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class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 976</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: slope stabilization</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">856</span> Comparison between Deterministic and Probabilistic Stability Analysis, Featuring Consequent Risk Assessment </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isabela%20Moreira%20Queiroz">Isabela Moreira Queiroz </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Slope stability analyses are largely carried out by deterministic methods and evaluated through a single security factor. Although it is known that the geotechnical parameters can present great dispersal, such analyses are considered fixed and known. The probabilistic methods, in turn, incorporate the variability of input key parameters (random variables), resulting in a range of values of safety factors, thus enabling the determination of the probability of failure, which is an essential parameter in the calculation of the risk (probability multiplied by the consequence of the event). Among the probabilistic methods, there are three frequently used methods in geotechnical society: FOSM (First-Order, Second-Moment), Rosenblueth (Point Estimates) and Monte Carlo. This paper presents a comparison between the results from deterministic and probabilistic analyses (FOSM method, Monte Carlo and Rosenblueth) applied to a hypothetical slope. The end was held to evaluate the behavior of the slope and consequent risk analysis, which is used to calculate the risk and analyze their mitigation and control solutions. It can be observed that the results obtained by the three probabilistic methods were quite close. It should be noticed that the calculation of the risk makes it possible to list the priority to the implementation of mitigation measures. Therefore, it is recommended to do a good assessment of the geological-geotechnical model incorporating the uncertainty in viability, design, construction, operation and closure by means of risk management.  <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probabilistic%20methods" title="probabilistic methods">probabilistic methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20assessment" title=" risk assessment"> risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20management" title=" risk management"> risk management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20stability" title=" slope stability"> slope stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46673/comparison-between-deterministic-and-probabilistic-stability-analysis-featuring-consequent-risk-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46673.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">397</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">855</span> Geological Engineering Mapping Approach to Know Factor of Safety Distribution and Its Implication to Landslide Potential at Muria Mountain, Kudus, Central Java Province, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sony%20Hartono">Sony Hartono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azka%20Decana"> Azka Decana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vilia%20Yohana"> Vilia Yohana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annisa%20Luthfianihuda"> Annisa Luthfianihuda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuni%20Faizah"> Yuni Faizah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tati%20Andriani"> Tati Andriani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dewi%20Kania"> Dewi Kania</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fachri%20Zulfiqar"> Fachri Zulfiqar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sugiar%20Yusup"> Sugiar Yusup</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arman%20Nugraha"> Arman Nugraha </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Landslide is a geological hazard that is quite common in some areas in Indonesia and have disadvantages impact for public around. Due to the high frequency of landslides in Indonesia, and extensive damage, landslides should be specifically noted. Landslides caused by a soil or rock unit that has been in a state of unstable slopes and not in ideal state again, so the value of ground resistance or the rock been passed by the value of the forces acting on the slope. Based on this fact, authors held a geological engineering mapping at Muria Mountain, Kudus, Central Java province which is known as an agriculture and religion tourism area. This geological engineering mapping is performed to determine landslides potential at Muria Mountain. Slopes stability will be illustrated by a number called the “factor of safety” where the number can describe how much potential a slope to fall. Slopes stability can be different depending on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil and slope conditions. Testing of physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil conducted in the geotechnical laboratory. The characteristics of the soil must be same when sampled as well as in the test laboratory. To meet that requirement, authors used "undisturb sample" method that will be guarantee sample will not be distracted by environtment influences. From laboratory tests on soil physical and mechanical properties obtained characteristics of the soil on a slope, and then inserted into a Geological Information Software that would generate a value of factor of safety and give a visualization slope form area of research. Then, as a result of the study, obtained a map of the ground movement distribution map and i is implications for landslides potential areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factor%20of%20safety" title="factor of safety">factor of safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geological%20engineering%20mapping" title=" geological engineering mapping"> geological engineering mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslides" title=" landslides"> landslides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20stability" title=" slope stability"> slope stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil "> soil </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59885/geological-engineering-mapping-approach-to-know-factor-of-safety-distribution-and-its-implication-to-landslide-potential-at-muria-mountain-kudus-central-java-province-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59885.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">425</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">854</span> Stabilization of Expansive Soils with Polypropylene Fiber</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Sinan%20So%C4%9Fanc%C4%B1">Ali Sinan Soğancı</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Expansive soils are often encountered in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid fields. Such kind of soils, generally including active clay minerals in low water content, enlarge in volume by absorbing the water through the surface and cause a great harm to the light structures such as channel coating, roads and airports. The expansive soils were encountered on the path of Apa-Hotamış conveyance channel belonging to the State Hydraulic Works in the region of Konya. In the research done in this area, it is predicted that the soil has a swollen nature and the soil should be filled with proper granular equipment by digging the ground to 50-60 cm. In this study, for purpose of helping the other research to be done in the same area, it is thought that instead of replacing swollen soil with the granular soil, by stabilizing it with polypropylene fiber and using it its original place decreases effect of swelling percent, in this way the cost will be decreased. Therefore, a laboratory tests were conducted to study the effects of polypropylene fiber on swelling characteristics of expansive soil. Test results indicated that inclusion of fiber reduced swell percent of expansive soil. As the fiber content increased, the unconfined compressive strength was increased. Finally, it can be say that stabilization of expansive soils with polypropylene fiber is an effective method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expansive%20soils" title="expansive soils">expansive soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polypropylene%20fiber" title=" polypropylene fiber"> polypropylene fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization" title=" stabilization"> stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=swelling%20percent" title=" swelling percent"> swelling percent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18704/stabilization-of-expansive-soils-with-polypropylene-fiber" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">478</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">853</span> Evaluating of Bearing Capacity of Two Adjacent Strip Foundations Located around a Soil Slip </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Meftahi">M. Meftahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hoseinzadeh"> M. Hoseinzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Naeini"> S. A. Naeini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Selection of soil bearing capacity is an important issue that should be investigated under different conditions. The bearing capacity of foundation around of soil slope is based on the active and passive forces. On the other hand, due to extension of urban structures, it is inevitable to put the foundations together. Concerning the two cases mentioned above, investigating the behavior of adjacent foundations which are constructed besides soil slope is essential. It should be noted that, according to the conditions, the bearing capacity of adjacent foundations can be less or more than mat foundations. Also, soil reinforcement increases the bearing capacity of adjacent foundations, and the amount of its increase depends on the distance between foundations. In this research, based on numerical studies, a method is presented for evaluating ultimate bearing capacity of adjacent foundations at different intervals. In the present study, the effect of foundation width, the center to center distance of adjacent foundations and reinforced soil has been investigated on the bearing capacity of adjacent foundations beside soil slope. The results indicate that, due to interference of failure surfaces created under foundation, it depends on their intervals and the ultimate bearing capacity of foundation varies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adjacent%20foundation" title="adjacent foundation">adjacent foundation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing%20capacity" title=" bearing capacity"> bearing capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcements" title=" reinforcements"> reinforcements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=settlement" title=" settlement"> settlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20analysis" title=" numerical analysis"> numerical analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107540/evaluating-of-bearing-capacity-of-two-adjacent-strip-foundations-located-around-a-soil-slip" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107540.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">852</span> Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis of Excavation Induced Landslides Using Hermite Polynomial Chaos</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schadrack%20Mwizerwa">Schadrack Mwizerwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The characterization and prediction of landslides are crucial for assessing geological hazards and mitigating risks to infrastructure and communities. This research aims to develop a probabilistic framework for analyzing excavation-induced landslides, which is fundamental for assessing geological hazards and mitigating risks to infrastructure and communities. The study uses Hermite polynomial chaos, a non-stationary random process, to analyze the stability of a slope and characterize the failure probability of a real landslide induced by highway construction excavation. The correlation within the data is captured using the Karhunen-Loève (KL) expansion theory, and the finite element method is used to analyze the slope's stability. The research contributes to the field of landslide characterization by employing advanced random field approaches, providing valuable insights into the complex nature of landslide behavior and the effectiveness of advanced probabilistic models for risk assessment and management. The data collected from the Baiyuzui landslide, induced by highway construction, is used as an illustrative example. The findings highlight the importance of considering the probabilistic nature of landslides and provide valuable insights into the complex behavior of such hazards. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hermite%20polynomial%20chaos" title="Hermite polynomial chaos">Hermite polynomial chaos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karhunen-Loeve" title=" Karhunen-Loeve"> Karhunen-Loeve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20stability" title=" slope stability"> slope stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probabilistic%20analysis" title=" probabilistic analysis"> probabilistic analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176089/probabilistic-slope-stability-analysis-of-excavation-induced-landslides-using-hermite-polynomial-chaos" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176089.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">851</span> Evaluation of the Environmental Risk from the Co-Deposition of Waste Rock Material and Fly Ash</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mavrikos">A. Mavrikos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Petsas"> N. Petsas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Kaltsi"> E. Kaltsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Kaliampakos"> D. Kaliampakos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The lignite-fired power plants in the Western Macedonia Lignite Center produce more than 8 106 t of fly ash per year. Approximately 90% of this quantity is used for restoration-reclamation of exhausted open-cast lignite mines and slope stabilization of the overburden. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the environmental behavior of the mixture of waste rock and fly ash that is being used in the external deposition site of the South Field lignite mine. For this reason, a borehole was made within the site and 86 samples were taken and subjected to chemical analyses and leaching tests. The results showed very limited leaching of trace elements and heavy metals from this mixture. Moreover, when compared to the limit values set for waste acceptable in inert waste landfills, only few excesses were observed, indicating only minor risk for groundwater pollution. However, due to the complexity of both the leaching process and the contaminant pathway, more boreholes and analyses should be made in nearby locations and a systematic groundwater monitoring program should be implemented both downstream and within the external deposition site. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-deposition" title="co-deposition">co-deposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaching%20tests" title=" leaching tests"> leaching tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignite" title=" lignite"> lignite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20rock" title=" waste rock"> waste rock</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9875/evaluation-of-the-environmental-risk-from-the-co-deposition-of-waste-rock-material-and-fly-ash" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9875.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">243</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">850</span> Slope Instability Study Using Kinematic Analysis and Lineament Density Mapping along a Part of National Highway 58, Uttarakhand, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kush%20Kumar">Kush Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varun%20Joshi"> Varun Joshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Slope instability is a major problem of the mountainous region, especially in parts of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). The on-going tectonic, rugged topography, steep slope, heavy precipitation, toe erosion, structural discontinuities, and deformation are the main triggering factors of landslides in this region. Besides the loss of life, property, and infrastructure caused by a landslide, it also results in various environmental problems, i.e., degradation of slopes, land use, river quality by increased sediments, and loss of well-established vegetation. The Indian state of Uttarakhand, being a part of the active Himalayas, also faces numerous cases of slope instability. Therefore, the vulnerable landslide zones need to be delineated to safeguard various losses. The study area is focused in Garhwal and Tehri -Garhwal district of Uttarakhand state along National Highway 58, which is a strategic road and also connects the four important sacred pilgrims (Char Dham) of India. The lithology of these areas mainly comprises of sandstone, quartzite of Chakrata formation, and phyllites of Chandpur formation. The greywacke and sandstone rock of Saknidhar formation dips northerly and is overlain by phyllite of Chandpur formation. The present research incorporates the lineament density mapping using remote sensing satellite data supplemented by a detailed field study via kinematic analysis. The DEM data of ALOS PALSAR (12.5 m resolution) is resampled to 10 m resolution and used for preparing various thematic maps such as slope, aspect, drainage, hill shade, lineament, and lineament density using ARCGIS 10.6 software. Furthermore, detailed field mapping, including structural mapping, geomorphological mapping, is integrated for kinematic analysis of the slope using Dips 6.0 software of Rockscience. The kinematic analysis of 40 locations was carried out, among which 15 show the planar type of failure, five-show wedge failure, and rest, 20 show no failures. The lineament density map is overlapped with the location of the unstable slope inferred from kinematic analysis to infer the association of the field information and remote sensing derived information, and significant compatibility was observed. With the help of the present study, location-specific mitigation measures could be suggested. The mitigation measures would be helping in minimizing the probability of slope instability, especially during the rainy season, and reducing the hampering of road traffic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indian%20Himalayan%20Region" title="Indian Himalayan Region">Indian Himalayan Region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinematic%20analysis" title=" kinematic analysis"> kinematic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lineament%20density%20mapping" title=" lineament density mapping"> lineament density mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20instability" title=" slope instability"> slope instability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126644/slope-instability-study-using-kinematic-analysis-and-lineament-density-mapping-along-a-part-of-national-highway-58-uttarakhand-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">849</span> The Effect of Polypropylene Fiber in the Stabilization of Expansive Soils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Sinan%20So%C4%9Fanc%C4%B1">Ali Sinan Soğancı</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Expansive soils are often encountered in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid fields. Such kind of soils, generally including active clay minerals in low water content, enlarge in volume by absorbing the water through the surface and cause a great harm to the light structures such as channel coating, roads and airports. The expansive soils were encountered on the path of Apa-Hotamış conveyance channel belonging to the State Hydraulic Works in the region of Konya. In the research done in this area, it is predicted that the soil has a swollen nature and the soil should be filled with proper granular equipment by digging the ground to 50-60 cm. In this study, for purpose of helping the other research to be done in the same area, it is thought that instead of replacing swollen soil with the granular soil, by stabilizing it with polypropylene fiber and using it its original place decreases effect of swelling percent, in this way the cost will be decreased. Therefore, a laboratory tests were conducted to study the effects of polypropylene fiber on swelling characteristics of expansive soil. Test results indicated that inclusion of fiber reduced swell percent of expansive soil. As the fiber content increased, the unconfined compressive strength was increased. Finally, it can be say that stabilization of expansive soils with polypropylene fiber is an effective method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expansive%20soils" title="expansive soils">expansive soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polypropylene%20fiber" title=" polypropylene fiber"> polypropylene fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization" title=" stabilization"> stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=swelling%20percent" title=" swelling percent"> swelling percent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27235/the-effect-of-polypropylene-fiber-in-the-stabilization-of-expansive-soils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27235.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">523</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">848</span> Determination of Slope of Hilly Terrain by Using Proposed Method of Resolution of Forces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reshma%20Raskar-Phule">Reshma Raskar-Phule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Makarand%20Landge"> Makarand Landge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saurabh%20Singh"> Saurabh Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijay%20Singh"> Vijay Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jash%20Saparia"> Jash Saparia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shivam%20Tripathi"> Shivam Tripathi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For any construction project, slope calculations are necessary in order to evaluate constructability on the site, such as the slope of parking lots, sidewalks, and ramps, the slope of sanitary sewer lines, slope of roads and highways. When slopes and grades are to be determined, designers are concerned with establishing proper slopes and grades for their projects to assess cut and fill volume calculations and determine inverts of pipes. There are several established instruments commonly used to determine slopes, such as Dumpy level, Abney level or Hand Level, Inclinometer, Tacheometer, Henry method, etc., and surveyors are very familiar with the use of these instruments to calculate slopes. However, they have some other drawbacks which cannot be neglected while major surveying works. Firstly, it requires expert surveyors and skilled staff. The accessibility, visibility, and accommodation to remote hilly terrain with these instruments and surveying teams are difficult. Also, determination of gentle slopes in case of road and sewer drainage constructions in congested urban places with these instruments is not easy. This paper aims to develop a method that requires minimum field work, minimum instruments, no high-end technology or instruments or software, and low cost. It requires basic and handy surveying accessories like a plane table with a fixed weighing machine, standard weights, alidade, tripod, and ranging rods should be able to determine the terrain slope in congested areas as well as in remote hilly terrain. Also, being simple and easy to understand and perform the people of that local rural area can be easily trained for the proposed method. The idea for the proposed method is based on the principle of resolution of weight components. When any object of standard weight ‘W’ is placed on an inclined surface with a weighing machine below it, then its cosine component of weight is presently measured by that weighing machine. The slope can be determined from the relation between the true or actual weight and the apparent weight. A proper procedure is to be followed, which includes site location, centering and sighting work, fixing the whole set at the identified station, and finally taking the readings. A set of experiments for slope determination, mild and moderate slopes, are carried out by the proposed method and by the theodolite instrument in a controlled environment, on the college campus, and uncontrolled environment actual site. The slopes determined by the proposed method were compared with those determined by the established instruments. For example, it was observed that for the same distances for mild slope, the difference in the slope obtained by the proposed method and by the established method ranges from 4’ for a distance of 8m to 2o15’20” for a distance of 16m for an uncontrolled environment. Thus, for mild slopes, the proposed method is suitable for a distance of 8m to 10m. The correlation between the proposed method and the established method shows a good correlation of 0.91 to 0.99 for various combinations, mild and moderate slope, with the controlled and uncontrolled environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surveying" title="surveying">surveying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plane%20table" title=" plane table"> plane table</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weight%20component" title=" weight component"> weight component</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20determination" title=" slope determination"> slope determination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hilly%20terrain" title=" hilly terrain"> hilly terrain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title=" construction"> construction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152608/determination-of-slope-of-hilly-terrain-by-using-proposed-method-of-resolution-of-forces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152608.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">847</span> Stabilization of Soil Organic Carbon within Silt+Clay Fraction in Shrub-Encroached Rangeland Shallow Soil at the University of Limpopo Syferkuil Experimental Farm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Millicent%20N.%20Khumalo">Millicent N. Khumalo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phesheya%20E.%20Dlamini"> Phesheya E. Dlamini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shrub-encroachment leads to a gain or loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) in previously open rangelands. The stabilization mechanisms controlling the storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) within aggregates of shrub-encroached grassland soils are poorly understood, especially in shallow plinthic soils. In this study, physical fractionation of surface soils (0- 10 cm) collected from open and shrub-encroached grasslands was conducted to determine the distribution of SOC within macro-and- microaggregates. Soil aggregates were classified into four fractions by a wet-sieving procedure, namely >2000 (large macro-aggregates), 212-2000 (small macro-aggregates), 50-212 (microaggregates) and < 50µm (silt+clay). In both shrub-encroached and open grassland soils, SOC was greater in the silt+clay fraction. In this fraction, SOC was on average 133% greater in shrub-encroached compared to open grassland. The greater SOC within the silt+clay fraction is due to the greater surface area and thus more exchange sites for carbon absorption. This implies that the SOC physically protected within the silt+clay is stored long-term. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aggregate%20fractions" title="aggregate fractions">aggregate fractions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shrub-encroachment" title=" shrub-encroachment"> shrub-encroachment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20organic%20carbon" title=" soil organic carbon"> soil organic carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization" title=" stabilization"> stabilization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111177/stabilization-of-soil-organic-carbon-within-siltclay-fraction-in-shrub-encroached-rangeland-shallow-soil-at-the-university-of-limpopo-syferkuil-experimental-farm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111177.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">846</span> Image Distortion Correction Method of 2-MHz Side Scan Sonar for Underwater Structure Inspection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youngseok%20Kim">Youngseok Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chul%20Park"> Chul Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonghwa%20Yi"> Jonghwa Yi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sangsik%20Choi"> Sangsik Choi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The 2-MHz Side Scan SONAR (SSS) attached to the boat for inspection of underwater structures is affected by shaking. It is difficult to determine the exact scale of damage of structure. In this study, a motion sensor is attached to the inside of the 2-MHz SSS to get roll, pitch, and yaw direction data, and developed the image stabilization tool to correct the sonar image. We checked that reliable data can be obtained with an average error rate of 1.99% between the measured value and the actual distance through experiment. It is possible to get the accurate sonar data to inspect damage in underwater structure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20stabilization" title="image stabilization">image stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motion%20sensor" title=" motion sensor"> motion sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20inspection" title=" safety inspection"> safety inspection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sonar%20image" title=" sonar image"> sonar image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underwater%20structure" title=" underwater structure"> underwater structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84612/image-distortion-correction-method-of-2-mhz-side-scan-sonar-for-underwater-structure-inspection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84612.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">845</span> A Static and Dynamic Slope Stability Analysis of Sonapur</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rupam%20Saikia">Rupam Saikia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashim%20Kanti%20Dey"> Ashim Kanti Dey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sonapur is an intense hilly region on the border of Assam and Meghalaya lying in North-East India and is very near to a seismic fault named as Dauki besides which makes the region seismically active. Besides, these recently two earthquakes of magnitude 6.7 and 6.9 have struck North-East India in January and April 2016. Also, the slope concerned for this study is adjacent to NH 44 which for a long time has been a sole important connecting link to the states of Manipur and Mizoram along with some parts of Assam and so has been a cause of considerable loss to life and property since past decades as there has been several recorded incidents of landslide, road-blocks, etc. mostly during the rainy season which comes into news. Based on this issue this paper reports a static and dynamic slope stability analysis of Sonapur which has been carried out in MIDAS GTS NX. The slope being highly unreachable due to terrain and thick vegetation in-situ test was not feasible considering the current scope available so disturbed soil sample was collected from the site for the determination of strength parameters. The strength parameters were so determined for varying relative density with further variation in water content. The slopes were analyzed considering plane strain condition for three slope heights of 5 m, 10 m and 20 m which were then further categorized based on slope angles 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 considering the possible extent of steepness. Initially static analysis under dry state was performed then considering the worst case that can develop during rainy season the slopes were analyzed for fully saturated condition along with partial degree of saturation with an increase in the waterfront. Furthermore, dynamic analysis was performed considering the El-Centro Earthquake which had a magnitude of 6.7 and peak ground acceleration of 0.3569g at 2.14 sec for the slope which were found to be safe during static analysis under both dry and fully saturated condition. Some of the conclusions were slopes with inclination above 40 onwards were found to be highly vulnerable for slopes of height 10 m and above even under dry static condition. Maximum horizontal displacement showed an exponential increase with an increase in inclination from 30 to 70. The vulnerability of the slopes was seen to be further increased during rainy season as even slopes of minimal steepness of 30 for height 20 m was seen to be on the verge of failure. Also, during dynamic analysis slopes safe during static analysis were found to be highly vulnerable. Lastly, as a part of the study a comparative study on Strength Reduction Method (SRM) versus Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) was also carried out and some of the advantages and disadvantages were figured out. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20analysis" title="dynamic analysis">dynamic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factor%20of%20safety" title=" factor of safety"> factor of safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20stability" title=" slope stability"> slope stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength%20reduction%20method" title=" strength reduction method"> strength reduction method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51261/a-static-and-dynamic-slope-stability-analysis-of-sonapur" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51261.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">844</span> Stabilization of Lateritic Soil Sample from Ijoko with Cement Kiln Dust and Lime</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akinbuluma%20Ayodeji%20Theophilus">Akinbuluma Ayodeji Theophilus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adewale%20Olutaiwo"> Adewale Olutaiwo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When building roads and paved surfaces, a strong foundation is always essential. A durable material that can withstand years of traffic while staying trustworthy must be used to build the foundation. A frequent problem in the construction of roads and pavements is the lack of high-quality, long-lasting materials for the pavement structure (base, subbase, and subgrade). Hence, this study examined the stabilization of lateritic soil samples from Ijoko with cement kiln dust and lime. The study adopted the experimental design. Laboratory tests were conducted on classification, swelling potential, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), and unconfined compressive tests, among others, were conducted on the laterite sample treated with cement kiln dust (CKD) and lime in incremental order of 2% up to 10% of dry weight soft soil sample. The results of the test showed that the studied soil could be classified as an A-7-6 and CL soil using the American Association of State Highway and transport officials (AASHTO) and the unified soil classification system (USCS), respectively. The plasticity (PI) of the studied soil reduced from 30.5% to 29.9% at the application of CKD. The maximum dry density on the application of CKD reduced from 1.9.7 mg/m3 to 1.86mg/m3, and lime application yielded a reduction from 1.97mg/m3 to 1.88.mg/m3. The swell potential on CKD application was reduced from 0.05 to 0.039%. The study concluded that soil stabilizations are effective and economic way of improving road pavement for engineering benefit. The degree of effectiveness of stabilization in pavement construction was found to depend on the type of soil to be stabilized. The study therefore recommended that stabilized soil mixtures should be used to subbase material for flexible pavement since is a suitable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateritic%20soils" title="lateritic soils">lateritic soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sand" title=" sand"> sand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement" title=" cement"> cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization" title=" stabilization"> stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20pavement" title=" road pavement"> road pavement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156182/stabilization-of-lateritic-soil-sample-from-ijoko-with-cement-kiln-dust-and-lime" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156182.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">843</span> The Modeling of Viscous Microenvironment for the Coupled Enzyme System of Bioluminescence Bacteria </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irina%20E.%20Sukovataya">Irina E. Sukovataya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oleg%20S.%20Sutormin"> Oleg S. Sutormin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentina%20A.%20Kratasyuk"> Valentina A. Kratasyuk </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Effect of viscosity of media on kinetic parameters of the coupled enzyme system NADH:FMN-oxidoreductase–luciferase was investigated with addition of organic solvents (glycerol and sucrose), because bioluminescent enzyme systems based on bacterial luciferases offer a unique and general tool for analysis of the many analytes and enzymes in the environment, research, and clinical laboratories and other fields. The possibility of stabilization and increase of activity of the coupled enzyme system NADH:FMN-oxidoreductase–luciferase activity in vicious aqueous-organic mixtures have been shown. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coupled%20enzyme%20system%20of%20bioluminescence%20bacteria%20NAD%28P%29H%3AFMN-oxidoreductase%E2%80%93luciferase" title="coupled enzyme system of bioluminescence bacteria NAD(P)H:FMN-oxidoreductase–luciferase">coupled enzyme system of bioluminescence bacteria NAD(P)H:FMN-oxidoreductase–luciferase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glycerol" title=" glycerol"> glycerol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization%20of%20enzymes" title=" stabilization of enzymes"> stabilization of enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sucrose" title=" sucrose"> sucrose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2372/the-modeling-of-viscous-microenvironment-for-the-coupled-enzyme-system-of-bioluminescence-bacteria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2372.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">399</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">842</span> Effect of Mineral Additives on Improving the Geotechnical Properties of Soils in Chief</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rabah%20Younes">Rabah Younes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reduction of available land resources and the increased cout associated with the use of high quality materials have led to the need for local soils to be used in geotechnical construction, however; poor engineering properties of these soils pose difficulties for constructions project and need to be stabilized to improve their properties in other works unsuitable soils with low bearing capacity , high plasticity coupled with high instability are frequently encountered hence, there is a need to improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of these soils to make theme more suitable for construction this can be done by using different mechanical and chemical methods clayey soil stabilization has been practiced for sometime but mixing additives, such us cement, lime and fly ash to the soil to increase its strength. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay" title="clay">clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20stabilization" title=" soil stabilization"> soil stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=naturaln%20pozzolana" title=" naturaln pozzolana"> naturaln pozzolana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atterberg%20limits" title=" atterberg limits"> atterberg limits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compaction" title=" compaction"> compaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength%20shear%20strength" title="compressive strength shear strength">compressive strength shear strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curing" title=" curing"> curing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28009/effect-of-mineral-additives-on-improving-the-geotechnical-properties-of-soils-in-chief" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">319</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">841</span> Effect of Lime Stabilization on E. coli Destruction and Heavy Metal Bioavailability in Sewage Sludge for Agricultural Utilization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Petruzzelli">G. Petruzzelli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Pedron"> F. Pedron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Grifoni"> M. Grifoni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Pera"> A. Pera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Rosellini"> I. Rosellini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Pezzarossa"> B. Pezzarossa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The addition of lime as Ca(OH)2 to sewage sludge to destroy pathogens (Escherichia coli), was evaluated also in relation to heavy metal bioavailability. The obtained results show that the use of calcium hydroxide at the dose of 3% effectively destroyed pathogens ensuring the stability at high pH values over long period and the duration of the sewage sludge stabilization. In general, lime addition decreased the total extractability of heavy metals indicating a reduced bioavailability of these elements. This is particularly important for a safe utilization in agricultural soils to reduce the possible transfer of heavy metals to the food chain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20sludge" title="biological sludge">biological sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ca%28OH%292" title=" Ca(OH)2"> Ca(OH)2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title=" copper"> copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathogens" title=" pathogens"> pathogens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation" title=" sanitation"> sanitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc" title=" zinc"> zinc</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23135/effect-of-lime-stabilization-on-e-coli-destruction-and-heavy-metal-bioavailability-in-sewage-sludge-for-agricultural-utilization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">432</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">840</span> Topographic Characteristics Derived from UAV Images to Detect Ephemeral Gully Channels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Recep%20Gundogan">Recep Gundogan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turgay%20Dindaroglu"> Turgay Dindaroglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hikmet%20Gunal"> Hikmet Gunal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Ulukavak"> Mustafa Ulukavak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ron%20Bingner"> Ron Bingner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A majority of total soil losses in agricultural areas could be attributed to ephemeral gullies caused by heavy rains in conventionally tilled fields; however, ephemeral gully erosion is often ignored in conventional soil erosion assessments. Ephemeral gullies are often easily filled from normal soil tillage operations, which makes capturing the existing ephemeral gullies in croplands difficult. This study was carried out to determine topographic features, including slope and aspect composite topographic index (CTI) and initiation points of gully channels, using images obtained from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images. The study area was located in Topcu stream watershed in the eastern Mediterranean Region, where intense rainfall events occur over very short time periods. The slope varied between 0.7 and 99.5%, and the average slope was 24.7%. The UAV (multi-propeller hexacopter) was used as the carrier platform, and images were obtained with the RGB camera mounted on the UAV. The digital terrain models (DTM) of Topçu stream micro catchment produced using UAV images and manual field Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements were compared to assess the accuracy of UAV based measurements. Eighty-one gully channels were detected in the study area. The mean slope and CTI values in the micro-catchment obtained from DTMs generated using UAV images were 19.2% and 3.64, respectively, and both slope and CTI values were lower than those obtained using GPS measurements. The total length and volume of the gully channels were 868.2 m and 5.52 m³, respectively. Topographic characteristics and information on ephemeral gully channels (location of initial point, volume, and length) were estimated with high accuracy using the UAV images. The results reveal that UAV-based measuring techniques can be used in lieu of existing GPS and total station techniques by using images obtained with high-resolution UAVs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aspect" title="aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compound%20topographic%20index" title=" compound topographic index"> compound topographic index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20terrain%20model" title=" digital terrain model"> digital terrain model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=initial%20gully%20point" title=" initial gully point"> initial gully point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope" title=" slope"> slope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unmanned%20aerial%20vehicle" title=" unmanned aerial vehicle"> unmanned aerial vehicle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152233/topographic-characteristics-derived-from-uav-images-to-detect-ephemeral-gully-channels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152233.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">839</span> Landslide Hazard Zonation and Risk Studies Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making and Slope Stability Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ankit%20Tyagi">Ankit Tyagi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reet%20Kamal%20Tiwari"> Reet Kamal Tiwari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naveen%20James"> Naveen James</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In India, landslides are the most frequently occurring disaster in the regions of the Himalayas and the Western Ghats. The steep slopes and land use in these areas are quite apprehensive. In the recent past, many landslide hazard zonation (LHZ) works have been carried out in the Himalayas. However, the preparation of LHZ maps considering temporal factors such as seismic ground shaking, seismic amplification at surface level, and rainfall are limited. Hence this study presents a comprehensive use of the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method in landslide risk assessment. In this research, we conducted both geospatial and geotechnical analysis to minimize the danger of landslides. Geospatial analysis is performed using high-resolution satellite data to produce landslide causative factors which were given weightage using the MCDM method. The geotechnical analysis includes a slope stability check, which was done to determine the potential landslide slope. The landslide risk map can provide useful information which helps people to understand the risk of living in an area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslide%20hazard%20zonation" title="landslide hazard zonation">landslide hazard zonation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PHA" title=" PHA"> PHA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AHP" title=" AHP"> AHP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117006/landslide-hazard-zonation-and-risk-studies-using-multi-criteria-decision-making-and-slope-stability-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117006.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">838</span> A Comparative Analysis on QRS Peak Detection Using BIOPAC and MATLAB Software</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandra%20Mukherjee">Chandra Mukherjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper is a representation of the work done in the field of ECG signal analysis using MATLAB 7.1 Platform. An accurate and simple ECG feature extraction algorithm is presented in this paper and developed algorithm is validated using BIOPAC software. To detect the QRS peak, ECG signal is processed by following mentioned stages- First Derivative, Second Derivative and then squaring of that second derivative. Efficiency of developed algorithm is tested on ECG samples from different database and real time ECG signals acquired using BIOPAC system. Firstly we have lead wise specified threshold value the samples above that value is marked and in the original signal, where these marked samples face change of slope are spotted as R-peak. On the left and right side of the R-peak, faces change of slope identified as Q and S peak, respectively. Now the inbuilt Detection algorithm of BIOPAC software is performed on same output sample and both outputs are compared. ECG baseline modulation correction is done after detecting characteristics points. The efficiency of the algorithm is tested using some validation parameters like Sensitivity, Positive Predictivity and we got satisfied value of these parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first%20derivative" title="first derivative">first derivative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variable%20threshold" title=" variable threshold"> variable threshold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20reversal" title=" slope reversal"> slope reversal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=baseline%20modulation%20correction" title=" baseline modulation correction"> baseline modulation correction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26366/a-comparative-analysis-on-qrs-peak-detection-using-biopac-and-matlab-software" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">837</span> The Association of Slope Failure and Lineament Density along the Ranau-Tambunan Road, Sabah, Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norbert%20Simon">Norbert Simon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodeano%20Roslee"> Rodeano Roslee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Ghani%20Rafek"> Abdul Ghani Rafek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Goh%20Thian%20Lai"> Goh Thian Lai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azimah%20Hussein"> Azimah Hussein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lee%20Khai%20Ern"> Lee Khai Ern</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The 54 km stretch of Ranau-Tambunan (RTM) road in Sabah is subjected to slope failures almost every year. This study is focusing on identifying section of roads that are susceptible to failure based on temporal landslide density and lineament density analyses. In addition to the analyses, the rock slopes in several sections of the road were assessed using the geological strength index (GSI) technique. The analysis involved 148 landslides that were obtained in 1978, 1994, 2009 and 2011. The landslides were digitized as points and the point density was calculated based on every 1km2 of the road. The lineaments of the area was interpreted from Landsat 7 15m panchromatic band. The lineament density was later calculated based on every 1km2 of the area using similar technique with the slope failure density calculation. The landslide and lineament densities were classified into three different classes that indicate the level of susceptibility (low, moderate, high). Subsequently, the two density maps were overlap to produce the final susceptibility map. The combination of both high susceptibility classes from these maps signifies the high potential of slope failure in those locations in the future. The final susceptibility map indicates that there are 22 sections of the road that are highly susceptible. Seven rock slopes were assessed along the RTM road using the GSI technique. It was found from the assessment that rock slopes along this road are highly fractured, weathered and can be classified into fair to poor categories. The poor condition of the rock slope can be attributed to the high lineament density that presence in the study area. Six of the rock slopes are located in the high susceptibility zones. A detailed investigation on the 22 high susceptibility sections of the RTM road should be conducted due to their higher susceptibility to failure, in order to prevent untoward incident to road users in the future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GSI" title="GSI">GSI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslide" title=" landslide"> landslide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslide%20density" title=" landslide density"> landslide density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslide%20susceptibility" title=" landslide susceptibility"> landslide susceptibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lineament%20density" title=" lineament density"> lineament density</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42537/the-association-of-slope-failure-and-lineament-density-along-the-ranau-tambunan-road-sabah-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42537.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">836</span> Stabilization of the Bernoulli-Euler Plate Equation: Numerical Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carla%20E.%20O.%20de%20Moraes">Carla E. O. de Moraes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gladson%20O.%20Antunes"> Gladson O. Antunes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mauro%20A.%20Rincon"> Mauro A. Rincon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to study the internal stabilization of the Bernoulli-Euler equation numerically. For this, we consider a square plate subjected to a feedback/damping force distributed only in a subdomain. An algorithm for obtaining an approximate solution to this problem was proposed and implemented. The numerical method used was the Finite Difference Method. Numerical simulations were performed and showed the behavior of the solution, confirming the theoretical results that have already been proved in the literature. In addition, we studied the validation of the numerical scheme proposed, followed by an analysis of the numerical error; and we conducted a study on the decay of the energy associated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernoulli-Euler%20plate%20equation" title="Bernoulli-Euler plate equation">Bernoulli-Euler plate equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulations" title=" numerical simulations"> numerical simulations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title=" stability"> stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20decay" title=" energy decay"> energy decay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20difference%20method" title=" finite difference method"> finite difference method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7035/stabilization-of-the-bernoulli-euler-plate-equation-numerical-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">421</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">835</span> Climate Change Impact on Slope Stability: A Study of Slope Drainage Design and Operation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20Mugarza">Elena Mugarza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephanie%20Glendinning"> Stephanie Glendinning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ross%20Stirling"> Ross Stirling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colin%20Davies"> Colin Davies</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effects of climate change and increased rainfall events on UK-based infrastructure are observable, with an increasing number being reported on in the national press. The fatal derailment at Stonehaven in 2020 prompted a wider review of Network Rail-owned earthworks assets. The event was indicated by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) to be caused by mis-installed drainage on the adjacent cutting. The slope failure on Snake Pass (public highway A57) was reportedly caused by significant water ingress following numerous storm events and resulted in the road’s closure for several months. This problem is only projected to continue with greater intensity and more prolonged rainfall events forecasted in the future. Subsequently, this project is designed to evaluate effective drainage trench design within infrastructure embankments, considering the capillary barrier phenomenon that may govern their deterioration and resultant failure. Theoretically, the differential between grain sizes of the embankment clays and gravels, customarily used in drainage trenches, would have a limiting effect on infiltration. As such, it is anticipated that the inclusion of an additional material with an intermediate grain size should improve the hydraulic conductivity across the drainage boundary. Multiple drainage designs will be studied using instrumentation within the drain and surrounding clays. Data from the real-world installation at the BIONICS embankment will be collected and compared with laboratory and Finite Element (FE) simulations. This research aims to reduce the risk of infrastructure slope failures by improving the resilience of earthwork drainage and lessening the consequential impact on transportation networks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthworks" title="earthworks">earthworks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20drainage" title=" slope drainage"> slope drainage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transportation%20slopes" title=" transportation slopes"> transportation slopes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deterioration" title=" deterioration"> deterioration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capillary%20barriers" title=" capillary barriers"> capillary barriers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20study" title=" field study"> field study</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182423/climate-change-impact-on-slope-stability-a-study-of-slope-drainage-design-and-operation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182423.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">834</span> Development of a Coupled Thermal-Mechanical-Biological Model to Simulate Impacts of Temperature on Waste Stabilization at a Landfill in Quebec, Canada</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simran%20Kaur">Simran Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20J.%20Van%20Geel"> Paul J. Van Geel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A coupled Thermal-Mechanical-Biological (TMB) model was developed for the analysis of impacts of temperatures on waste stabilization at a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill in Quebec, Canada using COMSOL Multiphysics, a finite element-based software. For waste placed in landfills in Northern climates during winter months, it can take months or even years before the waste approaches ideal temperatures for biodegradation to occur. Therefore, the proposed model links biodegradation induced strain in MSW to waste temperatures and corresponding heat generation rates as a result of anaerobic degradation. This provides a link between the thermal-biological and mechanical behavior of MSW. The thermal properties of MSW are further linked to density which is tracked and updated in the mechanical component of the model, providing a mechanical-thermal link. The settlement of MSW is modelled based on the concept of viscoelasticity. The specific viscoelastic model used is a single Kelvin – Voight viscoelastic body in which the finite element response is controlled by the elastic material parameters – Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio. The numerical model was validated with 10 years of temperature and settlement data collected from a landfill in Ste. Sophie, Quebec. The coupled TMB modelling framework, which simulates placement of waste lifts as they are placed progressively in the landfill, allows for optimization of several thermal and mechanical parameters throughout the depth of the waste profile and helps in better understanding of temperature dependence of MSW stabilization. The model is able to illustrate how waste placed in the winter months can delay biodegradation-induced settlement and generation of landfill gas. A delay in waste stabilization will impact the utilization of the approved airspace prior to the placement of a final cover and impact post-closure maintenance. The model provides a valuable tool to assess different waste placement strategies in order to increase airspace utilization within landfills operating under different climates, in addition to understanding conditions for increased gas generation for recovery as a green and renewable energy source. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coupled%20model" title="coupled model">coupled model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20modeling" title=" finite element modeling"> finite element modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landfill" title=" landfill"> landfill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20solid%20waste" title=" municipal solid waste"> municipal solid waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20stabilization" title=" waste stabilization"> waste stabilization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125147/development-of-a-coupled-thermal-mechanical-biological-model-to-simulate-impacts-of-temperature-on-waste-stabilization-at-a-landfill-in-quebec-canada" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125147.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">833</span> Slope Stability Assessment in Metasedimentary Deposit of an Opencast Mine: The Case of the Dikuluwe-Mashamba (DIMA) Mine in the DR Congo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dina%20Kon%20Mushid">Dina Kon Mushid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sage%20Ngoie"> Sage Ngoie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tshimbalanga%20Madiba"> Tshimbalanga Madiba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kabutakapua%20Kakanda"> Kabutakapua Kakanda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Slope stability assessment is still the biggest challenge in mining activities and civil engineering structures. The slope in an opencast mine frequently reaches multiple weak layers that lead to the instability of the pit. Faults and soft layers throughout the rock would increase weathering and erosion rates. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the stability of the complex strata to figure out how stable they are. In the Dikuluwe-Mashamba (DIMA) area, the lithology of the stratum is a set of metamorphic rocks whose parent rocks are sedimentary rocks with a low degree of metamorphism. Thus, due to the composition and metamorphism of the parent rock, the rock formation is different in hardness and softness, which means that when the content of dolomitic and siliceous is high, the rock is hard. It is softer when the content of argillaceous and sandy is high. Therefore, from the vertical direction, it appears as a weak and hard layer, and from the horizontal direction, it seems like a smooth and hard layer in the same rock layer. From the structural point of view, the main structures in the mining area are the Dikuluwe dipping syncline and the Mashamba dipping anticline, and the occurrence of rock formations varies greatly. During the folding process of the rock formation, the stress will concentrate on the soft layer, causing the weak layer to be broken. At the same time, the phenomenon of interlayer dislocation occurs. This article aimed to evaluate the stability of metasedimentary rocks of the Dikuluwe-Mashamba (DIMA) open-pit mine using limit equilibrium and stereographic methods Based on the presence of statistical structural planes, the stereographic projection was used to study the slope's stability and examine the discontinuity orientation data to identify failure zones along the mine. The results revealed that the slope angle is too steep, and it is easy to induce landslides. The numerical method's sensitivity analysis showed that the slope angle and groundwater significantly impact the slope safety factor. The increase in the groundwater level substantially reduces the stability of the slope. Among the factors affecting the variation in the rate of the safety factor, the bulk density of soil is greater than that of rock mass, the cohesion of soil mass is smaller than that of rock mass, and the friction angle in the rock mass is much larger than that in the soil mass. The analysis showed that the rock mass structure types are mostly scattered and fragmented; the stratum changes considerably, and the variation of rock and soil mechanics parameters is significant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20stability" title="slope stability">slope stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weak%20layer" title=" weak layer"> weak layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20factor" title=" safety factor"> safety factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limit%20equilibrium%20method" title=" limit equilibrium method"> limit equilibrium method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stereography%20method" title=" stereography method"> stereography method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157278/slope-stability-assessment-in-metasedimentary-deposit-of-an-opencast-mine-the-case-of-the-dikuluwe-mashamba-dima-mine-in-the-dr-congo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">832</span> Deflection Behaviour of Retaining Wall with Pile for Pipeline on Slope of Soft Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mutadi">Mutadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pipes laying on an unstable slope of soft soil are prone to movement. Pipelines that are buried in unstable slope areas will move due to lateral loads from soil movement, which can cause damage to the pipeline. A small-scale laboratory model of the reinforcement system of piles supported by retaining walls was conducted to investigate the effect of lateral load on the reinforcement. In this experiment, the lateral forces of 0.3 kN, 0.35 kN, and 0.4 kN and vertical force of 0.05 kN, 0.1 kN, and 0.15 kN were used. Lateral load from the electric jack is equipped with load cell and vertical load using the cement-steel box. To validate the experimental result, a finite element program named 2-D Plaxis was used. The experimental results showed that with an increase in lateral loading, the displacement of the reinforcement system increased. For a Vertical Load, 0.1 kN and versus a lateral load of 0.3 kN causes a horizontal displacement of 0.35 mm and an increase of 2.94% for loading of 0.35 kN and an increase of 8.82% for loading 0.4 kN. The pattern is the same in the finite element method analysis, where there was a 6.52% increase for 0.35 kN loading and an increase to 23.91 % for 0.4 kN loading. In the same Load, the Reinforcement System is reliable, as shown in Safety Factor on dry conditions were 3.3, 2.824 and 2.474, and on wet conditions were 2.98, 2.522 and 2.235. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20soil" title="soft soil">soft soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deflection" title=" deflection"> deflection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wall" title=" wall"> wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pipeline" title=" pipeline"> pipeline</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143880/deflection-behaviour-of-retaining-wall-with-pile-for-pipeline-on-slope-of-soft-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143880.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">831</span> Sustainable Development: Soil Conservation with Cultivation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Based on Local Wisdom</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adiyasa%20Muda%20Zannatan">Adiyasa Muda Zannatan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a plant originating from Brazil. Cassava plants categorized as sixth major food in the world after wheat, rice, corn and potatoes. It has been cultivated on hilly land for 97 years since 1918 at Cireundeu village, West Java Province, Indonesia. Cireundeu traditional village located in the mountain valleys and has a hilly slope up to 38%. Cassava is used as the primary food in that area. Uniquely, Cassava productivity is stable and continues until now. The assessment of soil quality is taking soil samples in the area and analysis the soil in laboratory. The result of analysis that soil in the area is not degraded because it has optimum nutrient, organic matter, and high value of cation exchange capacity in soil even though it has been cultivated in scarp with high slope. Commonly, soil on scarp with high slope has a high rate erosion and poor nutrient. It proved that cassava is able to be an alternative technique of soil conservation in the areas that have a high slope. Beside that, cassava can be utilized as a plant food, feed, fertilizer, and energy. With the utilization of Cassava, the target of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's) will be achieved with consideration three important components include economy, social, and environment. In economy, Cassava can to be the commercial product like processed food, feed, and alternative energy. In social, it will increase social welfare and will be hereditary. And for environment, Cassava prevents soil from erosion and keeps soil quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20wisdom" title=" local wisdom"> local wisdom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservation" title=" conservation"> conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20quality" title=" soil quality"> soil quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable" title=" sustainable"> sustainable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39407/sustainable-development-soil-conservation-with-cultivation-of-cassava-manihot-esculenta-based-on-local-wisdom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39407.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">830</span> The Effect of Curing Temperature and Rice Husk Ash Addition on the Behaviour of Sulfate-Rich Clay after Lime Stabilization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Bittar">E. Bittar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Qui%C3%B1onez"> A. Quiñonez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Mencia"> F. Mencia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Aguero"> E. Aguero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Delgado"> M. Delgado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Arriola"> V. Arriola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20L%C3%B3pez"> R. López</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the western region of Paraguay, the poor condition of the roads has negatively affected the development of this zone, where the absence of petrous material has led engineers to opt for the stabilization of soils with lime or cement as the main structure for bases and subbases of these roads. In several areas of this region, high sulfate contents have been found both in groundwater and in soils, which, when reacted with lime or cement, generate a new problem instead of solving it. On the other hand, the use of industrial waste as granulated slag and fly ash proved to be a sustainable practice widely used in the manufacture of cement, and now also, in the stabilization of soils worldwide. Works related to soils containing sulfates stabilized either with granulated slag or fly ash and lime shown a good performance in their mechanical behaviour. This research seeks to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of soils with high contents of sulfates stabilized with lime by curing them both, at the normalized temperature (23 ± 2 °C) and at 40 ± 2 °C. Moreover, it attempts to asses if the addition of rice husk ash has a positive influence on the new geomaterial. The 40 ± 2 °C curing temperature was selected trying to simulate the average local temperature in summer and part of spring session whereas rice husk ash is an affordable waste produced in the region. An extensive experimental work, which includes unconfined compression, durability and free swell tests were carried out considering different dry unit weights, lime content and the addition of 20% of rice husk ash. The results showed that the addition of rice husk ash increases the resistance and durability of the material and decreases the expansion of this, moreover, the specimens cured at a temperature of 40 ± 2 °C showed higher resistance, better durability and lower expansion compared to those cured at the normalized temperature of 23 ± 2 °C. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=durability" title="durability">durability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expansion" title=" expansion"> expansion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lime%20stabilization" title=" lime stabilization"> lime stabilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice%20husk%20ash" title=" rice husk ash"> rice husk ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sulfate" title=" sulfate"> sulfate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106577/the-effect-of-curing-temperature-and-rice-husk-ash-addition-on-the-behaviour-of-sulfate-rich-clay-after-lime-stabilization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106577.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">829</span> Landslide Susceptibility Analysis in the St. Lawrence Lowlands Using High Resolution Data and Failure Plane Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20Potoczny">Kevin Potoczny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katsuichiro%20Goda"> Katsuichiro Goda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The St. Lawrence lowlands extend from Ottawa to Quebec City and are known for large deposits of sensitive Leda clay. Leda clay deposits are responsible for many large landslides, such as the 1993 Lemieux and 2010 St. Jude (4 fatalities) landslides. Due to the large extent and sensitivity of Leda clay, regional hazard analysis for landslides is an important tool in risk management. A 2018 regional study by Farzam et al. on the susceptibility of Leda clay slopes to landslide hazard uses 1 arc second topographical data. A qualitative method known as Hazus is used to estimate susceptibility by checking for various criteria in a location and determine a susceptibility rating on a scale of 0 (no susceptibility) to 10 (very high susceptibility). These criteria are slope angle, geological group, soil wetness, and distance from waterbodies. Given the flat nature of St. Lawrence lowlands, the current assessment fails to capture local slopes, such as the St. Jude site. Additionally, the data did not allow one to analyze failure planes accurately. This study majorly improves the analysis performed by Farzam et al. in two aspects. First, regional assessment with high resolution data allows for identification of local locations that may have been previously identified as low susceptibility. This then provides the opportunity to conduct a more refined analysis on the failure plane of the slope. Slopes derived from 1 arc second data are relatively gentle (0-10 degrees) across the region; however, the 1- and 2-meter resolution 2022 HRDEM provided by NRCAN shows that short, steep slopes are present. At a regional level, 1 arc second data can underestimate the susceptibility of short, steep slopes, which can be dangerous as Leda clay landslides behave retrogressively and travel upwards into flatter terrain. At the location of the St. Jude landslide, slope differences are significant. 1 arc second data shows a maximum slope of 12.80 degrees and a mean slope of 4.72 degrees, while the HRDEM data shows a maximum slope of 56.67 degrees and a mean slope of 10.72 degrees. This equates to a difference of three susceptibility levels when the soil is dry and one susceptibility level when wet. The use of GIS software is used to create a regional susceptibility map across the St. Lawrence lowlands at 1- and 2-meter resolutions. Failure planes are necessary to differentiate between small and large landslides, which have so far been ignored in regional analysis. Leda clay failures can only retrogress as far as their failure planes, so the regional analysis must be able to transition smoothly into a more robust local analysis. It is expected that slopes within the region, once previously assessed at low susceptibility scores, contain local areas of high susceptibility. The goal is to create opportunities for local failure plane analysis to be undertaken, which has not been possible before. Due to the low resolution of previous regional analyses, any slope near a waterbody could be considered hazardous. However, high-resolution regional analysis would allow for more precise determination of hazard sites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hazus" title="hazus">hazus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-resolution%20DEM" title=" high-resolution DEM"> high-resolution DEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leda%20clay" title=" leda clay"> leda clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20analysis" title=" regional analysis"> regional analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=susceptibility" title=" susceptibility"> susceptibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167848/landslide-susceptibility-analysis-in-the-st-lawrence-lowlands-using-high-resolution-data-and-failure-plane-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167848.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">828</span> Condition Monitoring of Railway Earthworks using Distributed Rayleigh Sensing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Hall">Andrew Hall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Clarkson"> Paul Clarkson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Climate change is predicted to increase the number of extreme weather events intensifying the strain on Railway Earthworks. This paper describes the use of Distributed Rayleigh Sensing to monitor low frequency activity on a vulnerable earthworks sectionprone to landslides alongside a railway line in Northern Spain. The vulnerable slope is instrumented with conventional slope stability sensors allowing an assessment to be conducted of the application of Distributed Rayleigh Sensing as an earthwork condition monitoring tool to enhance the resilience of railway networks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condition%20monitoring" title="condition monitoring">condition monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=railway%20earthworks" title=" railway earthworks"> railway earthworks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20rayleigh%20sensing" title=" distributed rayleigh sensing"> distributed rayleigh sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141052/condition-monitoring-of-railway-earthworks-using-distributed-rayleigh-sensing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141052.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">827</span> The Uniting Control Lyapunov Functions in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Fei%20Yang">Yi-Fei Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nai-Bao%20He"> Nai-Bao He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shao-Bang%20Xing"> Shao-Bang Xing</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates the permanent magnet synchronous linear motor (PMSLM) chaotic motion under the specific physical parameters, the stability and the security of motor-driven system will be unavoidably influenced. Therefore, it is really necessary to investigate the methods of controlling or suppressing chaos in PMSLM. Firstly, we derive a chaotic model of PMSLM in the closed-loop system. Secondly, in order to realize the local asymptotic stabilization of the mechanical subsystem and the global stabilization of the motor-driven system including electrical subsystem, we propose an improved uniting control lyapunov functions by introducing backstepping approach. Finally, an illustrated example is also given to show the electiveness of the obtained results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20motor" title="linear motor">linear motor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lyapunov%20functions" title=" lyapunov functions"> lyapunov functions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chao%20control" title=" chao control"> chao control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20controller" title=" hybrid controller"> hybrid controller</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46677/the-uniting-control-lyapunov-functions-in-permanent-magnet-synchronous-linear-motor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46677.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right 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