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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Window made of one or more movable panels</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DETAIL_OF_(SINGLE_SASH)_WINDOW,_WEST-FRONT_FACADE_-_Moncure_Building,_1415_North_Court_House_Road,_Arlington,_Arlington_County,_VA_HABS_VA,7-ARL,7-7.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/DETAIL_OF_%28SINGLE_SASH%29_WINDOW%2C_WEST-FRONT_FACADE_-_Moncure_Building%2C_1415_North_Court_House_Road%2C_Arlington%2C_Arlington_County%2C_VA_HABS_VA%2C7-ARL%2C7-7.tif/lossy-page1-220px-DETAIL_OF_%28SINGLE_SASH%29_WINDOW%2C_WEST-FRONT_FACADE_-_Moncure_Building%2C_1415_North_Court_House_Road%2C_Arlington%2C_Arlington_County%2C_VA_HABS_VA%2C7-ARL%2C7-7.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/DETAIL_OF_%28SINGLE_SASH%29_WINDOW%2C_WEST-FRONT_FACADE_-_Moncure_Building%2C_1415_North_Court_House_Road%2C_Arlington%2C_Arlington_County%2C_VA_HABS_VA%2C7-ARL%2C7-7.tif/lossy-page1-330px-DETAIL_OF_%28SINGLE_SASH%29_WINDOW%2C_WEST-FRONT_FACADE_-_Moncure_Building%2C_1415_North_Court_House_Road%2C_Arlington%2C_Arlington_County%2C_VA_HABS_VA%2C7-ARL%2C7-7.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/DETAIL_OF_%28SINGLE_SASH%29_WINDOW%2C_WEST-FRONT_FACADE_-_Moncure_Building%2C_1415_North_Court_House_Road%2C_Arlington%2C_Arlington_County%2C_VA_HABS_VA%2C7-ARL%2C7-7.tif/lossy-page1-440px-DETAIL_OF_%28SINGLE_SASH%29_WINDOW%2C_WEST-FRONT_FACADE_-_Moncure_Building%2C_1415_North_Court_House_Road%2C_Arlington%2C_Arlington_County%2C_VA_HABS_VA%2C7-ARL%2C7-7.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3978" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>A sash window</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>sash window</b> or <b>hung sash window</b> is made of one or more movable panels, or "sashes".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The individual sashes are traditionally <a href="/wiki/Paned_window_(architecture)" title="Paned window (architecture)">paned windows</a>, but can now contain an individual sheet (or sheets, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Double_glazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Double glazing">double glazing</a>) of glass. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sash_window&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest surviving examples of sash windows were installed in England in the 1670s, for example at <a href="/wiki/Palace_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace House">Palace House</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ham_House" title="Ham House">Ham House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Louw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention of the sash window is sometimes credited, without conclusive evidence, to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>. Others see the sash window as a Dutch invention.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H.J. Louw believed that the sash window was developed in England, but concluded that it was impossible to determine the exact inventor.<sup id="cite_ref-Louw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sash window is often found in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> houses, and the classic arrangement has three panes across by two up on each of two sash, giving a <i>six over six</i> panel window, although this is by no means a fixed rule. Innumerable late Victorian and <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwardian period">Edwardian</a> <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> houses were built in England using standard sash window units approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) in width, but older, hand-made units could be of any size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_and_application">Mechanism and application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sash_window&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism and application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BigSashWindowBromyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BigSashWindowBromyard.jpg/300px-BigSashWindowBromyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BigSashWindowBromyard.jpg/450px-BigSashWindowBromyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BigSashWindowBromyard.jpg/600px-BigSashWindowBromyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Exceptionally wide sash window (approximately two metres or 6.6 feet wide) in a pub in <a href="/wiki/Bromyard" title="Bromyard">Bromyard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Box_sash_window">Box sash window</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sash_window&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Box sash window"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To facilitate operation, the weight of the glazed panel is usually balanced by a heavy steel, lead, or cast-iron <i>sash weight</i> or counter-weight concealed within the window frame. The sash weight is connected to the window by a braided cotton sash cord, or a chain, that runs over a pulley at the top of the frame, although <a href="/wiki/Spring_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring balance">spring balances</a> are sometimes used. Repairing a broken cord requires disassembling parts of the window frame.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term "sash windows" is used interchangeably with the term "box sash windows" in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and frequently used to describe the same thing. Historically box sash windows are heavier and more stately in nature than modern sash windows, but both terms are used within the industry when referring to the same type of window.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The name "hung sash window", which is more usual in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> than in the United Kingdom, typically refers to a <b>double-hung window</b><span class="anchor" id="double-hung_window"></span> with two sashes that can move up and down in the window frame. These windows are commonly found in older buildings in warmer climates, as they promote airflow and are easy to clean. A significant advantage of double-hung windows is that they provide efficient cooling of interiors during warm weather. Opening both the top and bottom of a sash window by equal amounts allows warm air at the top of the room to escape, thus drawing relatively cool air from outside into the room through the bottom opening. A double-hung window where the upper sash is smaller (shorter) than the lower is termed a <a href="/wiki/Cottage_window" title="Cottage window">cottage window</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A single-hung window has two sashes, but normally the top sash is fixed and only the bottom sash slides. Triple- and quadruple-hung windows are used for tall openings, common in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> churches. Construction is usually of <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and these sashes were traditionally only single-glazed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simplex_hinges">Simplex hinges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sash_window&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Simplex hinges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sash windows may be fitted with <i>simplex hinges</i>, which allow the window to be locked into hinges on one side while the counterbalance on the other side is detached, allowing the window to be opened for escape or cleaning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glazing">Glazing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sash_window&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Glazing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The glass in old windows can be the very early 'plate' or 'broad' glass to 'crown' or 'cylinder'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old glass is recognised by its imperfections ('ream') which result in optical distortion. Traditional cylinder glass is still made, but other sorts of antique glass are no longer available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Modern double-glazed sash windows are available. These may have true <a href="/wiki/Muntins" class="mw-redirect" title="Muntins">muntins</a> or "glazing bars", or may imitate them by applying them to the surface of the glazing, giving the appearance of multiple small <a href="/wiki/Paned_window_(architecture)" title="Paned window (architecture)">panes</a>, whereas each sash consists of only one large double-glazed unit. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sash_window&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional problems with <a href="/wiki/Solid_wood" title="Solid wood">solid wooden</a> sash windows include <a href="/wiki/Dry_rot" title="Dry rot">rot</a>, swelling or distortion of the woodwork<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or rattling in the wind (due to shrinkage of the wood).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These problems can be solved by careful repair and the introduction of draught stripping. It is also a common problem for painters to paint the sash stuck. The sliding mechanism makes sash windows more vulnerable to these problems than traditional <a href="/wiki/Casement_window" title="Casement window">casement windows</a>. Sash windows are relatively high maintenance, but offer advantages in return (style, aesthetics, abides by laws (relating to older houses and buildings), natural resources etc.). However, well-maintained sash windows should last generations without needing parts replaced. It is also possible to clean all the glass from within the building by sliding the two panes to different positions. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sash_window#Disputed" title="Talk:Sash window">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/UPVC" class="mw-redirect" title="UPVC">uPVC</a> or vinyl sash windows have become available since the first PVC window frames were being introduced in Germany in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have come to dominate the window industry with more than 50% of all window sashes being made of vinyl in the USA as of 2017<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Source required. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The waterproof nature of <a href="/wiki/UPVC" class="mw-redirect" title="UPVC">uPVC</a> and ease of installation are also benefits. Problems with uPVC include durability and the environmental issues. Over time the plasticizer chemicals used to make vinyl sashes flexible evaporate leaving the material brittle and prone to breaking. Vinyl is also weaker than wood and aluminum sashes and requires extra support in large window openings. Vinyl is also used on wood windows as an outside cladding to protect the wood from the weather but allow the inside of the window to take advantage of the appearance of fine wood. Vinyl is also available in a large range of colours and textures although white is by far the most common. Vinyl is limited mainly to residential usage and low rise commercial due to its flammability and the toxic fumes it produces when burned. In the future fire rated versions of UPVC windows may be used in high rise construction, but currently flammability and toxic fumes are a significant obstacle.<sup id="cite_ref-Building_Code_Decision_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Building_Code_Decision-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sash_window&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_window" title="Witch window">Witch window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortochka" title="Fortochka">Fortochka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sash_window&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to the word's etymology, "sash" (without <i>-es</i>) is an alternative plural form, now used mostly by professionals.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgiangroup.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/GGJ_1997_Vol_7_16_Baggs_0001.pdf">"A. P. Baggs: The Earliest Sash-Window in Britain?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. VII, 1997, pp. 168–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.+P.+Baggs%3A+The+Earliest+Sash-Window+in+Britain%3F&rft.pub=The+Georgian+Group+Journal%2C+Vol.+VII%2C+1997%2C+pp.+168%E2%80%93171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgiangroup.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F10%2FGGJ_1997_Vol_7_16_Baggs_0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASash+window" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louw_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louw_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Louw, HJ, <i>Architectural History</i>, Vol. 26, 1983 (1983), pp. 49–72, 144–150 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568434">JSTOR</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4854554.stm">BBC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/ham.htm">"The Gardens of Ham House"</a>. London Gardens Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gardens+of+Ham+House&rft.pub=London+Gardens+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londongardenstrust.org%2Ffeatures%2Fham.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASash+window" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jardine, Lisa: <i>Going Dutch: How England Plundered Holland's Glory</i>, Harper Press, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmears.co.uk/our-publications/glass-and-glazing/">"Glass and Glazing"</a>. www.rmears.co.uk. 25 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glass+and+Glazing&rft.pub=www.rmears.co.uk&rft.date=2014-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmears.co.uk%2Four-publications%2Fglass-and-glazing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASash+window" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonDay2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Albert; Day, Day (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTC8yFaw7ioC&pg=PA181"><i>Popular Mechanics Complete Home How-to</i></a>. New York: Hearst Books. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588168030" title="Special:BookSources/9781588168030"><bdi>9781588168030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Mechanics+Complete+Home+How-to&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Hearst+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781588168030&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Day%2C+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRTC8yFaw7ioC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASash+window" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homeguides.sfgate.com/fix-rattling-windows-25171.html">"How to Fix Rattling Windows"</a>. <i>SFGate</i>. 18 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft.atitle=How+to+Fix+Rattling+Windows&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomeguides.sfgate.com%2Ffix-rattling-windows-25171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASash+window" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Life-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Life_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpf.co.uk/enviromental_matters/Life_of_a_PVC_U_Window.aspx">"Life of a PVC-U window"</a>. British Plastics Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+of+a+PVC-U+window&rft.pub=British+Plastics+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpf.co.uk%2Fenviromental_matters%2FLife_of_a_PVC_U_Window.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASash+window" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Building_Code_Decision-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Building_Code_Decision_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302075343/http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page7945.aspx">"Building Code Commission Decision"</a>. Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page7945.aspx">the original</a> on 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Building+Code+Commission+Decision&rft.pub=Ontario+Ministry+of+Municipal+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mah.gov.on.ca%2FPage7945.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASash+window" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sash_window&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sash_window" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sash window">sash window</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-left plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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