责。 德國現行的憲法《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志联邦共和国基本法">德意志联邦共和国基本法</a>》最初是聯邦德國的憲法，在東、西德统一后成为德国的正式憲法；而德國基本法是少數不以「憲法」命名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6%E6%80%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="憲制性法律">國家根本大法</a>。 德國沒有死刑，基本法第102條中明文規定廢除死刑；而有證據顯示，聯邦德國的廢死，最早來自右翼政黨的提案，原先目的並非是一般罪行的兇手，而是企圖阻礙盟軍對戰犯執行死刑<a href="#cite_note-139">[參 90]</a>；但實際上廢死並無影響戰犯的處決，也被認為無法對其法院有拘束力，所以相關處決則持續到1951年。詳情可見<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="德國死刑制度">德國死刑制度</a>一文。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="行政區劃">行政區劃</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：行政區劃">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="德國行政區劃">德國行政區劃</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="联邦州 (德国)">联邦州 (德國)</a></div> 德國由16個州組成，16個州共同組成國家（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>：Länder）整體<a href="#cite_note-140">[參 91]</a>。各州擁有其州憲法<a href="#cite_note-141">[參 92]</a>，並對其內部事務有相當大的自治權限。由於各州在領土面積及人口數量上具有差異，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a>（Stadtstaaten）與具較大領土的州（Flächenländer）間的差異，而於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%EF%BC%8D%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="巴登－符腾堡">巴登－符腾堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚">巴伐利亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森">黑森</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%EF%BC%8D%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北莱茵－威斯特法伦">北莱茵－威斯特法伦</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="萨克森自由州">萨克森</a>設有22個<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="行政区 (德国)">一級行政區</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[註 8]</a>，管理地方事務。截至2013年，德國共分為402個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BF_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="县 (德国)">縣市級行政區</a>，包括295個縣行政區及107個市行政區<a href="#cite_note-144">[參 93]</a>。 <table style="background:none;" cellspacing="2px"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: white"><div style="text-shadow:white 0em 0em 0.4em; font-size:75%"> <div role="img" class="floatleft nounderlines noresize" style="width: 300px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: var(--background-color-base,#ffffff); color:inherit; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg/300px-Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg/450px-Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg/600px-Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /> <div style="position:absolute; left:56px; top:102px"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony"><img alt="Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="680" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="下萨克森">下萨克森</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:77px"><a href="/wiki/Free_Hanseatic_City_of_Bremen" title="Free Hanseatic City of Bremen"><img alt="Free Hanseatic City of Bremen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/15px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/23px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/30px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="548" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%86%E6%A2%85%E5%B7%9E" title="不來梅州">不來梅</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:111px; top:47px"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="315" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡">汉堡</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:169px; top:62px"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><img alt="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="548" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1-%E5%89%8D%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="梅克伦堡-前波美拉尼亚">梅克伦堡-前波美拉尼亚</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:164px; top:162px"><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt"><img alt="Saxony-Anhalt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/15px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/23px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/30px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="147" data-file-height="178" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E5%AE%89%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="萨克森-安哈尔特">萨克森-安哈尔特</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:229px; top:201px"><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony"><img alt="Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="576" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="萨克森">萨克森</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:214px; top:142px"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg"><img alt="Brandenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="611" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="勃兰登堡">勃兰登堡</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:219px; top:102px"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/15px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/23px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/30px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="501" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:141px; top:209px"><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia"><img alt="Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="596" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%B9" title="图林根">图林根</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:222px"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse"><img alt="Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森">黑森</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:24px; top:182px"><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia"><img alt="North Rhine-Westphalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="532" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5-%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" title="北莱茵-威斯特法伦">北莱茵-威斯特法伦</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:250px"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate"><img alt="Rhineland-Palatinate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="580" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E5%85%B0-%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="莱茵兰-普法尔茨">莱茵兰－普法尔茨</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:166px; top:306px"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria"><img alt="Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg/15px-Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg/23px-Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="326" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚">巴伐利亚</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:72px; top:327px"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/15px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="590" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB-%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1" title="巴登-符腾堡">巴登－符腾堡</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:24px; top:286px"><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland"><img alt="Saarland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/15px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/23px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/30px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" title="薩爾蘭">萨尔</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:114px; top:12px"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein"><img alt="Schleswig-Holstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="462" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC-%E8%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0" title="石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因">石勒苏益格－荷尔斯泰因</a></div> </div></div> </td> <td> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th style="width:140px;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="联邦州 (德国)">联邦州</a></th> <th style="width:55px;">首府</th> <th style="width:85px;">面积 (km2)</th> <th style="width:85px;">人口 <a href="#cite_note-145">[參 94]</a></th> <th style="width:100px;">名义GDP（十亿欧元，2015年）<a href="#cite_note-auto-146">[參 95]</a></th> <th style="width:100px;">人均名义GDP（歐元，2015年）<a href="#cite_note-auto-146">[參 95]</a></th> <th>人均名义GDP（美元，2015年）<a href="#cite_note-147">[參 96]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold"> <td>德国</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">357,376</td> <td style="text-align:right">82,175,684</td> <td style="text-align:right">3025</td> <td style="text-align:right">37,100</td> <td style="text-align:right">41,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB-%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1" title="巴登-符腾堡">巴登-符腾堡邦</a> （Baden-Württemberg）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9" title="斯图加特">斯图加特</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">35,752</td> <td style="text-align:right">10,569,100</td> <td style="text-align:right">461</td> <td style="text-align:right">42,800</td> <td style="text-align:right">47,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚">巴伐利亚邦</a> （Bayern）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">70,549</td> <td style="text-align:right">12,519,600</td> <td style="text-align:right">550</td> <td style="text-align:right">43,100</td> <td style="text-align:right">47,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="勃兰登堡">勃兰登堡邦</a> （Brandenburg）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%A8%E5%9D%A6" title="波茨坦">波茨坦</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">29,477</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,449,500</td> <td style="text-align:right">66</td> <td style="text-align:right">26,500</td> <td style="text-align:right">29,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森">黑森邦</a> （Hessen）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB" title="威斯巴登">威斯巴登</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">21,115</td> <td style="text-align:right">6,016,500</td> <td style="text-align:right">264</td> <td style="text-align:right">43,100</td> <td style="text-align:right">47,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1-%E5%89%8D%E6%B3%A2%E8%8E%AB%E7%91%9E" title="梅克伦堡-前波莫瑞">梅克伦堡-前波美拉尼亚州</a> （Mecklenburg-Vorpommern）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%AA%E6%9E%97" title="什未林">什未林</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">23,174</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,600,300</td> <td style="text-align:right">40</td> <td style="text-align:right">25,000</td> <td style="text-align:right">27,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="下萨克森">下萨克森邦</a> （Niedersachsen）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81" title="汉诺威">汉诺威</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">47,618</td> <td style="text-align:right">7,779,000</td> <td style="text-align:right">259</td> <td style="text-align:right">32,900</td> <td style="text-align:right">36,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5-%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" title="北莱茵-威斯特法伦">北莱茵-威斯特法伦邦</a> （Nordrhein-Westfalen）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="杜塞尔多夫">杜塞尔多夫</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">34,043</td> <td style="text-align:right">17,554,300</td> <td style="text-align:right">646</td> <td style="text-align:right">36,500</td> <td style="text-align:right">40,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E5%85%B0-%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="莱茵兰-普法尔茨">莱茵兰-普法尔茨州</a> （Rheinland-Pfalz）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%A0%E8%8C%A8" title="美因茨">美茵茲</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">19,847</td> <td style="text-align:right">3,990,300</td> <td style="text-align:right">132</td> <td style="text-align:right">32,800</td> <td style="text-align:right">36,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" title="薩爾蘭">萨尔兰邦</a> （Saarland）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%90%95%E8%82%AF" title="萨尔布吕肯">萨尔布吕肯</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,569</td> <td style="text-align:right">994,300</td> <td style="text-align:right">35</td> <td style="text-align:right">35,400</td> <td style="text-align:right">39,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="萨克森">萨克森邦</a> （Sachsen）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF" title="德累斯顿">德累斯顿</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">18,416</td> <td style="text-align:right">4,050,200</td> <td style="text-align:right">113</td> <td style="text-align:right">27,800</td> <td style="text-align:right">30,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E5%AE%89%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="萨克森-安哈尔特">萨克森-安哈尔特州</a> （Sachsen-Anhalt）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" title="马格德堡">马格德堡</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">20,445</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,259,400</td> <td style="text-align:right">57</td> <td style="text-align:right">25,200</td> <td style="text-align:right">27,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC-%E8%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0" title="石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因">石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因邦</a> （Schleswig-Holstein）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%94" title="基尔">基尔</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">15,763</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,806,500</td> <td style="text-align:right">86</td> <td style="text-align:right">31,200</td> <td style="text-align:right">34,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%B9" title="图林根">图林根州</a> （Thüringen）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9" title="埃尔福特">埃尔福特</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">16,172</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,170,500</td> <td style="text-align:right">57</td> <td style="text-align:right">26,400</td> <td style="text-align:right">29,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林市</a> （Berlin）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">892</td> <td style="text-align:right">3,375,200</td> <td style="text-align:right">125</td> <td style="text-align:right">35,700</td> <td style="text-align:right">39,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡">汉堡市</a> （Hamburg）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡">汉堡</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">755</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,734,300</td> <td style="text-align:right">110</td> <td style="text-align:right">61,800</td> <td style="text-align:right">68,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%9D%A5%E6%A2%85" title="不来梅">不來梅市</a> （Bremen）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%9D%A5%E6%A2%85" title="不来梅">不来梅</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">404</td> <td style="text-align:right">654,800</td> <td style="text-align:right">32</td> <td style="text-align:right">47,600</td> <td style="text-align:right">52,900 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="國際關係">國際關係</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：國際關係">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:33rdG8Leaders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/220px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/330px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/440px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>總理<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE" title="安格拉·默克爾">安格拉·默克爾</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%A0%B9%E8%BE%BE%E5%A7%86" title="海利根达姆">海利根达姆</a>主辦<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="八大工業國組織">八大工業國組織</a>高峰會</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="德國外交">德國外交</a></div> 德國於全球設有229個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A7%90%E5%A4%96%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德國駐外機構列表">駐外代表機構</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[參 97]</a>並與196個國家維持邦交關係<a href="#cite_note-149">[參 98]</a>。2011年，德國為歐盟第一大預算出資國（佔20%）<a href="#cite_note-150">[參 99]</a>及聯合國第三大預算出資國（佔8%）<a href="#cite_note-151">[參 100]</a>。德國為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="经济合作与发展组织">经济合作与发展组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="八大工業國組織">八大工業國組織</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="二十國集團">二十國集團</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="世界銀行">世界銀行</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際貨幣基金組織">國際貨幣基金組織</a>成員國。德國自第二次世界大戰後與法國保持緊密結盟，並為歐盟重要成員，德國亦致力於促進歐洲各國政治、防禦及安全機構整合<a href="#cite_note-152">[參 101]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[參 102]</a>。 德國的援助發展政策獨立於外交政策，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%8F%8A%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E9%83%A8" title="德國聯邦經濟合作及發展部">德國聯邦經濟合作及發展部</a>規劃，並由執行機構執行，德國政府將援助發展政策視為國際社會的共同責任<a href="#cite_note-154">[參 103]</a>，德國的援助總額僅次於美國及法國<a href="#cite_note-155">[參 104]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[參 105]</a>。 冷戰期間，德國被<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%B9%95" title="铁幕">铁幕</a>分割，象徵東、西勢力於緊張關係並成為歐洲的政治戰場。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9" title="维利·勃兰特">维利·勃兰特</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="东方政策">东方政策</a>在1970年代的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="缓和政策">缓和政策</a>中相當重要<a href="#cite_note-157">[參 106]</a>。1999年，由總理<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="格哈特·施羅德">格哈特·施羅德</a>領導的政府對德國的國際政策重新定義，並派遣德國軍隊參與北約組織於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="科索沃战争">科索沃的行動</a>，為德國軍隊於第二次世界大戰後首次進行作戰<a href="#cite_note-158">[參 107]</a>。德國政府與美國緊密政治結盟<a href="#cite_note-state-53">[參 24]</a>，1948年的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="马歇尔计划">马歇尔计划</a>及文化聯繫促成德、美兩國緊密關係，但施羅德口頭反對<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="伊拉克战争">伊拉克战争</a>暗示著<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="大西洋主義">大西洋主義</a>的結束，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%8E%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" class="mw-redirect" title="德美關係">德美關係</a>也較為低盪<a href="#cite_note-159">[參 108]</a>；而德國與美國間互為重要經濟夥伴，德國出口品中8.8%輸往美國，進口品中來自美國者佔6.6%<a href="#cite_note-160">[參 109]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="梅克爾">梅克爾</a>就任總理後提出強調<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="人權">人權</a>等理念的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="價值觀外交">價值觀外交</a>」。<a href="#cite_note-161">[參 110]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[參 111]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[參 112]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[參 113]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[參 114]</a> 2021年，駐德<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="美軍">美軍</a>人數為33,900人，美軍在德國境內有119個軍事基地。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="軍事">軍事</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：軍事">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德國聯邦國防軍">德國聯邦國防軍</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eurofighter_9803.ogv/220px-seek%3D32-Eurofighter_9803.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="107" data-mwtitle="Eurofighter_9803.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Eurofighter_9803.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Eurofighter_9803.ogv/Eurofighter_9803.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="368" data-height="208" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Eurofighter_9803.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="368" data-height="208" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Eurofighter_9803.ogv/Eurofighter_9803.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="368" data-height="208" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Eurofighter_9803.ogv/Eurofighter_9803.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德國聯邦國防軍空軍">德国空军</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E9%A3%8E%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="台风战斗机">台风战斗机</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:408th_F-16s_150909-F-XT249-440.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/408th_F-16s_150909-F-XT249-440.jpg/220px-408th_F-16s_150909-F-XT249-440.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/408th_F-16s_150909-F-XT249-440.jpg/330px-408th_F-16s_150909-F-XT249-440.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/408th_F-16s_150909-F-XT249-440.jpg/440px-408th_F-16s_150909-F-XT249-440.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4327" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="美國空軍">美國空軍</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC52%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%81%94%E9%98%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="第52战斗机联队">第52戰鬥機聯隊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Fighter_Wing" class="extiw" title="en:52nd Fighter Wing">52nd Fighter Wing</a>）部署在德國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%BD%98%E9%81%94%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯潘達勒姆空軍基地（页面不存在）">斯潘達勒姆空軍基地</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spangdahlem_Air_Base" class="extiw" title="en:Spangdahlem Air Base">Spangdahlem Air Base</a>）的<a href="/wiki/F-16%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16战斗机">F-16戰鬥機</a></figcaption></figure> 德國的武裝部隊為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德國聯邦國防軍">聯邦國防軍</a>」，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德國聯邦國防軍陸軍">陸軍</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E7%89%B9%E7%A8%AE%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8" title="德國陸軍特種部隊司令部">特种部队</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" title="德国海军">海军</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德國聯邦國防軍空軍">空军</a>三大軍種及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%86%AB%E5%8B%99%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國聯邦國防軍中央醫務軍（页面不存在）">中央醫務軍</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentraler_Sanit%C3%A4tsdienst_der_Bundeswehr" class="extiw" title="de:Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr">Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E5%86%9B" title="基础军">基礎軍</a>（含後勤、防諜及憲兵等部隊）兩大跨軍種部隊組成。德国军费总支出为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%A2%84%E7%AE%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国国防预算列表">世界第9高</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[參 115]</a>，2015年这一数额为329亿欧元，约占其GDP的1.2%，远低于北约要求的2.0%<a href="#cite_note-167">[參 116]</a>。 截至2015年12月，联邦国防军现役人数约为178,000人，其中包括9,500名志愿者<a href="#cite_note-168">[參 117]</a>。预备役军人可参加国防演习和海外部署<a href="#cite_note-bwzukunft-169">[參 118]</a>。自2001年起，女性可参与国防军，不限部门<a href="#cite_note-170">[參 119]</a>。近19,000名女性正在服役。根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所">斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所</a>数据，2014年德国为世界第四大主要军备出口国<a href="#cite_note-171">[參 120]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg/220px-Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg/330px-Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg/440px-Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" title="德国海军">德国海军</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E7%B4%9A%E5%B7%A1%E9%98%B2%E8%89%A6" title="布蘭登堡級巡防艦">勃兰登堡级巡防舰</a></figcaption></figure> 和平时期，联邦国防军由国防部长指挥；战争时期，联邦总理则成为其最高指挥官<a href="#cite_note-172">[參 121]</a>。 根据德国宪法，联邦国防军仅具国防职责，但1994年联邦宪法法院裁定“国防”一词不仅包括保卫德国国境，还包括危机应对及冲突预防，广至保卫世界范围内德国的安全。截至2015年1月，德国军队约有2,370人在海外进行国际维和任务，包括北约主导的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%AD%E5%92%8C%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="駐阿富汗國際維和部隊">驻阿富汗国际维和部队</a>，850人部署于阿富汗和乌兹别克斯坦，670人部署于科索沃，120人同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E9%A7%90%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="聯合國駐黎巴嫩臨時部隊">联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队</a>部署于黎巴嫩<a href="#cite_note-173">[參 122]</a> 2011年以前，年滿18歲男性須服6個月義務役，基於宗教或道德因素不願服兵役者得參加與役期等長的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="公共服务">公共服務</a>，或志願參與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E6%84%BF%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="志愿消防局">志愿消防局</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="紅十字會">紅十字會</a>等急救機構6年。2011年后，义务兵役停止，改为志愿兵役制<a href="#cite_note-174">[參 123]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[參 124]</a>。 <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="經濟">經濟</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：經濟">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="德國經濟">德國經濟</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Mercedes-Benz_S63_AMG_Coup%C3%A9,_front_left_(US).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/2015_Mercedes-Benz_S63_AMG_Coup%C3%A9%2C_front_left_%28US%29.jpg/220px-2015_Mercedes-Benz_S63_AMG_Coup%C3%A9%2C_front_left_%28US%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/2015_Mercedes-Benz_S63_AMG_Coup%C3%A9%2C_front_left_%28US%29.jpg/330px-2015_Mercedes-Benz_S63_AMG_Coup%C3%A9%2C_front_left_%28US%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/2015_Mercedes-Benz_S63_AMG_Coup%C3%A9%2C_front_left_%28US%29.jpg/440px-2015_Mercedes-Benz_S63_AMG_Coup%C3%A9%2C_front_left_%28US%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5386" data-file-height="3271" /></a><figcaption>德国拥有规模巨大的汽车工业，并为世界第三大出口国<a href="#cite_note-auto1-176">[參 125]</a></figcaption></figure> 德國採行<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="社会市场经济">社会市场经济</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[書 44]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[書 45]</a>，工業基礎堅固，擁有高技術的勞工、龐大<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A1%E7%A5%A8" title="股票">股本</a>，较低的腐败程度<a href="#cite_note-179">[參 126]</a>，及高創新能力<a href="#cite_note-180">[參 127]</a>。德国为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%A2%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国出口额列表">世界第三大出口国</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-176">[參 125]</a>及欧洲第一大经济体；按國際匯率計算，為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B1%87%E7%8E%87)" class="mw-redirect" title="各国国内生产总值列表 (国际汇率)">世界第4大經濟體</a><a href="#cite_note-wbpdf-181">[參 128]</a>，以<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7" title="购买力平价">购买力平价</a>計算則為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7)" class="mw-redirect" title="各国国内生产总值列表 (购买力平价)">世界第5大經濟體</a><a href="#cite_note-WBWDI-182">[參 129]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="第三产业">服务业</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="通訊技術">通訊产业</a>）对德国国内生产总值的贡献达到71%，工业和农业则分别贡献28%和1%<a href="#cite_note-CIA-113">[參 72]</a>。根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="欧洲统计局">欧洲统计局</a>2015年1月数据，德国失业率为4.7%，为28个欧盟成员国中最低<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-183">[參 130]</a>；其青年失业率为7.1%，亦为欧盟最低<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-183">[參 130]</a>。根据<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="经济合作与发展组织">经济合作与发展组织</a>报告，德国为世界上劳动生产率最高的国家之一<a href="#cite_note-184">[參 131]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Skyline_(16259801511).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frankfurt_Skyline_%2816259801511%29.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_Skyline_%2816259801511%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frankfurt_Skyline_%2816259801511%29.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_Skyline_%2816259801511%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frankfurt_Skyline_%2816259801511%29.jpg/440px-Frankfurt_Skyline_%2816259801511%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3955" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="美茵河畔法兰克福">法兰克福</a>为欧洲金融中心，亦为<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="欧洲中央银行">欧洲中央银行</a>总部所在地</figcaption></figure> 德国为<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%96%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="歐洲單一市場">欧洲单一市场</a>（消费者数量超过5.08亿）的组成部分。多项国内商业政策通过欧盟成员国协定及欧盟立法协调制订。2002年德国推行欧洲共同货币<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83" title="欧元">欧元</a><a href="#cite_note-euroc-185">[參 132]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[參 133]</a>。作为欧元区成员国（总人口近3.38亿），德国的货币政策由总部设于欧洲大陆金融中心<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="美茵河畔法兰克福">法兰克福</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="欧洲中央银行">欧洲中央银行</a>制订。 德国是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="汽車歷史">近代汽车</a>的发源国，拥有全球最具竞争力和創新力的汽车产业之一<a href="#cite_note-187">[參 134]</a>，汽车产量<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E4%BA%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国汽车产量列表">位居全球第四</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[參 135]</a>。出口量最大的十种货品为汽车、机械、化学品、电子产品、机电设备、医药品、运输设备、基础金属、食品、橡胶及塑膠<a href="#cite_note-Destatis-189">[參 136]</a>。 <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="企业">企业</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：企业">编辑</a>]</div> 2014年，以上市公司营业额排名的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E5%AF%8C%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C500%E5%BC%BA" title="财富世界500强">财富世界500强</a>》排行榜中，有28家企业的总部设在德国。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BDDAX%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="德国DAX指数">德国DAX指数</a>则由30家市值最大的德国公司组成。著名国际品牌包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%B3%BD%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF-%E5%B9%B3%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="梅賽德斯-平治">梅赛德斯-賓士</a>、<a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>、<a href="/wiki/PUMA" title="PUMA">PUMA</a>、<a href="/wiki/SAP%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP公司">SAP</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="福斯汽車">福斯汽车</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%AA" title="奥迪">奥迪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8%E5%AD%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="西门子公司">西门子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%81%94" title="安联">安联</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E8%BF%AA%E9%81%94" title="愛迪達">愛迪達</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%97%B6%E6%8D%B7" title="保时捷">保时捷</a>和<a href="/wiki/DHL" title="DHL">DHL</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[參 137]</a>。 德国亦有大量具备专业技术的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%8F%E5%9E%8B%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中小型企业">中小型企业</a>（其模式称Mittelstand）。约有1,000家此类企业在各领域居世界领先地位，被称为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E5%BD%A2%E5%86%A0%E5%86%9B%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A" title="隐形冠军企业">隐形冠军企业</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[參 138]</a>。柏林为<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E4%B8%9A%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="创业公司">创业公司</a>的重要枢纽，亦为欧盟诸多风险投资支持公司的所在地<a href="#cite_note-192">[參 139]</a>。 如下为2014年最大的德国企业<a href="#cite_note-193">[參 140]</a>： <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueEurozone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/220px-BlueEurozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/330px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/440px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>德国为<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83%E5%8C%BA" title="欧元区">欧元区</a>（深蓝）成员国及<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="單一市場">欧洲单一市场</a>组成部分</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th style="text-align:center;">排名</th> <th style="text-align:center;">企业</th> <th style="text-align:center;">总部</th> <th style="text-align:center;">营业额 （百万欧元）</th> <th style="text-align:center;">盈利 （百万欧元）</th> <th style="text-align:center;">雇员数 （全球） </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">01.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%97%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6" title="大众汽车">福斯汽车</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="沃尔夫斯堡">沃尔夫斯堡</a></td> <td>268,566</td> <td>14,571</td> <td>592,586 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">02.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%A7%86%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="戴姆勒">戴姆勒</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9" title="斯图加特">斯图加特</a></td> <td>172,279</td> <td>9,235</td> <td>279,972 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">03.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E6%98%82%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" title="意昂集团">E.ON</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="杜塞尔多夫">杜塞尔多夫</a></td> <td>151,460</td> <td>−4,191</td> <td>58,503 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">04.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%81%94" title="安联">安联</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a></td> <td>136,846</td> <td>8,252</td> <td>147,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">05.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="宝马">宝马</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a></td> <td>106,654</td> <td>7,691</td> <td>116,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">06.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8%E5%AD%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="西门子公司">西门子</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a></td> <td>74,000</td> <td>6,300</td> <td>360,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">07.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="巴斯夫">巴斯夫</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E6%B8%AF" title="路德维希港">路德维希港</a></td> <td>98,595</td> <td>6,838</td> <td>113,292 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">08.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%BE%B7%E9%BE%99" title="麦德龙">麦德龙</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="杜塞尔多夫">杜塞尔多夫</a></td> <td>85,505</td> <td>172</td> <td>227,868 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">09.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1" title="德国电信">德国电信</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%81%A9" title="波恩">波恩</a></td> <td>83,117</td> <td>3,878</td> <td>228,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">010.</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E5%86%8D%E4%BF%9D%E9%99%A9" title="慕尼黑再保险">慕尼黑再保险</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a></td> <td>81,685</td> <td>4,182</td> <td>43,316 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="交通">交通</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：交通">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="德国交通">德国交通</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg/220px-ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg/330px-ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg/440px-ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86" title="科隆">科隆</a>火车站的<a href="/wiki/ICE-3%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ICE-3列车">ICE-3列车</a></figcaption></figure> 德国位于欧洲中心位置，为欧洲大陆重要的交通枢纽<a href="#cite_note-194">[參 141]</a>，拥有稠密的道路交通网<a href="#cite_note-195">[參 142]</a>。德国是世界上最早擁有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="德國高速公路">高速公路</a>的國家，已有80多年的歷史，总里程約1.3万公里，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E9%87%8C%E7%A8%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国高速公路里程列表">居世界第六</a>，而且有约70%高速路段无速度限制<a href="#cite_note-196">[參 143]</a>。德國的普通公路分為聯邦級、州級和鄉鎮級三等，一般規定的最高車速為100公里／小時，市區內為50公里／小時，住宅區內一般只允許30公里／小時。德國獲准行駛的機動車約4,000多萬輛，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E6%8B%A5%E6%9C%89%E9%87%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国人均汽车拥有量列表">人均0.63辆</a>（2008年）<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-183">[參 130]</a>。近年来，德国政府大力推行一系列優惠措施，公眾巴士越來越為人們所喜愛和接受。此後自行車也悄悄進入城市交通，许多城市有自行车路线，并修建<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C%E8%BB%8A%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="自行車高速公路">自行車高速公路</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[參 144]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">來源可靠？</a>]。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E8%BF%90%E8%BE%93" title="德国铁路运输">德國的鐵路</a>總長度近5万公里，居世界前十位。德国亦建立起多中心的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%99%85%E5%BF%AB%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="城际快车">高速铁路网</a>，联通德国主要城市及周边国家，其营运速度最高达300公里每小时<a href="#cite_note-198">[參 145]</a>。1994年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" title="德国联邦铁路">德國聯邦鐵路</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E7%87%9F%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="德國國營鐵路">德國國營鐵路</a>合并，實現私有化，成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="德國鐵路股份公司">德國鐵路股份公司</a>(DB)。2014年，德国政府对<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="德国铁路公司">德国铁路公司</a>补贴170亿欧元<a href="#cite_note-199">[參 146]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%8E%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="漢莎航空">漢莎航空</a>是德國最大的航空企業。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" title="法兰克福机场">法兰克福机场</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" title="慕尼黑机场">慕尼黑机场</a>为德国最大机场，二者均为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%8E%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="汉莎航空">汉莎航空</a>的枢纽机场，其中<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭克福國際機場">法蘭克福國際機場</a>是歐洲第三、世界第八大機場，也是歐洲貨運量和起降量第二大機場；<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97-%E6%B3%B0%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%9E%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" title="柏林-泰格尔奥托·利林塔尔机场">柏林-泰格尔机场</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" title="杜塞尔多夫机场">杜塞尔多夫机场</a>则为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="柏林航空">柏林航空</a>枢纽机场<a href="#cite_note-200">[參 147]</a>。 目前德國的內河年貨運量在2億噸以上，約占全國貨運總量的1/4。其中<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵河">萊茵河</a>承擔約2/3的水路运量，被称为「歐洲黃金水道」。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="基爾運河">基爾運河</a>它是世界上運量最大的人工水道之一，方便<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="波羅的海">波羅的海</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B)" title="北海 (大西洋)">北海</a>間的航運。德国的主要港口有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡">汉堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%9D%A5%E6%A2%85%E5%93%88%E8%8A%AC" title="不来梅哈芬">不来梅哈芬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%B8%AF" title="威廉港">威廉港</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="吕贝克">吕贝克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B" title="罗斯托克">罗斯托克</a>。其中汉堡港，是欧洲第三大、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%8A%E9%9B%86%E8%A3%85%E7%AE%B1%E5%90%9E%E5%90%90%E9%87%8F%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%B8%AF%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="世界上集装箱吞吐量最大的港口列表">世界第九大港口</a>，有“德国通向世界的门户”之称<a href="#cite_note-201">[參 148]</a>。2012年落成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%B8%AF" title="威廉港">威廉港</a>集装箱港区是德国唯一的天然深水良港，水深达18米，与汉堡港作为传统的通商口岸形成良好的互补<a href="#cite_note-202">[參 149]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="能源">能源</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：能源">编辑</a>]</div> 於2008年，德國能源消耗居世界第6位<a href="#cite_note-203">[參 150]</a>，其中六成的主要能源依賴進口<a href="#cite_note-204">[參 151]</a>。2014年，德国的能源来源为石油（35.0%）、煤及褐煤（24.6%）、天然气（20.5%）、核能（8.1%）、水力及可再生能源（11.1%）<a href="#cite_note-205">[參 152]</a>。德国政府及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="德國的核能發電">德国核能产业</a>同意在2021年前逐步除役全部<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%AB%99" class="mw-redirect" title="核电站">核电站</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[參 153]</a>。政府亦推动<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E7%BA%A6%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="节约能源">能源节约</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="環境科技">绿色能源</a>和减排活动<a href="#cite_note-207">[參 154]</a>，并计划在2020年前使全国发电使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可再生能源">可再生能源</a>比例达到40%。德国履行《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E8%AE%AE%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%A6" title="京都议定书">京都议定书</a>》及其他条约以促进生物多样性、减少排放、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="水管理">管理水资源</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96" title="可再生能源商业化">可再生能源商业化</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[參 155]</a>。德国的家庭回收率为近65%，为世界最高之一<a href="#cite_note-:0-209">[參 156]</a>。即便如此，2010年德国的温室气体排放量仍旧为欧盟最高<a href="#cite_note-210">[參 157]</a>。德国能源转型（Energiewende）计划通过提升能源效率和使用可再生能源，推动德国经济向可持续化发展<a href="#cite_note-211">[參 158]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科技">科技</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：科技">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_(12052189474).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg/220px-Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg/330px-Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg/440px-Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>位于<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%A7%86%E6%96%BD%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="达姆施塔特">达姆施塔特</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="欧洲太空控制中心">欧洲太空控制中心</a></figcaption></figure> 20世纪初至今德国共有104位<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔奖">诺贝尔奖</a>获得者<a href="#cite_note-212">[參 159]</a>，在科学领域（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔物理学奖">物理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">化學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%96%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖">生理學或醫學</a>）优势明显<a href="#cite_note-213">[參 160]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[參 161]</a>。德国拥有一整套结构完善、分工明确、协调一致的科研体系。高等院校、独立研究机构、企业科研机构是德国科研体系的三大支柱。德国共有300余所大学及专科学院和众多独立科研机构，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="马普学会">马普学会</a>拥有79个研究所、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%8A%B3%E6%81%A9%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="弗劳恩霍夫协会">弗劳恩霍夫协会</a>拥有48个研究所，此外还有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="亥姆霍兹联合会">亥姆霍兹联合会</a>、16个国家研究中心以及84个“蓝名单”科研机构。德國<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="研究開發">研究開發</a>的资金来源除了政府之外还有企业、非盈利机构、高校、国外投资等，2013年共计797亿欧元，占德国<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E6%AF%9B%E9%A1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="國內生產毛額">國內生產毛額</a>的2.84%<a href="#cite_note-215">[參 162]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8%E5%A5%96" title="戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨奖">戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨奖</a>每年頒予10名科學家或學術研究者，獎金最高為250萬歐元，為世界上資助研究獎金最高者之一<a href="#cite_note-216">[參 163]</a>。德国目前重点科技领域包括基础研究、应用研究、信息及通信技术、生物技术、卫生、环保、新材料、能源、交通、航空航天、海洋、地球科学、国防等。不过，经济咨询公司BDO及汉堡世界经济研究所联合进行的一项调研显示，德国在高科技研究领域开始落伍，2012年至2014年，德国每百万人口申请专利数量为916个，在百万人口专利数量方面世界排名第五<a href="#cite_note-217">[參 164]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克">普朗克</a>為近代<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a>的重要奠基者，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="维尔纳·海森堡">维尔纳·海森堡</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E6%81%A9" title="马克斯·玻恩">马克斯·玻恩</a>並進一步發展<a href="#cite_note-218">[參 165]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%B4" title="威廉·伦琴">威廉·伦琴</a>發現<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="X射线">X射线</a>，並於1901年獲得首屆諾貝爾物理學獎<a href="#cite_note-219">[參 166]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%81%A9" title="奥托·哈恩">奥托·哈恩</a>為<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="放射化学">放射化学</a>領域的先驅，並發現<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98" title="核裂变">核裂变</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[參 167]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9" title="费迪南德·科恩">費迪南德·科恩</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB" title="罗伯特·科赫">罗伯特·科赫</a>建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a>。德國还有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯">高斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8" title="戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨">莱布尼茨</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="数学家">数学家</a>。德國也有許多著名發明家及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88" title="工程师">工程师</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E9%9D%A9" title="漢斯·蓋革">漢斯·蓋革</a>發明<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E9%9D%A9%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%99%A8" title="盖革计数器">盖革计数器</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A5%9A%E6%BE%A4" title="康拉德·楚澤">康拉德·楚澤</a>建造首部全自動數位電腦<a href="#cite_note-221">[參 168]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="斐迪南·冯·齐柏林">斐迪南·冯·齐柏林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%9E%97%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE" title="奧托·李林塔爾">奧托·李林塔爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E5%A7%86%E5%8B%92" title="戈特利布·戴姆勒">戈特利布·戴姆勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="鲁道夫·狄塞尔">鲁道夫·狄塞尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="胡戈·容克斯">胡戈·容克斯</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E8%8C%A8" title="卡尔·本茨">卡尔·本茨</a>等人形塑現代汽車及航空運輸科技<a href="#cite_note-222">[參 169]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航空航天工程">航空航天工程</a>家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E6%81%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="沃纳·冯·布劳恩">沃纳·冯·布劳恩</a>開發<a href="/wiki/V-2%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="V-2火箭">第一枚太空火箭</a>，而後於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家航空航天局">美国国家航空航天局</a>開發<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F5%E5%8F%B7%E8%BF%90%E8%BD%BD%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="土星5号运载火箭">土星5号运载火箭</a>，使<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="阿波罗计划">阿波罗计划</a>得以實現。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">海因里希·赫兹</a>證實<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a>存在，對現代電信發展相當重要<a href="#cite_note-223">[參 170]</a>。位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%B5%96%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="格赖夫斯瓦尔德">格赖夫斯瓦尔德</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A07-X" title="文德尔施泰因7-X">文德尔施泰因7-X</a>具有一研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="聚变能">聚变能</a>的设施<a href="#cite_note-224">[參 171]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="旅游">旅游</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：旅游">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%85%89" title="德國觀光">德國觀光</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hintersee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/220px-Hintersee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/330px-Hintersee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/440px-Hintersee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E6%B9%96" title="国王湖">国王湖</a>位于<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔卑斯">阿尔卑斯</a>地区的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E7%99%BB" title="贝希特斯加登">贝希特斯加登</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚">巴伐利亚</a>为来访人数最多的德国州；<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1-%E5%89%8D%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="梅克伦堡-前波美拉尼亚">梅克伦堡-前波美拉尼亚</a>则为国内访客最多的州</figcaption></figure> 德国是世界入境游客数量第7多的国家<a href="#cite_note-april11-225">[參 172]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[參 173]</a>，2012年到访过夜游客数量达到4.07亿人次<a href="#cite_note-deutschertourismusverband-227">[參 174]</a>，其中包括6,883万外国游客。2012年，超过3,040万国际游客到访德国。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>为欧洲访客数量第三高的城市<a href="#cite_note-228">[參 175]</a>。此外，超过30%的德国国民在本国度假，国内访客最多的州为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1-%E5%89%8D%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="梅克伦堡-前波美拉尼亚">梅克伦堡-前波美拉尼亚</a>。德国11,116个乡镇中在旅游局登记的约有4000个，其中310个获得疗养地或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E6%B5%B4%E5%A0%B4" title="海水浴場">海水浴場</a>的认证。德国国内及国际旅游对GDP的直接贡献数额达到432亿欧元；将间接因素包括在内后，旅游业贡献4.5%的GDP，并提供两百万个就业岗位（占总就业的4.8%）<a href="#cite_note-229">[參 176]</a>。 德国以其多元的旅游线路闻名，包括南部從<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%A8%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="維爾茨堡">維爾茨堡</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E6%A3%AE" title="菲森">菲森</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="浪漫之路">浪漫之路</a>；西部穿越<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="普法爾茨地區">普法爾茨</a>葡萄酒產區<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="德国葡萄酒之路">葡萄酒之路</a>；從<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86" title="曼海姆">曼海姆</a>經<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E9%9A%86" title="海尔布隆">海爾布隆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E5%80%AB%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="紐倫堡">紐倫堡</a>一直延伸到<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a>首都<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="布拉格">布拉格</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="城堡之路">城堡之路</a>；从<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" title="波罗的海">波罗的海</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%99%BB%E6%B9%96" title="博登湖">博登湖</a>纵贯德国南北长达2900公里的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国大道之路（页面不存在）">大道之路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Avenue_Road" class="extiw" title="en:German Avenue Road">German Avenue Road</a>）；还有从德国北部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%B3" title="易北河">易北河</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>边境<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%99%BB%E6%B9%96" title="博登湖">博登湖</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%A8%E6%9E%84%E6%9E%B6%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国木构架之路（页面不存在）">德国木构架之路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Timber-Frame_Road" class="extiw" title="en:German Timber-Frame Road">German Timber-Frame Road</a>），将<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%81%E6%9E%B6_(%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B)" title="桁架 (工程)">桁架</a>这一建筑形式的重要代表串联起来<a href="#cite_note-230">[參 177]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[參 178]</a>。另外德国还有6.135个博物馆、366剧院、34<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="主题公园">主题公园</a>、4万5千个网球场、648个高尔夫球场、122个自然公园，徒步旅行的线路达19万公里，自行车线路4万公里。 德国有<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%80%81%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="联合国教育、科学及文化组织">联合国教科文组织</a>批准的<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:德國世界遺產">世界遗产</a>数量达41个，包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="雷根斯堡">雷根斯堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="班贝格">班贝格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="吕贝克">吕贝克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E5%BE%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1" title="奎德林堡">奎德林堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B" title="魏玛">魏玛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%BE%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="施特拉尔松德">施特拉尔松德</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF%E9%A9%AC" title="维斯马">维斯马</a>的历史城区等38项文化遗产和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%9D%91" title="梅塞尔坑">麦塞尔化石坑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%99%BB%E6%B5%B7" title="瓦登海">瓦登海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E9%98%A1%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%B1%B1%E6%AF%9B%E6%AB%B8%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%92%8C%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%B1%E6%AF%9B%E6%AB%B8%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="喀爾巴阡山脈原始山毛櫸森林和德國古山毛櫸森林">古山毛櫸森林</a>等3项自然遗产。德国最受欢迎的旅游景点包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A9%E9%B9%85%E5%A0%A1" title="新天鹅堡">新天鹅堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="科隆主教座堂">科隆主教座堂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="德国国会大厦">德国国会大厦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%AB%E5%BB%B7%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92%E5%B1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="慕尼黑皇家宫廷啤酒屋">皇家宫廷啤酒屋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="海德堡城堡">海德堡城堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%A8%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%BC%E5%AE%AB" title="茨温格宫">茨温格宫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%A1%94" title="柏林电视塔">柏林电视塔</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="亚琛主教座堂">亚琛主教座堂</a>。位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="弗莱堡">弗莱堡</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲公园（页面不存在）">欧洲公园</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa-Park" class="extiw" title="en:Europa-Park">Europa-Park</a>）是欧洲第二受欢迎的主题公园<a href="#cite_note-232">[參 179]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社会">社会</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：社会">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人口">人口</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：人口">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="德國人口">德國人口</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="德意志人">德意志人</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/220px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/330px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/440px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>德国人口发展趋势图（1800年至2010年）<a href="#cite_note-233">[參 180]</a></figcaption></figure> 根据2011年人口普查数据，德国人口约为8,020万<a href="#cite_note-File_2013-234">[參 181]</a>，而至2015年6月30日这一数字上升至8,150万<a href="#cite_note-235">[參 182]</a>，到2015年12月31日至少达到8,190万<a href="#cite_note-236">[參 183]</a>。德国为欧盟人口最多的国家，在欧洲则为第2位（居<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>之后），<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="国家人口列表">世界第16位</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[參 184]</a>。其<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="国家人口密度列表">人口密度</a>为227人/平方千米（588人/平方英里）。总<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%A2%84%E6%9C%9F%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国人口预期寿命列表">预期寿命</a>为80.19岁（男性77.93岁；女性82.58岁）<a href="#cite_note-CIA-113">[參 72]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E5%92%8C%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%87" title="总和生育率">总和生育率</a>为每名妇女生育1.41名子女（2011年估计），即年增长率约千分之8.33，为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="各国生育率列表">世界最低之一</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-113">[參 72]</a>。自1970年代起，德国的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="死亡率">死亡率</a>持续高于其<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="生育率">生育率</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[參 185]</a>，但自2010年代以来其生育率和移民率有一定提升<a href="#cite_note-239">[參 186]</a>，受优良教育的移民数量尤有提升<a href="#cite_note-240">[參 187]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[參 188]</a>。 四个颇具规模的族群因其祖先在相应区域长期定居，被称为“国家少数民族”<a href="#cite_note-BMI_2010-242">[參 189]</a>。在北端的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC-%E8%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0" title="石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因">石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因</a>州有近50,000名<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="丹麥人">丹麦裔</a><a href="#cite_note-BMI_2010-242">[參 189]</a>；在<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="萨克森自由州">萨克森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="勃兰登堡">勃兰登堡</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E8%90%A8%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A" title="卢萨蒂亚">卢萨蒂亚</a>地区有近60,000名<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="斯拉夫人">斯拉夫裔</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%BA" title="索布人">索布人</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86%E4%BA%BA" title="罗姆人">罗姆人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%BA" title="辛提人">辛提人</a>生活于联邦全境；<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="弗里斯兰人">弗里斯兰人</a>则生活于石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因西岸及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="下萨克森">下萨克森</a>西北部<a href="#cite_note-BMI_2010-242">[參 189]</a>。近500万德国人生活在海外<a href="#cite_note-243">[參 190]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="移民">移民</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：移民">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COB_data_Germany.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/COB_data_Germany.PNG/220px-COB_data_Germany.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/COB_data_Germany.PNG/330px-COB_data_Germany.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/COB_data_Germany.PNG/440px-COB_data_Germany.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>德国的国际移民数量居世界第二<a href="#cite_note-International_Migration_2006-244">[參 191]</a></figcaption></figure> 2014年，德国8,100万居民中有近700万无德国国籍，其中96%生活在德国西部，大多数居于城市区域内<a href="#cite_note-245">[參 192]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[參 193]</a>。 1960年代和1970年代，德国政府邀请“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A2%E7%B1%8D%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="客籍工人（页面不存在）">客籍工人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastarbeiter" class="extiw" title="en:Gastarbeiter">Gastarbeiter</a>）”移居德国。许多企业在这些工人完成培训后将其留在德国国内继续工作，由此德国的移民人口稳固提升<a href="#cite_note-File_2013-234">[參 181]</a>。截至2011年，近600万外国公民（占总人口7.7%）在德国注册登记<a href="#cite_note-File_2013-234">[參 181]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%B1%80" title="德國聯邦統計局">德国联邦统计局</a>将其公民根据移民背景分类。2009年，全国20%居民（超过1,600万人）具有移民或部分移民背景（包括被遣返的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="德意志人">德意志裔</a>）<a href="#cite_note-247">[參 194]</a>。2010年，在拥有18岁以下子女的家庭中，29%至少父母有一方具有移民背景<a href="#cite_note-destatis.de-248">[參 195]</a>。 2015年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%83%A8" title="聯合國經濟和社會事務部">联合国经济和社会事务部</a>人口分部统计德国共有1,200万国际移民，约占全球2.44亿移民的5%，居世界第二位<a href="#cite_note-249">[參 196]</a>。在移民占总人口数量百分比方面，德国位居欧盟第7位，世界第37位。截至2014年，最大的移民族群来自土耳其（2,859,000），其次为波兰（1,617,000）、俄罗斯（1,188,000）和意大利（764,000）<a href="#cite_note-250">[參 197]</a>。自1987年来，近300万德意志人（多数来自前<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="东方集团">东方集团</a>国家领土）行使其回归权移居德国<a href="#cite_note-251">[參 198]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教">宗教</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：宗教">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="德国宗教">德国宗教</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:281px;max-width:281px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Colognecathedralatnight.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Colognecathedralatnight.JPG/145px-Colognecathedralatnight.JPG" decoding="async" width="145" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Colognecathedralatnight.JPG/218px-Colognecathedralatnight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Colognecathedralatnight.JPG/290px-Colognecathedralatnight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="2648" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">罗马天主教<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="科隆主教座堂">科隆主教座堂</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Frauenkirche_Dresden,_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Frauenkirche_Dresden%2C_001.jpg/128px-Frauenkirche_Dresden%2C_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Frauenkirche_Dresden%2C_001.jpg/192px-Frauenkirche_Dresden%2C_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Frauenkirche_Dresden%2C_001.jpg/256px-Frauenkirche_Dresden%2C_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="2765" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">福音派<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%AF%8D%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82_(%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF)" title="圣母教堂 (德累斯顿)">德累斯顿圣母教堂</a></div></div></div></div></div> 自1871年<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志統一">德意志帝国建国</a>以来，德国即有近三分之二的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教徒</a>和三分之一的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马天主教">罗马天主教徒</a>，并有为数显著的少数<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人">犹太裔</a>。其他宗教信仰者亦存在，但数量非常有限。在1945年后，德国分為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a>，宗教局势逐渐变化，西德由于移民逐渐多元化，而东德则由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%B6" title="公家">公家</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬列主義">馬列主義</a>而整体趋于<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="無神論">無神論</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="两德统一">两德统一</a>后，多元化趋势得到延续<a href="#cite_note-252">[參 199]</a>。 根据<a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5" title="2011年德國人口普查">2011年德国人口普查</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="基督宗教">基督宗教</a>为德国第一大宗教，信徒占总人口66.8%<a href="#cite_note-Egeler-253">[參 200]</a>。总人口中31.7%宣称其信仰<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BF%A1%E4%B9%89%E4%BC%9A" title="德国信义会">德國信義會</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E6%AD%A3%E5%AE%97" title="歸正宗">歸正宗</a>聯合的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国福音会（页面不存在）">德国福音会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Church in Germany</a>）（30.8%）及<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="獨立教會">獨立教會</a>（0.9%），而31.2%则信仰<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马天主教">罗马天主教</a><a href="#cite_note-Zensus_2011-254">[參 201]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="正教会">東方正教會</a>信徒占1.3%，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" title="犹太教">犹太教</a>信徒占0.1%，其他宗教信徒占2.7%。2014年，天主教会成员人数达2,390万（总人口的29.5%）<a href="#cite_note-DBK15-255">[參 202]</a>，福音会人数为2,260万（总人口的27.9%）<a href="#cite_note-EKD15-256">[參 203]</a>。两大教会近年信徒流失数量均颇为显著。 地理上，新教主要集中于德国北部、中部和东部，信徒多属福音会，囊括路德宗、改革宗及二者的联合（可追溯至1817年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="普魯士聯合教會">普鲁士联合教会</a>）。罗马天主教主要集中于南部和西部<a href="#cite_note-257">[參 204]</a>。 2011年，33%的德国民众不属于任何官方认可的特别宗教组织<a href="#cite_note-Zensus_2011-254">[參 201]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[註 9]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="无宗教">无宗教</a>状况在前东德地区及大都市区域相对普遍<a href="#cite_note-260">[參 206]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[參 207]</a><a href="#cite_note-georgetown1-262">[參 208]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>为德国第二大宗教。根据2011年人口普查数据，1.9%的德国人称其为穆斯林<a href="#cite_note-Zensus_2011-254">[參 201]</a>。近年估计有210万至400万穆斯林生活于德国<a href="#cite_note-REMID-263">[參 209]</a>。多数穆斯林为来自土耳其的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8A%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="逊尼派">逊尼派</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E7%BB%B4%E6%B4%BE" title="阿列维派">阿列维派</a>，但亦有一定数量的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%88%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9A" title="阿赫迈底亚">阿赫迈底亚派</a>及其他宗派<a href="#cite_note-MLD-264">[參 210]</a> 其他宗教信仰者占德国总人口比率低于1.0%<a href="#cite_note-Zensus_2011-254">[參 201]</a>，信仰<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>（250,000人，0.3%）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>（约100,000人，0.1%）。其他宗教社群人数均少于50,000人<a href="#cite_note-265">[參 211]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語言">語言</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：語言">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="德国语言">德国语言</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/220px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/330px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/440px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>欧盟成员国的德語普及程度（2010年）<a href="#cite_note-266">[註 10]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a>為德國的官方語言及主要通行語言<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-267">[參 212]</a>，為24個歐盟官方語言之一<a href="#cite_note-268">[參 213]</a>，並為3個<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="欧洲联盟委员会">欧洲联盟委员会</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="工作语言">工作語言</a>之一。德语是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>中第一语言使用者最多的语言，母语者数量约达1亿<a href="#cite_note-Marten-269">[參 214]</a>。 德國所承認的少數語言包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD" title="索布语">索布语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="罗姆语">罗姆语</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="弗里西语">弗里西语</a>，並受<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E6%88%96%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B8%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%86%B2%E7%AB%A0" title="歐洲區域或少數民族語言憲章">歐洲區域或少數民族語言憲章</a>保護。最受广泛使用的移民语言为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土耳其语">土耳其语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="庫爾德語">庫爾德語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语">波兰语</a>、巴爾幹地區語言及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a>。調查顯示67%的德國公民能以1種外語溝通，而27%能運用2種或以上外語<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-267">[參 212]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="標準德語">標準德語</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語">荷蘭語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="弗里西语">弗里西语</a>較為相近，同屬<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西日耳曼語支</a>，該語支與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东日耳曼语支</a>（绝灭）與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北日耳曼语支</a>同屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族">日耳曼语族</a>，該語族也是多數德語詞彙的來源<a href="#cite_note-270">[參 215]</a>；部分詞彙來自拉丁語及希臘語，另有一小部分來自法語，近來多來自英語。德文以拉丁字母書寫。德語<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>差異可追溯至日耳曼部落時期<a href="#cite_note-272">[註 11]</a>，並能從與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="標準德語">標準德語</a>在詞彙、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻學">音韻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="语法学">语法</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="語言變體">語言變體</a>而分辨<a href="#cite_note-273">[參 216]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="教育">教育</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：教育">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="德國教育">德國教育</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/220px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/330px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/440px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="海德堡大学">海德堡大学</a>于1386年建立，为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" class="mw-redirect" title="德国大学卓越计划">德国大学卓越计划</a>成员之一</figcaption></figure> 德国教育的监管主要由各州政府负责。非强制性的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%84%BF%E5%9B%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="幼儿园">幼儿园</a>教育向所有三至六岁的儿童开放，而此后的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="义务教育">义务教育</a>必须持续至少九年。基础教育一般持续四至六年<a href="#cite_note-ED-274">[參 217]</a>。中等教育根据不同教育级别分为三类传统学校：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%90%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="文理中学">文理中学</a>，为具有天赋的儿童提供教育并为其准备大学教育；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="实科中学（页面不存在）">实科中学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realschule" class="extiw" title="en:Realschule">Realschule</a>）为中等程度学生就读，为期六年；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%B9%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="主干学校（页面不存在）">主干学校</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptschule" class="extiw" title="en:Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a>）<a href="#cite_note-276">[註 12]</a>则提供职业教育<a href="#cite_note-277">[參 218]</a>。综合中学（Gesamtschule）整合中等教育。 双轨教育（Duale Ausbildung）系统之下的技术资格证明与学术学历几乎相当。在此机制下，参加<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="职业教育">职业教育</a>的学生可在公司或国营的学校中学习<a href="#cite_note-ED-274">[參 217]</a>。这一模式受到好评，并在世界其他地方得到使用<a href="#cite_note-278">[參 219]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国大学列表">德国大学</a>多为公共机构，传统上学生可免学费学习<a href="#cite_note-279">[參 220]</a>。进入大学一般需要经过中学会考（Abitur），但根据州、学校及学生亦有其他方式。免费教育亦对国际学生开放，这一状况日渐普遍<a href="#cite_note-280">[參 221]</a>。根据2014年OECD报告，德国为国际学习的第三大目的国<a href="#cite_note-281">[參 222]</a>。 德国具有相当长的高等教育历史，反映其作为现代经济体的全球地位。一些德国大学历史十分悠久，最古老的为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="海德堡大学">海德堡大学</a>（1386年建立）<a href="#cite_note-282">[參 223]</a>，其后为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%AF%94%E9%94%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="莱比锡大学">莱比锡大学</a>（1409年）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="罗斯托克大学">罗斯托克大学</a>（1419年）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%B3%B4%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="格賴夫斯瓦爾德大學">格赖夫斯瓦尔德大学</a>（1456年）<a href="#cite_note-283">[參 224]</a>。1810年自由教育改革家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1" title="威廉·馮·洪堡">威廉·冯·洪堡</a>创建<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="柏林洪堡大学">柏林大学</a>，其办学模式为诸多欧洲及西方大学借鉴。当代德国产生十一所<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" class="mw-redirect" title="德国大学卓越计划">卓越大学</a>，包括柏林洪堡大学、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%9D%A5%E6%A2%85%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="不来梅大学">不来梅大学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E9%B2%81%E5%8E%84%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院">卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="德累斯顿工业大学">德累斯顿工业大学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="蒂宾根大学">蒂宾根大学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%90%9B%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="亚琛工业大学">亚琛工业大学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="柏林自由大学">柏林自由大学</a>、海德堡大学、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%8C%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="康斯坦茨大学">康斯坦茨大学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="慕尼黑大学">慕尼黑大学</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="慕尼黑工业大学">慕尼黑工业大学</a><a href="#cite_note-ivy-284">[參 225]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="醫療衛生">醫療衛生</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：醫療衛生">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="德国医疗制度">德国医疗制度</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luebeck-Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_von_Westen_gesehen-20100905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Luebeck-Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_von_Westen_gesehen-20100905.jpg/220px-Luebeck-Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_von_Westen_gesehen-20100905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Luebeck-Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_von_Westen_gesehen-20100905.jpg/330px-Luebeck-Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_von_Westen_gesehen-20100905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Luebeck-Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_von_Westen_gesehen-20100905.jpg/440px-Luebeck-Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_von_Westen_gesehen-20100905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="吕贝克">吕贝克</a>圣灵护理所，1286年建立，为现代医院的雏形<a href="#cite_note-285">[參 226]</a></figcaption></figure> 德国的护理所系统可追溯至中世纪。现今的德国拥有世界上历史最悠久的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="全民医疗保健">全民医疗保健</a>体系，其始于1880年代<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</a>的社会立法<a href="#cite_note-286">[參 227]</a>。自1880年代起，改革与立法保证医保体系的平衡。现今德国人口的健康保险由法定的医保方案覆盖，而其特别条款使一些群体可选择使用私人医保方案。根据<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a>数据，截至2013年，德国的医保系统77%由政府负担，23%由个人出资<a href="#cite_note-health-287">[參 228]</a>。2015年，医疗支出占德国国民生产总值的11%。德国男性与女性的预期寿命分别为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%A2%84%E6%9C%9F%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国人口预期寿命列表">77岁及82岁</a>，居世界第20位；其<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="婴儿死亡率">婴儿死亡率</a>较低，约为千分之四<a href="#cite_note-health-287">[參 228]</a>。 2010年，德国人的主要死亡原因为心血管疾病，占41%，其次为恶性肿瘤，占26%<a href="#cite_note-288">[參 229]</a>。2008年，约有82,000感染<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="艾滋病">艾滋病</a>，自1982年起共有26,000人因此死亡<a href="#cite_note-cp-289">[參 230]</a>。2013年调查表明15岁以上的德国人吸烟率为24.5%<a href="#cite_note-290">[參 231]</a>。肥胖问题在德国逐渐严重。2007年研究表明德国肥胖率为欧洲最高<a href="#cite_note-DW1-291">[參 232]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-292">[參 233]</a>。 <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化">文化</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：文化">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="德国文化">德国文化</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristmasMarketJena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ChristmasMarketJena.jpg/220px-ChristmasMarketJena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ChristmasMarketJena.jpg/330px-ChristmasMarketJena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ChristmasMarketJena.jpg/440px-ChristmasMarketJena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="2582" /></a><figcaption>德国<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA" title="圣诞市场">圣诞市场</a></figcaption></figure> 德国文化在宗教和世俗层面均受欧洲主要思潮及群众运动的塑造。由于其<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="德语文学">文学家</a>及哲学家对西方文化思想贡献巨大<a href="#cite_note-293">[參 234]</a>，德国在历史上也被称作“诗人与思想家之国”（Das Land der Dichter und Denker）<a href="#cite_note-294">[參 235]</a>。 德国民间节日传统颇具名望，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92%E8%8A%82" title="慕尼黑啤酒节">慕尼黑啤酒节</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E5%A4%9C_(%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣诞夜 (德语国家)（页面不存在）">圣诞传统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachten" class="extiw" title="en:Weihnachten">Weihnachten</a>），包括将临花圈、圣诞剧、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E6%A0%91" title="圣诞树">圣诞树</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E8%9B%8B%E7%B3%95" title="德式圣诞蛋糕">圣诞蛋糕</a>及其他习俗<a href="#cite_note-295">[參 236]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[參 237]</a>。截至2016年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%80%81%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="联合国教育、科学及文化组织">联合国教科文组织</a>已将德国40项遗产列入其<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="世界遗产">世界遗产</a>名录<a href="#cite_note-297">[參 238]</a>。每个州自行指定其公共节日，而自1990年以来，10月3日即为德国国庆日，称<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="德国统一日">德国统一日</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[參 239]</a>。 21世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>发展成为世界主要文化中心之一<a href="#cite_note-299">[參 240]</a>。根据安霍尔特-<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%AD%9A%E5%87%AF" title="捷孚凯">捷孚凯</a>国家品牌指数，2014年德国列50个全球最受尊重国家之首（位于美国、英国及法国之前）<a href="#cite_note-300">[參 241]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[參 242]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[參 243]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">英国广播公司</a>于2013年及2014年的全球民意调查均显示德国为正面影响力最高的国家<a href="#cite_note-303">[參 244]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[參 245]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音乐">音乐</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：音乐">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beethoven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/170px-Beethoven.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/255px-Beethoven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/340px-Beethoven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%A4%9A%E8%8A%AC" title="路德维希·范·贝多芬">路德维希·范·贝多芬</a>（1770–1827），作曲家</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="德國音樂">德國音樂</a></div> 诸多世界著名<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="古典主义音乐">古典音乐</a>作曲家来自德国。<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%83%A1%E5%BE%B7" title="迪特里克·布克斯特胡德">迪特里克·布克斯特胡德</a>创作管风琴清唱剧，影响日后包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫">约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="格奥尔格·弗里德里希·亨德尔">格奥尔格·弗里德里希·亨德尔</a>在内的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="巴洛克音乐">巴洛克时期</a>重要作曲家。生于奥格斯堡的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%89%8E%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="利奥波德·莫扎特">利奥波德·莫扎特</a>在其于萨尔茨堡担任小提琴手和教师期间培养世界最伟大的音乐家之一——<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%89%8E%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="沃尔夫冈·阿马德乌斯·莫扎特">沃尔夫冈·阿马德乌斯·莫扎特</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%A4%9A%E8%8A%AC" title="路德维希·范·贝多芬">路德维希·范·贝多芬</a>是古典主义和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="浪漫主义音乐">浪漫主义音乐</a>过渡期间的重要人物。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="卡尔·马利亚·冯·韦伯">卡尔·马利亚·冯·韦伯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%97%A8%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%BE%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="费利克斯·门德尔松·巴托尔迪">费利克斯·门德尔松</a>在浪漫主义早期扮演重要的角色。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%9B%BC" title="罗伯特·舒曼">罗伯特·舒曼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯">约翰内斯·勃拉姆斯</a>则将浪漫主义音乐发扬光大。<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="理查德·瓦格纳">理查德·瓦格纳</a>的歌剧颇具名望。<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·施特劳斯">理查德·施特劳斯</a>是浪漫主义晚期和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="現代主義音樂">现代早期</a>的领衔人物之一。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE" title="卡尔海因茨·施托克豪森">卡尔海因茨·施托克豪森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%AD%A3%E9%BB%98" title="漢斯·季默">汉斯·季默</a>则为20世纪和21世纪的重要作曲家<a href="#cite_note-305">[參 246]</a> 德国是全欧洲第二大及世界第四大音乐市场<a href="#cite_note-306">[參 247]</a>。20世纪及21世纪德国流行音乐形式与运动包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%AA%E6%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新德国浪潮（页面不存在）">新德国浪潮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle" class="extiw" title="en:Neue Deutsche Welle">Neue Deutsche Welle</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C_(%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="流行 (音乐类型)">流行</a>、东方摇滚、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="重金属音乐">重金属</a>/摇滚里最有影响力的乐队是德国战车(Rammstein)、朋克、流行摇滚、独立及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%BD%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="施拉格音乐（页面不存在）">施拉格流行</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlager_music" class="extiw" title="en:Schlager music">Schlager music</a>）等。德国<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="电子音乐">电子音乐</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="發電廠樂團">发电厂乐团</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%98%E5%A4%A2%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98" title="橘夢樂團">橘梦乐团</a>引领之下产生国际范围内的影响力<a href="#cite_note-307">[參 248]</a>。德国<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%BA%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="铁克诺音乐">铁克诺</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%A9%E5%AE%A4%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="浩室音乐">浩室</a>领域的DJ和音乐家亦获得广泛的声望（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%93%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%A8" title="羅賓·舒爾茨">罗宾·舒尔茨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="保罗·范迪克">保罗·范迪克</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保罗·卡尔布雷纳（页面不存在）">保罗·卡尔布雷纳</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kalkbrenner" class="extiw" title="en:Paul Kalkbrenner">Paul Kalkbrenner</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scooter_(%E4%B9%90%E9%98%9F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scooter (乐队)（页面不存在）">Scooter</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_(band)" class="extiw" title="en:Scooter (band)">Scooter (band)</a>）等）<a href="#cite_note-308">[參 249]</a>。 <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美术">美术</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：美术">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:296px;max-width:296px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg/133px-Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg/200px-Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg/266px-Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="3257" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="卡斯帕·弗里德里希">卡斯帕·大卫·弗里德里希</a>作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%95%E6%A0%B9%E5%B2%9B%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E5%B2%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吕根岛上的白垩岩（页面不存在）">吕根岛上的白垩岩</a>》（1818）</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Marc_020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Franz_Marc_020.jpg/155px-Franz_Marc_020.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Franz_Marc_020.jpg/233px-Franz_Marc_020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Franz_Marc_020.jpg/310px-Franz_Marc_020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2199" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="弗兰茨·马尔克">弗兰茨·马尔克</a>作《林中小鹿》（1914）</div></div></div></div></div> 德国画家对<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="西方美术史">西方美术史</a>的发展产生重要的影响。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%B8%A2%E5%8B%92" title="阿尔布雷希特·丢勒">阿尔布雷希特·丢勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%8B%9C%E5%9B%A0" title="小汉斯·霍尔拜因">小汉斯·霍尔拜因</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%90%95%E5%86%85%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="马蒂亚斯·格吕内瓦尔德">马蒂亚斯·格吕内瓦尔德</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%8D%A2%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%B3%E8%B5%AB" title="老卢卡斯·克拉纳赫">老卢卡斯·克拉纳赫</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a>期间重要的德国艺术家。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF" title="彼得·保罗·鲁本斯">彼得·保罗·鲁本斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%99%AE%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="约翰·巴普蒂斯特·齐默尔曼">约翰·巴普蒂斯特·齐默尔曼</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="巴洛克艺术">巴洛克</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="卡斯帕·弗里德里希">卡斯帕·大卫·弗里德里希</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%9A%AE%E8%8C%A8%E9%9F%8B%E6%A0%BC" title="卡爾·施皮茨韋格">卡尔·施皮茨韦格</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="浪漫主义">浪漫主义</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="马克斯·利伯曼">马克斯·利伯曼</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1%E6%B4%BE" title="印象派">印象派</a>）及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="马克斯·恩斯特">马克斯·恩斯特</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超现实主义">超现实主义</a>）亦在其各自时期具有重要地位<a href="#cite_note-Marzona-309">[參 250]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9-%E9%9C%8D%E5%BC%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥托·施密特-霍弗（页面不存在）">奥托·施密特-霍弗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schmidt-Hofer" class="extiw" title="en:Otto Schmidt-Hofer">Otto Schmidt-Hofer</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗茨·伊夫兰（页面不存在）">弗朗茨·伊夫兰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Iffland" class="extiw" title="en:Franz Iffland">Franz Iffland</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9-%E8%B4%B9%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尤利乌斯·施密特-费林（页面不存在）">尤利乌斯·施密特-费林</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Schmidt-Felling" class="extiw" title="en:Julius Schmidt-Felling">Julius Schmidt-Felling</a>）等雕塑家亦在19世纪末20世纪初对德国艺术史作出重要贡献<a href="#cite_note-Berman-310">[參 251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Payne-311">[參 252]</a> 20世纪多个艺术集团在德国建立起来，包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十一月集团 (德国)（页面不存在）">十一月集团</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Group_(German)" class="extiw" title="en:November Group (German)">November Group (German)</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%A5%E7%A4%BE" title="桥社">桥社</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%AE%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="瓦西里·康定斯基">瓦西里·康定斯基</a>领衔的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="藍騎士">蓝骑士</a>。这些团体影响慕尼黑和柏林<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="表现主义">表现主义</a>的发展。作为对应艺术形式，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%B3%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新即物主義">新即物主义</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="魏玛共和国">魏玛共和国</a>时期发展起来。战后的德国艺术趋势可大致分为<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新表現主義">新表现主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="行为艺术">行为艺术</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="观念艺术">观念艺术</a>。知名新表现主义艺术家包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%B3%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%8C%A8" title="格奥尔格·巴泽利茨">格奥尔格·巴泽利茨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%BC%97" title="安塞尔姆·基弗">安塞尔姆·基弗</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E9%97%A8%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约尔格·伊门多夫（页面不存在）">约尔格·伊门多夫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Immendorff" class="extiw" title="en:Jörg Immendorff">Jörg Immendorff</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C2%B7R%C2%B7%E5%BD%AD%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A·R·彭克（页面不存在）">A·R·彭克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Penck" class="extiw" title="en:A. R. Penck">A. R. Penck</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%90%95%E4%BD%A9%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="马库斯·吕佩尔茨">马库斯·吕佩尔茨</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·罗伯特·凯尔（页面不存在）">彼得·罗伯特·凯尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Robert_Keil" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Robert Keil">Peter Robert Keil</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%96%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%BB%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赖纳·费廷（页面不存在）">赖纳·费廷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Fetting" class="extiw" title="en:Rainer Fetting">Rainer Fetting</a>）。其他传统媒体或人像领域的艺术家还包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%BD%AD%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马丁·基彭贝格尔（页面不存在）">马丁·基彭贝格尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kippenberger" class="extiw" title="en:Martin Kippenberger">Martin Kippenberger</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="格哈德·里希特">格哈德·里希特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E7%91%AA%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE%E5%85%8B" title="西格瑪爾·波爾克">西格玛尔·波尔克</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内奥·劳赫（页面不存在）">内奥·劳赫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Rauch" class="extiw" title="en:Neo Rauch">Neo Rauch</a>）。德国著名概念艺术家有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E6%81%A9%E5%BE%B7%E5%92%8C%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝恩德和希拉·贝歇尔（页面不存在）">贝恩德和希拉·贝歇尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_and_Hilla_Becher" class="extiw" title="en:Bernd and Hilla Becher">Bernd and Hilla Becher</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%9A%E8%8A%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉娜·达尔博芬（页面不存在）">汉娜·达尔博芬</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanne_Darboven" class="extiw" title="en:Hanne Darboven">Hanne Darboven</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF-%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉斯-彼得·费尔德曼（页面不存在）">汉斯-彼得·费尔德曼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Peter_Feldmann" class="extiw" title="en:Hans-Peter Feldmann">Hans-Peter Feldmann</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉斯·哈克（页面不存在）">汉斯·哈克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Haacke" class="extiw" title="en:Hans Haacke">Hans Haacke</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" title="约瑟夫·博伊斯">约瑟夫·博伊斯</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C2%B7A%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H·A·舒尔特（页面不存在）">H·A·舒尔特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HA_Schult" class="extiw" title="en:HA Schult">HA Schult</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%8E%B1%E6%B3%BD" title="阿里斯·卡莱泽">阿里斯·卡莱泽</a>、内奥·劳赫和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="安德烈亚斯·古尔斯基">安德烈亚斯·古尔斯基</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%B1%95" title="卡塞尔文献展">卡塞尔文献展</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%8F%8C%E5%B9%B4%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏林双年展（页面不存在）">柏林双年展</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Biennale" class="extiw" title="en:Berlin Biennale">Berlin Biennale</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%A8%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跨媒体艺术节（页面不存在）">跨媒体艺术节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/transmediale" class="extiw" title="en:transmediale">transmediale</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科隆艺术节（页面不存在）">科隆艺术节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Cologne" class="extiw" title="en:Art Cologne">Art Cologne</a>）为德国的主要艺术展和艺术节<a href="#cite_note-Marzona-309">[參 250]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="建筑">建筑</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：建筑">编辑</a>]</div> 德国在建筑方面作出的贡献包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡洛林建筑（页面不存在）">卡洛林</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Carolingian architecture">Carolingian architecture</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥托建筑（页面不存在）">奥托</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Ottonian architecture">Ottonian architecture</a>）风格，这二者为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="罗曼式建筑">罗曼式建筑</a>的先导。中世纪<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%96%E7%A0%8C%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="砖砌哥特式（页面不存在）">砖砌哥特式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Gothic" class="extiw" title="en:Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a>）风格亦发源于德国。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="文艺复兴建筑">文艺复兴</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="巴洛克建筑">巴洛克</a>时期，德国亦发展出相应的地方性风格（如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%82%89%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威悉文艺复兴建筑（页面不存在）">威悉文艺复兴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:Weser Renaissance">Weser Renaissance</a>）和德累斯顿巴洛克）。巴洛克时期的著名建筑师包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E7%89%B9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%8F%80%E4%BD%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马特乌斯·丹尼尔·珀佩尔曼（页面不存在）">马特乌斯·丹尼尔·珀佩尔曼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Daniel_P%C3%B6ppelmann" class="extiw" title="en:Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann">Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%A1%94%E8%96%A9%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC" title="巴爾塔薩·諾伊曼">巴爾塔薩·諾伊曼</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E7%AD%96%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格奥尔格·文策斯劳斯·冯·克诺贝尔斯多夫（页面不存在）">格奥尔格·文策斯劳斯·冯·克诺贝尔斯多夫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wenzeslaus_von_Knobelsdorff" class="extiw" title="en:Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff">Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿萨姆兄弟（页面不存在）">阿萨姆兄弟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_brothers" class="extiw" title="en:Asam brothers">Asam brothers</a>）。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%A6%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韦索布伦派（页面不存在）">韦索布伦派</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessobrunner_School" class="extiw" title="en:Wessobrunner School">Wessobrunner School</a>）主导18世纪南德的灰泥建筑风格。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E6%9C%AC%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上施瓦本巴洛克之路（页面不存在）">上施瓦本巴洛克之路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Swabian_Baroque_Route" class="extiw" title="en:Upper Swabian Baroque Route">Upper Swabian Baroque Route</a>）途中，雕塑家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A4%8F%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E4%BC%8A%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·米夏埃尔·福伊希特迈尔（页面不存在）">约翰·米夏埃尔·福伊希特迈尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Michael_Feuchtmayer" class="extiw" title="en:Johann Michael Feuchtmayer">Johann Michael Feuchtmayer</a>）、灰泥匠兄弟<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%99%AE%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="约翰·巴普蒂斯特·齐默尔曼">约翰·巴普蒂斯特·齐默尔曼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="多米尼库斯·齐默尔曼">多米尼库斯·齐默尔曼</a>的贡献一览无遗<a href="#cite_note-312">[參 253]</a>。德国民居建筑以其<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="木骨架">木骨架</a>（Fachwerk）传统闻名，不同地区风格各有不同<a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm_Süvern_1971-313">[參 254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heinrich_Stiewe_2007-314">[參 255]</a>。 欧洲工业化时期，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="古典主义">古典主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="历史主义">历史主义</a>风格在德国发展起来，因19世纪的经济繁荣而时被称作<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A0%E5%9F%BA%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="奠基時代">奠基時代</a>风格。区域性历史主义风格包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81%E6%B4%BE%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉诺威派建筑（页面不存在）">汉诺威派</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_school_of_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Hanover school of architecture">Hanover school of architecture</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="纽伦堡">纽伦堡</a>风格及德累斯顿<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A3%AE%E4%BD%A9%E5%B0%94" title="戈特弗里德·森佩尔">森佩尔</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格奥尔格·赫尔曼·尼古拉（页面不存在）">尼古拉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hermann_Nicolai" class="extiw" title="en:Georg Hermann Nicolai">Georg Hermann Nicolai</a>）派。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A9%E9%B9%85%E5%A0%A1" title="新天鹅堡">新天鹅堡</a>为最著名的德国建筑之一和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="羅曼復興式建築">罗曼复兴式建筑</a>的代表。18世纪一些亚风格在德国的矿泉疗养地及海水浴场中发展起来。德国艺术家、作家和画廊家如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%AE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西格弗里德·宾（页面不存在）">西格弗里德·宾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Bing" class="extiw" title="en:Siegfried Bing">Siegfried Bing</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格奥尔格·希尔特（页面不存在）">格奥尔格·希尔特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hirth" class="extiw" title="en:Georg Hirth">Georg Hirth</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布鲁诺·默林（页面不存在）">布鲁诺·默林</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%B6hring" class="extiw" title="en:Bruno Möhring">Bruno Möhring</a>）亦为20世纪初<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="新艺术运动">新艺术运动</a>的发展作出贡献<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-315">[參 256]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:745px;max-width:745px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurhaus_in_Binz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kurhaus_in_Binz.jpg/193px-Kurhaus_in_Binz.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kurhaus_in_Binz.jpg/290px-Kurhaus_in_Binz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kurhaus_in_Binz.jpg/386px-Kurhaus_in_Binz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="546" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernkastel_12_(5486108438).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bernkastel_12_%285486108438%29.jpg/170px-Bernkastel_12_%285486108438%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bernkastel_12_%285486108438%29.jpg/255px-Bernkastel_12_%285486108438%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bernkastel_12_%285486108438%29.jpg/340px-Bernkastel_12_%285486108438%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_Neuschwanstein_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Schloss_Neuschwanstein_2013.jpg/173px-Schloss_Neuschwanstein_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Schloss_Neuschwanstein_2013.jpg/260px-Schloss_Neuschwanstein_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Schloss_Neuschwanstein_2013.jpg/346px-Schloss_Neuschwanstein_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5979" data-file-height="4468" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbphilharmonie_3920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Elbphilharmonie_3920.jpg/193px-Elbphilharmonie_3920.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Elbphilharmonie_3920.jpg/290px-Elbphilharmonie_3920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Elbphilharmonie_3920.jpg/386px-Elbphilharmonie_3920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4504" data-file-height="3003" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><center><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E6%A0%B9%E5%B2%9B" title="吕根岛">吕根岛</a>的度假建筑；贝尔恩卡斯特尔-库埃斯的木骨架建筑；<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A9%E9%B9%85%E5%A0%A1" title="新天鹅堡">新天鹅堡</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡">汉堡</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%84%9B%E6%A8%82%E5%BB%B3" title="易北愛樂廳">易北爱乐厅</a></center></div></div></div></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="表现主义建筑（页面不存在）">表现主义建筑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Expressionist architecture">Expressionist architecture</a>）在1910年代的德国发展起来，并影响<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%85%E9%A5%B0%E9%A3%8E%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="装饰风艺术">装饰风艺术</a>等其他现代风格，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·弗里德里希·赫格尔（页面不存在）">弗里茨·赫格尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_H%C3%B6ger" class="extiw" title="en:Johann Friedrich Höger">Johann Friedrich Höger</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%97%A8%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%BE" title="埃里希·门德尔松">埃里希·门德尔松</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多米尼库斯·伯姆（页面不存在）">多米尼库斯·伯姆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominikus_B%C3%B6hm" class="extiw" title="en:Dominikus Böhm">Dominikus Böhm</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB_(%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗里茨·舒马赫 (建筑家)（页面不存在）">弗里茨·舒马赫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Schumacher_(architect)" class="extiw" title="en:Fritz Schumacher (architect)">Fritz Schumacher (architect)</a>）为其代表人物。德国在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="现代主义建筑">现代主义</a>运动早期地位十分重要，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫尔曼·穆特修斯（页面不存在）">赫尔曼·穆特修斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Muthesius" class="extiw" title="en:Hermann Muthesius">Hermann Muthesius</a>）在此创立<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B7%A5%E8%97%9D%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="德意志工藝聯盟">德意志工艺联盟</a>（新即物主义），而<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E4%BD%A9%E6%96%AF" title="瓦爾特·格羅佩斯">瓦爾特·格羅佩斯</a>则创立<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF" title="包豪斯">包豪斯</a>运动。由此德国也时常被认为是现代艺术和设计的摇篮。20世纪下半叶<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%87%A1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="路德维希·密斯·凡德罗">路德维希·密斯·凡德罗</a>成为世界最著名的建筑师之一，提出玻璃摩天大楼这一概念<a href="#cite_note-316">[參 257]</a>。其他知名当代德国建筑师和建筑商还包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉斯·科尔霍夫（页面不存在）">汉斯·科尔霍夫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kollhoff" class="extiw" title="en:Hans Kollhoff">Hans Kollhoff</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E7%8F%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="谢尔盖·乔班（页面不存在）">谢尔盖·乔班</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Tchoban" class="extiw" title="en:Sergei Tchoban">Sergei Tchoban</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94_(%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B8%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里斯托夫·科尔 (建筑师)（页面不存在）">KK建筑所</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Kohl_(architect)" class="extiw" title="en:Christoph Kohl (architect)">Christoph Kohl (architect)</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%8F%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="赫爾穆特·揚">赫尔穆特·扬</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%BD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝尼施建筑所（页面不存在）">贝尼施</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behnisch_Architekten" class="extiw" title="en:Behnisch Architekten">Behnisch Architekten</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%BA%B7%EF%BC%8C%E7%8E%9B%E6%A0%BC%E5%8F%8A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%99%E4%BA%BA%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B8%88%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1%E6%89%80" title="冯·格康，玛格及合伙人建筑师事务所">GMP</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="奥雷·舍人">奥雷·舍人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%B9%C2%B7%E9%82%81%E7%88%BE" title="于爾根·邁爾">J·迈尔·H</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BF%81%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="奧斯瓦爾德·馬蒂亞斯·翁格爾斯">O·M·翁格尔斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%A7%86" title="戈特弗里德·伯姆">戈特弗里德·伯姆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%90%8A%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98" title="弗萊·奧托">弗莱·奧托</a>（后两人为<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B9%E5%85%8B%E5%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="普利兹克奖">普利兹克奖</a>得主）<a href="#cite_note-317">[參 258]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文學及哲學">文學及哲學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：文學及哲學">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="德语文学">德语文学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="德国古典哲学">德国古典哲学</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grimm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/170px-Grimm.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/255px-Grimm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/340px-Grimm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" title="格林兄弟">格林兄弟</a>收集并出版了德国流行的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E7%AB%A5%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="格林童话">民间故事</a></figcaption></figure> 德国文学历史可追溯至中世纪，是时作家包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E9%AD%8F%E5%BE%B7" title="瓦尔特·冯·德·福格尔魏德">瓦尔特·冯·德·福格尔魏德</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%94%B3%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="沃尔夫拉姆·冯·埃申巴赫">沃尔夫拉姆·冯·埃申巴赫</a>。知名德国作家有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%AD%8C%E5%BE%B7" title="约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德">约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%AD%E5%8B%92" title="弗里德里希·席勒">弗里德里希·席勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%A4%AB%E8%8E%B1%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E8%BE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="戈特霍尔德·埃夫莱姆·莱辛">戈特霍尔德·埃夫莱姆·莱辛</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E5%A1%94%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="台奥多尔·冯塔纳">台奥多尔·冯塔纳</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" title="格林兄弟">格林兄弟</a>收集并出版各路民间故事，也将德国民间传说推向世界<a href="#cite_note-D99ff-318">[參 259]</a>。两人同时还以历史为基础收集和编纂各地不同形式的德语，其《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" title="德語詞典">德语词典</a>》（Deutsches Wörterbuch；亦称《格林词典》）始于1833年，第一版于1854年出版<a href="#cite_note-DWBhistory-319">[參 260]</a>。 20世纪具影响力的德国作家包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="格哈特·霍普特曼">格哈特·霍普特曼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="托马斯·曼">托马斯·曼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E" title="赫尔曼·黑塞">赫尔曼·黑塞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%94" title="海因里希·伯尔">海因里希·伯尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="君特·格拉斯">君特·格拉斯</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[參 261]</a>。德语出版商年均出版量约达7亿册，书目近80,000种，其中新出版书目近60,000种。在书籍出版总数上，德语书目位居世界第三，仅次于英语和汉语<a href="#cite_note-321">[參 262]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%95" title="法蘭克福書展">法兰克福书展</a>是世界上最重要的国际图书贸易展之一，具有长达500年的历史<a href="#cite_note-322">[參 263]</a>。 德国哲学在历史上相当重要：<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8" title="戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨">戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨</a>主张<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">伊曼努尔·康德</a>宣扬<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="启蒙时代">启蒙</a>哲学；<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9" title="約翰·戈特利布·費希特">约翰·戈特利布·费希特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔">格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E6%9E%97" title="弗里德里希·谢林">弗里德里希·谢林</a>创立古典<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="德国唯心主义">德国唯心主义</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8F%94%E6%9C%AC%E5%8D%8E" title="阿图尔·叔本华">阿图尔·叔本华</a>开创形而上悲观主义；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">卡尔·马克思</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="弗里德里希·恩格斯">弗里德里希·恩格斯</a>创立<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>理论；<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">弗里德里希·尼采</a>提出<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E7%82%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="观点主义">观点主义</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="戈特洛布·弗雷格">戈特洛布·弗雷格</a>推动了<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析哲学</a>的发展；<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="马丁·海德格尔">马丁·海德格尔</a>研究存在主义；<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%8B%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯·霍克海默">麦克斯·霍克海默</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%9A%E8%AB%BE" title="狄奧多·阿多諾">狄奥多·阿多诺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E5%A1%9E" title="赫伯特·马尔库塞">赫伯特·马尔库塞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%B4%9D%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="尤尔根·哈贝马斯">尤尔根·哈贝马斯</a>发展的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="法蘭克福學派">法兰克福学派</a>亦颇具影响力；<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%93%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="奧斯瓦爾德·斯賓格勒">奥斯瓦尔德·斯宾格勒</a>则推行历史哲学<a href="#cite_note-323">[參 264]</a>。 <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="媒體">媒體</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：媒體">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="德國電視">德國電視</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Welle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Deutsche_Welle.jpg/220px-Deutsche_Welle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Deutsche_Welle.jpg/330px-Deutsche_Welle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Deutsche_Welle.jpg/440px-Deutsche_Welle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8563" data-file-height="4663" /></a><figcaption>位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%81%A9" title="波恩">波恩</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0" title="德国之声">德国之声</a>总部</figcaption></figure> 德国最大的国际媒体企业为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="贝塔斯曼">贝塔斯曼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="阿克塞爾·斯普林格集團">阿克塞尔·斯普林格集团</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%9C%AC%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%A0%E5%AA%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普罗西本萨特爱因斯传媒（页面不存在）">普罗西本萨特爱因斯传媒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSiebenSat.1_Media" class="extiw" title="en:ProSiebenSat.1 Media">ProSiebenSat.1 Media</a>）<a href="#cite_note-324">[參 265]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE" title="德新社">德新社</a>亦为重要的媒体机构。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="德國電視">德国的电视市场</a>为欧洲最大约3,800万家庭拥有电视<a href="#cite_note-325">[參 266]</a>，近90%的德国家庭拥有有线电视或卫星电视，可接收<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" title="公共廣播">公共免费电视</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" title="商業廣播">商业电视</a>频道<a href="#cite_note-326">[參 267]</a>。德国有超过500个公共和私人广播电台，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0" title="德国之声">德国之声</a>为最主要的德国外语电视和广播商<a href="#cite_note-327">[參 268]</a>。德国国家广播为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="德国广播">德国广播</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="德國公共廣播聯盟">德国公共广播联盟</a>则负责地方服务。 诸多欧洲销量最高的报纸和杂志在德国出版。发行量最大的报纸（或网络媒体）为《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87%E6%8A%A5" title="图片报">图片报</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E5%91%A8%E6%8A%A5_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="时代周报 (德国)">时代周报</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%8A%A5" title="南德意志报">南德意志报</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E6%B1%87%E6%8A%A5" title="法兰克福汇报">法兰克福汇报</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%8A%A5_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="世界报 (德国)">世界报</a>》，杂志则为《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E9%95%9C" title="明镜">明镜</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E7%82%B9" title="亮点">亮点</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E7%82%B9_(%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97)" title="焦点 (杂志)">焦点</a>》<a href="#cite_note-328">[參 269]</a>。 德国的游戏市场亦为世界最大之一<a href="#cite_note-329">[參 270]</a>。于科隆举行的<a href="/wiki/Gamescom" title="Gamescom">Gamescom</a>为世界规模最大的游戏展之一<a href="#cite_note-330">[參 271]</a>。来自德国的流行游戏包括《Turrican》、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%83%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97" title="纪元系列">纪元</a>》系列、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97" title="工人物语系列">工人物语</a>》系列、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥特王朝系列（页面不存在）">哥特王朝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_(series)" class="extiw" title="en:Gothic (series)">Gothic (series)</a>）》系列、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%92%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="咒语力量系列（页面不存在）">咒语力量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpellForce_(series)" class="extiw" title="en:SpellForce (series)">SpellForce (series)</a>）》系列、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E5%B2%9B%E6%83%8A%E9%AD%82%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97" title="孤岛惊魂系列">孤岛惊魂</a>》系列及《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E5%B2%9B%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97" title="孤岛危机系列">孤岛危机</a>》系列。重要游戏制作商和发行商包括<a href="/wiki/Ubisoft_Blue_Byte" title="Ubisoft Blue Byte">Blue Byte</a>、<a href="/wiki/Crytek" title="Crytek">Crytek</a>、<a href="/wiki/Deep_Silver" title="Deep Silver">Deep Silver</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalypso_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalypso Media（页面不存在）">Kalypso Media</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalypso_Media" class="extiw" title="en:Kalypso Media">Kalypso Media</a>）、<a href="/wiki/Piranha_Bytes" title="Piranha Bytes">Piranha Bytes</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yager_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yager Development（页面不存在）">Yager Development</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yager_Development" class="extiw" title="en:Yager Development">Yager Development</a>），<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="社交网络游戏">社交网络游戏</a>商则包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bigpoint_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bigpoint Games（页面不存在）">Bigpoint Games</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigpoint_Games" class="extiw" title="en:Bigpoint Games">Bigpoint Games</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gameforge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gameforge（页面不存在）">Gameforge</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameforge" class="extiw" title="en:Gameforge">Gameforge</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goodgame_Studios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goodgame Studios（页面不存在）">Goodgame Studios</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodgame_Studios" class="extiw" title="en:Goodgame Studios">Goodgame Studios</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wooga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wooga（页面不存在）">Wooga</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooga" class="extiw" title="en:Wooga">Wooga</a>）<a href="#cite_note-331">[參 272]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="电影">电影</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：电影">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="德国电影">德国电影</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/220px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/330px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/440px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>柏林附近的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%A0%A1%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1%E6%A3%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="巴貝爾堡攝影棚">巴贝尔堡摄影棚</a>为世界首个大型电影制作室</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="德国电影">德国电影</a>对其领域在技术和艺术上都作出巨大的贡献。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马克思·斯科拉达诺夫斯基（页面不存在）">斯科拉达诺夫斯基兄弟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Skladanowsky" class="extiw" title="en:Max Skladanowsky">Max Skladanowsky</a>）的作品在1895年首映。位于柏林市郊<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%A8%E5%9D%A6" title="波茨坦">波茨坦</a>著名的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%A0%A1%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1%E6%A3%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="巴貝爾堡攝影棚">巴贝尔堡摄影棚</a>于1912年建立，为世界首个大型电影制作室，现今为欧洲最大制作室<a href="#cite_note-332">[參 273]</a>。早年德国电影受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="德国表现主义">德国表现主义</a>的显著影响，其代表包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%81%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="罗伯特·威恩">罗伯特·威恩</a>和<a href="/wiki/F%C2%B7W%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94%E7%91%99" class="mw-redirect" title="F·W·穆尔瑙">弗里德里希·威廉·穆尔瑙</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%9C%97" title="弗里茨·朗">弗里茨·朗</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%83_(1927%E5%B9%B4%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)" title="大都會 (1927年電影)">大都会</a>》（1927年）被认为是第一部重要科幻电影<a href="#cite_note-333">[參 274]</a>。1930年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="约瑟夫·冯·斯坦伯格">约瑟夫·冯·斯坦伯格</a>执导首部德语<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%A3%B0%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="有声电影">有声电影</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="藍天使">蓝天使</a>》，由<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E9%BB%9B%E5%BE%B7%E9%BA%97" class="mw-redirect" title="瑪琳·黛德麗">玛琳·黛德丽</a>出任主演<a href="#cite_note-334">[參 275]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%8A%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="莱尼·里芬斯塔尔">莱尼·里芬斯塔尔</a>的电影开创电影美学的新层面，其代表作为《<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%9D%E5%88%A9" title="意志的勝利">意志的胜利</a>》<a href="#cite_note-335">[參 276]</a>。 1945年后，许多战后时期的电影被称作“废墟电影”（Trümmerfilm），如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E9%99%B6%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沃尔夫冈·施陶特（页面不存在）">沃尔夫冈·施陶特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Staudte" class="extiw" title="en:Wolfgang Staudte">Wolfgang Staudte</a>）的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%B6%E6%89%8B%E5%B0%B1%E5%9C%A8%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凶手就在我们中间（页面不存在）">凶手就在我们中间</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderers_Among_Us" class="extiw" title="en:Murderers Among Us">Murderers Among Us</a>）》（1946年）。知名东德电影包括施陶特的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A3%E4%BB%86_(%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臣仆 (电影)（页面不存在）">臣仆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Untertan_(film)" class="extiw" title="en:Der Untertan (film)">Der Untertan (film)</a>）》（1951年）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康拉德·沃尔夫（页面不存在）">康拉德·沃尔夫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Wolf" class="extiw" title="en:Konrad Wolf">Konrad Wolf</a>）的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分裂的天空（页面不存在）">分裂的天空</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_Heaven_(film)" class="extiw" title="en:Divided Heaven (film)">Divided Heaven (film)</a>）》（1964年）及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗克·贝尔（页面不存在）">弗朗克·贝尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beyer" class="extiw" title="en:Frank Beyer">Frank Beyer</a>）的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%92%92%E8%B0%8E%E8%80%85%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="撒谎者雅各布（页面不存在）">撒谎者雅各布</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_the_Liar_(1975_film)" class="extiw" title="en:Jacob the Liar (1975 film)">Jacob the Liar (1975 film)</a>）》（1975年）。1950年代西德电影的主导类型为“乡土电影”（Heimatfilm），描绘美丽的河山以及其正直的居民<a href="#cite_note-336">[參 277]</a>。 1970年代和1980年代，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA%E6%BD%AE" title="德國新浪潮">德国新浪潮</a>导演如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="沃克·施隆多夫">沃克·施隆多夫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E4%BD%90%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="维尔纳·赫尔佐格">维尔纳·赫尔佐格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="维姆·文德斯">维姆·文德斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E9%82%A3%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%BE%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="宁那·华纳·法斯宾德">宁那·华纳·法斯宾德</a>提高西德作者电影的国际地位。包括《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E6%B5%B7%E5%BA%95%E5%87%BA%E6%93%8A" title="從海底出擊">从海底出击</a>》（1981年）、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%AD%94%E5%9F%9F" title="大魔域">大魔域</a>》（1984年）、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E8%A7%81%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%EF%BC%81" class="mw-redirect" title="再见列宁！">再见列宁！</a>》（2003年）、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%84%A1%E6%AD%A2%E7%9B%A1" title="愛無止盡">爱无止尽</a>》（2004年）、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%B8%9D%E5%B8%A6" title="白丝带">白丝带</a>》（2009年）、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E6%80%BB%E5%8A%A8%E5%91%98" title="动物总动员">动物总动员</a>》（2010年）和《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%9C%96_(%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)" title="雲圖 (電影)">云图</a>》（2012年）等德国电影亦在国际上获得成功。1979年<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%A4%96%E8%AF%AD%E7%89%87%E5%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="奥斯卡最佳外语片奖">奥斯卡最佳外语片奖</a>授予德国电影《<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%9A%AE%E9%BC%93_(%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)" title="鐵皮鼓 (電影)">铁皮鼓</a>》，同一奖项在2002年授予《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E5%A4%84%E6%98%AF%E6%88%91%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="何处是我家">何处是我家</a>》，2007年授予《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%83%E5%90%AC%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="窃听风暴">窃听风暴</a>》<a href="#cite_note-337">[參 278]</a>。 年度<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E7%8D%8E" title="歐洲電影獎">欧洲电影奖</a>每隔一年在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲电影学院（页面不存在）">欧洲电影学院</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Academy" class="extiw" title="en:European Film Academy">European Film Academy</a>）所在地柏林举行<a href="#cite_note-338">[參 279]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82" title="柏林国际电影节">柏林国际电影节</a>颁发<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%86%8A%E5%A5%96" title="金熊奖">金熊奖</a>，自1951年起每年举行，为世界最重要的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82" title="电影节">电影节</a>之一<a href="#cite_note-339">[參 280]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E7%8D%8E" title="德國電影獎">德国电影奖</a>颁发罗拉奖，自1951年起每年于柏林举行<a href="#cite_note-340">[參 281]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="飲食">飲食</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：飲食">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="德國飲食">德國飲食</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Forest_gateau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Black_Forest_gateau.jpg/220px-Black_Forest_gateau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Black_Forest_gateau.jpg/330px-Black_Forest_gateau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Black_Forest_gateau.jpg/440px-Black_Forest_gateau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>發源於德國的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E8%9B%8B%E7%B3%95" title="黑森林蛋糕">黑森林蛋糕</a>（Black Forest Gâteau）</figcaption></figure> 德国饮食根据地区不同而各有差异，但相邻的区域时常有共同之处（如南部的巴伐利亚和施瓦本饮食文化同瑞士和奥地利相近）。国际食品如<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%AB%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="披薩">披薩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BF%E5%8F%B8" title="寿司">寿司</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%8F%9C" title="中国菜">中国菜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="希臘飲食">希腊菜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%8F%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="印度菜">印度菜</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E7%83%A4%E8%82%89" title="土耳其烤肉">土耳其烤肉</a>亦因不同民族社群的存在而可以获得，颇受大众欢迎<a href="#cite_note-341">[參 282]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%8C%85" class="mw-redirect" title="面包">面包</a>是德国饮食的重要组成部分。德国出产近600种面包和1,200种糕点和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E9%9D%A2%E5%8C%85" title="圆面包">圆面包</a>。德国<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%85%AA" title="乾酪">奶酪</a>的生产数量占到全欧洲的近三分之一<a href="#cite_note-IG-342">[參 283]</a>。2012年，超过99%在德国生产的肉类为猪肉、鸡肉和牛肉。香肠在德国极为普遍，生产种类近1,500种，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%B9%E7%85%8E%E9%A6%99%E8%85%B8" title="德國油煎香腸">油煎香肠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%99%BD%E9%A6%99%E8%85%B8" title="巴伐利亞白香腸">白香肠</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%92%96%E5%93%A9%E9%A6%99%E8%85%B8" title="德國咖哩香腸">咖喱香肠</a>等<a href="#cite_note-343">[參 284]</a>。2012年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="有机食品">有机食品</a>销量占到食品总销量的3.9%<a href="#cite_note-344">[參 285]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="德國葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a>在德国许多地方逐渐开始流行<a href="#cite_note-345">[參 286]</a>，但最受欢迎的国家酒精饮品仍旧为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="德國啤酒">啤酒</a>。2012年德国啤酒饮用量为每人110公升（24英制加侖；29美制加侖），在世界<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E9%87%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国人均啤酒消费量列表">位居前列</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[參 287]</a>。德国对于<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92%E7%B4%94%E9%87%80%E6%B3%95" title="啤酒純釀法">啤酒纯度的规定</a>可追溯至15世纪<a href="#cite_note-347">[參 288]</a>。 2015年《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%9E%97%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97" title="米其林指南">米其林指南</a>》指定11家德国餐厅为最高的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%9E%97%E9%A4%90%E5%BB%B3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="米其林餐廳列表">三星级</a>，38家餐厅则获得二星评价，233家餐厅获得一星评价<a href="#cite_note-348">[參 289]</a>，总数量位居第二，仅次于法国<a href="#cite_note-349">[參 290]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[參 291]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="体育">体育</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：体育">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2" title="德國體育">德國體育</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Schumacher_2010_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Michael_Schumacher_2010_Malaysia.jpg/150px-Michael_Schumacher_2010_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Michael_Schumacher_2010_Malaysia.jpg/225px-Michael_Schumacher_2010_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Michael_Schumacher_2010_Malaysia.jpg/300px-Michael_Schumacher_2010_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB" title="迈克尔·舒马赫">迈克尔·舒马赫</a></figcaption></figure> 近二千七百万德国人为体育俱乐部成员，此外亦有一千二百万人独立参与体育活动<a href="#cite_note-sports-351">[參 292]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/220px-Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/330px-Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/440px-Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3101" data-file-height="1611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="德国国家足球队">德国国家足球队</a>于2014年第四次获得<a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%9D%AF%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="2014年世界杯足球赛">世界杯足球赛</a>冠军。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="德国足球运动">足球</a>是德国最受欢迎的体育运动</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="德国足球运动">足球</a>是最受欢迎的体育运动。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="德国足球协会">德国足球协会</a>会员人数达650万人，在同类组织中为世界最大，其顶级赛事<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E7%94%B2%E7%BA%A7%E8%81%94%E8%B5%9B" title="德国足球甲级联赛">德国足球甲级联赛</a>平均到场观众人数在全球职业体育联赛中位居第二<a href="#cite_note-sports-351">[參 292]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="德国国家足球队">德国国家足球队</a>于1954年、1974年、1990年和2014年夺得<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%9D%AF%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="世界杯足球赛">世界杯足球赛</a>冠军<a href="#cite_note-352">[參 293]</a>，1972年、1980年和1996年夺得<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E9%94%A6%E6%A0%87%E8%B5%9B" title="欧洲足球锦标赛">欧洲足球锦标赛</a>冠军。德国于<a href="/wiki/1974%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%9D%AF%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="1974年世界杯足球赛">1974年</a>和<a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%9D%AF%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="2006年世界杯足球赛">2006年</a>举办世界杯，于<a href="/wiki/1988%E5%B9%B4%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E9%94%A6%E6%A0%87%E8%B5%9B" title="1988年欧洲足球锦标赛">1988年</a>、<a href="/wiki/2024%E5%B9%B4%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E9%94%A6%E6%A0%87%E8%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="2024年欧洲足球锦标赛">2024年</a>举办欧锦赛。 其他热门运动包括冬季体育、拳击、篮球、手球、排球、冰球、网球、马术和高尔夫球。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%A1%9E%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="水類運動">水类运动</a>诸如帆船、赛艇和游泳亦颇受欢迎<a href="#cite_note-sports-351">[參 292]</a>。 德国为世界<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="赛车">赛车</a>大国。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="宝马">宝马</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%B5%9B%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF-%E5%A5%94%E9%A9%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="梅赛德斯-奔驰">梅赛德斯</a>为重要的赛车制造商。截至2015年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%97%B6%E6%8D%B7" title="保时捷">保时捷</a>曾17次在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E8%8A%9224%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6%E8%80%90%E5%8A%9B%E8%B5%9B" title="勒芒24小时耐力赛">勒芒24小时耐力赛</a>中夺魁，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%AA" title="奥迪">奥迪</a>亦13次取胜。<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB" title="迈克尔·舒马赫">迈克尔·舒马赫</a>在其赛车生涯中创造一系列记录，并七次夺得<a href="/wiki/F1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%BD%A6%E6%89%8B%E5%86%A0%E5%86%9B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="F1世界车手冠军列表">一级方程式世界车手冠军</a>，为史上最多，并同时为史上收入最高的运动员之一<a href="#cite_note-353">[參 294]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="塞巴斯蒂安·维特尔">塞巴斯蒂安·维特尔</a>亦为史上最为成功的三名一级方程式车手之一<a href="#cite_note-354">[參 295]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="奥林匹克运动会德国代表团">德国运动员</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="奥林匹克运动会">奥林匹克运动会</a>中有优异表现，总奖牌数居<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%A5%96%E7%89%8C%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="奥林匹克运动会奖牌统计">世界第三</a>（包括东西德）。德国是最后一个在同年举办夏季和冬季奥运会的国家——1936年于柏林举办<a href="/wiki/1936%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1936年夏季奥林匹克运动会">夏季奥运会</a>，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%BD-%E5%B8%95%E6%BB%95%E5%9F%BA%E8%88%88" class="mw-redirect" title="加爾米施-帕滕基興">加尔米施-帕滕基兴</a>举办<a href="/wiki/1936%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1936年冬季奥林匹克运动会">冬季奥运会</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[參 296]</a>。此外<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a>亦举办1972年的<a href="/wiki/1972%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1972年夏季奥林匹克运动会">夏季奥运会</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[參 297]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="时尚和设计">时尚和设计</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=41" title="编辑章节：时尚和设计">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MICHALSKY_StyleNite_01_2012_stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MICHALSKY_StyleNite_01_2012_stage.jpg/220px-MICHALSKY_StyleNite_01_2012_stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MICHALSKY_StyleNite_01_2012_stage.jpg/330px-MICHALSKY_StyleNite_01_2012_stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MICHALSKY_StyleNite_01_2012_stage.jpg/440px-MICHALSKY_StyleNite_01_2012_stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%97%B6%E8%A3%85%E5%91%A8" title="柏林时装周">柏林時裝周</a>，2012年</figcaption></figure> 德国设计师在现代产品设计领域声名显赫，其中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF" title="包豪斯">包豪斯</a>设计师<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%87%A1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="路德维希·密斯·凡德罗">路德维希·密斯·凡德罗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%9C%97" title="博朗">博朗</a>设计师<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="迪特·拉姆斯">迪特·拉姆斯</a>为杰出代表<a href="#cite_note-357">[參 298]</a>。 德国亦为<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E8%A3%9D" title="時裝">时尚产业</a>领先国家之一。2010年德国纺织业共有近1,300家企业，雇佣超过130,000人，营收达280亿欧元。其产品的44%用于出口<a href="#cite_note-358">[參 299]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%97%B6%E8%A3%85%E5%91%A8" title="柏林时装周">柏林时装周</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A2%E5%8C%85%E4%B8%8E%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B9%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="面包与黄油贸易展（页面不存在）">面包与黄油贸易展</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_and_Butter_tradeshow" class="extiw" title="en:Bread and Butter tradeshow">Bread and Butter tradeshow</a>）每年举办两次<a href="#cite_note-359">[參 300]</a>。 慕尼黑、汉堡和杜塞尔多夫及其他一些城镇亦为德国国内时尚产业的设计、生产和贸易中心<a href="#cite_note-360">[參 301]</a>。来自德国的著名设计师包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%90" title="卡爾·拉格斐">卡尔·拉格斐</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉尔·桑德尔（页面不存在）">吉尔·桑德尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jil_Sander" class="extiw" title="en:Jil Sander">Jil Sander</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E6%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沃尔夫冈·约普（页面不存在）">沃尔夫冈·约普</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Joop" class="extiw" title="en:Wolfgang Joop">Wolfgang Joop</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%A6%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E8%90%8A%E5%9B%A0" title="菲利浦·普萊因">菲利浦·普莱因</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="迈克尔·米夏尔斯基">迈克尔·米夏尔斯基</a>。主要时尚品牌包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%9C%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF" title="雨果博斯">雨果博斯</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E6%80%9D%E5%8D%A1%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爱思卡达（页面不存在）">爱思卡达</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escada" class="extiw" title="en:Escada">Escada</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E8%BF%AA%E9%81%94" title="愛迪達">愛迪達</a>、<a href="/wiki/PUMA" title="PUMA">PUMA</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%9B%E5%AE%89%E8%8A%AC" title="黛安芬">黛安芬</a>。德国的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E5%90%8D%E6%A8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="超级名模">超级名模</a>诸如<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E9%9B%AA%E8%8A%B1" title="歌地亞·雪花">歌地亞·雪花</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="海蒂·克鲁姆">海蒂·克鲁姆</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%A3%E6%89%AC%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E8%92%82%E8%8C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔季扬娜·帕蒂茨（页面不存在）">塔季扬娜·帕蒂茨</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatjana_Patitz" class="extiw" title="en:Tatjana Patitz">Tatjana Patitz</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%9C%E5%98%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC" title="娜嘉·奧爾曼">娜嘉·奧爾曼</a>亦获得国际名望<a href="#cite_note-361">[參 302]</a>。 <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註解">註解</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节：註解">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> 自1952年至1990年，《德意志之歌》为国歌，但正式场合只演唱第三节。自1991年以来，第三节成为唯一正式<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C" title="国歌">国歌</a>。<a href="#cite_note-PresidentsOffice-1">[參 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA1-2">[參 2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-4"><a href="#cite_ref-a_4-0">^</a> 根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E6%88%96%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B8%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%86%B2%E7%AB%A0" title="歐洲區域或少數民族語言憲章">歐洲區域或少數民族語言憲章</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥語">丹麥語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="低地德語">低地德語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="索布語">索布語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%A7%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="羅姆語">羅姆語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%A3%AB%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="菲士蘭語">菲士蘭語</a>为受承认的少数语言。 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> 按德語Karl der Große，亦可稱卡爾大帝<a href="#cite_note-29">[書 10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> 又稱薩克森王朝<a href="#cite_note-周20-33">[書 13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> 包括1個帝國－奧地利，5個王國－普魯士、巴伐利亞、薩克森、漢諾威和巴登-符騰堡，4個自由市－不來梅、漢堡、呂貝克及法蘭克福，1個選侯國（Electorate）－黑森，7個大公國（Grand Duchy），10個公國（Duchy），10個侯國（Principality）及1個伯爵領（Landgraviate）。<a href="#cite_note-49">[書 23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> 法蘭克福國民議會代表傾向「小德意志」路線，及排除奧地利參與，係基於種族、經濟及宗教上考量，種族上，普魯士以德意志人為主體，而奧匈帝國境內則有不少馬札爾人、斯拉夫人；經濟上，普魯士領土於维也纳会议後取得萊茵地區部分土地，與日耳曼諸邦較為接近，普魯士與北德地區邦國成立關稅同盟，奧地利被排除在外；宗教上，北德地區以新教為主，而奧地利<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="哈布斯堡王朝">哈布斯堡王朝</a>信仰羅馬公教<a href="#cite_note-55">[書 26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> 德國人稱之為東海（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>：Ostsee） </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> 性質上為邦政府的派出管理機構<a href="#cite_note-142">[書 43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> 此类组织根据公共法为企业，有权对其成员征税。在巴伐利亚这一税率为所得税（及一些其他税目）的8%，而在其他州则为9%；多数时候此税由州自行征收<a href="#cite_note-Kirchensteuer-258">[參 205]</a>。多数退出教会者意图借此避免交税<a href="#cite_note-Kirchensteuer-258">[參 205]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> 包括非欧盟成员国如波黑、瑞士和土耳其。 </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> 於西元前500年在一系列變化下形成的日耳曼語在最初較為統一，但部落間的語言仍有差別，於青銅器時代及鐵器時代時的部落遷移，擴大語言間的差異，並於分化、重組中出現多種形式的語言<a href="#cite_note-271">[書 46]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> 又譯作普通中學<a href="#cite_note-275">[書 47]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料">參考資料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=43" title="编辑章节：參考資料">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PresidentsOffice-1"><a href="#cite_ref-PresidentsOffice_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Bundespräsidialamt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Heft 13, Fremdenverkehrsverein Bodfeld/Harz, Elbingerode (Harz),2003, p.565. Schütz and Gruber, Mythos Reichsautobahn: Bau und Inszenierung der "Straßen des Führers" 1933–1941, Berlin: Links, 1996, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783861531173" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9783861531173</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> McNab, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulbrook_190-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fulbrook_190_76-0">36.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fulbrook_190_76-1">36.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>，第190-195頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Axelrod, Alan (2007) Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1. Infobase Publishing. pp. 659. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Hiden, John; Lane, Thomas (2003). The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521531207" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-53120-7</a>, pp. 143–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Steinberg, Heinz Günter. Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg: mit einem Überblick über die Entwicklung von 1945 bis 1990. Kulturstiftung der dt. Vertriebenen. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-88557-089-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-88557-089-9">ISBN 978-3-88557-089-9</a> （德语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=Heinz+G%C3%BCnter&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.btitle=Die+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsentwicklung+in+Deutschland+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg%3A+mit+einem+%C3%9Cberblick+%C3%BCber+die+Entwicklung+von+1945+bis+1990&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-88557-089-9&rft.pub=Kulturstiftung+der+dt.+Vertriebenen&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew">The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust</a>. Columbia University Press. 2000: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew/page/45">45</a>–52. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-231-11200-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-231-11200-0">ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=Nicosia%2C+Francis+R.&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.aulast=Niewyk&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11200-0&rft.pages=45-52&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiaguidetot00niew&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Institute of National Remembrance (Poland), Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski and Szarota. page 9 "Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000" </li> <li id="cite_note-Maksudov,_S._1994-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maksudov,_S._1994_82-0">42.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maksudov,_S._1994_82-1">42.1</a> Maksudov, S. (1994). "Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note". Europe-Asia Studies 46 (4): 671–680. </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-83"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_83-0">^</a> Ian Kershaw.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_tmGaItZ0tsC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Stalinism and Nazism: dictatorships in comparison</a>. Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.150 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521565219" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-56521-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rüdiger_Overmans_2000-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Rüdiger_Overmans_2000_84-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Overmans, Rüdiger. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-486-56531-1" title="Special:网络书源/3-486-56531-1">ISBN 3-486-56531-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=Overmans%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rft.btitle=Deutsche+milit%C3%A4rische+Verluste+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-486-56531-1&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Winter, JM. Demography of the war. Dear, I; Foot, M (编). The Oxford Companion to World War II ebook. Oxford University Press. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780191727603" title="Special:网络书源/9780191727603">ISBN 9780191727603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.atitle=Demography+of+the+war&rft.au=Winter%2C+JM&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=ebook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780191727603&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Overy, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuremberg_article_01.shtml">Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial</a>. BBC History. 2011-02-17 [2011-03-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316053707/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuremberg_article_01.shtml">存档</a>于2011-03-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.btitle=Nuremberg%3A+Nazis+on+Trial&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fnuremberg_article_01.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Richard J. Evans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newrepublic.com/book/review/orderly-humane-expulsion-germans-richard-evans?page=0,1">The Other Horror, Review of Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War, by R.M. Douglas</a>. The New Republic. 2012-06-25 [2012-07-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514002639/http://www.newrepublic.com/book/review/orderly-humane-expulsion-germans-richard-evans?page=0,1&utm_source=The%20New%20Republic&utm_campaign=c58b90ef8c-TNR_BA_062812&utm_medium=email">存档</a>于2015-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=Richard+J.+Evans&rft.btitle=The+Other+Horror%2C+Review+of+Orderly+and+Humane%3A+The+Expulsion+of+the+Germans+After+the+Second+World+War%2C+by+R.M.+Douglas&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+New+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newrepublic.com%2Fbook%2Freview%2Forderly-humane-expulsion-germans-richard-evans%3Fpage%3D0%2C1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Wise, Michael Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitaldilemmage0000wise">Capital dilemma: Germany's search for a new architecture of democracy</a>. Princeton Architectural Press. 1998: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitaldilemmage0000wise/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-56898-134-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-56898-134-5">ISBN 978-1-56898-134-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=Michael+Z.&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.btitle=Capital+dilemma%3A+Germany%27s+search+for+a+new+architecture+of+democracy&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-56898-134-5&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcapitaldilemmage0000wise&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Carlin, Wendy. West German growth and institutions (1945–90). Crafts, Nicholas; Toniolo, Gianni (编). Economic Growth in Europe Since 1945. 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Informationen zur Politischen Bildung (Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung). 2002-12-24, (256) [2016-07-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201210446/http://www.bpb.de/izpb/10131/wirtschaft-in-beiden-deutschen-staaten-teil-1">存档</a>于2017-12-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.atitle=Deutschland+in+den+50er+Jahren%3A+Wirtschaft+in+beiden+deutschen+Staaten&rft.au=Werner+B%C3%BChrer&rft.date=2002-12-24&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=256&rft.jtitle=Informationen+zur+Politischen+Bildung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fizpb%2F10131%2Fwirtschaft-in-beiden-deutschen-staaten-teil-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/declassified_139339.htm">A SHORT HISTORY OF NATO</a>. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. [2017-11-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043028/https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/declassified_139339.htm">存档</a>于2017-12-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.btitle=A+SHORT+HISTORY+OF+NATO&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Treaty+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fsu%2Fnatohq%2Fdeclassified_139339.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/policy/from-6-to-28-members_en">From 6 to 28 members</a>. European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations. 2016-06-12 [2017-11-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123072425/https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/policy/from-6-to-28-members_en">存档</a>于2017-11-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.btitle=From+6+to+28+members&rft.date=2016-06-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=European+Neighbourhood+Policy+And+Enlargement+Negotiations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fneighbourhood-enlargement%2Fpolicy%2Ffrom-6-to-28-members_en&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel_20080311-93"><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_20080311_93-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">maw/dpa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/east-german-spies-new-study-finds-more-stasi-spooks-a-540771.html">New Study Finds More Stasi Spooks</a>. Spiegel Online – english site (www.spiegel.de/international). <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E9%95%9C" title="明镜">Der Spiegel</a>. 2008-03-11 [2011-10-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119094328/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/east-german-spies-new-study-finds-more-stasi-spooks-a-540771.html">存档</a>于2012-11-19）. <q>189,000 people were informers for the Stasi – the former Communist secret police – when East Germany collapsed in 1989 – 15,000 more than previous studies had suggested. 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Mai 2013 in Berlin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zensus_2011-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zensus_2011_254-0">201.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zensus_2011_254-1">201.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zensus_2011_254-2">201.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zensus_2011_254-3">201.3</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605031517/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:00,BEG_4_2_6,m,table">Bevölkerung im regionalen Vergleich nach Religion (ausführlich) -in %-</a>. destatis.de (Zensusdatenbank des Zensus 2011). <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%B1%80" title="德國聯邦統計局">Federal Statistical Office of Germany</a>: Zensus 2011 – Page 6. 2011-05-09 [2011-05-09]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:00,BEG_4_2_6,m,table">原始内容</a>存档于2013-06-05） （德语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.atitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+im+regionalen+Vergleich+nach+Religion+%28ausf%C3%BChrlich%29+-in+%25-&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=destatis.de+%28Zensusdatenbank+des+Zensus+2011%29&rft.pages=Zensus+2011+-+Page+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fergebnisse.zensus2011.de%2F%23StaticContent%3A00%2CBEG_4_2_6%2Cm%2Ctable&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-DBK15-255"><a href="#cite_ref-DBK15_255-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbk.de/fileadmin/redaktion/Zahlen%20und%20Fakten/Kirchliche%20Statistik/Bevoelkerung%20und%20Katholiken%20BL/2014-Tabelle-Bevoelkerung-Katholiken-Laender.pdf">Official membership statistics of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany 2014/15</a> (PDF). Sekretariat der Deutschen Bischofskonferenz. [2016-06-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205041/http://www.dbk.de/fileadmin/redaktion/Zahlen%20und%20Fakten/Kirchliche%20Statistik/Bevoelkerung%20und%20Katholiken%20BL/2014-Tabelle-Bevoelkerung-Katholiken-Laender.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2017-08-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.btitle=Official+membership+statistics+of+the+Roman+Catholic+Church+in+Germany+2014%2F15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Sekretariat+der+Deutschen+Bischofskonferenz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbk.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fredaktion%2FZahlen%2520und%2520Fakten%2FKirchliche%2520Statistik%2FBevoelkerung%2520und%2520Katholiken%2520BL%2F2014-Tabelle-Bevoelkerung-Katholiken-Laender.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-EKD15-256"><a href="#cite_ref-EKD15_256-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekd.de/download/kirchenmitglieder_2014.pdf">Official membership statistics of the Evangelical Church in Germany 2014</a> (PDF). Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland. [2016-06-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311105759/http://www.ekd.de/download/kirchenmitglieder_2014.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2016-03-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.btitle=Official+membership+statistics+of+the+Evangelical+Church+in+Germany+2014&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Evangelische+Kirche+in+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekd.de%2Fdownload%2Fkirchenmitglieder_2014.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110002707/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/?locale=en#StaticContent:00,BEG_4_2_6,,">Population in comparison with other regional authorities depending on religion (in detail) -relative-</a>. Result of the 2011 Census. [2017-02-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/?locale=en#StaticContent:00,BEG_4_2_6,,">原始内容</a>存档于2016-11-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.btitle=Population+in+comparison+with+other+regional+authorities+depending+on+religion+%28in+detail%29+-relative-&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Result+of+the+2011+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fergebnisse.zensus2011.de%2F%3Flocale%3Den%23StaticContent%3A00%2CBEG_4_2_6%2C%2C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirchensteuer-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirchensteuer_258-0">205.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirchensteuer_258-1">205.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Petersen, Jens. Kirchensteuer kompakt: Strukturierte Darstellung mit Berechnungsbeispielen [Church Tax Compact: Structured Description with Calculation Examples]. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. 2015: 11–12, 31. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783658059576" title="Special:网络书源/9783658059576">ISBN 9783658059576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.btitle=Kirchensteuer+kompakt%3A+Strukturierte+Darstellung+mit+Berechnungsbeispielen&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783658059576&rft.pages=11-12%2C+31&rft.pub=Springer+Fachmedien+Wiesbaden&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Konfessionen_Deutschland_Zensus_2011.png" title="File:Konfessionen Deutschland Zensus 2011.png">根据每个区域统计结果制作的宗教信仰地图</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2012/sep/22/atheism-east-germany-godless-place">Eastern Germany: the most godless place on Earth | Peter Thompson | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk</a>. London: Guardian. 2012-09-22 [2012-09-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923182710/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2012/sep/22/atheism-east-germany-godless-place">存档</a>于2012-09-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.atitle=Eastern+Germany%3A+the+most+godless+place+on+Earth+%26%23124%3B+Peter+Thompson+%26%23124%3B+Comment+is+free+%26%23124%3B+guardian.co.uk&rft.date=2012-09-22&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2012%2Fsep%2F22%2Fatheism-east-germany-godless-place&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-georgetown1-262"><a href="#cite_ref-georgetown1_262-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324170951/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/germany">Germany</a>. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. [2015-03-27]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/germany">原始内容</a>存档于2015-03-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.btitle=Germany&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fgermany&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-REMID-263"><a href="#cite_ref-REMID_263-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm">REMID Data of "Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst"</a> 2015-01-16 </li> <li id="cite_note-MLD-264"><a href="#cite_ref-MLD_264-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Chapter 2: Wie viele Muslime leben in Deutschland?. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430195028/http://www.bmi.bund.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/566008/publicationFile/31710/vollversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland_.pdf;jsessionid=6B8CD26E2AC179111AF4F75650B84B1A">Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland</a> (PDF). Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. 2009-06: 80, 97 [2011-03-28]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-9812115-1-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-9812115-1-1">ISBN 978-3-9812115-1-1</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmi.bund.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/566008/publicationFile/31710/vollversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland_.pdf;jsessionid=6B8CD26E2AC179111AF4F75650B84B1A">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2011-04-30） （德语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Wie+viele+Muslime+leben+in+Deutschland%3F&rft.btitle=Muslimisches+Leben+in+Deutschland&rft.date=2009-06&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-3-9812115-1-1&rft.pages=80%2C+97&rft.pub=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Migration+und+Fl%C3%BCchtlinge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmi.bund.de%2Fcae%2Fservlet%2Fcontentblob%2F566008%2FpublicationFile%2F31710%2Fvollversion_studie_muslim_leben_deutschland_.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D6B8CD26E2AC179111AF4F75650B84B1A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100533/http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm">Religionen in Deutschland: Mitgliederzahlen</a>. Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst. 2009-10-31 [2011-03-28]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-06-25） （德语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.btitle=Religionen+in+Deutschland%3A+Mitgliederzahlen&rft.date=2009-10-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Religionswissenschaftlicher+Medien-+und+Informationsdienst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remid.de%2Fremid_info_zahlen.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_267-0">212.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_267-1">212.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="欧洲联盟委员会">European Commission</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey)</a> (PDF). Europa (web portal). 2006 [2011-03-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150816092645/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2015-08-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=European+Commission&rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+243%3A+Europeans+and+their+Languages+%28Survey%29&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Europa+%28web+portal%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_243_en.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="欧洲联盟委员会">European Commission</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf">Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)</a> (PDF). Europa (web portal). 2006 [2011-03-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430202903/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2011-04-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=European+Commission&rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+243%3A+Europeans+and+their+Languages+%28Executive+Summary%29&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Europa+%28web+portal%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_243_sum_en.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <cite class="citation web">European Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/languages/policy/linguistic-diversity/official-languages-eu_en.htm">Official Languages</a>. 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href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF丁建弘2007">丁建弘 2007</a>，第14-16頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF周惠民2009">周惠民 2009</a>，第15頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-f11-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f11_31-0">11.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-f11_31-1">11.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>，第11頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF周惠民2009">周惠民 2009</a>，第19頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-周20-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-周20_33-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-周20_33-1">13.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-周20_33-2">13.2</a> <a href="#CITEREF周惠民2009">周惠民 2009</a>，第20頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF周惠民2009">周惠民 2009</a>，第22頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>，第13-24頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>，第27頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF周惠民2009">周惠民 2009</a>，第30頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF周惠民2009">周惠民 2009</a>，第57頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2000">Philpott 2000</a>，第206-245頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacfarlane1997">Macfarlane 1997</a>，第51頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilpott2000">Philpott 2000</a>，第206-245頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGagliardo1980">Gagliardo 1980</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF丁建弘2007">丁建弘 2007</a>，第167頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF周惠民2009">周惠民 2009</a>，第133頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF周惠民2009">周惠民 2009</a>，第137頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF周惠民2009">周惠民 2009</a>，第124-125頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF丁建弘2007">丁建弘 2007</a>，第219頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF周惠民2009">周惠民 2009</a>，第146頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>，第135、149頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohn2005">John 2005</a>，第202頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>，第131頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>，第156-160頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>，第155–158、172–177頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>，第188–189頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF周惠民2009">周惠民 2009</a>，第205-206頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF賴麗琇1994">賴麗琇 1994</a>，第1頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF賴麗琇1994">賴麗琇 1994</a>，第7頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBekker2005">Bekker 2005</a>，第14頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF顧俊禮2001">顧俊禮 2001</a>，第93-94頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF顧俊禮2001">顧俊禮 2001</a>，第195頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF顧俊禮2001">顧俊禮 2001</a>，第205-207頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF顧俊禮2001">顧俊禮 2001</a>，第214-215頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF顧俊禮2001">顧俊禮 2001</a>，第240頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF賴麗琇1994">賴麗琇 1994</a>，第181頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF肖捷1992">肖捷 1992</a>，第1頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF陳杭柱2000">陳杭柱 2000</a>，第28頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF賴麗琇1994">賴麗琇 1994</a>，第333-338頁 </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREF賴麗琇1994" class="citation">賴麗琇, 新德國, 臺北: 中央圖書出版社, 1994, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9576372585" title="Special:网络书源/9576372585">ISBN 9576372585</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=%E8%B3%B4%E9%BA%97%E7%90%87&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9576372585&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREF周惠民2009" class="citation">周惠民, 德國史-中歐強權的起伏, 臺北: 三民書局, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-14-5197-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-14-5197-8">ISBN 978-957-14-5197-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E6%83%A0%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2-%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%90%E5%BC%B7%E6%AC%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E4%BC%8F&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-14-5197-8&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREF丁建弘2007" class="citation">丁建弘, 大國通史-德國通史, 上海: 上海社會科學院出版社, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-80745-126-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-80745-126-6">ISBN 978-7-80745-126-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=%E4%B8%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%BC%98&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%8B%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2-%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-80745-126-6&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREF顧俊禮2001" class="citation">顧俊禮, 德國政府與政治, 臺北: 揚智文化事業股份有限公司, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/957-818-327-5" title="Special:网络书源/957-818-327-5">ISBN 957-818-327-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=%E9%A1%A7%E4%BF%8A%E7%A6%AE&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%88%87%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=957-818-327-5&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E6%8F%9A%E6%99%BA%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREF肖捷1992" class="citation">肖捷, 德國經濟體制和經濟政策, 北京: 中國計劃出版社, 1992, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-80058-212-4" title="Special:网络书源/7-80058-212-4">ISBN 7-80058-212-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=%E8%82%96%E6%8D%B7&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%88%B6%E5%92%8C%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-80058-212-4&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREF陳杭柱2000" class="citation">陳杭柱, 德語簡史, 北京: 外語教學與研究出版社, 2000, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5600-1736-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5600-1736-5">ISBN 978-7-5600-1736-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E6%9D%AD%E6%9F%B1&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E7%B0%A1%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-5600-1736-5&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%A4%96%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLloydLühr,_RosemarieSpringer,_Otto1998" class="citation">Lloyd, Albert L.; Lühr, Rosemarie; Springer, Otto, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA523">Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</a>, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998 [2013-02-02], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-525-20768-9" title="Special:网络书源/3-525-20768-9">ISBN 3-525-20768-9</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113002443/http://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA523">存档</a>于2012-11-13） （德语）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=L%C3%BChr%2C+Rosemarie&rft.au=Springer%2C+Otto&rft.aufirst=Albert+L.&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Althochdeutschen%2C+Band+II&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-525-20768-9&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKfYGNwwNVIC%26pg%3DPA523&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFClaster1982" class="citation">Claster, Jill N., Medieval Experience: 300–1400, New York University Press, 1982, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8147-1381-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-8147-1381-5">ISBN 0-8147-1381-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=Jill+N.&rft.aulast=Claster&rft.btitle=Medieval+Experience%3A+300%E2%80%931400&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8147-1381-5&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBowmanGarnseyCameron2005" class="citation">Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil, The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337, The Cambridge Ancient History 12, Cambridge University Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-30199-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-30199-8">ISBN 0-521-30199-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Averil&rft.au=Garnsey%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=Alan+K.&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.btitle=The+crisis+of+empire%2C+A.D.+193%E2%80%93337&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-30199-8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook1991" class="citation">Fulbrook, Mary, A Concise History of Germany, Cambridge University Press, 1991, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-36836-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-36836-0">ISBN 978-0-521-36836-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Germany&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36836-0&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPhilpott2000" class="citation">Philpott, Daniel, The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations, World Politics, 2000, 52 (2)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Roots+of+Modern+International+Relations&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.volume=52&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGagliardo1980" class="citation">Gagliardo, G., Reich and Nation, The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806, Indiana University Press, 1980</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Gagliardo&rft.btitle=Reich+and+Nation%2C+The+Holy+Roman+Empire+as+Idea+and+Reality%2C+1763%E2%80%931806&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMacfarlane1997" class="citation">Macfarlane, Alan, The savage wars of peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian trap, Blackwell, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-631-18117-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-631-18117-0">ISBN 978-0-631-18117-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Macfarlane&rft.btitle=The+savage+wars+of+peace%3A+England%2C+Japan+and+the+Malthusian+trap&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18117-0&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJohn2005" class="citation">John, O.E. Clark, Black, John , 编, 100 maps, Sterling Publishing, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4027-2885-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4027-2885-3">ISBN 978-1-4027-2885-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=O.E.+Clark&rft.aulast=John&rft.btitle=100+maps&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-2885-3&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLee2003" class="citation">Lee, Stephen J., Europe, 1890–1945, Routledge, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-25455-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-25455-7">ISBN 978-0-415-25455-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+1890%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25455-7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStackelberg1999" class="citation">Stackelberg, Roderick, Hitler's Germany: Origins, interpretations, legacies, Routledge: 103, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-20115-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-20115-5">ISBN 978-0-415-20115-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft.aulast=Stackelberg&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Germany%3A+Origins%2C+interpretations%2C+legacies&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20115-5&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBekker2005" class="citation">Bekker, Henk, Adventure Guide Germany, Hunter, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-58843-503-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-58843-503-3">ISBN 978-1-58843-503-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=Henk&rft.aulast=Bekker&rft.btitle=Adventure+Guide+Germany&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-58843-503-3&rft.pub=Hunter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSchulze1998" class="citation">Schulze, Hagen, Germany: A New History, Harvard University Press, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-674-80688-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-674-80688-3">ISBN 0-674-80688-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&rft.aufirst=Hagen&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+A+New+History&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-674-80688-3&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&section=45" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" />维基词典上的<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/德國">字词解释</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" />维基共享资源上的<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" class="extiw" title="c:Deutschland">多媒体资源</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" />维基新闻上的<a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="n:Category:德国">新闻</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" />维基语录上的<a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="q:德国">名言</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17299607">德國簡介</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130202015113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17299607">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）－英國廣播公司新聞</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschland.de/zh-hans">www.deutschland.de</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130530192736/https://www.deutschland.de/zh-hans">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） –跨媒体与多语言的德国大门户网</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E6%8A%A5%E5%AF%BC/s-9058">在線報導</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130625013314/http://www.dw.de/%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E6%8A%A5%E5%AF%BC/s-9058">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）–德國國際媒體</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5" title="世界概况">世界概况</a>》上有关<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gm">Germany</a>的条目</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221174544/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/germany.htm">德國</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" title="科羅拉多大學博爾德分校">UBC</a>圖書館政府資訊）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="开放式目录">开放目录项目</a>中的“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Germany">德国</a>”</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211182518/https://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/zh-hans/lei-bie/gai-lan">德國概況</a>–德國外交部</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buguaiaerial.com/">www.buguaiaerial.com</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170329142125/http://www.buguaiaerial.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）–德國部落格</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/Homepage.html">Destatis.de</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160717075757/https://www.destatis.de/EN/Homepage.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） –德國聯邦統計部</li> <li>International Futures上的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DE">德國發展關鍵指標預測</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130203073458/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DE">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/oz_678770/1206_679086/1206x0_679088/">中华人民共和国外交部德国国家概况</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151121121900/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/oz_678770/1206_679086/1206x0_679088/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfo.aspx?CASN=FB01D469347C76A7&n=9C9CC6640661FEBA&sms=26470E539B6FA395&s=968CEA1212042C2C">中华民国外交部德國國情介紹</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170427174559/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfo.aspx?CASN=FB01D469347C76A7&n=9C9CC6640661FEBA&sms=26470E539B6FA395&s=968CEA1212042C2C">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.diplo.de/Vertretung/china/zh/Startseite.html">德意志联邦共和国驻中华人民共和国使领馆</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131111062952/http://www.china.diplo.de/Vertretung/china/zh/Startseite.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipei.diplo.de/Vertretung/taipei/zh-hant/Startseite.html">德國在臺協會</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>]</li></ul> <dl><dt>政府</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/EN/Homepage/_node.html">德國聯邦政府官方網站</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130128223306/http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/EN/Homepage/_node.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundespraesident.de/EN/Home/home_node.html">德國聯邦總統官方網站</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120521123432/http://www.bundespraesident.de/EN/Home/home_node.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Webs/BKin/DE/Startseite/startseite_node.html">德國聯邦總理官方網站</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130625065824/http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Webs/BKin/DE/Startseite/startseite_node.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（德文）</li></ul> <dl><dt>旅遊</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germany.travel/cn/index.html">德國國家旅遊局</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130203085814/http://www.germany.travel/cn/index.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（简体中文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.24reader.com/234540">7 星級自助遊德國</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150413034654/http://www.24reader.com/234540">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <table class="noprint metadata" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background: #f8f9fa; text-align: center; width:80%; font-size:80%; margin:0.5em auto"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:0%; padding-right:5px" rowspan="5"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/50px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/75px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/100px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:33%">（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B)" title="北海 (大西洋)">北海</a>） <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷蘭</a> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a> </td> <td style="width:33%">（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" title="波罗的海">波罗的海</a>） </td> <td style="width:0%; padding-left:5px" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/50px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/75px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/100px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%" rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/22px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/33px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/44px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">盧森堡</a> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /> </td> <td style="width:33%" rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/26px-West.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/34px-West.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /><figcaption>西</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:0%; text-align: center" nowrap="nowrap">  <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">德国</a>   </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /><figcaption>東</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a> • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a> </td> <td style="width:33%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="德国主题" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:德国主题"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template talk:德国主题"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德国主题"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="德国主题" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德国</a>主题</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="德国历史">历史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%BD%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="德国历史时间轴">历史年表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BC%96%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国编史（页面不存在）">编史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_Of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Historiography Of Germany">Historiography Of Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国军事史（页面不存在）">军事史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Military history of Germany">Military history of Germany</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大迁徙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国">法兰克王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%90%91%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="东向移民运动">东向移民运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="萊茵邦聯">萊茵邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="保罗教堂宪法">法兰克福宪法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一">德意志统一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="第一次世界大战期间的德国">第一次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B#第二次世界大战" title="納粹德國">第二次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2_(1945%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941990%E5%B9%B4)" title="德国历史 (1945年—1990年)">两德分立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="同盟國軍事佔領德國">同盟国军事占领</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%88%98%E5%90%8E%E5%AF%B9%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%B1%E9%80%90" title="第二次世界大战战后对德意志人的驱逐">驱逐德意志人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A5%E4%BE%86%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="兩德統一以來德國歷史">两德统一以来德国历史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="德国地理">地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="德國行政區劃">行政区划</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="联邦州 (德国)">联邦州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%BF_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="县 (德国)">县</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国城市列表">市镇</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%B2%9B%E5%B1%BF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国岛屿列表（页面不存在）">岛屿</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:List of islands of Germany">List of islands of Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国湖泊列表">湖泊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%B1%B1%E5%B3%B0" title="Category:德国山峰">山峰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="Category:德国河流">河流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="德國政治">政治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦议院">联邦议院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦参议院">联邦参议院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德國聯邦國防軍">联邦国防军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E9%98%81" title="德国内阁">内阁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理">总理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95" title="德意志聯邦共和國基本法">宪法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="德國法院體系">法院体系</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国选举（页面不存在）">选举</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Elections in Germany">Elections in Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="德國外交">外交</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" title="德国人权">人权</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国法律（页面不存在）">法律</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Law of Germany">Law of Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="德國執法機構">执法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国政党列表">政党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="德國聯邦總統">总统</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="德國經濟">经济</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国农业（页面不存在）">农业</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture in Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="德國汽車工業">德國汽車業</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国银行业（页面不存在）">银行业</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Banking in Germany">Banking in Germany</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="德意志联邦银行">中央银行</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中德意志化学三角（页面不存在）">化学三角</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" class="extiw" title="en:Middle German Chemical Triangle">Middle German Chemical Triangle</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="德国经济史">经济史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="德國能源">能源</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Energy in Germany">Energy in Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国出口列表（页面不存在）">出口</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:List of exports of Germany">List of exports of Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国模式（页面不存在）">德国模式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_model" class="extiw" title="en:German model">German model</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%84%E5%B7%9E%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国各州国内生产总值列表">各州GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%A6%E6%A5%AD" title="Category:德國礦業">矿业</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9E%8B%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A_(%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中型企业 (德语国家)（页面不存在）">中型企业</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelstand" class="extiw" title="en:Mittelstand">Mittelstand</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国科技（页面不存在）">科技</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology in Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="法兰克福证券交易所">证券交易所</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A8%8E%E8%B5%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国税赋（页面不存在）">税赋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Taxation in Germany">Taxation in Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国电信业（页面不存在）">电信业</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications in Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%85%89" title="德國觀光">旅游业</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国工会（页面不存在）">工会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions in Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="德国交通">交通</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国社会福利（页面不存在）">社会福利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Welfare in Germany">Welfare in Germany</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="Category:德国社会">社会</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国犯罪（页面不存在）">犯罪</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Crime in Germany">Crime in Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="德國人口">人口</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国毒品管制政策（页面不存在）">毒品管制政策</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy of Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="德國教育">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="德意志人">德意志人</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="Category:德國民族">种族群体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="德国医疗制度">医疗制度</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国移民（页面不存在）">移民</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Immigration to Germany">Immigration to Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="退休保險 (德國)">退休保险</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="德意志宗教改革">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="社会问题">社会问题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="德国文化">文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C" title="德意志之歌">国歌</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国建筑（页面不存在）">建筑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Architecture of Germany">Architecture of Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国美术（页面不存在）">美术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_art" class="extiw" title="en:German art">German art</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="Category:德国艺术">艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="德国电影">电影</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BE%BD" title="德国国徽">国徽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="德國飲食">饮食</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:德国舞蹈（页面不存在）">舞蹈</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E5%B0%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国时尚（页面不存在）">时尚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_fashion" class="extiw" title="en:German fashion">German fashion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5" title="Category:德國節日">节日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="德国国旗">国旗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="德语文学">文学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国互联网（页面不存在）">互联网</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Internet in Germany">Internet in Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="德國音樂">音乐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Music of Germany">Music of Germany</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0" title="德国的名称">名称</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="德国古典哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%BE%8E%E5%BE%B7" title="普魯士美德">普鲁士美德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_virtues" class="extiw" title="en:Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2" title="德國體育">体育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="德國電視">电视</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德国世界遗产列表">世界遗产</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="Category:德国">分类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:德国">主题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_德国的联邦州" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="Template:德國的聯邦州"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="Template talk:德國的聯邦州"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德國的聯邦州"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_德国的联邦州" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">德国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="联邦州 (德国)">联邦州</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:200px;"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/25px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/38px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/50px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB-%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1" title="巴登-符腾堡">巴登-符腾堡</a>（BW） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bavaria_(lozengy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚">巴伐利亚</a>（BY） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/25px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/38px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/50px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>（BE） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/25px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/38px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/50px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="勃兰登堡">勃兰登堡</a>（BB） </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:200px;"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bremen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/25px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/38px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/50px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%86%E6%A2%85%E5%B7%9E" title="不來梅州">不来梅</a>（HB） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hamburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/25px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/38px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/50px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡">汉堡</a>（HH） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/25px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/38px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/50px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森">黑森</a>（HE） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/25px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/38px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/50px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1-%E5%89%8D%E6%B3%A2%E8%8E%AB%E7%91%9E" title="梅克伦堡-前波莫瑞">梅克伦堡-前波莫瑞</a>（MV） </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:200px;"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/25px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/38px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/50px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="下萨克森">下萨克森</a>（NI） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/25px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/38px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/50px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5-%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" title="北莱茵-威斯特法伦">北莱茵-威斯特法伦</a>（NW） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/25px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/38px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/50px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E5%85%B0-%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="莱茵兰-普法尔茨">莱茵兰-普法尔茨</a>（RP） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saarland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/25px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/38px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/50px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" title="薩爾蘭">薩爾蘭</a>（SL） </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:200px;"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/25px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/38px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/50px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="萨克森">萨克森</a>（SN） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E5%AE%89%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="萨克森-安哈尔特">萨克森-安哈尔特</a>（ST） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/25px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/38px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/50px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC-%E8%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0" title="石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因">石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因</a>（SH） <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Thuringia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/25px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/38px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/50px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%B9" title="图林根">图林根</a>（TH） </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="列表级条目" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> 行政區劃列表：<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%9C%88" title="Template:神圣罗马帝国行政圈">神聖羅馬帝國</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" title="Template:莱茵邦联">萊茵邦聯</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%88%87%E7%9C%81%E4%BB%BD" title="Template:普魯士的領土與省份">普魯士</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0" title="Template:奧地利帝國皇室土地">奥地利</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" title="Template:德意志邦联">德意志邦聯</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%88%90%E5%93%A1%E9%82%A6" title="Template:北德意志邦聯成員邦">北德意志邦聯</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%84%E9%82%A6" title="Template:德意志帝國各邦">德意志帝國</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="Template:魏玛共和国行政区划">魏玛共和国</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92%E5%8F%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%A0%E9%A2%86%E5%8C%BA" title="Template:纳粹德国行政区划及德国占领区">纳粹德国</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%9E" title="Template:盟國軍事佔領德國的州">軍事佔領</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Bezirke_DDR" title="Template:Bezirke DDR">民主德国</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="Template:德國的聯邦州">聯邦德國</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="欧洲" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="Template:歐洲"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="Template talk:歐洲"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:歐洲"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="欧洲" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西欧</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="不列顛群島">不列顛群島</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭">蘇格蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="威爾斯">威尔士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="北爱尔兰">北爱尔兰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">爱尔兰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="西歐平原">西歐平原</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5" title="摩纳哥">摩纳哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="荷兰王国">荷兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">卢森堡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%AC%A7" title="南欧">南欧</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="意大利半島">亞平寧半島</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88" title="梵蒂冈">梵蒂冈</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D" title="聖座的法律地位">属</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7" title="聖座">聖座</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%9C%98" title="馬爾他騎士團">馬爾他騎士團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%8A%9B%E8%AF%BA" title="圣马力诺">圣马力诺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛">伊比利亚半岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94" title="安道尔">安道尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海諸國</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96" title="马耳他">馬爾他</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7" title="中欧">中欧</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="德語地理分佈">德語圈</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BB" title="列支敦斯登">列支敦斯登</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="匈牙利语">馬扎兒語圈</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="西斯拉夫民族">西斯拉夫</a>國家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="斯洛伐克">斯洛伐克</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90" title="北歐">北歐</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%94%E5%9C%8B" title="北歐五國">斯堪的纳维亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛">冰岛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="波罗的海国家">波羅的海</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞">拉脫維亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">爱沙尼亚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7" title="东欧">东欧</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="東斯拉夫民族">東斯拉夫</a>國家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="歐洲俄羅斯">欧洲部分</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="巴尔干半岛">巴尔干半岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">斯洛維尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚">克羅埃西亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那">波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="塞尔维亚">塞尔维亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅">黑山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93" title="北馬其頓">北馬其頓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃">科索沃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔巴尼亚">阿尔巴尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚">保加利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞">羅馬尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="摩尔多瓦">摩尔多瓦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">跨欧亚地区 （部分領土位於歐洲）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="歐洲俄羅斯">欧洲部分</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="色雷斯">色雷斯</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚">格鲁吉亚</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索">高加索地區</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆">阿塞拜疆</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索">高加索地區</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3" title="乌拉尔河">乌拉尔河</a>以西的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="西哈薩克斯坦州">西哈薩克斯坦州</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="阿特勞州">阿特勞州</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0" title="属地">海外屬地</a>與 其他特殊政區</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>英國 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80" title="直布罗陀">直布罗陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E8%A5%BF%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80" title="根西行政區">根西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B3%B6" title="曼島">马恩岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF" title="澤西">澤西</a></li></ul></li> <li>挪威 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E9%A6%AC%E5%BB%B6" title="揚馬延">揚馬延島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4" title="斯瓦尔巴">斯瓦尔巴群島</a></li></ul></li> <li>丹麥 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="法罗群岛">法罗群岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0" title="格陵兰">格陵兰</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>参见：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="世界政區索引">世界政區索引</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲">南极洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2" title="大洋洲">大洋洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国首都列表">各国首都列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="联邦制国家" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Template:联邦制国家"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Template talk:联邦制国家"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:联邦制国家"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="联邦制国家" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦制</a>国家</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">目前实行联邦制</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那">波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%91%A9" title="葛摩">葛摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="埃塞俄比亚">衣索比亞</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="密克罗尼西亚联邦">密克罗尼西亚联邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="奈及利亞">奈及利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%8F%8A%E5%B0%BC%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF" title="聖克里斯多福及尼維斯">聖克里斯多福及尼維斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="索马里">索马里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" title="苏丹">苏丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9" title="南蘇丹">南蘇丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯联合酋长国">阿拉伯联合酋长国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89" title="委內瑞拉">委內瑞拉</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">过去实行联邦制</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="波蘭立陶宛聯邦">波蘭立陶宛聯邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%9B%BD" title="教宗国">教皇國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国">俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="外高加索社会主义联邦苏维埃共和国">外高加索苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国">南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="南斯拉夫联盟共和国">南斯拉夫联盟共和国</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E8%88%87%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="塞爾維亞與蒙特內哥羅">塞爾維亞與蒙特內哥羅</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克">捷克斯洛伐克</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="捷克斯洛伐克社会主义共和国">捷克斯洛伐克社会主义共和国</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%92%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="捷克和斯洛伐克聯邦共和國">捷克和斯洛伐克聯邦共和國</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="西印度群島聯邦">西印度群島聯邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="印度尼西亞聯邦共和國">印度尼西亞聯邦共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3" title="法屬印度支那">法屬印度支那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="利比亞王國">利比亞王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="荷蘭共和國">荷蘭共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="肯尼亚">肯尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="羅德西亞">罗得西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="坦桑尼亚">坦桑尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="阿拉伯聯合共和國">阿拉伯聯合共和國</a>（由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">阿拉伯埃及共和国</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">阿拉伯叙利亚共和国</a>组成）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="阿拉伯共和國聯邦">阿拉伯共和國聯邦</a>（由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">阿拉伯埃及共和国</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">阿拉伯叙利亚共和国</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%8E%E8%8F%B2%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="卡扎菲治下的利比亚">阿拉伯利比亚共和国</a>组成）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥匈帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚">哥伦比亚</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E9%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="格拉納達邦聯">格拉納達邦聯</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%90%88%E7%9C%BE%E5%9C%8B" title="哥倫比亞合眾國">哥倫比亞合眾國</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD" title="巴西合众国">巴西合众国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="坦桑尼亚">坦桑尼亚联合共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE" title="乌干达">乌干达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果民主共和国">刚果共和国（利奥波德维尔）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86" title="喀麦隆">喀麦隆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="马里联邦">马里联邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="馬來聯邦">馬來聯邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="马来亚联邦">马来亚联邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%82%A6" title="马来亚联合邦">马来亚联合邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%88%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%96%A9%E8%98%AD%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="羅德西亞與尼亞薩蘭聯邦">羅德西亞與尼亞薩蘭聯邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%92%8C%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="埃塞俄比亞和厄立特里亞聯邦">衣索比亞和厄利垂亞聯邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="南非聯邦">南非聯邦</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非共和国</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">短暂存在的政权</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华苏维埃共和国">中华苏维埃共和国</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="中华苏维埃共和国西北联邦">中华苏维埃共和国西北联邦</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="外高加索民主聯邦共和國">外高加索民主聯邦共和國</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦制</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="欧洲联盟成员国" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" title="Template:欧盟"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" title="Template talk:欧盟"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:欧盟"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="欧洲联盟成员国" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%9B%BD" title="欧洲联盟成员国">成员国</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">爱尔兰</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">德国</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚">保加利亚</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">爱沙尼亚</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚">克罗地亚</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞">拉脫維亞</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/22px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/33px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/44px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">盧森堡</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96" title="马耳他">馬爾他</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷蘭</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞">羅馬尼亞</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="斯洛伐克">斯洛伐克</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">斯洛維尼亞</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/50px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/75px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/100px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_北大西洋公约组织" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Template:北大西洋公約組織"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Template talk:北大西洋公約組織"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:北大西洋公約組織"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_北大西洋公约组织" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/22px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/33px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/44px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="北大西洋公约">北大西洋公约</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E5%B3%B0%E6%9C%83" title="北約峰會">峰会</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%A6%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北约军事行动（页面不存在）">军事行动</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Operations" class="extiw" title="en:NATO Operations">NATO Operations</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5" title="北約擴張">扩张</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png/100px-Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png/150px-Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png/200px-Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E7%B8%BD%E9%83%A8" title="北約總部">總部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A" title="北大西洋理事会">理事会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9B%9F%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8" title="欧洲盟军最高司令部">欧洲盟军最高司令部</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%9F%E5%86%9B%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盟军转型司令部（页面不存在）">盟军转型司令部</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation" class="extiw" title="en:Allied Command Transformation">Allied Command Transformation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%A6%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北约议会大会（页面不存在）">议会大会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly" class="extiw" title="en:NATO Parliamentary Assembly">NATO Parliamentary Assembly</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%A7%98%E4%B9%A6%E9%95%BF" title="北大西洋公约组织秘书长">秘书长</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="北約軍事委員會主席">军事委员会主席</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" class="extiw" title="en:Chairman of the NATO Military Committee">Chairman of the NATO Military Committee</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9B%9F%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8" title="欧洲盟军最高司令部">欧洲盟军最高司令</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%9F%E5%86%9B%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盟军转型最高司令（页面不存在）">盟军转型最高司令</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Transformation" class="extiw" title="en:Supreme Allied Commander Transformation">Supreme Allied Commander Transformation</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E6%88%90%E5%93%A1%E5%9C%8B" title="北約成員國">成员国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="阿尔巴尼亚武装部队">阿尔巴尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="比利時國防軍">比利时</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="保加利亞武裝部隊">保加利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="加拿大武裝部隊">加拿大</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%83%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="克羅埃西亞軍事">克罗地亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="捷克軍事">捷克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="丹麥國防軍">丹麦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="愛沙尼亞國防軍">爱沙尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="芬蘭國防軍">芬兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="法國武裝部隊">法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德國聯邦國防軍">德国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="希臘武裝部隊">希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="匈牙利國防軍">匈牙利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="冰島軍事">冰岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="義大利武裝部隊">意大利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" title="拉脱维亚军事">拉托维亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="立陶宛武装部队">立陶宛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="盧森堡軍事">卢森堡</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙特內哥羅軍隊（页面不存在）">蒙特內哥羅</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Montenegro" class="extiw" title="en:Military of Montenegro">Military of Montenegro</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" title="荷蘭軍隊">荷兰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北马其顿军队（页面不存在）">北马其顿</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="extiw" title="en:Army of the Republic of North Macedonia">Army of the Republic of North Macedonia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="挪威國防軍">挪威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D" title="波蘭共和國軍">波兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="葡萄牙武装部队">葡萄牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="罗马尼亚武装部队">罗马尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="斯洛伐克武裝部隊">斯洛伐克</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛文尼亚武装部队（页面不存在）">斯洛文尼亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Armed_Forces" class="extiw" title="en:Slovenian Armed Forces">Slovenian Armed Forces</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" title="西班牙军队">西班牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="瑞典國防軍">瑞典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" title="土耳其军队">土耳其</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="英國武裝部隊">英国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="美国武装部队">美国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%A6%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北约外交关系（页面不存在）">多边关系</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_NATO" class="extiw" title="en:Foreign relations of NATO">Foreign relations of NATO</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大西洋公约协会（页面不存在）">大西洋公约协会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Treaty_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Atlantic Treaty Association">Atlantic Treaty Association</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2-%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%BC%99%E4%BC%B4%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲-大西洋伙伴理事会（页面不存在）">欧洲-大西洋伙伴理事会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" class="extiw" title="en:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">歐盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%AF%B9%E8%AF%9D" title="地中海对话">地中海對話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E4%BC%99%E4%BC%B4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="和平伙伴关系计划">和平伙伴關係計畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%BC%99%E4%BC%B4%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="独立合作伙伴行动计划">獨立合作夥伴行動計劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E9%9D%9E%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E7%9B%9F%E5%8F%8B" title="主要非北約盟友">主要非北約盟友</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%80%A1%E8%AE%AE" title="伊斯坦布尔合作倡议">伊斯坦堡合作倡議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%9C%BC%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="五眼聯盟">五眼聯盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%92%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="古阿姆民主和经济发展组织">古阿姆民主和經濟發展組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="七大工業國組織">七大工業國組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%88%87%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="歐洲安全與合作組織">歐洲安全與合作組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="二十國集團">二十大工業國</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">制度與法律規章</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="北約聯合軍事符號">NATO軍事標準標誌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%A6%E9%A2%82%E6%AD%8C" title="北约颂歌">北约之歌</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="经济合作与发展组织（OECD）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="Template:经济合作与发展组织"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="Template talk:经济合作与发展组织"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:经济合作与发展组织"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="经济合作与发展组织（OECD）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="经济合作与发展组织">经济合作与发展组织</a>（OECD）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">成员国</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9" title="智利">智利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚">哥伦比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%96%AF%E8%BE%BE%E9%BB%8E%E5%8A%A0" title="哥斯达黎加">哥斯达黎加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">爱沙尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛">冰岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">爱尔兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国">南韓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞">拉脫維亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">卢森堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰">新西兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="斯洛伐克">斯洛伐克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">斯洛文尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:OECD_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OECD_logo.svg/120px-OECD_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OECD_logo.svg/180px-OECD_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OECD_logo.svg/240px-OECD_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="51" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">候選成員</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><s><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚">哥伦比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%96%AF%E8%BE%BE%E9%BB%8E%E5%8A%A0" title="哥斯达黎加">哥斯达黎加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">委員會觀察員或參與者</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="中華臺北">中華臺北</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a></li> <li>等25個國家或地區</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="欧洲联盟委员会">歐盟委員會</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">強化合作夥伴</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>刪除線代表經合組織終結俄羅斯的入會進程</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="七国集团（G7）／八国集团（G8）／八国集团同五国（G8+5）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G8" title="Template:G8"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G8" title="Template talk:G8"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:G8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:G8"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="七国集团（G7）／八国集团（G8）／八国集团同五国（G8+5）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="七大工業國組織">七国集团</a>（G7）／<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="八大工業國組織">八国集团</a>（G8）／<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%90%8C%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%BD" title="八国集团同五国">八国集团同五国</a>（G8+5）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G7（G8）成員國</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">德国</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a></li> <li>（<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a>，凍結）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非正式成員</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G8+5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="二十國集團（G20）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G20" title="Template:G20"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G20" title="Template talk:G20"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:G20" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:G20"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="二十國集團（G20）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="二十國集團">二十國集團</a>（G20）</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="非洲联盟">非洲联盟</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亞</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">德国</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亞</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙烏地阿拉伯</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国">韩国</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22px_世界贸易组织_22px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#EEEEFE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Template:世界貿易組織"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Template talk:世界貿易組織"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:世界貿易組織"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22px_世界贸易组织_22px" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/File:WTO_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/WTO_Logo.svg/22px-WTO_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/WTO_Logo.svg/33px-WTO_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/WTO_Logo.svg/44px-WTO_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="88" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织</a> <a href="/wiki/File:WTO_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/WTO_Logo.svg/22px-WTO_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/WTO_Logo.svg/33px-WTO_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/WTO_Logo.svg/44px-WTO_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="88" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ECECFE;">系統</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E6%88%90%E5%93%A1%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界貿易組織成員國（页面不存在）">成員國</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" class="extiw" title="en:Member states of the World Trade Organization">Member states of the World Trade Organization</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%AF%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="上诉机构">上诉机构</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%AD%E7%AB%AF%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爭端解決機構（页面不存在）">爭端解決機構</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" class="extiw" title="en:Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="国际贸易中心">国际贸易中心</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界貿易組織時間表（页面不存在）">時間表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Timeline of the World Trade Organization</a>）</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:World_Trade_Organization_(logo_and_wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg/222px-World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg/333px-World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg/444px-World_Trade_Organization_%28logo_and_wordmark%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="111" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:WTO_Ministerial_Conference_December_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_December_2011.jpg/222px-WTO_Ministerial_Conference_December_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_December_2011.jpg/333px-WTO_Ministerial_Conference_December_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_December_2011.jpg/444px-WTO_Ministerial_Conference_December_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:World_Trade_Organization_negotiations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/World_Trade_Organization_negotiations.svg/222px-World_Trade_Organization_negotiations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/World_Trade_Organization_negotiations.svg/333px-World_Trade_Organization_negotiations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/World_Trade_Organization_negotiations.svg/444px-World_Trade_Organization_negotiations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Fourth_Global_Review_of_Aid_for_Trade_1691_(9237986689).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fourth_Global_Review_of_Aid_for_Trade_1691_%289237986689%29.jpg/222px-Fourth_Global_Review_of_Aid_for_Trade_1691_%289237986689%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fourth_Global_Review_of_Aid_for_Trade_1691_%289237986689%29.jpg/333px-Fourth_Global_Review_of_Aid_for_Trade_1691_%289237986689%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fourth_Global_Review_of_Aid_for_Trade_1691_%289237986689%29.jpg/444px-Fourth_Global_Review_of_Aid_for_Trade_1691_%289237986689%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Free_Trade_Areas.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Free_Trade_Areas.PNG/222px-Free_Trade_Areas.PNG" decoding="async" width="222" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Free_Trade_Areas.PNG/333px-Free_Trade_Areas.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Free_Trade_Areas.PNG/444px-Free_Trade_Areas.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="628" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:WTO_Ministerial_Conference_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_2011.jpg/222px-WTO_Ministerial_Conference_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_2011.jpg/333px-WTO_Ministerial_Conference_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_2011.jpg/444px-WTO_Ministerial_Conference_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ECECFE;">問題</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" title="对世界贸易组织的批评">对世界贸易组织的批评</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%88%E5%9B%9E%E5%90%88%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E8%AB%87%E5%88%A4" title="多哈回合貿易談判">多哈回合貿易談判</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新加坡問題（页面不存在）">新加坡問題</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_issues" class="extiw" title="en:Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%96%E6%B6%88%E9%85%8D%E9%A1%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="取消配額（页面不存在）">取消配額</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_Elimination" class="extiw" title="en:Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="和平條款（页面不存在）">和平條款</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ECECFE;">協定</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85%E6%9A%A8%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B8%BD%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="關稅暨貿易總協定">關稅暨貿易總協定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="農業協定">農業協定</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E6%96%BD%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%8F%8A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%AA%A2%E7%96%AB%E6%8E%AA%E6%96%BD%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實施衛生及植物檢疫措施協定（页面不存在）">實施衛生及植物檢疫措施協定</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" class="extiw" title="en:Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E6%80%A7%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E5%A3%81%E5%A3%98%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技術性貿易壁壘協定（页面不存在）">技術性貿易壁壘協定</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" class="extiw" title="en:Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%87%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87%E6%8E%AA%E6%96%BD%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="與貿易有關的投資措施協定（页面不存在）">與貿易有關的投資措施協定</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" class="extiw" title="en:Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B8%BD%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="服務貿易總協定">服務貿易總協定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="与贸易有关的知识产权协定">与贸易有关的知识产权协定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8E%A1%E8%B3%BC%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="政府採購協定">政府採購協定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="資訊科技協定">資訊科技協定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定">马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BCTRIPS%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0%E5%92%8C%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%88%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="關於TRIPS協議和公共衛生的多哈宣言（页面不存在）">關於TRIPS協議和公共衛生的多哈宣言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" class="extiw" title="en:Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B3%87%E8%A3%A1%E5%B3%B6%E5%A5%97%E9%A4%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="峇裡島套餐（页面不存在）">峇裡島套餐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_Package" class="extiw" title="en:Bali Package">Bali Package</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ECECFE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部長級（页面不存在）">部長級</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" class="extiw" title="en:Ministerial Conference">Ministerial Conference</a>） 會議</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="世界貿易組織第一次部長級會議">第一次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="世界貿易組織第二次部長級會議">第二次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="世界貿易組織第三次部長級會議">第三次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="世界貿易組織第四次部長級會議">第四次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="世界貿易組織第五次部長級會議">第五次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="世界貿易組織第六次部長級會議">第六次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="世界貿易組織第七次部長級會議">第七次</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界貿易組織第八次部長級會議（页面不存在）">第八次</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" class="extiw" title="en:World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E4%B9%9D%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界貿易組織第九次部長級會議（页面不存在）">第九次</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" class="extiw" title="en:World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界貿易組織第十次部長級會議（页面不存在）">第十次</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" class="extiw" title="en:World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界貿易組織第十一次部長級會議（页面不存在）">第十一次</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" class="extiw" title="en:World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界貿易組織第十二次部長級會議（页面不存在）">第十二次</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" class="extiw" title="en:World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%9A%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界貿易組織第十三次部長級會議（页面不存在）">第十三次</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2024" class="extiw" title="en:World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2024">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2024</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ECECFE;">人士</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%88%88%E9%BD%8A%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%AD%94%E7%B4%84-%E4%BC%8A%E8%A1%9E%E6%8B%89" title="恩戈齊·奧孔約-伊衞拉">恩戈齊·奧孔約-伊衞拉</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%B8%BD%E5%B9%B9%E4%BA%8B" title="世界貿易組織總幹事">世界貿易組織總幹事</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%BD%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A" title="罗伯托·阿泽维多">罗伯托·阿泽维多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%B1%B3" title="帕斯卡尔·拉米">帕斯卡尔·拉米</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A0%E5%B8%95%E7%8C%9C%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%95%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="素帕猜·帕尼帕迪（页面不存在）">素帕猜·帕尼帕迪</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" class="extiw" title="en:Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E6%9D%AD%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷杭德羅·哈拉（页面不存在）">亞歷杭德羅·哈拉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" class="extiw" title="en:Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AD%AF%E5%BC%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%80%B6%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="魯弗斯·耶克薩（页面不存在）">魯弗斯·耶克薩</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" class="extiw" title="en:Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ECECFE;">經濟</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="阿富汗经济">阿富汗经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="阿尔巴尼亚经济">阿尔巴尼亚经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="阿尔及利亚经济">阿尔及利亚经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="安哥拉經濟">安哥拉經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%A1%E5%8F%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%81%94%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安地卡及巴布達經濟（页面不存在）">安地卡及巴布達經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Economy of Antigua and Barbuda</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="阿根廷經濟">阿根廷經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="亚美尼亚经济">亚美尼亚经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="澳大利亞經濟">澳大利亚經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="巴林經濟">巴林經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="孟加拉国经济">孟加拉国经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%B2%9D%E5%A4%9A%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴貝多經濟（页面不存在）">巴貝多經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Barbados">Economy of Barbados</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝里斯經濟（页面不存在）">貝里斯經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Belize">Economy of Belize</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E5%8D%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝南經濟（页面不存在）">貝南經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Benin">Economy of Benin</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玻利維亞經濟（页面不存在）">玻利維亞經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Bolivia">Economy of Bolivia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E7%B4%8D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="博茨瓦納經濟">博茨瓦納經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="巴西經濟">巴西經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="汶萊經濟">汶萊經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%90%89%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布吉納法索經濟（页面不存在）">布吉納法索經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Burkina Faso">Economy of Burkina Faso</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="缅甸经济">缅甸经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%B2%E9%9A%86%E5%9C%B0%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒲隆地經濟（页面不存在）">蒲隆地經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Burundi">Economy of Burundi</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="柬埔寨經濟">柬埔寨經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A5%E9%9A%86%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喀麥隆經濟（页面不存在）">喀麥隆經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Cameroon">Economy of Cameroon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="加拿大經濟">加拿大經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="佛得角經濟">佛得角經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="中非共和國經濟">中非共和國經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="乍得经济">乍得经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="智利经济">智利经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="中华人民共和国经济">中华人民共和国经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="哥伦比亚经济">哥伦比亚经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="刚果民主共和国经济">刚果民主共和国经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="剛果共和國經濟（页面不存在）">剛果共和國經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Economy of the Republic of the Congo</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E9%BB%8E%E5%8A%A0%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="哥斯大黎加經濟">哥斯大黎加經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E7%89%99%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="象牙海岸經濟">象牙海岸經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="古巴经济">古巴经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉布地經濟（页面不存在）">吉布地經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Djibouti">Economy of Djibouti</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="多米尼加经济">多明尼加經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Dominica">Economy of Dominica</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="多米尼加经济">多米尼加经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="厄瓜多經濟（页面不存在）">厄瓜多經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Ecuador">Economy of Ecuador</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及經濟（页面不存在）">埃及經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Egypt">Economy of Egypt</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%9A%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩爾瓦多經濟（页面不存在）">薩爾瓦多經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of El Salvador">Economy of El Salvador</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%9D%E5%B0%BC%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="史瓦帝尼經濟">史瓦帝尼經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E6%BF%9F%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="斐濟經濟">斐濟經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%93%AC%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="加蓬经济">加蓬经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%98%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甘比亞經濟（页面不存在）">甘比亞經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of the Gambia">Economy of the Gambia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="喬治亞經濟">喬治亞經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%8D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="加納經濟">加納經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%91%9E%E9%82%A3%E9%81%94%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格瑞那達經濟（页面不存在）">格瑞那達經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Grenada">Economy of Grenada</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%9C%E5%9C%B0%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓜地馬拉經濟（页面不存在）">瓜地馬拉經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Guatemala">Economy of Guatemala</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幾內亞經濟（页面不存在）">幾內亞經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Guinea">Economy of Guinea</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%A2%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幾內亞比索經濟（页面不存在）">幾內亞比索經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Economy of Guinea-Bissau</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9E%E9%82%A3%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圭亞那經濟（页面不存在）">圭亞那經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Guyana">Economy of Guyana</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="海地经济">海地经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宏都拉斯經濟（页面不存在）">宏都拉斯經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Honduras">Economy of Honduras</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="香港經濟">香港經濟</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="冰島經濟">冰島經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="印度经济">印度经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="印度尼西亚经济">印度尼西亚经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="以色列經濟">以色列經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%99%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牙買加經濟（页面不存在）">牙買加經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Jamaica">Economy of Jamaica</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="日本經濟">日本經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="約旦經濟">約旦經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="哈萨克斯坦经济">哈萨克斯坦经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="肯尼亞經濟">肯尼亞經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="韓國經濟">韓國經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科威特經濟（页面不存在）">科威特經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Kuwait">Economy of Kuwait</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉爾吉斯經濟（页面不存在）">吉爾吉斯經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Economy of Kyrgyzstan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="老挝经济">老挝经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%B4%E7%B4%A2%E6%89%98%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賴索托經濟（页面不存在）">賴索托經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Lesotho">Economy of Lesotho</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="利比里亞經濟">利比里亞經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="列支敦斯登經濟">列支敦斯登經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="澳門經濟">澳門經濟</a>1</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬達加斯加經濟（页面不存在）">馬達加斯加經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Madagascar">Economy of Madagascar</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬拉威經濟（页面不存在）">馬拉威經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Malawi">Economy of Malawi</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="马来西亚经济">马来西亚经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%B0%E5%A4%AB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬爾地夫經濟（页面不存在）">馬爾地夫經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of the Maldives">Economy of the Maldives</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E8%A3%A1%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬裡經濟（页面不存在）">馬裡經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Mali">Economy of Mali</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8C%85%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="茅利塔尼亞經濟（页面不存在）">茅利塔尼亞經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Mauritania">Economy of Mauritania</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模里西斯經濟（页面不存在）">模里西斯經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Mauritius">Economy of Mauritius</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="墨西哥经济">墨西哥经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="摩爾多瓦經濟">摩爾多瓦經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="蒙古國經濟">蒙古國經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="黑山經濟">黑山經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摩洛哥經濟（页面不存在）">摩洛哥經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Morocco">Economy of Morocco</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫桑比克經濟（页面不存在）">莫桑比克經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Mozambique">Economy of Mozambique</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="納米比亞經濟（页面不存在）">納米比亞經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Namibia">Economy of Namibia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="尼泊爾經濟">尼泊爾經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="新西蘭經濟">新西蘭經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="尼加拉瓜经济">尼加拉瓜经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼日經濟（页面不存在）">尼日經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Niger">Economy of Niger</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="尼日利亚经济">尼日利亚经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="北馬其頓經濟">北馬其頓經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="挪威經濟">挪威經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿曼經濟（页面不存在）">阿曼經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Oman">Economy of Oman</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="巴基斯坦經濟">巴基斯坦經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="巴拿马经济">巴拿马经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E7%B4%90%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="巴布亞紐幾內亞經濟">巴布亞紐幾內亞經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="巴拉圭经济">巴拉圭经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="秘鲁经济">秘鲁经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="菲律賓經濟">菲律賓經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%81%94%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="卡達經濟">卡達經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="俄羅斯經濟">俄羅斯經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%97%BA%E9%81%94%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="盧旺達經濟">盧旺達經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%8F%8A%E5%B0%BC%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖克里斯多福及尼維斯經濟（页面不存在）">聖克里斯多福及尼維斯經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E9%9C%B2%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖露西亞經濟（页面不存在）">聖露西亞經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Saint Lucia">Economy of Saint Lucia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E6%96%87%E6%A3%AE%E5%8F%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%91%9E%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%81%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖文森及格瑞那丁經濟（页面不存在）">聖文森及格瑞那丁經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="萨摩亚经济">萨摩亚经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="沙特阿拉伯經濟">沙特阿拉伯經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%A7%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞內加爾經濟（页面不存在）">塞內加爾經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Senegal">Economy of Senegal</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E5%B8%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞席爾經濟（页面不存在）">塞席爾經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Seychelles">Economy of Seychelles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="塞拉利昂經濟">塞拉利昂經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="新加坡经济">新加坡经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A2%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="索羅門群島經濟（页面不存在）">索羅門群島經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Solomon Islands">Economy of Solomon Islands</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="南非經濟">南非經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="斯里兰卡經濟">斯里兰卡經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇利南經濟（页面不存在）">蘇利南經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Suriname">Economy of Suriname</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="瑞士經濟">瑞士經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="塔吉克經濟">塔吉克經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="臺灣經濟">臺灣經濟</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="坦桑尼亚经济">坦桑尼亚经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="泰國經濟">泰國經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="多哥经济">多哥经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E5%8A%A0%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="湯加經濟">湯加經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E5%8F%8A%E6%89%98%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="千里達及托巴哥經濟（页面不存在）">千里達及托巴哥經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Economy of Trinidad and Tobago</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="突尼西亞經濟（页面不存在）">突尼西亞經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Tunisia">Economy of Tunisia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="土耳其經濟">土耳其經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%B9%B2%E9%81%94%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="烏干達經濟">烏干達經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="烏克蘭經濟">烏克蘭經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="阿拉伯聯合酋長國經濟">阿拉伯聯合酋長國經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="英国经济">英国经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="美國經濟">美國經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="烏拉圭經濟">烏拉圭經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="委內瑞拉經濟（页面不存在）">委內瑞拉經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Venezuela">Economy of Venezuela</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="越南經濟">越南經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%96%80%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="也門經濟">也門經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%9A%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尚比亞經濟（页面不存在）">尚比亞經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Zambia">Economy of Zambia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%B4%E5%A8%81%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辛巴威經濟（页面不存在）">辛巴威經濟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="en:Economy of Zimbabwe">Economy of Zimbabwe</a>）</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="歐盟經濟" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="歐洲聯盟經濟">歐盟經濟</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="奧地利經濟">奧地利經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="比利时经济">比利时经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="保加利亞經濟">保加利亞經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%83%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="克羅埃西亞經濟">克羅埃西亞經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="塞浦路斯經濟">塞浦路斯經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="捷克經濟">捷克經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="丹麥經濟">丹麥經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="愛沙尼亞經濟">愛沙尼亞經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="芬蘭經濟">芬蘭經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="法國經濟">法國經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="德國經濟">德國經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="希臘經濟">希臘經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="匈牙利經濟">匈牙利經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="愛爾蘭經濟">愛爾蘭經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="義大利經濟">義大利經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="拉脫維亞經濟">拉脫維亞經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="立陶宛經濟">立陶宛經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="盧森堡經濟">盧森堡經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="馬耳他經濟">馬耳他經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="荷兰经济">荷兰经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="波蘭經濟">波蘭經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="葡萄牙經濟">葡萄牙經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="羅馬尼亞經濟">羅馬尼亞經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="斯洛伐克經濟">斯洛伐克經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="斯洛維尼亞經濟">斯洛維尼亞經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="西班牙经济">西班牙经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="瑞典經濟">瑞典經濟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#CFCFFC;"><div> <ul><li>註1. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA" title="特别行政区">特别行政区</a>以「<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">中國香港</a>」及「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中國澳門">中國澳門</a>」身份參加世界貿易組織。</li> <li>註2. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>的正式會籍为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾">台湾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96" class="mw-redirect" title="澎湖">澎湖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="金门">金门</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="马祖">马祖</a>个别<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E7%A8%8E" title="关税">关税</a>领域”，代表團本身則另以「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="中華臺北">中華臺北</a>」作為稱呼。</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:经济">經濟主题</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210272/">FAST</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122854945">ISNI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/189116956">VIAF</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCD3rcKcPDx6FHmjvrbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000000337">智利</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450924">西班牙</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205186t">法国</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152996644">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205186t">BnF data</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152996644">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516275306706">加泰罗尼亚</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4011882-4">德国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559778705171">以色列</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80125931">美国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561571">日本</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge135889&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998025580">韩国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/85752fda-13c4-31a3-bee5-0e5cb1f51dad">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">艺术家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/71d45793-db01-4f9a-bdf4-2db67ce79a6f">KulturNav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Yp4dzAsJ">英国议会</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pj8zz","wgBackendResponseTime":260,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"7.555","walltime":"8.532","ppvisitednodes":{"value":65684,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1695727,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":366690,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":34,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":257,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":570312,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 6788.412 1 -total"," 32.87% 2231.171 402 Template:Rn"," 31.09% 2110.834 4 Template:Infobox"," 29.35% 1992.334 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 15.80% 1072.579 2 Template:Official_url"," 13.70% 930.127 179 Template:Cite_web"," 11.99% 814.245 3 Template:URL"," 11.88% 806.549 3 Template:Ifempty"," 11.80% 800.841 8 Template:Wikidata"," 8.61% 584.221 19 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1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilpott2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPidd,_Helen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProtzman1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurchese2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_J._Evans2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRother2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamantha_Payne2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulze1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSean_Coughlan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearle,_John1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebastian_Merz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSifton1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolsten,_Eric1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStackelberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrohm2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor_Martin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTim_PitmanHannah_Forsyth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasser,_Jeremy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner_Bührer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter,_JM2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiesing\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZippelius2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFmaw/dpa2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF丁建弘2007\"] = 1,\n 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