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hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Убудаванае праграмнае забесьпячэньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Вграден софтуер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вграден софтуер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programari_incrustat" title="Programari incrustat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programari incrustat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indlejret_software" title="Indlejret software – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indlejret software" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_Software_Engineering" title="Embedded Software Engineering – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Embedded Software Engineering" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87" title="نرم افزار تعبیه شده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرم افزار تعبیه شده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiciel_enfoui" title="Logiciel enfoui – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Logiciel enfoui" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisian_terbenam" title="Perisian terbenam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perisian terbenam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innebygd_programvare" title="Innebygd programvare – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Innebygd programvare" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_embarcado" title="Software embarcado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Software embarcado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_%C3%AEnglobat" title="Software înglobat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Software înglobat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer software written to control machines not typically thought of as computers</div> <p><b>Embedded software</b> is computer <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, written to control machines or devices that are not typically thought of as computers, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Embedded_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded systems">embedded systems</a>. It is typically specialized for the particular <a href="/wiki/Electronic_hardware" title="Electronic hardware">hardware</a> that it runs on and has time and memory constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term is sometimes used interchangeably with <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg/220px-SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg/330px-SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg/440px-SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A close-up of the SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) chip, an embedded <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> chip</figcaption></figure> <p>A precise and stable characteristic feature is that no or not all functions of embedded software are initiated/controlled via a human <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interface</a>, but through machine-interfaces instead.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manufacturers build embedded software into the electronics of <a href="/wiki/Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cars">cars</a>, telephones, modems, <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a>, appliances, toys, security systems, <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacemaker">pacemakers</a>, televisions and set-top boxes, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_watches" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital watches">digital watches</a>, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This software can be very simple, such as lighting controls running on an <a href="/wiki/8-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> with a few <a href="/wiki/Kilobytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobytes">kilobytes</a> of memory with the suitable level of processing complexity determined with a Probably Approximately Correct Computation framework<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a methodology based on <a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">randomized algorithms</a>). However, embedded software can become very sophisticated in applications such as <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, optical network elements, <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">process control</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_software&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike standard computers that generally use an operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, embedded software may use no operating system. When they do use one, a wide variety of operating systems can be chosen from, typically a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a>. Code for embedded software is typically written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> or <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, but various <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level programming languages">high-level programming languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, are now also in common use to target microcontrollers and embedded systems.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly languages</a> are often used too, especially in booting and <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a> handling. <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a> is used in some military and aviation projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_from_application_software">Differences from application software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_software&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Differences from application software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg/220px-MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg/330px-MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg/440px-MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption>Embedded system <a href="/wiki/Text_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Text user interface">text user interface</a> using MicroVGA<sup id="cite_ref-MicroVGA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MicroVGA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Most consumers are familiar with <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> that provide functionality on a computer. However embedded software is often less visible, but no less complicated. Unlike application software, embedded software has fixed hardware requirements and capabilities, and addition of third-party hardware or software is strictly controlled. </p><p>Embedded software needs to include all needed <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> at manufacturing time, and the device drivers are written for the various hardware devices. These device drivers, called BSP (<a href="/wiki/Board_support_package" title="Board support package">Board support package</a>), form the layer of software containing hardware-specific drivers and other routines that allow a particular operating system (traditionally a real-time operating system, or RTOS) to function in a particular hardware environment (a computer or CPU card), integrated with the RTOS itself. The software is highly dependent on the CPU and specific chips chosen. Most embedded software engineers have at least a passing knowledge of reading <a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">schematics</a>, and reading data sheets for components to determine usage of registers and communication system. Conversion between <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">binary</a> is useful as well as using <a href="/wiki/Bit_manipulation" title="Bit manipulation">bit manipulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Web applications are often used for managing hardware, although XML files and other output may be passed to a computer for display. File systems with folders are typically used, however SQL databases are often absent. </p><p>Software development requires use of a <a href="/wiki/Cross_compiler" title="Cross compiler">cross compiler</a>, which runs on a computer but produces executable code for the target device. Debugging requires use of an <a href="/wiki/In-circuit_emulator" class="mw-redirect" title="In-circuit emulator">in-circuit emulator</a>, and debugging hardware such as <a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">JTAG</a> or <a href="/wiki/JTAG#Serial_Wire_Debug" title="JTAG">SWD</a> debuggers. Software developers often have access to the complete kernel (OS) source code. </p><p>Size of the storage memory and RAM can vary significantly. Some systems run in 16 KB of Flash and 4 KB of RAM with a CPU operating at 8 MHz, other systems can rival contemporary computers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These space requirements lead to more work being done in C or <a href="/wiki/Embedded_C%2B%2B" title="Embedded C++">embedded C++</a>, instead of C++. Interpreted languages like <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> (while e.g. <a href="/wiki/Parallax_Propeller#BASIC_compiler" title="Parallax Propeller">Parallax Propeller</a> can use compiled BASIC) and <a href="/wiki/Java_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Java programming language">Java</a> (Java ME Embedded 8.3<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is available for e.g. <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M4" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM Cortex-M4">ARM Cortex-M4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cortex-M7" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortex-M7">Cortex-M7</a> microcontrollers and older <a href="/wiki/ARM11" title="ARM11">ARM11</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_Galileo" title="Intel Galileo">Intel Galileo</a> Gen. 2) are not commonly used; while an implementation of the interpreted <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> 3 language –  <a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a> –  is however available expressly for microcontroller use, e.g. <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ARM_Cortex-M_development_tools" title="List of ARM Cortex-M development tools">ARM</a>-based (such as BBC <a href="/wiki/Micro_Bit" title="Micro Bit">micro:bit</a>) and <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontroller" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">PIC microcontrollers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication_protocols">Communication protocols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_software&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Communication protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communications between processors and between one processor and other components are essential. Besides <a href="/wiki/Memory_address" title="Memory address">direct memory addressing</a>, hardware level common protocols include <a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial Peripheral Interface Bus">SPI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a>, <a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a>. </p><p>Communications protocols designed for use in <a href="/wiki/Embedded_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded systems">embedded systems</a> are available as <a href="/wiki/Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">closed source</a> from companies including InterNiche Technologies and <a href="/wiki/CMX_Systems" title="CMX Systems">CMX Systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">Open-source</a> protocols stem from <a href="/wiki/UIP_(micro_IP)" class="mw-redirect" title="UIP (micro IP)">uIP</a>, <a href="/wiki/LwIP" title="LwIP">lwip</a>, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_software&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_software&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MicroVGA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MicroVGA_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more details of MicroVGA see this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microvga.com/pdf/uvga-text-ds.pdf">PDF</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_software&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Edward A. Lee, "Embedded Software", <i>Advances in Computers</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marvin_Victor_Zelkowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin Victor Zelkowitz">Marvin Victor Zelkowitz</a>, editor) <b>56</b>, Academic Press, London, 2002.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroustrup.com/abstraction-and-machine.pdf">"Stroustrup on C++ for embedded (bottom p.2)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stroustrup+on+C%2B%2B+for+embedded+%28bottom+p.2%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroustrup.com%2Fabstraction-and-machine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmilio2014" class="citation book cs1">Emilio, Maurizio Di Paolo (2014-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NixnBAAAQBAJ&q=This+term+is+sometimes+used+interchangeably+with+firmware.&pg=PA60"><i>Embedded Systems Design for High-Speed Data Acquisition and Control</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06865-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06865-7"><bdi>978-3-319-06865-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embedded+Systems+Design+for+High-Speed+Data+Acquisition+and+Control&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft.isbn=978-3-319-06865-7&rft.aulast=Emilio&rft.aufirst=Maurizio+Di+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNixnBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThis%2Bterm%2Bis%2Bsometimes%2Bused%2Binterchangeably%2Bwith%2Bfirmware.%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322031258/http://ics-control.com/">"I.C.S. on embedded software"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ics-control.com">the original</a> on 22 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I.C.S.+on+embedded+software&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ics-control.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203328/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/certification/Embedded-Systems">"Embedded Systems Methods and Technologies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/portal/web/certification/Embedded-Systems">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embedded+Systems+Methods+and+Technologies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fcertification%2FEmbedded-Systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlippi2014" class="citation cs2">Alippi, Cesare (2014), <i>Intelligence for Embedded Systems</i>, Springer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05278-6"><bdi>978-3-319-05278-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+for+Embedded+Systems&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-319-05278-6&rft.aulast=Alippi&rft.aufirst=Cesare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+software" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/02/embsoft/embsoftwre.pdf">http://ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/publications/papers/02/embsoft/embsoftwre.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzeiMonteliscianiBaldiFantoni2015" class="citation conference cs1">Mazzei, Daniele; Montelisciani, Gabriele; Baldi, Giacomo; Fantoni, Gualtiero (2015). <i>Changing the programming paradigm for the embedded in the IoT domain</i>. Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on. Milan: IEEE. pp. 239–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FWF-IoT.2015.7389059">10.1109/WF-IoT.2015.7389059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Changing+the+programming+paradigm+for+the+embedded+in+the+IoT+domain&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=239-244&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FWF-IoT.2015.7389059&rft.aulast=Mazzei&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rft.au=Montelisciani%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Baldi%2C+Giacomo&rft.au=Fantoni%2C+Gualtiero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203113844/http://www.stroustrup.com/Programming/25_embedded.ppt">"Stroustrup on embedded software"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.www.stroustrup.com/Programming/25_embedded.ppt">the original</a> on 3 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stroustrup+on+embedded+software&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.www.stroustrup.com%2FProgramming%2F25_embedded.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st.com/internet/mcu/product/216844.jsp">"Example of embedded CPU"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Example+of+embedded+CPU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st.com%2Finternet%2Fmcu%2Fproduct%2F216844.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/embedded/javame/embed-me/downloads/java-embedded-java-me-download-2162242.html">"Java ME Embedded"</a>. <i>Oracle Technology Network</i>.</cite><span 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