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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Crisis of governance in 2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_of_governance_in_2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Subsequent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Chief_Executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Chief_Executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-Chief Executive</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Chief_Executive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-Chief Executive subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Chief_Executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S.−China_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S.−China_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>U.S.−China politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S.−China_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Influence in Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7" title="تونغ تشو هوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تونغ تشو هوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1ng_Ki%C3%A0n-ho%C3%A2" title="Táng Kiàn-hoâ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Táng Kiàn-hoâ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tung Chee-hwa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tung Chee-hwa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tung Chee-hwa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAng_Kien-f%C3%A0" title="Túng Kien-fà – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Túng Kien-fà" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%A5%EC%A0%A0%ED%99%94" title="둥젠화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="둥젠화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tung Chee-hwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tung Chee-hwa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7" title="تونج تشو هوا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تونج تشو هوا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee_Hwa" title="Tung Chee Hwa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tung Chee Hwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%ABng_Gi%C3%B3ng-hu%C3%A0" title="Dūng Gióng-huà – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dūng Gióng-huà" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tung Chee-hwa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%BB%BA%E8%8F%AF" title="董建華 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="董建華" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-Hwa" title="Tung Chee-Hwa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tung Chee-Hwa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee_Hwa" title="Tung Chee Hwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tung Chee Hwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-Hwa" title="Tung Chee-Hwa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tung Chee-Hwa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Дун Цзяньхуа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дун Цзяньхуа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tung Chee-hwa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tung Chee-hwa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tung Chee-hwa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%BA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="ต่ง เจี้ยนหฺวา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ต่ง เจี้ยนหฺวา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Дун Цзяньхуа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дун Цзяньхуа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95ng_Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Hoa" title="Đổng Kiến Hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đổng Kiến Hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%BB%BA%E5%8D%8E" title="董建华 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="董建华" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%BB%BA%E8%8F%AF" title="董建華 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="董建華" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%BB%BA%E8%8F%AF" title="董建華 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="董建華" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Politician and businessman from Hong Kong</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biography of a living person</a> <b>needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Remove_contentious_material_that_is_unsourced_or_poorly_sourced" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Contentious material</a> about living persons that is unsourced or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Questionable_and_self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">poorly sourced</a> <b>must be removed immediately</b> from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel" title="Wikipedia:Libel">libelous</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22">"Tung Chee-hwa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Dong_(Chinese_surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong (Chinese surname)">Tung</a></i> and <i> Chee</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">generation name</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Tung Chee-hwa</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bauhinia_Medal" title="Grand Bauhinia Medal">GBM</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh-hk"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">董建華</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tung_Chee_Hwa_(Feb_2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tung_Chee_Hwa_%28Feb_2011%29.jpg/220px-Tung_Chee_Hwa_%28Feb_2011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tung_Chee_Hwa_%28Feb_2011%29.jpg/330px-Tung_Chee_Hwa_%28Feb_2011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tung_Chee_Hwa_%28Feb_2011%29.jpg/440px-Tung_Chee_Hwa_%28Feb_2011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1046" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Tung in 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 July 1997 – 12 March 2005</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong"><i>Office established</i></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a><br />(as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor of Hong Kong</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Donald Tsang</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 March 2005 – 10 March 2023</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng" title="Yu Zhengsheng">Yu Zhengsheng</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)" title="Wang Yang (politician)">Wang Yang</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council of Hong Kong</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 October 1992 – 3 June 1996</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1937-07-07</span>) </span>7 July 1937<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 87)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Xuhui,_Shanghai" title="Xuhui, Shanghai">Xuhui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Tung" title="Betty Tung">Betty Tung</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1961)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Alan Tung Lieh-sing (son)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Andrew Tung Lieh-cheung (son)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Audrey Slighton Tung Lieh-yuan (daughter)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data">Audrey Alice King & Yvette Yao (grandniece) <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Grenville_House" title="Grenville House">Grenville House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid-Levels" title="Mid-Levels">Mid-Levels</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chung_Wah_Middle_School" title="Chung Wah Middle School">Chung Wah Middle School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>businessman</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E-signature_of_CH_Tung.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tung Chee-hwa's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/E-signature_of_CH_Tung.png/128px-E-signature_of_CH_Tung.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/E-signature_of_CH_Tung.png/192px-E-signature_of_CH_Tung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/E-signature_of_CH_Tung.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="62" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">董建華</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">董建华</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dǒng Jiànhuá</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʊ̀ŋ tɕjɛ̂n.xwǎ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Ton Cie Wa</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Dung<sup>3</sup> Gien<sup>4</sup> Fa<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Dúng Gin wàh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Dung<sup>2</sup> Gin<sup>3</sup> Waa<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tʊ̌ŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>kīːn<span class="wrap"> </span>wȁː]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tung Chee-hwa</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bauhinia_Medal" title="Grand Bauhinia Medal">GBM</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">董建華</span>; born 7 July 1937) is a Hong Kong businessman and retired politician who served as the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a> between 1997 and 2005, upon the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">transfer of sovereignty</a> on 1 July. He served as a <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">vice chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> (CPPCC) between 2005 and 2023. </p><p>Born as the eldest son of Chinese shipping magnate <a href="/wiki/Tung_Chao_Yung" class="mw-redirect" title="Tung Chao Yung">Tung Chao Yung</a>, who founded <a href="/wiki/Orient_Overseas_Container_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Orient Overseas Container Line">Orient Overseas Container Line</a> (OOCL), Tung took over the family business after his father's death in 1981. Four years later, OOCL teetered on the edge of bankruptcy, and the business was saved by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China government</a> through <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok" title="Henry Fok">Henry Fok</a> in 1986. </p><p>He was appointed an unofficial member of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council of Hong Kong</a> by the last <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">British Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a> in 1992 and was tipped as Beijing's favourite as the first Chief Executive of the Hong Kong SAR. In 1996, he <a href="/wiki/1996_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">was elected</a> the Chief Executive by a 400-member <a href="/wiki/Selection_Committee_(Hong_Kong)" title="Selection Committee (Hong Kong)">Selection Committee</a>. His government was embroiled with a series of crises, including the <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">bird flu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Asian Financial Crisis">1997 Asian Financial Crisis</a>. In 2002, he <a href="/wiki/2002_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2002 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">was re-elected</a> without competition. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches#2003" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">more than 500,000 protesters</a> demanded Tung to step down in the light of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_(Legislative_Provisions)_Bill_2003" title="National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003">proposed legislation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23">Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS outbreak</a>. Tung resigned in the middle of his second term on 10 March 2005. </p><p>After his resignation, he was appointed vice chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference by the Beijing government and formed the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_Exchange_Foundation" title="China–United States Exchange Foundation">China-United States Exchange Foundation</a> (CUSEF) in 2008 to influence public opinion towards China in the United States. In 2014, he founded a think tank <a href="/wiki/Our_Hong_Kong_Foundation" title="Our Hong Kong Foundation">Our Hong Kong Foundation</a> consisting of the membership of numerous leading tycoons. He remains influential in Hong Kong politics and is dubbed as "kingmaker".<sup id="cite_ref-OOIL_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OOIL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tung was born in <a href="/wiki/Xuhui,_Shanghai" title="Xuhui, Shanghai">Xuhui District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> on 7 July 1937,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 29th day of the fifth lunar month in 1937 in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a> into an influential shipping magnate family of <a href="/wiki/Tung_Chao_Yung" class="mw-redirect" title="Tung Chao Yung">Tung Chao Yung</a>. Tung Chao Yung was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Orient_Overseas_Container_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Orient Overseas Container Line">Orient Overseas Container Line</a>, a shipping company which was closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">government of the Republic of China</a>. His younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-chen" title="Tung Chee-chen">Tung Chee-chen</a>, was ranked as the 23rd wealthiest man in Hong Kong in 2009, worth US$900 million.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2008, Tung and his family were ranked (also by Forbes) as the 16th wealthiest in Hong Kong, with a total value of US$3 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949 during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>, when Tung was 12 years old, Tung's father moved the family to Hong Kong. His father remained close to <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> government on <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, in which the logo OCCL has been <a href="/wiki/Plum_blossom" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum blossom">plum blossom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Flower_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flower of the Republic of China">national flower of the Republic of China</a>. In the 1950s, Tung attended the <a href="/wiki/Chung_Wah_Middle_School" title="Chung Wah Middle School">Chung Wah Middle School</a>, a leftist school later shut down by the Hong Kong colonial government in the light of the <a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-undergroundfront_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undergroundfront-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sent abroad to study at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool University">Liverpool University</a>, leaving him with a lifelong passion for the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Football Club">Liverpool Football Club</a>. He graduated from the university with a Bachelor of Science degree in marine engineering in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Liverpool he was sent to the United States to work as an engineer at <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, and then for the family business in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also lived in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> before he returned to Hong Kong in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of Tung's children hold American citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_business_and_political_career">Early business and political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early business and political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-BLP_sources_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-BLP_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section of a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biography of a living person</a> <b>needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Remove_contentious_material_that_is_unsourced_or_poorly_sourced" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Contentious material</a> about living persons that is unsourced or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Questionable_and_self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">poorly sourced</a> <b>must be removed immediately</b> from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel" title="Wikipedia:Libel">libelous</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22">"Tung Chee-hwa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tung+Chee-hwa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>He joined his father's business upon his return to Hong Kong in 1969 and gradually took over the leadership of the family enterprise. He took over his family business in 1982 when his father died. However, in 1985, his company was heavily in debt and teetered on the edge of bankruptcy. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok" title="Henry Fok">Henry Fok</a>, a pro-Beijing businessman took initiative and helped Tung's family, with the support of the Beijing government. </p><p>Tung became close to the Communist authorities in Beijing afterward especially with <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, former <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, who had risen to power surrounded by his "<a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a>"; Tung could be associated with them because he was from the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> and had lived and worked in Shanghai for a while.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tung was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Consultative_Committee" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee">Basic Law Consultative Committee</a> from 1985 to 1990, responsible for the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Hong Kong">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a>. In 1993, he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a>, the top advisory body of China.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also established close relationship with <a href="/wiki/US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/US_Assistant_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Assistant Secretary of State">US Assistant Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Lord" title="Winston Lord">Winston Lord</a>. </p><p>Under the consensus between the British and Chinese government, Tung, until then remained a low profile in politics, was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council of Hong Kong</a> by the last <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">British Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a>, the highest advisory body in the colonial government in 1992, before he left the office in 1996 and ran for the <a href="/wiki/1996_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">first Chief Executive election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the election, he received a warm handshake from Jiang Zemin who crossed a crowded room to single out Tung, which was seen as a sign of him being regarded as Beijing's choice for the Chief Executive. Tung employed three "isms" in his election campaign, namely <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. On 11 December 1996, he was elected by a 400-member <a href="/wiki/Selection_Committee_(Hong_Kong)" title="Selection Committee (Hong Kong)">Selection Committee</a>, receiving 320 votes and beating former judge <a href="/wiki/Yang_Ti-liang" title="Yang Ti-liang">Yang Ti-liang</a> and tycoon <a href="/wiki/Peter_Woo" title="Peter Woo">Peter Woo</a>, all three candidates were of <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese_people" title="Shanghainese people">Shanghainese</a> descent. He was sworn in as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the day of <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">transfer of sovereignty</a> on 1 July 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chief_Executive">Chief Executive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chief Executive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_term_of_Tung_Chee-hwa_as_Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="First term of Tung Chee-hwa as Chief Executive of Hong Kong">First term of Tung Chee-hwa as Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>In early 1997, Tung saw his victory in the first Chief Executive election,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the voting conducted by 400 committees of <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Committee">electoral college</a> whose members are appointed by the Chinese Government. </p><p>The government pledged to focus on three policy areas: housing, the elderly, and education.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measures on housing included a pledge to provide 85,000 housing flats each year so as to resolve the problems of soaring property prices. The <a href="/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a> that hit Hong Kong in months after Tung took office made this objective almost immediately redundant and, in fact, it was a collapse in property prices that became a far more pressing problem in the years between 1998 and 2002. </p><p>After being appointed by the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of China</a>, Tung took office on 1 July 1997. His first term was significantly – and negatively – impacted by the <a href="/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a> and there was criticism by the general public of his style of governance. Job losses and plummeting values in the stock and property markets, combined with controversial economic policies (which were called <a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">crony capitalism</a> at the time), the people of Hong Kong started to question Tung and the HKSAR government. </p><p>During Tung's first term the government proposed a number of controversial infrastructure and reformation projects including <a href="/wiki/Cyberport" title="Cyberport">technology park</a>, a science park, a Chinese medicine centre and the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Disneyland" title="Hong Kong Disneyland">Disney theme park</a>. Tung's decisions were somewhat questioned by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">central government</a>, including Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. </p><p>Questions arose over Tung's decision to grant the Cyberport Project to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Li" title="Richard Li">Richard Li</a>, son of tycoon <a href="/wiki/Li_Ka-shing" title="Li Ka-shing">Li Ka-shing</a>, without the benefit of an open tender.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The way in which<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Walt Disney Company's land grant for its theme park on a 50-year lease apparently disrupted the market, and for studying the possibility of setting up a casino in Hong Kong. His administration was seen as troubled, particularly during the confusion of the first days of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">new airport</a>, the mis-handling of the <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a> epidemic, declining standards due to education reforms (specifically teaching in the <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> "mother tongue" and mandatory English examination for teachers), the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong" title="Right of abode in Hong Kong">right of abode issue</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his disagreement of political views<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the popular then Chief Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Anson_Chan" title="Anson Chan">Anson Chan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tung's popularity plummeted with the economy, to 47% satisfaction at the end of August 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_term_of_Tung_Chee-hwa_as_Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Second term of Tung Chee-hwa as Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Second term of Tung Chee-hwa as Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>Tung Chee Hwa, with nominations from 714 members of the electoral college, was uncontested in the election for a second term, as according to the Chief Executive Election Ordinance, nominations from at least 100 members of the 800-strong <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Committee">electoral college</a> are required for each candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accountability_system">Accountability system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Accountability system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principal_Officials_Accountability_System" title="Principal Officials Accountability System">Principal Officials Accountability System</a></div> <p>In an attempt to resolve the difficulties in governance, Tung reformed the structure of government substantially starting from his second term in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a system popularly called the Principal Officials Accountability system, all principal officials, including the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration" title="Chief Secretary for Administration">Chief Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_(Hong_Kong)" title="Financial Secretary (Hong Kong)">Financial Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Hong Kong">Secretary for Justice</a> and head of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_government_agencies" title="List of Hong Kong government agencies">government bureaux</a> would no longer be politically neutral career civil servants. Instead, they would all be political appointees chosen by the Chief Executive. The system was portrayed as the key to solve previous administrative problems, notably the cooperation of high-ranking civil servants with the Chief Executive. Under the new system, all heads of bureau became members of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council</a>, and came directly under the Chief Executive instead of the Chief Secretary or the Financial Secretary. The heads of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Liberal Party (Hong Kong)">Liberal Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong">Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong</a>, two pro-government parties in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a>, were also appointed into the Executive Council to form a "ruling alliance," a <i>de facto</i> coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practically shut out the <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">pro-democratic parties</a> and individuals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crisis_of_governance_in_2003">Crisis of governance in 2003</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crisis of governance in 2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first major move of Tung in his second term was to push for the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_(Legislative_Provisions)_Bill_2003" title="National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003">national security legislation</a> to implement <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23">Article 23</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a> in September 2002. However, the initiative drew a hostile response from the pro-democratic camp, lawyers, journalists, religious leaders and human rights organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stoked public concerns that the freedoms they enjoyed would deteriorate. The sentiment, together with other factors such as the <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a> epidemic in early 2003, when the government was criticised for its slow response, strained hospital services and the unexpected death toll, resulted in the largest mass demonstration since the establishment of HKSAR, with an estimated 500,000 people (out of the population of 6,800,000) marching on 1 July 2003. Many demanded Tung to step down.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the protests, the leader of the Liberal Party, <a href="/wiki/James_Tien_(politician)" title="James Tien (politician)">James Tien</a>, resigned from the Executive Council on evening 6 July, signifying the withdrawal of the party's support for the bill implementing Article 23. As a result, the government had to postpone and later withdraw the bill from the legislative agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 July 2003, <a href="/wiki/Regina_Ip" title="Regina Ip">Regina Ip</a>, the then Secretary for Security who was responsible for implementing Article 23, resigned for personal reasons. Another Principal Official, Finance Secretary <a href="/wiki/Antony_Leung" title="Antony Leung">Antony Leung</a>, who earlier suffered from a scandal over his purchase of a luxury vehicle weeks prior to his introduction of a car sales tax, which was dubbed as the <i>Lexusgate</i> scandal, resigned on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subsequent_developments">Subsequent developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subsequent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TCWandCP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/TCWandCP.png/250px-TCWandCP.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/10/TCWandCP.png 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Tung Chee Hwa shaking hands with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Hong_Kong" title="Government House, Hong Kong">Government House</a> on 22 January 2005.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the debate over Hong Kong's constitutional development, Tung was criticised as not reflecting effectively the views of the general population to push for 2007/08 universal suffrage to the People's Republic of China government.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the primary target of popular opposition was the PRC government, Tung's lack of support for the pro-democratic camp resulted in his low approval ratings.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2003, in an attempt to bring back visitors to Hong Kong, Government agency <a href="/wiki/InvestHK" title="InvestHK">InvestHK</a> was mandated to sponsor the <a href="/wiki/Harbour_Fest" title="Harbour Fest">Harbour Fest</a> music festival in October, organised by the American Chamber of Commerce. The result was a series of poorly attended concerts, HK$100m bill for the taxpayers, with the Government, InvestHK and the American Chamber of Commerce blaming each other for the flop,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EOC chairman to be added.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tung's cabinet suffered another blow in July 2004 when another Principal Official, the Secretary for Health, Welfare & Food, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Yeoh_Eng-kiong" title="Yeoh Eng-kiong">Yeoh Eng-kiong</a>, resigned on 7 July to take political responsibility for the government's handling of the <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a> outbreak in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the release of the investigation report of LegCo over the issue. </p><p>In late 2004, the Tung administration experienced another embarrassment as the large planned sale of government-owned real estate, <a href="/wiki/The_Link_REIT" class="mw-redirect" title="The Link REIT">The Link REIT</a>, was cancelled at the last moment by a lawsuit by a tenant from an affected estate.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the subsequent improvement in the economy over 2004, unemployment fell and the long period of <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ended. This resulted in a decrease in public discontent as the government's popularity improved, and popular support for the democratic movement dwindled with a protest in January attracting a mere few thousand protesters compared to the 1 July protests of 2003 and 2004. However, the popularity of Tung himself remained low compared to his deputies including <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Donald Tsang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tang" title="Henry Tang">Henry Tang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resignation">Resignation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tung's reputation suffered further damage when <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> gave him a humiliating public dressing-down for poor governance in December 2004. Official sources specifically cited the poor handling of the Link REIT listing, the <a href="/wiki/West_Kowloon_Cultural_District" title="West Kowloon Cultural District">West Kowloon cultural project</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hung_Hom" title="Hung Hom">Hung Hom</a> flats episode.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tung himself denied it was a dressing-down, and insisted that he retained the central government's support, although he and the rest of the government were asked to examine their past inadequacies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hu's words, however, were thinly veiled criticism. Nevertheless, in his January 2005 Policy Address, Tung gave a rather critical verdict on his own performance. </p><p>The speculation which was running rife in the weeks in the run-up to his actual resignation, and its intensity, continued to perpetuate the impression of Tung's "weakness" and "confusion".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Tung's resignation, in mid-February <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Ho" title="Stanley Ho">Stanley Ho</a>, a tycoon with close ties with Beijing, had already commented on the possible candidates for the next Chief Executive and personally endorsed Donald Tsang.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This started rumours that Tung would be nominated to the election of vice chairman of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> (CPPCC) of the PRC. On the night of 27 February 2005, it was revealed that he and nine other persons would be appointed as new members to the CPPCC. All the local newspapers, except for the three controlled by the PRC government, namely <i><a href="/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao" title="Ta Kung Pao">Ta Kung Pao</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wen_Wei_Po" title="Wen Wei Po">Wen Wei Po</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Commercial_Daily" title="Hong Kong Commercial Daily">Hong Kong Commercial Daily</a></i>, went to the presses preemptively on the morning of 2 March with the headline "Tung Resigns".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tung declined to comment when questioned by journalists waiting at the government headquarters. </p><p>On 10 March 2005, Tung assembled a press conference at the Central Government Offices and announced that he had tendered his resignation due to "health problems".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After flying to Beijing on 11 March, Tung was elected Vice Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> (CPPCC) on 12 March 2005, the last day of CPPCC annual meeting. </p><p>His resignation sparked a constitutional debate of whether his successor should fill his remaining term of two years, or start a new term of five years.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tung was mostly chosen by the PRC due to his business background as well as owing Beijing for saving him from bankruptcy with a US$100 million loan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hor_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hor-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (March 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Chief_Executive">Post-Chief Executive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-Chief Executive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S.−China_politics"><span id="U.S..E2.88.92China_politics"></span>U.S.−China politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: U.S.−China politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after he resigned as Chief Executive, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">vice-chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> (CPPCC) in March 2005. In 2008, Tung formed the China-United States Exchange Foundation (CUSEF), a group whose stated aim is to promote better understanding between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, he was named a Global Fellow at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, it was reported that the CUSEF has been a tool for the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> to push to strengthen its influence over policy debate around the globe by massive funding into organisations abroad, for instance the China Studies department of the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies">School of Advanced International Studies</a> (SAIS).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> rejected funding from the CUSEF for its recently established China Public Policy Center, after <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> wrote a letter to UT Austin president <a href="/wiki/Greg_Fenves" class="mw-redirect" title="Greg Fenves">Greg Fenves</a> in which Cruz expressed his concerns that the university's China Public Policy Center was considering a partnership with the foundation "given its affiliation with the People's Republic of China's United Front system and its registration as an agent of a foreign principal." Cruz also noted Tung's CPPCC vice chairmanship is "an organization which works closely with the United Front, the structure the CCP utilizes to manage foreign influence operations."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_in_Hong_Kong">Influence in Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence in Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2012 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">2012 Chief Executive election</a>, it was reported that one of the two candidates, <a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a> was Tung's protege and therefore Leung acquired the goodwill of <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, then the head of <a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">managing the Hong Kong and Macau affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leung, who was seen as the underdog, eventually won in the election over the other pro-Beijing candidate <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tang" title="Henry Tang">Henry Tang</a>. </p><p>In 2014, Tung founded a thinktank <a href="/wiki/Our_Hong_Kong_Foundation" title="Our Hong Kong Foundation">Our Hong Kong Foundation</a>. The foundation has about 80 advisors which consists some of the most well known tycoons and public figures, drawn from the business, education, social welfare, legal and religious sectors, including former Financial Secretary <a href="/wiki/Antony_Leung" title="Antony Leung">Antony Leung</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority" title="Hong Kong Monetary Authority">Monetary Authority</a> Chief Executive <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Yam" title="Joseph Yam">Joseph Yam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ma" title="Jack Ma">Jack Ma</a>, the chairman of Chinese e-commerce giant <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundation has been vocal in advocating public policies, including the housing and land supply. In 2018, its proposal of massive reclamation by constructing artificial islands were partly adopted in Chief Executive <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam" title="Carrie Lam">Carrie Lam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Policy_address_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy address of Hong Kong">policy address</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2017_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">2017 Chief Executive election</a>, he was seen hugging Carrie Lam, then <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration" title="Chief Secretary for Administration">Chief Secretary for Administration</a> who was seen as potential candidate for the Chief Executive after incumbent Leung Chun-ying announced he would not seek for re-election. It was seen as his blessing for Lam to be the next Chief Executive. In February, <i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic_Journal" title="Hong Kong Economic Journal">Hong Kong Economic Journal</a></i> cited unnamed sources that Tung Chee-hwa said in a closed-door meeting that Beijing may not appoint former <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Secretary of Hong Kong">Financial Secretary of Hong Kong</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Tsang" title="John Tsang">John Tsang</a> as Chief Executive even if he wins the election. He said this was the reason he asked Carrie Lam to run in the election in order to prevent an "embarrassing situation".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30 electors of the Legal subsector in the Election Committee expressed "deep concerns" about Tung's comments in a joint statement, stating that "such action undermines the fairness of our Chief Executive election and shows a callous disregard for the aspirations of most Hong Kong people to have free and fair elections without ignorant and insensitive interference."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was dubbed as "kingmaker" in the Hong Kong political community.<sup id="cite_ref-OOIL_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OOIL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2017, Tung sold his family business <a href="/wiki/Orient_Overseas_(International)_Limited" title="Orient Overseas (International) Limited">Orient Overseas (International) Limited</a> (OOIL) to Chinese <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned</a> <a href="/wiki/COSCO" title="COSCO">Cosco Shipping</a> in a HK$49.2 billion (US$6.3 billion) deal.<sup id="cite_ref-OOIL_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OOIL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tung was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_honours_system#General_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong honours system">Grand Bauhinia Medal</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also awarded an Honorary Doctorate degree in Social Sciences (D.S.Sc) by the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hong Kong University of Science and Technology">Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</a> on 10 November 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council of Hong Kong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/article/205186/first-lady-go">First Lady on the go</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503174613/http://www.scmp.com/article/205186/first-lady-go">Archived</a> 3 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>, 25 July 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ooilgroup.com/corporate/corporateinformation/Pages/corporateinformation_AlanTUNG.aspx">"Corporate Information – Mr. TUNG Lieh Cheung Andrew"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416173032/http://www.ooilgroup.com/corporate/corporateinformation/Pages/corporateinformation_AlanTUNG.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporate+Information+%E2%80%93+Mr.+TUNG+Lieh+Cheung+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ooilgroup.com%2Fcorporate%2Fcorporateinformation%2FPages%2Fcorporateinformation_AlanTUNG.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ooilgroup.com/corporate/corporateinformation/Pages/corporateinformation_AndrewTUNG.aspx">"Corporate Information – TUNG Lieh Sing Alan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416183908/http://www.ooilgroup.com/corporate/corporateinformation/Pages/corporateinformation_AndrewTUNG.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporate+Information+%E2%80%93+TUNG+Lieh+Sing+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ooilgroup.com%2Fcorporate%2Fcorporateinformation%2FPages%2Fcorporateinformation_AndrewTUNG.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/20/style/wedding-planned-by-audrey-tung.html">Wedding Planned By Audrey Tung</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011131727/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/20/style/wedding-planned-by-audrey-tung.html">Archived</a> 11 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 20 July 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/athletes/king-audrey-alice">"Audrey Alice King"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audrey+Alice+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fen%2Fathletes%2Fking-audrey-alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701164520/http://www.hkilang.org/NEW_WEB/page/dictionary">"Search"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkilang.org/NEW_WEB/page/dictionary">the original</a> on 1 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkilang.org%2FNEW_WEB%2Fpage%2Fdictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span> Association for Conversation of Hong Kong Indigenous Languages Online Dictionary for <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hong Kong Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punti" title="Punti">Hong Kong Punti (Weitou dialect)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OOIL-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OOIL_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OOIL_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OOIL_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/article/tung-chee-hwa-secures-godfather-deal-beijing/">"Tung Chee-hwa secures a 'Godfather' deal from Beijing"</a>. <i>Asia Times</i>. 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Tung+Chee-hwa+secures+a+%27Godfather%27+deal+from+Beijing&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2Farticle%2Ftung-chee-hwa-secures-godfather-deal-beijing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinese calendar 29 May 1937 as disclosed in directorship filings at UK Companies Registry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> Hong Kong's 40 Richest (April 2009): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/82/business-hongkong09_Chee-Chen-(CC)-Tung_LP4N.html">#23 Chee Chen (C.C.) Tung</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919121359/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/82/business-hongkong09_Chee-Chen-(CC)-Tung_LP4N.html">Archived</a> 19 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> Hong Kong's 40 Richest (Jan 2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/82/biz_08hkrichest_Chee-Chen-Tung-family_LP4N.html">#16 Chee Chen Tung & family</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412212817/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/82/biz_08hkrichest_Chee-Chen-Tung-family_LP4N.html">Archived</a> 12 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-undergroundfront-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-undergroundfront_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoh2010" class="citation book cs1">Loh, Christine (2010). <i>Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong</i>. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789888028948" title="Special:BookSources/9789888028948"><bdi>9789888028948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underground+Front%3A+The+Chinese+Communist+Party+in+Hong+Kong&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789888028948&rft.aulast=Loh&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeung2002" class="citation book cs1">Leung, Edwin Pak-Wah (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalleaders00leun"><i>Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalleaders00leun/page/n52">36</a>–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313302169" title="Special:BookSources/9780313302169"><bdi>9780313302169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+Modern+China%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=36-7&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313302169&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Pak-Wah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalleaders00leun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/tung-chee-hwa">"Tung Chee Hwa | InterAction Council"</a>. <i>www.interactioncouncil.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929111713/https://www.interactioncouncil.org/about-us/members/members/tung-chee-hwa">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.interactioncouncil.org&rft.atitle=Tung+Chee+Hwa+%7C+InterAction+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interactioncouncil.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmembers%2Fmembers%2Ftung-chee-hwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/profile-tung-chee-hwa-chinas-secret-weapon-1354010.html">"Profile: Tung Chee-hwa; China's secret weapon"</a>. <i>Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122012736/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/profile-tung-chee-hwa-chinas-secret-weapon-1354010.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Tung+Chee-hwa%3B+China%27s+secret+weapon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fprofile-tung-chee-hwa-chinas-secret-weapon-1354010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hongkongfp.com/2020/07/04/hong-kongs-ruling-elite-fight-to-extinguish-freedom-whilst-clutching-foreign-passports-money-and-property-abroad/">"Hong Kong's ruling elite fight to extinguish freedom whilst clutching foreign passports, money and property abroad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press" title="Hong Kong Free Press">Hong Kong Free Press</a></i>. 4 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903090754/https://hongkongfp.com/2020/07/04/hong-kongs-ruling-elite-fight-to-extinguish-freedom-whilst-clutching-foreign-passports-money-and-property-abroad/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong%27s+ruling+elite+fight+to+extinguish+freedom+whilst+clutching+foreign+passports%2C+money+and+property+abroad&rft.date=2020-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhongkongfp.com%2F2020%2F07%2F04%2Fhong-kongs-ruling-elite-fight-to-extinguish-freedom-whilst-clutching-foreign-passports-money-and-property-abroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowring1997" class="citation web cs1">Bowring, Philip (20 July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/tungcheehwa">"Tung Chee-hwa"</a>. <i>Prospect Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207062451/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/tungcheehwa">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prospect+Magazine&rft.atitle=Tung+Chee-hwa&rft.date=1997-07-20&rft.aulast=Bowring&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Ftungcheehwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/hk/tung.shtml">"BBC Politics 97"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Internet+Information+Center&rft.atitle=HKSAR+Chief+Executive+Tung+Chee-hwa+Sworn+In&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fchina%2Fhk%2F2007-06%2F19%2Fcontent_1213904.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXavier1997" class="citation web cs1">Xavier, Gerry (24 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051520/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=45529&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19970124&sear_year=1997">"Decision day brings a 10-minute replay of Tung's landslide"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Maiden+policy+address&rft.date=1997-10-09&rft.aulast=Western&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D39561%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D19971009%26sear_year%3D1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051510/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=44890&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19991218&sear_year=1999">"Tung pushed to explain high-handed decisions"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. 18 December 1999. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Tung+pushed+to+explain+high-handed+decisions&rft.date=1999-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D44890%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D19991218%26sear_year%3D1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP1999" class="citation web cs1">AFP (21 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071122134958/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=25641&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990321&sear_year=1999">"Cyberport critics get stake hint"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Cyberport+critics+get+stake+hint&rft.date=1999-03-21&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D25641%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D19990321%26sear_year%3D1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKo1999" class="citation web cs1">Ko, Erick (5 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051459/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=39820&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19991105&sear_year=1999">"Deal not more interference in marketplace says Tsang"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=39820&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19991105&sear_year=1999">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Deal+not+more+interference+in+marketplace+says+Tsang&rft.date=1999-11-05&rft.aulast=Ko&rft.aufirst=Erick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D39820%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D19991105%26sear_year%3D1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo1999" class="citation web cs1">Ho, Andy (1 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051443/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=31917&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990701&sear_year=1999">"Trouble on the menu for the chief"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=31917&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990701&sear_year=1999">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Trouble+on+the+menu+for+the+chief&rft.date=1999-07-01&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D31917%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D19990701%26sear_year%3D1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVittachi1999" class="citation web cs1">Vittachi, Nury (11 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051531/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=52947&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990411&sear_year=1999">"Making of a modern-day adventurer"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=52947&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990411&sear_year=1999">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Making+of+a+modern-day+adventurer&rft.date=1999-04-11&rft.aulast=Vittachi&rft.aufirst=Nury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D52947%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D19990411%26sear_year%3D1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVittachi1999" class="citation web cs1">Vittachi, Nury (29 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051537/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=53022&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990429&sear_year=1999">"Chan still the most popular"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=53022&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990429&sear_year=1999">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Chan+still+the+most+popular&rft.date=1999-04-29&rft.aulast=Vittachi&rft.aufirst=Nury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D53022%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D19990429%26sear_year%3D1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord2002" class="citation web cs1">Lord, Paris (28 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051406/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=20176&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20020828&sear_year=2002">"Tung popularity plunge"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=20176&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20020828&sear_year=2002">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Tung+popularity+plunge&rft.date=2002-08-28&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D20176%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20020828%26sear_year%3D2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_reporter2002" class="citation web cs1">Staff reporter (5 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051336/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=13758&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20020305&sear_year=2002">"Zhu ratifies second Tung term"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=13758&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20020305&sear_year=2002">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Zhu+ratifies+second+Tung+term&rft.date=2002-03-05&rft.au=Staff+reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D13758%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20020305%26sear_year%3D2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYau2002" class="citation web cs1">Yau, Cannix (31 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051402/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=17188&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20020531&sear_year=2002">"Legco green light for accountability system"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=17188&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20020531&sear_year=2002">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Legco+green+light+for+accountability+system&rft.date=2002-05-31&rft.aulast=Yau&rft.aufirst=Cannix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D17188%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20020531%26sear_year%3D2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGolyer2003" class="citation web cs1">DeGolyer, Michael (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051542/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=5877&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030101&sear_year=2003">"Stating the obvious"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=5877&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030101&sear_year=2003">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Stating+the+obvious&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.aulast=DeGolyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D5877%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20030101%26sear_year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_reporter2003" class="citation web cs1">Staff reporter (7 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051424/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=23368&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030707&sear_year=2003">"Bill will limit freedoms say majority of Catholics"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=23368&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030707&sear_year=2003">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Bill+will+limit+freedoms+say+majority+of+Catholics&rft.date=2003-07-07&rft.au=Staff+reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D23368%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20030707%26sear_year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis_LordCannix_Lau2003" class="citation web cs1">Paris Lord; Cannix Lau (2 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051417/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=23054&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030702&sear_year=2003">"500,000 show anger at 'stubborn' rulers"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=23054&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030702&sear_year=2003">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=500%2C000+show+anger+at+%27stubborn%27+rulers&rft.date=2003-07-02&rft.au=Paris+Lord&rft.au=Cannix+Lau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D23054%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20030702%26sear_year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg2003" class="citation web cs1">Ng, Dennis (14 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051428/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=23846&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030714&sear_year=2003">"Uncertain future for Article 23"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=23846&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030714&sear_year=2003">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Uncertain+future+for+Article+23&rft.date=2003-07-14&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D23846%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20030714%26sear_year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFung2003" class="citation web cs1">Fung, Fanny (17 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051433/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=24045&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030717&sear_year=2003">"Leung, Ip quit"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=24045&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030717&sear_year=2003">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Leung%2C+Ip+quit&rft.date=2003-07-17&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Fanny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D24045%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20030717%26sear_year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_reporter2003" class="citation web cs1">Staff reporter (27 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051412/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=22875&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030627&sear_year=2003">"Academics call for universal suffrage"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=22875&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030627&sear_year=2003">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Academics+call+for+universal+suffrage&rft.date=2003-06-27&rft.au=Staff+reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D22875%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20030627%26sear_year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg2003" class="citation web cs1">Ng, Michael (16 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051357/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=16606&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030416&sear_year=2003">"Tung main victim of SARS outbreak"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=16606&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20030416&sear_year=2003">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Tung+main+victim+of+SARS+outbreak&rft.date=2003-04-16&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D16606%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20030416%26sear_year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuk2003" class="citation web cs1">Luk, Eddie (19 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522031054/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=31995&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20031119&sear_year=2003">"$100m mistake"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=31995&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20031119&sear_year=2003">the original</a> on 22 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=%24100m+mistake&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.aulast=Luk&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D31995%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20031119%26sear_year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYau2003" class="citation web cs1">Yau, Cannix (10 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130107161451/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=33321&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20031210&sear_year=2003">"Legco sets EOC deadline"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=33321&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20031210&sear_year=2003">the original</a> on 7 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Legco+sets+EOC+deadline&rft.date=2003-12-10&rft.aulast=Yau&rft.aufirst=Cannix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D33321%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20031210%26sear_year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeTeddy_NgDennis_Ng2004" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Matthew; Teddy Ng; Dennis Ng (8 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522031054/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=31995&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20031119&sear_year=2003">"Yeoh Resigns"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=31995&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20031119&sear_year=2003">the original</a> on 22 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Yeoh+Resigns&rft.date=2004-07-08&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Teddy+Ng&rft.au=Dennis+Ng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D31995%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20031119%26sear_year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYau2004" class="citation web cs1">Yau, Cannix (23 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051351/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=15688&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20041223&sear_year=2004">"REIT woman set to launch appeal"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=15688&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20041223&sear_year=2004">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=REIT+woman+set+to+launch+appeal&rft.date=2004-12-23&rft.aulast=Yau&rft.aufirst=Cannix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D15688%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20041223%26sear_year%3D2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_reporter2002" class="citation web cs1">Staff reporter (23 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051331/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=12147&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20020123&sear_year=2002">"Prices plunge 3.6pc as job worries bite"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=12147&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20020123&sear_year=2002">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Prices+plunge+3.6pc+as+job+worries+bite&rft.date=2002-01-23&rft.au=Staff+reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D12147%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20020123%26sear_year%3D2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg2004" class="citation web cs1">Ng, Michael (21 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051346/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=15522&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20041221&sear_year=2004">"Tung's poll numbers take a dive"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=15522&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20041221&sear_year=2004">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Tung%27s+poll+numbers+take+a+dive&rft.date=2004-12-21&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D15522%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20041221%26sear_year%3D2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYau2004" class="citation web cs1">Yau, Cannix (21 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051340/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=15512&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20041221&sear_year=2004">"Hu reprimands Tung"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=15512&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20041221&sear_year=2004">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Hu+reprimands+Tung&rft.date=2004-12-21&rft.aulast=Yau&rft.aufirst=Cannix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D15512%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20041221%26sear_year%3D2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4109613.stm">"HK leader denies Chinese scolding"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060525120915/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4109613.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=HK+leader+denies+Chinese+scolding&rft.date=2004-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F4109613.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuiZhu_Sun2005" class="citation web cs1">Hui, Sylvia; Zhu Sun (12 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051526/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=4612&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20050312&sear_year=2005">"Media takes the measure of departed leader Tung"</a>. Sing Tao News Corp. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=4612&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20050312&sear_year=2005">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+takes+the+measure+of+departed+leader+Tung&rft.pub=Sing+Tao+News+Corp&rft.date=2005-03-12&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft.au=Zhu+Sun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D4612%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20050312%26sear_year%3D2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg2005" class="citation web cs1">Ng, Michael (18 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051448/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=3355&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20050218&sear_year=2005">"Ho throws backing behind Tsang"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=3355&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20050218&sear_year=2005">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Ho+throws+backing+behind+Tsang&rft.date=2005-02-18&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D3355%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20050218%26sear_year%3D2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2005" class="citation web cs1">Chan, Carrie (2 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051504/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=4035&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20050302&sear_year=2005">"Tung resigns"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=4035&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20050302&sear_year=2005">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Tung+resigns&rft.date=2005-03-02&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D4035%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20050302%26sear_year%3D2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYau2005" class="citation web cs1">Yau, Cannix (11 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522031840/https://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=4513&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20050311&sear_year=2005">"Tung's gone. What next?"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=4513&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20050311&sear_year=2005">the original</a> on 22 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Tung%27s+gone.+What+next%3F&rft.date=2005-03-11&rft.aulast=Yau&rft.aufirst=Cannix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D%26art_id%3D4513%26sid%3D%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20050311%26sear_year%3D2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg2005" class="citation news cs1">Hogg, Chris (6 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4415257.stm">"China to settle new HK chief row"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060525120927/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4415257.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+to+settle+new+HK+chief+row&rft.date=2005-04-06&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F4415257.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hor-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hor_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horlemann, Ralf. [2002] (2002). Hong Kong's Transition to Chinese Rule. Routledge publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29681-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-29681-1">0-415-29681-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913035619/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=21&art_id=60829&sid=17328225&con_type=1&d_str=20080129&fc=2">Tung lays foundation for success with US 29 January 2008 The Standard</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803093712/https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/jul_aug09/around_the_quads1">"Kofi Annan Joins First Group of Global Fellows"</a>. <i>www.college.columbia.edu</i>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/jul_aug09/around_the_quads1">the original</a> on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.college.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Kofi+Annan+Joins+First+Group+of+Global+Fellows&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Fcct%2Farchive%2Fjul_aug09%2Faround_the_quads1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen-Ebrahimian2017" class="citation news cs1">Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (28 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/11/28/this-beijing-linked-billionaire-is-funding-policy-research-at-washingtons-most-influential-institutions-china-dc/">"This Beijing-Linked Billionaire Is Funding Policy Research at Washington's Most Influential Institutions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831001044/https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/11/28/this-beijing-linked-billionaire-is-funding-policy-research-at-washingtons-most-influential-institutions-china-dc/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=This+Beijing-Linked+Billionaire+Is+Funding+Policy+Research+at+Washington%27s+Most+Influential+Institutions&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Allen-Ebrahimian&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2017%2F11%2F28%2Fthis-beijing-linked-billionaire-is-funding-policy-research-at-washingtons-most-influential-institutions-china-dc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeHsu2020" class="citation book cs1">Cole, J. Michael; Hsu, Szu-Chien (30 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fo-4zQEACAAJ"><i>Insidious Power: How China Undermines Global Democracy</i></a>. Eastbridge Books. pp. 29–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78869-213-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78869-213-7"><bdi>978-1-78869-213-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924150131/https://books.google.com/books?id=fo-4zQEACAAJ&newbks=0">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insidious+Power%3A+How+China+Undermines+Global+Democracy&rft.pages=29-37&rft.pub=Eastbridge+Books&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78869-213-7&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Szu-Chien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfo-4zQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotson2020" class="citation web cs1">Dotson, John (16 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/the-china-u-s-exchange-foundation-and-united-front-lobbying-laundering-in-american-politics/">"The China-U.S. Exchange Foundation and United Front "Lobbying Laundering" in American Politics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920160222/https://jamestown.org/program/the-china-u-s-exchange-foundation-and-united-front-lobbying-laundering-in-american-politics/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+China-U.S.+Exchange+Foundation+and+United+Front+%22Lobbying+Laundering%22+in+American+Politics&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.aulast=Dotson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fthe-china-u-s-exchange-foundation-and-united-front-lobbying-laundering-in-american-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedden2018" class="citation news cs1">Redden, Elizabeth (16 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/01/16/ut-austin-rejects-funding-chinese-government-linked-foundation">"Thanks, but No, Thanks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920160234/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/01/16/ut-austin-rejects-funding-chinese-government-linked-foundation">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=Thanks%2C+but+No%2C+Thanks&rft.date=2018-01-16&rft.aulast=Redden&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F01%2F16%2Fut-austin-rejects-funding-chinese-government-linked-foundation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrésy2015" class="citation news cs1">Andrésy, Agnès (2015). "Xi Jinping: Red China, The Next Generation". UPA. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping%3A+Red+China%2C+The+Next+Generation&rft.pages=109&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9sy&rft.aufirst=Agn%C3%A8s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-president-praises-hong-kong-chief-protests-20141110-story.html">"China's president praises Hong Kong chief's handling of protests"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 10 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204140318/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-president-praises-hong-kong-chief-protests-20141110-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+president+praises+Hong+Kong+chief%27s+handling+of+protests&rft.date=2018-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fla-fg-china-president-praises-hong-kong-chief-protests-20141110-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20170222-tung-chee-hwa-beijing-may-not-appoint-tsang-even-if-he-wins/">"Tung Chee-hwa: Beijing may not appoint Tsang even if he wins"</a>. <i>ejinsight.com</i>. 22 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223043731/http://www.ejinsight.com/20170222-tung-chee-hwa-beijing-may-not-appoint-tsang-even-if-he-wins/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ejinsight.com&rft.atitle=Tung+Chee-hwa%3A+Beijing+may+not+appoint+Tsang+even+if+he+wins&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejinsight.com%2F20170222-tung-chee-hwa-beijing-may-not-appoint-tsang-even-if-he-wins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2073503/fairness-hong-kong-chief-executive-poll-under-threat-ex">"Fairness of Hong Kong chief executive poll under threat from ex-leader's comments, lawyers say"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 23 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224053501/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2073503/fairness-hong-kong-chief-executive-poll-under-threat-ex">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Fairness+of+Hong+Kong+chief+executive+poll+under+threat+from+ex-leader%27s+comments%2C+lawyers+say&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F2073503%2Ffairness-hong-kong-chief-executive-poll-under-threat-ex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATung+Chee-hwa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-sun.orisun.com/channels/news/20060701/20060701023005_0000.html">負資產業主斥禍港沙士遺屬轟厚顏董建華獲大紫荊惹公憤</a>. The-sunorisun.com. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaforum.org/archive/index.php/t-142071.html">Gaforum.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621041950/http://www.gaforum.org/archive/index.php/t-142071.html">Archived</a> 21 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Gaforum.org. Retrieved on 24 October 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tung_Chee-hwa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tung_Chee_Hwa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tung Chee Hwa">Tung Chee Hwa</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Tung_Chee-hwa" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee Hwa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/corpus/">Corpus of Political Speeches</a> : Free access to political speeches by Tung Chee Hwa and other Chinese politicians, developed by Hong Kong Baptist University Library</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor of Hong Kong</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a> </b><br />1997–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Donald Tsang</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> President of <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council</a> </b><br />1997–2005 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as President of Provisional Executive Council </b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;">Order of precedence </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ma" title="Geoffrey Ma">Geoffrey Ma</a><br /><small><i>Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal</i></small></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_order_of_precedence" title="Hong Kong order of precedence">Hong Kong order of precedence</a><br /><small><i>Former Chief Executives</i></small> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Donald Tsang</a><br /><small><i>Former Chief Executives</i></small></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Hong Kong"><img alt="Emblem of Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg/80px-Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg/120px-Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg/160px-Regional_Emblem_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_1996_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election,_1996" title="Template:Candidates in the Hong Kong Chief Executive election, 1996"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election,_1996" title="Template talk:Candidates in the Hong Kong Chief Executive election, 1996"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election,_1996" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the Hong Kong Chief Executive election, 1996"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_1996_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tung Chee-hwa</a> <small>(Nonpartisan)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Losers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Ti-liang" title="Yang Ti-liang">Yang Ti-liang</a> <small>(Nonpartisan)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Woo" title="Peter Woo">Peter Woo</a> <small>(Nonpartisan)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not nominated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Li" title="Simon Li">Simon Li</a> <small>(Nonpartisan)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_Chairpersons_of_the_Chinese_People&#039;s_Political_Consultative_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CPPCC_Vice-Chairpersons" title="Template:CPPCC Vice-Chairpersons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CPPCC_Vice-Chairpersons" title="Template talk:CPPCC Vice-Chairpersons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CPPCC_Vice-Chairpersons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CPPCC Vice-Chairpersons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_Chairpersons_of_the_Chinese_People&#039;s_Political_Consultative_Conference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice Chairpersons of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1949–1954)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1954–1959)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lan" title="Zhang Lan">Zhang Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Bojun" title="Zhang Bojun">Zhang Bojun</a></s> (removed 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Kah_Kee" title="Tan Kah Kee">Tan Kah Kee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a> (added 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–1965)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></s> (removed 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Kah_Kee" title="Tan Kah Kee">Tan Kah Kee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a> (added 1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1965–1978)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lantao" title="Liu Lantao">Liu Lantao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Bing_(politician)" title="Xu Bing (politician)">Xu Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Chongmin" title="Gao Chongmin">Gao Chongmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Tingkai" title="Cai Tingkai">Cai Tingkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zihui" title="Deng Zihui">Deng Zihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Zuoyi" title="Fu Zuoyi">Fu Zuoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_Daiyuan" title="Teng Daiyuan">Teng Daiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Juezai" title="Xie Juezai">Xie Juezai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhuchen" title="Li Zhuchen">Li Zhuchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dequan" title="Li Dequan">Li Dequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xulun" title="Ma Xulun">Ma Xulun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1983)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Qin" title="Ouyang Qin">Ouyang Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Liang" title="Shi Liang">Shi Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yunshan" title="Zhu Yunshan">Zhu Yunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Fang" title="Ji Fang">Ji Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shoudao" title="Wang Shoudao">Wang Shoudao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chong_(politician)" title="Zhang Chong (politician)">Zhang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Xiquan" title="Zhuang Xiquan">Zhuang Xiquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Zi%27ang" title="Hu Zi'ang">Hu Zi'ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Dizhou" title="Tong Dizhou">Tong Dizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lantao" title="Liu Lantao">Liu Lantao</a> (added; <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yuzhi" title="Hu Yuzhi">Hu Yuzhi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Kunlun" title="Wang Kunlun">Wang Kunlun</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Changgong" title="He Changgong">He Changgong</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Ke" title="Xiao Ke">Xiao Ke</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Zihua" title="Cheng Zihua">Cheng Zihua</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiufeng" title="Yang Xiufeng">Yang Xiufeng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_Qianli" title="Sha Qianli">Sha Qianli</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Changzhao" title="Qian Changzhao">Qian Changzhao</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Fei_(politician)" title="Liu Fei (politician)">Liu Fei</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Qiwu" title="Dong Qiwu">Dong Qiwu</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1988)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lantao" title="Liu Lantao">Liu Lantao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Zihua" title="Cheng Zihua">Cheng Zihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Fang" title="Ji Fang">Ji Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Xiquan" title="Zhuang Xiquan">Zhuang Xiquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Zi%27ang" title="Hu Zi'ang">Hu Zi'ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Kunlun" title="Wang Kunlun">Wang Kunlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Changzhao" title="Qian Changzhao">Qian Changzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Qiwu" title="Dong Qiwu">Dong Qiwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhiyue" title="Tao Zhiyue">Tao Zhiyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Shutao" title="Zhou Shutao">Zhou Shutao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chengwu" title="Yang Chengwu">Yang Chengwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Hua_(general)" title="Xiao Hua (general)">Xiao Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zaidao" title="Chen Zaidao">Chen Zaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Zhengcao" title="Lü Zhengcao">Lü Zhengcao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Yuntai" title="Miao Yuntai">Miao Yuntai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangying" title="Wang Guangying">Wang Guangying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhaoxiang" title="Deng Zhaoxiang">Deng Zhaoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei Xiaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Shengtao" title="Ye Shengtao">Ye Shengtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_Wu" title="Qu Wu">Qu Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yisheng" title="Mao Yisheng">Mao Yisheng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jingji" title="Liu Jingji">Liu Jingji</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Luogeng" title="Hua Luogeng">Hua Luogeng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Enmao" title="Wang Enmao">Wang Enmao</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Jieqiong" title="Lei Jieqiong">Lei Jieqiong</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Feng_(politician)" title="Wang Feng (politician)">Wang Feng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1988–1993)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhong" title="Wang Renzhong">Wang Renzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Zi%27ang" title="Hu Zi'ang">Hu Zi'ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Changzhao" title="Qian Changzhao">Qian Changzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Yuntai" title="Miao Yuntai">Miao Yuntai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangying" title="Wang Guangying">Wang Guangying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhaoxiang" title="Deng Zhaoxiang">Deng Zhaoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_Wu" title="Qu Wu">Qu Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jingji" title="Liu Jingji">Liu Jingji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Enmao" title="Wang Enmao">Wang Enmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Sheng" title="Hu Sheng">Hu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Xiaocun" title="Sun Xiaocun">Sun Xiaocun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Siyuan" title="Cheng Siyuan">Cheng Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)" title="Lu Jiaxi (chemist)">Lu Jiaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Buqing" title="Su Buqing">Su Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Amat" title="Ismail Amat">Ismail Amat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Jingru" title="Hou Jingru">Hou Jingru</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xuanping" title="Ye Xuanping">Ye Xuanping</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–1998)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xuanping" title="Ye Xuanping">Ye Xuanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Rudai" title="Yang Rudai">Yang Rudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhaoxiang" title="Deng Zhaoxiang">Deng Zhaoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jingji" title="Liu Jingji">Liu Jingji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Sheng" title="Hu Sheng">Hu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Buqing" title="Su Buqing">Su Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Jingru" title="Hou Jingru">Hou Jingru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yinchu" title="Dong Yinchu">Dong Yinchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fuling" title="Sun Fuling">Sun Fuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Tse-kai" title="Ann Tse-kai">Ann Tse-kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok" title="Henry Fok">Henry Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guangya" title="Zhu Guangya">Zhu Guangya</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Guoquan" title="Wan Guoquan">Wan Guoquan</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Luli" title="He Luli">He Luli</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2003)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xuanping" title="Ye Xuanping">Ye Xuanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Rudai" title="Yang Rudai">Yang Rudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)" title="Lu Jiaxi (chemist)">Lu Jiaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Jianxin" title="Ren Jianxin">Ren Jianxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Junsheng" title="Chen Junsheng">Chen Junsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Siqing" title="Zhang Siqing">Zhang Siqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fuling" title="Sun Fuling">Sun Fuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Tse-kai" title="Ann Tse-kai">Ann Tse-kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok" title="Henry Fok">Henry Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guangya" title="Zhu Guangya">Zhu Guangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Guoquan" title="Wan Guoquan">Wan Guoquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jinhua" title="Chen Jinhua">Chen Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Nanqi" title="Zhao Nanqi">Zhao Nanqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zhiyong" title="Mao Zhiyong">Mao Zhiyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lichen" title="Bai Lichen">Bai Lichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Shuping" title="Jing Shuping">Jing Shuping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Haocai" title="Luo Haocai">Luo Haocai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Kehui" title="Zhang Kehui">Zhang Kehui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tienong" title="Zhou Tienong">Zhou Tienong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wenyuan" title="Wang Wenyuan">Wang Wenyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2008)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhongyu_(politician,_born_1933)" title="Wang Zhongyu (politician, born 1933)">Wang Zhongyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Hui_(politician)" title="Liao Hui (politician)">Liao Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yandong" title="Liu Yandong">Liu Yandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Siqing" title="Zhang Siqing">Zhang Siqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok" title="Henry Fok">Henry Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lichen" title="Bai Lichen">Bai Lichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Haocai" title="Luo Haocai">Luo Haocai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Kehui" title="Zhang Kehui">Zhang Kehui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tienong" title="Zhou Tienong">Zhou Tienong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Jianxiu" title="Hao Jianxiu">Hao Jianxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kuiyuan" title="Chen Kuiyuan">Chen Kuiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablet_Abdureshit" title="Ablet Abdureshit">Ablet Abdureshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Kuangdi" title="Xu Kuangdi">Xu Kuangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaozhuo" title="Li Zhaozhuo">Li Zhaozhuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Mengfu" title="Huang Mengfu">Huang Mengfu</a></li> <li>Wang Xuan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Huaixi" title="Zhang Huaixi">Zhang Huaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Meng_(politician)" title="Li Meng (politician)">Li Meng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tung Chee-hwa</a> (added 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Meiying" title="Zhang Meiying">Zhang Meiying</a> (added 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Rongming" title="Zhang Rongming">Zhang Rongming</a> (added 2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–2013)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gang_(politician)" title="Wang Gang (politician)">Wang Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Hui_(politician)" title="Liao Hui (politician)">Liao Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qinglin" title="Du Qinglin">Du Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lichen" title="Bai Lichen">Bai Lichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kuiyuan" title="Chen Kuiyuan">Chen Kuiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablet_Abdureshit" title="Ablet Abdureshit">Ablet Abdureshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaozhuo" title="Li Zhaozhuo">Li Zhaozhuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Mengfu" title="Huang Mengfu">Huang Mengfu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tung Chee-hwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Meiying" title="Zhang Meiying">Zhang Meiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Rongming" title="Zhang Rongming">Zhang Rongming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Yunlu" title="Qian Yunlu">Qian Yunlu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Jiazheng" title="Sun Jiazheng">Sun Jiazheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jinhua" title="Li Jinhua">Li Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Wantong" title="Zheng Wantong">Zheng Wantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Pufang" title="Deng Pufang">Deng Pufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Gang" title="Wan Gang">Wan Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Wenyi" title="Lin Wenyi">Lin Wenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Wuwei" title="Li Wuwei">Li Wuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Fuhe" title="Luo Fuhe">Luo Fuhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zongxing" title="Chen Zongxing">Chen Zongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhizhen" title="Wang Zhizhen">Wang Zhizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a> (added 2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2018)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qinglin" title="Du Qinglin">Du Qinglin</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Ling_Jihua" title="Ling Jihua">Ling Jihua</a></s> (removed 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Qide" title="Han Qide">Han Qide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tung Chee-hwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Gang" title="Wan Gang">Wan Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Wenyi" title="Lin Wenyi">Lin Wenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Fuhe" title="Luo Fuhe">Luo Fuhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qingli" title="Zhang Qingli">Zhang Qingli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Haifeng" title="Li Haifeng">Li Haifeng</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Su_Rong" title="Su Rong">Su Rong</a></s> (removed 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuan" title="Chen Yuan">Chen Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhangong" title="Lu Zhangong">Lu Zhangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xiaochuan" title="Zhou Xiaochuan">Zhou Xiaochuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jiarui" title="Wang Jiarui">Wang Jiarui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhengwei" title="Wang Zhengwei">Wang Zhengwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(politician)" title="Ma Biao (politician)">Ma Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Xuchun" title="Qi Xuchun">Qi Xuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xiaoguang" title="Chen Xiaoguang">Chen Xiaoguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Peihua" title="Ma Peihua">Ma Peihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(politician)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (politician)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qinmin" title="Wang Qinmin">Wang Qinmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a> (added 2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–2023)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qingli" title="Zhang Qingli">Zhang Qingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Qibao" title="Liu Qibao">Liu Qibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tung Chee-hwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Gang" title="Wan Gang">Wan Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhangong" title="Lu Zhangong">Lu Zhangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhengwei" title="Wang Zhengwei">Wang Zhengwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(politician)" title="Ma Biao (politician)">Ma Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xiaoguang" title="Chen Xiaoguang">Chen Xiaoguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chuantang" title="Yang Chuantang">Yang Chuantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bin_(politician)" title="Li Bin (politician)">Li Bin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatur" title="Bagatur">Bagatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yongqing" title="Wang Yongqing">Wang Yongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Hui_(politician)" title="Su Hui (politician)">Su Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jianbang" title="Zheng Jianbang">Zheng Jianbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Shengzu" title="Gu Shengzu">Gu Shengzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xincheng" title="Liu Xincheng">Liu Xincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Wei" title="He Wei">He Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Hong" title="Shao Hong">Shao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yunlong" title="Gao Yunlong">Gao Yunlong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Chunhua" title="Hu Chunhua">Hu Chunhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yueyue" title="Shen Yueyue">Shen Yueyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yong_(politician)" title="Wang Yong (politician)">Wang Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Qiang" title="Zhou Qiang">Zhou Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatur" title="Bagatur">Bagatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Hui_(politician)" title="Su Hui (politician)">Su Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Hong" title="Shao Hong">Shao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yunlong" title="Gao Yunlong">Gao Yunlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Wu_(politician)" title="Chen Wu (politician)">Chen Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Hong" title="Mu Hong">Mu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xian_Hui" title="Xian Hui">Xian Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongfeng" title="Wang Dongfeng">Wang Dongfeng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Xinzhi" title="Jiang Xinzhi">Jiang Xinzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zuojun" title="Jiang Zuojun">Jiang Zuojun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Baoxiang" title="He Baoxiang">He Baoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Guangqian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Guangqian (page does not exist)">Wang Guangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_Boyong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qin Boyong (page does not exist)">Qin Boyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yongxin" title="Zhu Yongxin">Zhu Yongxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhen_(politician)" title="Yang Zhen (politician)">Yang Zhen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15027#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15027#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15027#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082468790">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/61447588">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/385160/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr3tdwKYmXhWPKHqcR7pP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1191206513">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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