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Tsjad – Wikipedia
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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Tsjad" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Tsjad" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" 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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Naturgeografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturgeografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Naturgeografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturgeografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Demografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folkegrupper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folkegrupper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Folkegrupper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folkegrupper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Språk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Språk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Språk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Språk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politikk_og_administrasjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politikk_og_administrasjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politikk og administrasjon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politikk_og_administrasjon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Politikk og administrasjon</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politikk_og_administrasjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politiske_partier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politiske_partier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Politiske partier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politiske_partier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rettsvesen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rettsvesen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rettsvesen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rettsvesen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrativ_inndeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrativ_inndeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Administrativ inndeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrativ_inndeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Næringsliv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Næringsliv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Næringsliv</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Næringsliv-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Næringsliv</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Næringsliv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petroleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Petroleum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastruktur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastruktur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Infrastruktur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastruktur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samfunn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samfunn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Samfunn</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Samfunn-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Samfunn</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Samfunn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kalender_og_helligdager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalender_og_helligdager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kalender og helligdager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalender_og_helligdager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utdanning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utdanning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Utdanning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utdanning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kultur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Kultur</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kultur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musikk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musikk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Musikk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musikk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur_og_skriftkultur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur_og_skriftkultur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Litteratur og skriftkultur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur_og_skriftkultur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mat_og_drikke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mat_og_drikke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Mat og drikke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mat_og_drikke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idrett" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idrett"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Idrett</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idrett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oppføring_på_UNESCOs_liste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oppføring_på_UNESCOs_liste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Oppføring på UNESCOs liste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oppføring_på_UNESCOs_liste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Referanser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kilder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kilder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Kilder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kilder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Eksterne lenker</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-På_norsk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#På_norsk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>På norsk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-På_norsk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-På_fransk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#På_fransk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>På fransk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-På_fransk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-På_engelsk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#På_engelsk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>På engelsk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-På_engelsk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tsjad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 252 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-252" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">252 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjad" title="Kjad – færøysk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kjad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad" title="Tjad – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tjad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – achinesisk" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="achinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – adygeisk" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adygeisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%B5" title="ቻድ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – enaresamisk" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="enaresamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1" title="चैड – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चैड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead" title="Cead – gammelengelsk" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cead" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="gammelengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – abkhasisk" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhasisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%95" title="ܬܫܐܕ – arameisk" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܫܐܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – arpitansk" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="arpitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1de" title="Cháde – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Cháde" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – bihari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆཱ་ཌ། – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆཱ་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – burjatisk" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%9Bad" title="Tśad – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tśad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhi" title="Chadhi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chadhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiad" title="Tsiad – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – nordsamisk" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ޝާދު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%ADb%C4%85%C4%85h_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – lavsorbisk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lavsorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τσαντ – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ado" title="Ĉado – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – ekstremaduransk" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="ekstremaduransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyadi" title="Tsyadi – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tsyadi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caadi" title="Caadi – fulfulde" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Caadi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulfulde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sead" title="Sead – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sead" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad" title="Shad – mansk" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – gagausisk" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagausisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Siad" title="An t-Siad – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Siad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A1" title="ચૅડ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચૅડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C" title="차드 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Չադ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – høysorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="høysorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – ibo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ibo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITshedi" title="ITshedi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITshedi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%93" title="צ'אד – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad%C9%A9" title="Caadɩ – kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caadɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾಡ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cade" title="Cade – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Cade" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasadi" title="Tasadi – kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Tasadi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcada" title="Tcada – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tcada" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – franskguyansk kreol" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="franskguyansk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – vestmarisk" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="vestmarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – ladinsk" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – jødespansk" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="jødespansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດຊາດ – laotisk" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຊາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadia" title="Tzadia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tzadia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cada" title="Čada – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čada" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadas" title="Čadas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – ligurisk" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsadi" title="Tsadi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tsadi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – livvisk" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="livvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcad" title="tcad – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcad" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1d" title="Csád – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – maduresisk" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="maduresisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsady" title="Tsady – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഛാഡ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aad" title="Ċad – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ta" title="Kāta – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāta" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B)" title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ) – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – mirandesisk" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – nigeriansk pidginspråk" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="nigeriansk pidginspråk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – nedersaksisk" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="nedersaksisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89" title="チャド – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – tsjetsjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchaed" title="Tchaed – pitkairnsk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Tchaed" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="pitkairnsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaad" title="Chaad – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaad" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1" title="ਚਾਡ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhad" title="Jhad – pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Jhad" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – jamaicansk kreolengelsk" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaicansk kreolengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A" title="ឆាដ – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាដ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chade" title="Chade – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – retoromansk" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="retoromansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat" title="Chat – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chat" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – samoansk" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2de" title="Sâde – sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sâde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A0d" title="Ciàd – sardisk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ciàd" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – saterfrisisk" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – sør-sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sør-sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – nord-sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="nord-sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87adi" title="Çadi – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="චෑඩ් – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෑඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%8A" title="چاڊ – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چاڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShedi" title="IShedi – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IShedi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – schlesisk" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="schlesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad" title="Jad – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikkel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சாட் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcad" title="Tcad – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcad" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%8Dad" title="Ččad – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ččad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BB%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="చాద్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="ประเทศชาด – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศชาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%97" title="ᏣᏗ – cherokesisk" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – turkmensk" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad" title="Caad – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Caad" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – udmurtisk" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – venetiansk" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – vepsisk" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad%C3%A4n" title="Tjadän – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tjadän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="sørestisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchade" title="Tchade – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchade" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – vestflamsk" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vestflamsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadd" title="Cadd – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Cadd" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%93_(%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93)" title="טשאד (לאנד) – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשאד (לאנד)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaod" title="Tsjaod – zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tsjaod" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cads" title="Čads – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čads" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – ghanesisk pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="ghanesisk pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – talysj" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7" title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ – standard marrokansk tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standard marrokansk tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsjad" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Tsjad" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsjad"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsjad"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Tsjad" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Tsjad" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&oldid=24729501" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Tsjad&id=24729501&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTsjad"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTsjad"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tsjad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tchad" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" style="font-size:85%; margin:0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geografiske_koordinater" title="Geografiske koordinater">Koordinater</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=no&pagename=Tsjad&params=15_24_41_N_18_45_53_E_type:country_region:TD"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kart, flyfoto og andre data for dette stedet"><span class="latitude">15°24′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°45′53″Ø</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Utmerkede_artikler" title="Dette er en utmerket artikkel."><img alt="Dette er en utmerket artikkel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24461009">.mw-parser-output .wb-edithandle{display:none;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-show .wb-edithandle{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-hide .wb-edithandle{display:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks{float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0em 1em 1em;background-color:#f9f9f9;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift th{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:larger;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{background-color:#fff;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks td{background-color:#efefef;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin:4px;padding:3px}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.custom td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad th{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td{text-align:left;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.headercenter{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.hode th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><table class="infobox infoboks geografi bred"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Republikken Tsjad</th></tr><tr class="hode"><th colspan="4">جمهورية تشاد<br />République du Tchad</th></tr><tr class="bilde"><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:center;text-align:center;"><table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:center;text-align:center;"> <p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flagg"><img alt="Flagg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/143px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/215px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/285px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </td><td style="vertical-align:center;text-align:center;"> <p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Våpen"><img alt="Våpen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/95px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/143px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/190px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="599" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tsjads_flagg" title="Tsjads flagg">Flagg</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tsjads_riksv%C3%A5pen" title="Tsjads riksvåpen">Riksvåpen</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4" class="center headercenter">Nasjonalt motto:</td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4" class="center center">الوحدة ، العمل ، التقدم<br />(<a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">Arabisk</a> for «Enhet - Arbeid - Fremskritt»)</td></tr><tr class="bilde"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"> <p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Cd-map-no.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kart over Republikken Tsjad"><img alt="Kart over Republikken Tsjad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cd-map-no.png/133px-Cd-map-no.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cd-map-no.png/199px-Cd-map-no.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cd-map-no.png/265px-Cd-map-no.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="714" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Ligger ved</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tsjadsj%C3%B8en" title="Tsjadsjøen">Tsjadsjøen</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Innbyggernavn" title="Innbyggernavn">Innbyggernavn</a></th><td colspan="2">Tsjader, tsjadisk</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Grunnlagt</th><td colspan="2">11. august 1960</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Oppkalt etter</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tsjadsj%C3%B8en" title="Tsjadsjøen">Tsjadsjøen</a> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hovedstad" title="Hovedstad">Hovedstad</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" class="mw-redirect" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tidssone" title="Tidssone">Tidssone</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC+1</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Areal" title="Areal">Areal</a><br /> – Totalt<br /> – Vann</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_verdens_stater_etter_areal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste over verdens stater etter areal">Rangert som nr. 21</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">1 284 000</span> km²<br />1,9 %</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Befolkning" title="Befolkning">Befolkning</a><br /> – Totalt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_verdens_stater_etter_befolkningsst%C3%B8rrelse" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste over verdens stater etter befolkningsstørrelse">Rangert som nr. 76</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">19 319 064</span><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-f79f0927fc8833fdfab4e37ad5dd15c40809b8a0-v2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-f79f0927fc8833fdfab4e37ad5dd15c40809b8a0-v2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small><i>(2023)</i></small> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Befolkningstetthet" title="Befolkningstetthet">Bef.tetthet</a></th><td colspan="2">15,05 <a href="/wiki/Innbygger" title="Innbygger">innb.</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kvadratkilometer" title="Kvadratkilometer">km²</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></th><td colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">0,394</span> <span style="font-size:85%">(2021)</span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Styreform</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republikk" title="Republikk">Republikk</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_Tsjads_statsoverhoder" title="Liste over Tsjads statsoverhoder">President</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahamat_D%C3%A9by_Itno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahamat Déby Itno (ikke skrevet ennå)">Mahamat Déby Itno</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_Tsjads_statsministre" title="Liste over Tsjads statsministre">Statsminister</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allamaye_Halina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allamaye Halina (ikke skrevet ennå)">Allamaye Halina</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Offisielle språk</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">Arabisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Fransk" title="Fransk">Fransk</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Uavhengighet fra</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a><br /><a href="/wiki/11._august" title="11. august">11. august</a> <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Valuta</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentralafrikansk_CFA-franc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentralafrikansk CFA-franc (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sentralafrikansk CFA-franc</a> <span style="font-family:monospace">(<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XAF</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Nasjonaldag</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/11._august" title="11. august">11. august</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Nasjonalsang</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/La_Tchadienne" title="La Tchadienne">«La Tchadienne»</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166-kode</a></th><td colspan="2"><span style="font-family:monospace"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TD" title="ISO 3166-2:TD">TD</a></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasjonalt_toppniv%C3%A5domene" title="Nasjonalt toppnivådomene">Toppnivådomene</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/.td" title=".td">.td</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_landsnumre_for_telefon" title="Liste over landsnumre for telefon">Landskode for telefon</a></th><td colspan="2">+235</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Landskode for mobilnett</th><td colspan="2">622</td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chad">Tsjad på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Tsjad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Fransk" title="Fransk">fransk</a>: <i>Tchad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arabisk" title="Arabisk">arabisk</a>: تشاد, <i>Tšād</i> eller <i>Təšād</i>; offisielt på arabisk جمهوريّة تشاد, <i>Jumhūriyya Tšād</i> eller <i>Jumhūriyyati Təšād</i> eller <b>Republikken Tsjad</b>, på fransk <i>République du Tchad)</i>, er en <a href="/wiki/Innlandsstat" class="mw-redirect" title="Innlandsstat">innlandsstat</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sentral-Afrika" title="Sentral-Afrika">Sentral-Afrika</a>. Den grenser mot <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> i nord, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> i øst, <a href="/wiki/Den_sentralafrikanske_republikk" title="Den sentralafrikanske republikk">Den sentralafrikanske republikk</a> i sør, <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> og <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> i sørvest, og <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> i vest. Den nordlige delen av Tsjad ligger i <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>-ørkenen. Tsjad inndeles i tre større geografiske regioner: en ørkensone i nord, et tørt <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">sahelbelte</a> i midten og en mer fruktbar <a href="/wiki/Savanne" title="Savanne">savanne</a> i sør. Landet er oppkalt etter <a href="/wiki/Tsjadsj%C3%B8en" title="Tsjadsjøen">Tsjadsjøen</a>, som er den største våtmarken i Tsjad og den nest største i <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>. Tsjads høyeste fjell er <a href="/wiki/Emi_Koussi" title="Emi Koussi">Emi Koussi</a> i Sahara, og den største byen er <a href="/wiki/Hovedstad" title="Hovedstad">hovedstaden</a> <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" class="mw-redirect" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>. Tsjad er bebodd av over 200 ulike etniske og språklige grupper. De offisielle språkene er arabisk og fransk. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom">kristendom</a> er de mest utbredte religionene i landet. </p><p>På begynnelsen av det sjuende årtusenet f.Kr. flyttet store grupper av mennesker inn i Tsjad-<a href="/wiki/Depresjon_(geologi)" title="Depresjon (geologi)">senkningen</a>. Ved slutten av det første årtusenet f.Kr. kom og falt en serie stater og imperier i Tsjads sahelbelte, hvor alle var innstilt på kontroll over de <a href="/wiki/Transsaharisk_handel" title="Transsaharisk handel">transsahariske handelsrutene</a> som passerte gjennom regionen. <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a> erobret området i 1920 og innlemmet det i <a href="/wiki/Fransk_Ekvatorial-Afrika" title="Fransk Ekvatorial-Afrika">Fransk Ekvatorial-Afrika</a>. Under ledelse av <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye" title="François Tombalbaye">François Tombalbaye</a> ble Tsjad selvstendig i 1960. Hans politikk vakte misnøye i den muslimske norddelen av landet, noe som kulminerte i utbruddet av en langvarig borgerkrig i 1965. I 1979 erobret <a href="/wiki/Gouvernement_d%27Union_Nationale_de_Transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouvernement d'Union Nationale de Transition">opprørerne</a> hovedstaden og gjorde slutt på hegemoniet fra sør. Rebellenes befal stred imidlertid innbyrdes inntil <a href="/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9" title="Hissène Habré">Hissène Habré</a> beseiret sine rivaler. Han ble styrtet i 1990 av sin general <a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Idriss Déby</a>. Fra 2003 av har <a href="/wiki/Darfur-konflikten" title="Darfur-konflikten">Darfur-konflikten</a> spredt seg over grensen fra Sudan og destabilisert landet, og hundretusener av flyktninger fra <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> bosatt i og rundt leirer i det østlige Tsjad. </p><p>Det er mange aktive <a href="/wiki/Politisk_parti" title="Politisk parti">politiske partier</a> i Tsjad, men makten ligger fast i hendene på president Déby og hans parti <i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_patriotique_du_Salut" title="Mouvement patriotique du Salut">Mouvement patriotique du Salut</a></i>. Tsjad er fortsatt rammet av politisk motivert vold og stadige forsøk på <a href="/wiki/Statskupp" title="Statskupp">statskupp</a>. Det er et av de fattigste og minst utviklede landene i verden.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_(2024-02-04)_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_(2024-02-04)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De fleste tsjadere lever i fattigdom og driver jordbruk og husdyrhold til eget bruk. Den tradisjonelle <a href="/wiki/Bomull" title="Bomull">bomullsindustrien</a> var landets fremste kilde til eksportinntekter fram til 2003, da <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5olje" title="Råolje">råolje</a> tok over. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naturgeografi">Naturgeografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Naturgeografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Naturgeografi"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Chad_sat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/250px-Chad_sat.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/375px-Chad_sat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/500px-Chad_sat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Tsjad er inndelt i tre klimatiske soner, fra savannen i sør til Sahara-ørkenen i nord.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tsjad er, med sine 1 284 000 km², verdens <a href="/wiki/Liste_over_verdens_stater_etter_areal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste over verdens stater etter areal">21. største land</a> og det femte største i Afrika. Til sammenligning er det litt mindre enn <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, og litt større enn <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Afrika" title="Sør-Afrika">Sør-Afrika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsjad ligger i det nordlige Sentral-Afrika, mellom 7. og 24. <a href="/wiki/Breddegrad" title="Breddegrad">breddegrad</a> nord og 13. og 24. <a href="/wiki/Meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridian">lengdegrad</a> øst. </p><p>Tsjad grenser mot Libya i nord, Sudan i øst, Niger, Nigeria og Kamerun i vest og Den sentralafrikanske republikk i sør. Landets hovedstad er 1 600 km fra nærmeste havn.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> På grunn av denne avstanden til havet og at landet i stor grad har ørkenklima, blir det noen ganger referert til som «Afrikas døde hjerte».<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg/250px-ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg/375px-ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg/500px-ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Tsjadsjøen på et satellittbilde fra 2001. Øverst vises forandringene i perioden 1973 til 1997.</figcaption></figure> <p>Som en arv fra kolonitiden sammenfaller ikke Tsjads grenser helt med det som kunne ha vært naturlige grenser. Den dominerende geologiske strukturen i landet er en større senkning som avgrenses av fjellkjeder i nord, øst og sør. Landet er oppkalt etter Tsjadsjøen, som er restene av en gigantisk innsjø som for 7000 år siden dekket et areal på 330 000 km² av Tsjad-senkningen.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selv om innsjøen nå bare er på 17 806 km², og overflatearealet gjennomgår større variasjoner med årstidene,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er innsjøen Afrikas nest største våtmarksområde.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emi Koussi, en inaktiv vulkan i <a href="/wiki/Tibesti" title="Tibesti">Tibestifjellene</a>, er med sine 3414 meter over havet det høyeste punktet i Tsjad og i Sahara. </p><p>Et værsystem kjent som <a href="/wiki/Den_intertropiske_konvergenssonen" title="Den intertropiske konvergenssonen">den intertropiske fronten</a>, krysser hvert år Tsjad fra sør til nord. Dette fører med seg en <a href="/wiki/Regntid" title="Regntid">regnperiode</a> som varer fra mai til oktober i sør, og fra juni til september i den nordlige delen av landet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variasjoner i lokal nedbør gjør at det dannes tre større geografiske soner. Sahara dekker den nordlige tredjedelen av landet. Den årlige nedbørmengden der er under 50 millimeter, og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borkou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borkou (ikke skrevet ennå)">Borkou</a> er det tørreste området i Sahara. Vegetasjonen i området er knapp. Bare spredte klynger med palmer overlever, de eneste sør for <a href="/wiki/Krepsens_vendekrets" title="Krepsens vendekrets">Krepsens vendekrets</a>. Sahara går over i et sahel-belte i den sentrale delen av Tsjad, hvor nedbøren varierer fra 300 til 600 mm per år. </p><p>Sør i sahelbeltet er det stepper med tornebusker, for det meste <a href="/wiki/Akasie" class="mw-redirect" title="Akasie">akasier</a>, og sahelbeltet går slik gradvis over i en savanne i den sørlige delen av landet. Årlig nedbørmengde i denne delen av landet er over 900 mm årlig.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det høye gresset og de utstrakte sumpområdene i området er gunstige for fugler, reptiler og store pattedyr. De største elvene i Tsjad, <a href="/wiki/Chari" title="Chari">Chari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logone (ikke skrevet ennå)">Logone</a> og deres bielver, flyter gjennom savannen fra sørøst og inn i Tsjadsjøen.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Demografi"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ifølge estimater fra 2005 hadde Tsjad en befolkning på 9 826 419,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hvorav 25,8 % bodde i urbane områder og 74,8 % på landsbygda<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forventet levealder er 47,2 år.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, og befolkningen er derfor ung, anslagsvis 47,3 % er under 15 år. Fødselsraten er estimert til 42,35 fødsler per 1000 personer, dødeligheten er 16,69. <a href="/wiki/Barned%C3%B8delighet" title="Barnedødelighet">Barnedødeligheten</a> (<i>barn opp til 5 år</i>) er 208 pr 1000. Dette er verdens 6. høyeste barnedødelighet.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ouaddaian_girl_from_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Ouaddaian_girl_from_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>En <a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF" title="Ouaddaï">ouaddaiisk</a> pike.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tsjads befolkning er ujevnt fordelt geografisk. Befolkningstettheten er 0,1 innbyggere per km² i Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti-regionen i Sahara, mens den er 52,4 innbyggere per km² i Logone Occidental-regionen. I hovedstaden er den enda høyere.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omkring halvparten av landets innbyggere bor i den sørligste femtedelen av dets territorium, noe som gjør det til den tettest befolkede delen av landet.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bylivet er nesten begrenset til hovedstaden, hvor befolkningen for det meste livnærer seg med handel. </p><p>Andre store byer i landet er <a href="/wiki/Doba" title="Doba">Doba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarh" title="Sarh">Sarh</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Abéché">Abéché</a>, som er mindre urbaniserte, men som vokser raskt og slutter seg til hovedstaden som avgjørende faktorer for videre økonomisk vekst.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Siden 2003 har 230 000 mennesker flyktet fra det krigsherjede Darfur i Sudan til det østlige Tsjad. Dette og de 172 000 tsjaderne<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forflyttet av borgerkrigen i øst, har bidratt til økt spenning blant befolkningsgruppene i området.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Chadian_delegation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chadian_delegation.jpg/250px-Chadian_delegation.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chadian_delegation.jpg/375px-Chadian_delegation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chadian_delegation.jpg/500px-Chadian_delegation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>En stammedelegasjon.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Polygami" title="Polygami">Polygyni</a> er vanlig, og 39 % av kvinnene i Tsjad lever i slike forhold. Det er godkjent i henhold til landets lover, som automatisk tillater <a href="/wiki/Polygami" title="Polygami">polygami</a> med mindre partene angir det som uakseptabelt ved ekteskapsinngåelsen.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om vold mot kvinner er forbudt, er vold i hjemmet vanlig. <a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B8nnslemlestelse" class="mw-disambig" title="Kjønnslemlestelse">Kvinnelig omskjæring</a> er forbudt, men praksisen er utbredt og dypt rotfestet i tradisjoner. 45 % av tsjadiske kvinner gjennomgår inngrepet, de høyeste andelene finner man blant <a href="/wiki/Arabere" title="Arabere">arabere</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadjaraiere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadjaraiere (ikke skrevet ennå)">hadjaraiere</a> og ouaddaiere (90 % eller mer). Lavere prosentandeler finner man blant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sara_(folk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sara (folk) (ikke skrevet ennå)">saraer</a> (38 %) og <a href="/wiki/Toubou" class="mw-redirect" title="Toubou">toubouer</a> (2 %). </p><p>Kvinner har ikke samme muligheter for utdanning som menn, noe som gjør det vanskelig for dem å kunne konkurrere om de relativt få arbeidsplassene som blir utlyst. Selv om eiendomsrett og arverett, som i Tsjad er basert på fransk lovgivning, ikke diskriminerer kvinner, avgjør de fleste lokale ledere arvetvister til fordel for menn, i henhold til tradisjonell praksis.<sup id="cite_ref-HRP_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folkegrupper">Folkegrupper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Folkegrupper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Folkegrupper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsjad har mer enn 200 forskjellige etniske grupper<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som skaper forskjellige sosiale strukturer. Kolonialadministrasjonen og styresmaktene i det uavhengige Tsjad har forsøkt å skape et nasjonalt samhold, men for tsjadere flest blir den lokale eller regionale tilhørigheten den viktigste utenfor nærmeste familie. Tsjads befolkning kan imidlertid klassifiseres etter de geografiske områdene hvor de bor. </p><p>I sør bor fastboende folk, som saraene, Tsjads største etniske gruppe, hvis viktigste tilhørighet er deres herkomst. I sahel-beltet lever fastboende side om side med nomader, som araberne, som er landets nest største etniske gruppe. Nord er bebodd av nomader, for det meste toubouer.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Språk"><span id="Spr.C3.A5k"></span>Språk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Språk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Språk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Landets offisielle språk er fransk og arabisk, men det snakkes over 100 språk og dialekter. På grunn av den innflytelse omreisende og fastboende arabiske handelsmenn har hatt for lokalsamfunn i Tsjad, har <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjadisk_arabisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsjadisk arabisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">tsjadisk arabisk</a> blitt et <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Religion"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ifølge en folketelling fra 1993 var 54 % av tsjaderne muslimer, 20 % <a href="/wiki/Den_romersk-katolske_kirke" class="mw-redirect" title="Den romersk-katolske kirke">katolikker</a>, 14 % <a href="/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme">protestanter</a>, 10 % <a href="/wiki/Animisme" title="Animisme">animister</a> og 3 % <a href="/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme">ateister</a>. Ingen av disse religiøse tradisjonene er monolittiske. Animisme inkluderer en rekke varianter av dyrking av forfedre og steder, med høyst spesifikk utøvelse. Islam utøves, til tross for ortodokse trosoppfatninger og seremonier, på en rekke ulike måter. </p><p>Kristendommen ankom Tsjad med franskmennene, og som tsjadisk islam er den til dels <a href="/wiki/Synkretisme" title="Synkretisme">synkretistisk</a> og har antatt deler av førkristne trosoppfatninger.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslimene er hovedsakelig konsentrert til det nordlige og østlige Tsjad, mens animister og kristne først og fremst holder til i det sørlige Tsjad og i Guéra.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landets grunnlov sørger for en sekulær stat og garanterer religionsfrihet. Ulike religioner eksisterer side om side i Tsjad uten problemer.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folketellingen gir en vesentlig større prosentandel katolikker enn hva den katolske kirke selv regner med (11 % i 2005).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andelen har vært stigende. Forskjellen kan tildels skyldes at folk som er tiltrukket av kristendommen oppgir seg som katolikker uten at de i kirkelig forstand regnes som det. Den katolske kirkes tyngdepunkt er sør i landet, der bispedømmene med størst befolkningsandel katolikker er <a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a> (34 %) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gor%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goré (ikke skrevet ennå)">Goré</a> (25 %).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="utdypende-artikkel" style="padding-left:2em; font-style: italic;"> <p>Utdypende artikkel: <a href="/wiki/Tsjads_historie" title="Tsjads historie">Tsjads historie</a> </p> </div> <p>I det <a href="/wiki/7._%C3%A5rtusen_f.Kr." title="7. årtusen f.Kr.">sjuende årtusenet f.Kr.</a> var de økologiske forholdene i den nordlige halvdelen av Tsjad gunstige for bosetning, og regionen opplevde en kraftig vekst i befolkningen. Noen av de viktigste <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">arkeologiske</a> funnstedene i Afrika finnes i Tsjad, først og fremst i <a href="/wiki/Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti" title="Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti">Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti</a>-regionen. Noen av funnstedene er fra før 2000 f.Kr.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsjad-senkningen har i over 2000 år vært et jordbruksamfunn med faste bosetninger. Området ble en møteplass for forskjellige sivilisasjoner, hvor den første av disse var den legendariske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sao_(sivilisasjon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sao (sivilisasjon) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sao</a>, kjent gjennom kunstgjenstander og muntlige overleveringer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Rabih_az-Zubayr,_severed_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rabih_az-Zubayr%2C_severed_head.jpg/250px-Rabih_az-Zubayr%2C_severed_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rabih_az-Zubayr%2C_severed_head.jpg/375px-Rabih_az-Zubayr%2C_severed_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rabih_az-Zubayr%2C_severed_head.jpg/500px-Rabih_az-Zubayr%2C_severed_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption>Ved å beseire og drepe <a href="/wiki/Rabih_az-Zubayr" title="Rabih az-Zubayr">Rabih az-Zubayr</a> <a href="/wiki/22._april" title="22. april">22. april</a> <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slaget_ved_Kouss%C3%A9ri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slaget ved Kousséri (ikke skrevet ennå)">slaget ved Kousséri</a>, fjernet Frankrike en større hindring for den franske kolonialiseringen av Tsjad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sao falt for <a href="/wiki/Kanem-Bornu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem-Bornu">Kanem-riket</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> det første og mest langvarige av rikene som hadde blitt til i Tsjads sahelbelte fram til slutten av det første årtusenet f.Kr. Både Kanem og dets etterfølgende riker baserte sin makt på kontroll over de transsahariske handelsrutene som passerte gjennom området.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disse landene, som i det minste stilltiende var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_i_Afrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam i Afrika (ikke skrevet ennå)">muslimske</a>, søkte aldri å utøve sin makt over de sørlige områdene, med unntak av tokt etter slaver.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I <a href="/wiki/Middelalderen" title="Middelalderen">middelalderen</a> var Tsjad en møteplass for muslimske handelsfolk og mange <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">subsahariske</a> stammer. </p><p>Frankrike gikk inn i Tsjad i 1891, og utvidelsen av den franske kolonimakten førte til at <i>Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats du Tchad</i> ble dannet i 1900. I 1920 hadde Frankrike sikret seg full kontroll over det området som ble <a href="/wiki/Koloni" title="Koloni">kolonien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det franske styret i Tsjad var kjennetegnet av en politikk som var fraværende når det kom til forening av området, og av langsom modernisering. </p><p>Franskmennene så primært på Tsjad som en mindre viktig kilde til ufaglærte arbeidere og ubearbeidet bomull. Frankrike innførte storskala bomullsproduksjon i 1929. Kolonialadministrasjonen i Tsjad var kritisk underbemannet, og måtte belage seg på bruk av mindre attraktive arbeidere fra den franske statsadministrasjonen. Den franske tilstedeværelsen var minimal i den nordlige og østlige delen av kolonien, bare i sør ble det utøvd et effektivt styre, en neglisjering som rammet utdanningssystemet.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etter <a href="/wiki/Andre_verdenskrig" title="Andre verdenskrig">andre verdenskrig</a> gav Frankrike Tsjad status som <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territoire_d%27outre_mer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Territoire d'outre mer (ikke skrevet ennå)">territoire d'outre mer</a></i>, og dets innbyggere fikk rett til å velge representanter til <a href="/wiki/Frankrikes_nasjonalforsamling" title="Frankrikes nasjonalforsamling">Frankrikes nasjonalforsamling</a> og en <a href="/wiki/Tsjads_nasjonalforsamling" title="Tsjads nasjonalforsamling">tsjadisk nasjonalforsamling</a>. Det største politiske partiet var <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parti_Progressiste_Tchadien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parti Progressiste Tchadien (ikke skrevet ennå)">Parti Progressiste Tchadien</a></i> (PPT), med base i den sørlige delen av kolonien. </p><p>Tsjad oppnådde selvstendighet <a href="/wiki/11._august" title="11. august">11. august</a> <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a> med PPTs leder François Tombalbaye som landets første <a href="/wiki/Liste_over_Tsjads_statsoverhoder" title="Liste over Tsjads statsoverhoder">president</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/250px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/375px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg/500px-Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption>Under andre verdenskrig kjempet 15 000 tsjadiske soldater for <a href="/wiki/De_frie_franske_styrkene" class="mw-redirect" title="De frie franske styrkene">De frie franske styrkene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>To år senere forbød Tombalbaye opposisjonspartiene og dannet en <a href="/wiki/Ettpartistat" title="Ettpartistat">ettpartistat</a>. Tombalbayes <a href="/wiki/Autokrati" title="Autokrati">autokratiske</a> vanstyre førte til økt spenning mellom ulike etniske grupperinger, noe om kulminerte i 1965 da landet ble kastet ut i borgerkrig. Tombalaye ble styrtet og drept i 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men opprøret fortsatte. I 1979 erobret opprørerne hovedstaden, og sentralstyret i landet kollapset. </p><p>Væpnede grupperinger, hvorav mange fra den nordlige delen av landet, kjempet om makten.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oppløsningen i Tsjads styre førte til at Frankrikes stilling i landet kollapset. Libya gikk inn i landet for å fylle maktvakuumet som var oppstått, og ble involvert i borgerkrigen.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invasjonen endte katastrofalt for Libya i 1987, da den franskstøttede presidenten Hissène Habré, med et forent Tsjad i ryggen,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> svarte med å drive Libyas hær ut av Tsjad.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habré konsoliderte sitt diktatur gjennom et maktsystem basert på korrupsjon og vold, og anslagsvis 40 000 mennesker er blitt drept under hans styre.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presidenten favoriserte sin egen etniske gruppe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daza (ikke skrevet ennå)">dazaene</a>, og diskriminerte <a href="/wiki/Zaghawa" title="Zaghawa">zaghawaene</a>, som var hans tidligere allierte. I 1990 ble han styrtet av sin general Idriss Déby.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Déby forsøkte å forsone opprørergruppene og gjeninnførte flerpartisystemet. Tsjaderne godkjente en ny <a href="/wiki/Konstitusjon" title="Konstitusjon">grunnlov</a> i en folkeavstemning i 1996. Samme år vant Déby med letthet et presidentvalg med flere kandidater. Fem år senere ble han gjenvalgt for en ny periode på fem år.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 2003 begynte Tsjad oljeutvinning, med det et håp om at landet til slutt skulle kunne oppnå fred og velstand. I stedet førte økte interne motsetninger til utbruddet av en ny borgerkrig. </p><p>Déby gjorde en ensidig endring av grunnloven for å avskaffe begrensningen på maksimalt to mandatperioder, noe som førte til uro blant de opposisjonelle partiene og samfunnet forøvrig.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 2006 ble Déby gjenvalgt for en tredje periode gjennom et valg som ble boikottet av opposisjonen. Etnisk motivert vold har økt øst i landet, og <a href="/wiki/FNs_h%C3%B8ykommiss%C3%A6r_for_flyktninger" title="FNs høykommissær for flyktninger">FNs høykommissær for flyktninger</a> har uttrykt bekymring for at et <a href="/wiki/Folkemord" title="Folkemord">folkemord</a> likt det i <a href="/wiki/Darfur-konflikten" title="Darfur-konflikten">Darfur</a> skal bryte ut i Tsjad.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>På bakgrunn av konflikten i Darfur i <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, med <a href="/wiki/Flyktning" title="Flyktning">flyktninger</a> og angrep fra væpnede grupper over grensen til nabolandene, utstasjonerte <a href="/wiki/FN" class="mw-redirect" title="FN">FN</a> fra september 2007 til utgangen av 2010 en <a href="/wiki/FNs_fredsbevarende_styrker" title="FNs fredsbevarende styrker">fredsbevarende styrke</a>, kalt <a href="/wiki/MINURCAT" title="MINURCAT">MINURCAT</a>, i Tsjad og <a href="/wiki/Den_sentralafrikanske_republikk" title="Den sentralafrikanske republikk">Den sentralafrikanske republikk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liste_over_norske_milit%C3%A6re_bidrag_i_utenlandsoperasjoner_etter_1945" title="Liste over norske militære bidrag i utenlandsoperasjoner etter 1945">Norge deltok</a> i denne fra 2009 til 2010 med et <a href="/wiki/Feltsykehus" title="Feltsykehus">feltsykehus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> sendte <a href="/w/index.php?title=EUFOR_Tchad/RCA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EUFOR Tchad/RCA (ikke skrevet ennå)">EUFOR Tchad/RCA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politikk_og_administrasjon">Politikk og administrasjon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Politikk og administrasjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Politikk og administrasjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsjads grunnlov gir den utøvende makt en sterk stilling, ledet av en president som dominerer det politiske systemet. Presidenten har myndighet til å utnevne <a href="/wiki/Liste_over_Tsjads_statsministre" title="Liste over Tsjads statsministre">statsminister</a> og regjering, og har en betydelig innflytelse på utnevnelser av dommere, generaler, provinstjenestemenn og ledere av statskontrollerte selskap. Ved tilfeller av alvorlige og umiddelbare trusler kan presidenten, i samråd med nasjonalforsamlingen, erklære <a href="/wiki/Unntakstilstand" title="Unntakstilstand">unntakstilstand</a>. Presidenten blir valgt av folket gjennom direkte valg for en femårig mandatperiode. I 2005 ble den grunnlovsbestemte begrensningen på to mandatperioder opphevet.<sup id="cite_ref-Term2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Term2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;"> <caption><b>Internasjonale medlemskap</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size: smaller;">Organisasjon </th> <th style="font-size: smaller;">Medlem siden </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FN" class="mw-redirect" title="FN">Forente Nasjoner</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/20._september" title="20. september">20. september</a> <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Den_afrikanske_union" title="Den afrikanske union">Den afrikanske union</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fellesskapet_av_stater_i_Sahel_og_Sahara" title="Fellesskapet av stater i Sahel og Sahara">Fellesskapet av stater i Sahel og Sahara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Den_islamske_konferanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Den islamske konferanse">Den islamske konferanse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>De fleste av presidentens nøkkelrådgivere er fra den etniske grupperingen zaghawa, men personer fra sør og fra opposisjonen er representert i regjeringen.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNPACP_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNPACP-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korrupsjon er utbredt på alle nivåer i samfunnet. <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency Internationals</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Corruption_Perceptions_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Corruption Perceptions Index (ikke skrevet ennå)">korrupsjonsindeks</a> for 2005 utpekte Tsjad som verdens mest korrupte land,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> med en marginal forbedring i påfølgende år.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 2007 hadde landet ifølge indeksen en score på 1,8 på en skala fra en til ti (hvor ti er minst korrupt). Denne skalaen har siden blitt omgjort til en 0–100 skala, der 0 er maksimalt korrupt og 100 er minimalt korrupt. Siden 2012 har Tsjad ligget mellom 19 og 22 på denne skalaen, noe som betyr at landet er svært korrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bare <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan">Usbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Myanmar</a> og <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> hadde lavere score.<sup id="cite_ref-trans_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trans-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kritikere av president Déby har beskyldt ham for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kameraderi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kameraderi (ikke skrevet ennå)">kameraderi</a> og favorisering av personer med samme etniske bakgrunn.<sup id="cite_ref-tribe_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nasjonalforsamlingen står for lovgivningen. Den består av 155 medlemmer som blir valgt for fire år. Nasjonalforsamlingen holder fast to møter i året, og kan holde ekstraordinære møter når den blir innkalt av statsministeren. Medlemmene velger hvert andre år en president for nasjonalforsamlingen (må ikke forveksles med landets president). Nasjonalforsamlingens president må signere eller avvise nystiftede lover før det har gått 15 dager. Nasjonalforsamlingen må godkjenne statsministerens regjeringsprogram, og kan tvinge statsministeren til å gå av gjennom mistillitsforslag. Dersom nasjonalforsamlingen forkaster regjeringens program to ganger på ett år kan imidlertid presidenten oppløse forsamlingen og utlyse nyvalg. I praksis har presidenten stor innflytelse på nasjonalforsamlingen gjennom sitt parti <i>Mouvement patriotique du Salut</i> (MPS), som innehar de fleste setene i nasjonalforsamlingen.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politiske_partier">Politiske partier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Politiske partier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Politiske partier"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inntil legaliseringen av opposisjonspartier i 1992 var Débys MPS det eneste lovlige partiet i Tsjad.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siden den gang har 78 politiske partier blitt registrert som aktive.<sup id="cite_ref-HRP_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 2005 støttet menneskerettighetsorganisasjoner og opposisjonpartier en boikott av folkeavstemningen som gav Déby rett til å stille til gjenvalg for en tredje periode,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et valg som pågikk mens det ble rapportert om uregelmessigheter i stemmeregistreringen og regjeringsstyrt sensur av uavhengige medier.<sup id="cite_ref-FH_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korrespondenter anså presidentvalget i 2006 som en ren formalitet, da opposisjonen anså valget som en farse og boikottet det.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Déby møter væpnet motstand fra grupper som er dypt splittet av motsetninger lederne imellom, men som er forente i sitt mål om å styrte ham.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disse styrkene stormet hovedstaden <a href="/wiki/13._april" title="13. april">13. april</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>, men ble til slutt drevet tilbake. Frankrike er det landet som har størst innflytelse på Tsjad, med 1000 soldater stående i landet. Déby stoler på fransk hjelp for å holde tilbake rebellene, og Frankrike bidrar med logistikk og etterretning til den tsjadiske hæren i frykt for at stabiliteten i regionen skal kollapse fullstendig.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De fransk-tsjadiske forbindelsene ble imidlertid forsuret da tildelingen av borerettighetene for olje ble tildelt det amerikanske selskapet <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Mobil" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon Mobil">Exxon</a> i 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rettsvesen">Rettsvesen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Rettsvesen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Rettsvesen"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsjads rettssystem er basert på det franske rettssystemet, med tsjadisk sedvanerett der hvor den ikke forstyrrer allmenn orden eller kommer i konflikt med grunnlovens bestemmelser. Til tross for grunnlovens garanti for et uavhengig rettssystem utnevnes innehaverne av de fleste viktige poster innenfor rettssystemet av presidenten. Landets høyeste rettslige instanser, høyesterett og forfatningsrådet, har vært fungerende siden 2000. Høyesterett består av en hoveddommer utnevnt av presidenten, samt 15 andre medlemmer som utnevnes på livstid av presidenten og nasjonalforsamlingen. Forfatningsrådet består av ni dommere som utnevnes til niårige terminer. Forfatningsrådet er bemyndiget til å gjennomgå lover, traktater og internasjonale avtaler før de antas.<sup id="cite_ref-UNPACP_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNPACP-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGN_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsjad har fengselsstraff inntil to år for homofili.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrativ_inndeling">Administrativ inndeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Administrativ inndeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Administrativ inndeling"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="utdypende-artikkel" style="padding-left:2em; font-style: italic;"> <p>Utdypende artikler: <a href="/wiki/Tsjads_regioner" title="Tsjads regioner">Tsjads regioner</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tsjads_departement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsjads departement">Tsjads departement</a> </p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Administrative_regions_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Administrative_regions_of_Chad.svg/250px-Administrative_regions_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Administrative_regions_of_Chad.svg/375px-Administrative_regions_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Administrative_regions_of_Chad.svg/500px-Administrative_regions_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>Tsjads regioner.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tsjad er inndelt i 23 <a href="/wiki/Tsjads_regioner" title="Tsjads regioner">regioner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dette systemet ble innført i 2003 som et ledd i en desentraliseringsprosess, da regjeringen avskaffet de tidligere 14 prefekturene. Hver region blir ledet av en guvernør utnevnt av presidenten. Innenfor regionene er det 50 <a href="/wiki/Tsjads_departement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsjads departement">departement</a> som blir administrert av prefekter. Departementene er til sammen inndelt i 200 underprefektur, som igjen er satt sammen av 446 kantoner.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det er planlagt å erstatte kantonene med <i>communautés rurales</i>, men det juridiske og planmessige rammeverket er ennå ikke på plass.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desentralisert styre er grunnlovsbestemt for at lokalbefolkningen skal spille en aktiv rolle i sin egen utvikling,.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hver administrative nivå under staten skal styres av lokale, folkevalgte forsamlinger.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Til nå har det ikke vært gjennomført lokale valg i Tsjad,<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og kommunevalgene som var planlagt gjennomført i 2005 har stadig blitt utsatt.<sup id="cite_ref-HRP_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRP-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regionene er:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><ol> <li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barh_el_Ghazel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barh el Ghazel (ikke skrevet ennå)">Barh el Ghazel</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Batha" title="Batha">Batha</a> </li><li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borkou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borkou (ikke skrevet ennå)">Borkou</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Chari-Baguirmi" title="Chari-Baguirmi">Chari-Baguirmi</a> </li><li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ennedi_Est&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ennedi Est (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ennedi Est</a> </li><li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ennedi_Ouest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ennedi Ouest (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ennedi Ouest</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ra" title="Guéra">Guéra</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Hadjer-Lamis" title="Hadjer-Lamis">Hadjer-Lamis</a> </li></ol></td> <td><ol start="9"> <li> <a href="/wiki/Kanem" title="Kanem">Kanem</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Lac" title="Lac">Lac</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Logone_Occidental" title="Logone Occidental">Logone Occidental</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Logone_Oriental" title="Logone Oriental">Logone Oriental</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Mandoul" title="Mandoul">Mandoul</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Est" title="Mayo-Kebbi Est">Mayo-Kebbi Est</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Ouest" title="Mayo-Kebbi Ouest">Mayo-Kebbi Ouest</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Moyen-Chari" title="Moyen-Chari">Moyen-Chari</a> </li></ol></td> <td><ol start="17"> <li> <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" class="mw-redirect" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF" title="Ouaddaï">Ouaddaï</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Salamat" title="Salamat">Salamat</a> </li><li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sila_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sila (region) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sila</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Tandjil%C3%A9" title="Tandjilé">Tandjilé</a> </li><li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibesti_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibesti (region) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Tibesti</a> </li><li> <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Fira" title="Wadi Fira">Wadi Fira</a> </li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Næringsliv"><span id="N.C3.A6ringsliv"></span>Næringsliv</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Næringsliv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Næringsliv"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Maternity_Ward_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maternity_Ward_Chad.jpg/250px-Maternity_Ward_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maternity_Ward_Chad.jpg/375px-Maternity_Ward_Chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Maternity_Ward_Chad.jpg/500px-Maternity_Ward_Chad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>En tsjadisk fødestue. Til tross for forbedringer er Tsjads infrastruktur betydelig mindre utviklet enn dets naboer i nord.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/FN" class="mw-redirect" title="FN">De forente nasjoners</a> <a href="/wiki/HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="HDI">Human Development Index</a> rangerer Tsjad som det femte fattigste landet i verden, med 80 % av befolkningen under <a href="/wiki/Fattigdomsgrense" title="Fattigdomsgrense">fattigdomsgrensen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bruttonasjonalprodukt" title="Bruttonasjonalprodukt">BNP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B8pekraftsparitet" title="Kjøpekraftsparitet">KKP</a>) per innbygger var i 2005 beregnet til 1500 <a href="/wiki/Amerikansk_dollar" title="Amerikansk dollar">USD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsjad er medlem av <a href="/wiki/Sentralbanken_for_de_sentralafrikanske_statene" title="Sentralbanken for de sentralafrikanske statene">Sentralbanken for de sentralafrikanske statene</a> (BEAC) og <a href="/wiki/Den_sentralafrikanske_%C3%B8konomiske_og_monet%C3%A6re_union" title="Den sentralafrikanske økonomiske og monetære union">Den sentralafrikanske økonomiske og monetære union</a> (CEMAC).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landets valuta er <a href="/wiki/CFA-franc" title="CFA-franc">CFA-franc</a>. Årevis med borgerkrig har skremt bort utenlandske investorer. De som forlot landet i perioden 1979 til 1982 har først nylig begynt å gjenvinne tillit til landets framtid. Fra 2000 ble det gjort større utenlandske direkteinvesteringer i oljesektoren, noe som har gitt store forhåpninger til landets økonomiske vekstmuligheter.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGN_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Økonomiske nøkkeltall </th> <th>Verdi </th> <th>% av BNP </th> <th>År, kilde </th></tr> <tr> <td>BNP </td> <td>6,64 mrd US$ </td> <td> </td> <td>2006, <i>UN Statistics</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BNP (vekst) (Verdensbanken) </td> <td>2,9 % </td> <td> </td> <td>2006, <i>UN Statistics</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BNP per innbygger </td> <td>634 US$ </td> <td> </td> <td>2006, <i>UN Statistics</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industriproduksjon </td> <td>17,7 % </td> <td> </td> <td>2006, <i>UN Statistics</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Konsumpriser (vekst) </td> <td>10,0 % </td> <td> </td> <td>2006, <i>UN Statistics</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arbeidsløshet </td> <td>1,0 % </td> <td> </td> <td>1993, <i>UN Statistics</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Handelsbalanse (overskudd) </td> <td>1,9 mrd US$ </td> <td>28,6 % </td> <td>2006, <i>UN Statistics</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Betalingsbalanse </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Utviklingshjelp </td> <td>0,38 mrd US$ </td> <td>5,7 % </td> <td>2005, <i>UNDP</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mao_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/250px-Mao_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/375px-Mao_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Kvinner i <a href="/wiki/Mao_(Tsjad)" title="Mao (Tsjad)">Mao</a>, hvor det er tilgang til vann fra et vanntårn. Tilgang til rent vann er ofte et problem i Tsjad.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg/250px-Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg/375px-Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg/500px-Rebuilt_bridge_on_Bragoto_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>En bro over <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bragoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bragoto (ikke skrevet ennå)">Bragoto</a>-elven.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over 80 % av Tsjads befolkning er avhengig av jordbruk og oppdrett av buskap for å overleve.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hvor avlinger blir dyrket fram, og hvor det holdes dyr, avhenger av det lokale klimaet. De mest fruktbare områdene ligger i de sørligste 10 % av landet, hvor det dyrkes fram store mengder <a href="/wiki/Durra" title="Durra">durra</a> og <a href="/wiki/Hirse" title="Hirse">hirse</a>. I sahel-beltet er det bare de mer hardføre variantene av hirse som dyrkes fram, og da med dårligere avlinger enn i sør. På den annen side er sahel-beltet ideelt beiteland for kommersiell drift med store flokker buskap og for geiter, sauer, esler og hester. Fra de spredte <a href="/wiki/Oase" title="Oase">oasene</a> i Sahara får man, om enn i mindre mengder, dadler og belgfrukter.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Før oljeindustrien ble utviklet i landet, var bomullsindustri og arbeidsmarkedet knyttet til denne, ledende og sto for anslagsvis 80 % av eksportinntektene.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bomull er fortsatt en av de viktigste eksportartiklene, de eksakte tallene er ikke tilgjengelige. Rehabiliteringen av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotontchad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotontchad (ikke skrevet ennå)">Cotontchad</a>, et stort selskap som er rammet av prisfall for bomull i verdensmarkedet, har blitt finansiert av Frankrike, <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Den_europeiske_union" title="Den europeiske union">Den europeiske union</a> og <a href="/wiki/Den_internasjonale_bank_for_gjenoppbygging_og_utvikling" title="Den internasjonale bank for gjenoppbygging og utvikling">Den internasjonale bank for gjenoppbygging og utvikling</a> (IBRD). Den statlig eide delen av selskapet er forventet å bli privatisert.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum">Petroleum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Rediger avsnitt: Petroleum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=12" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Petroleum"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Petroleum er nå Tsjads viktigste eksportartikkel. <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Mobil" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon Mobil">ExxonMobil</a> leder et <a href="/wiki/Konsortium" title="Konsortium">konsortium</a> av <a href="/wiki/Chevron" title="Chevron">Chevron</a> og <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a>, som har investert 3,7 milliarder dollar til utvinningen av anslagsvis en milliard fat olje i den sørlige delen av landet. Oljeproduksjonen startet i 2003 med ferdigstillelsen av en <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8rledning" title="Rørledning">oljerørledning</a>, delfinansiert av <a href="/wiki/Verdensbanken" title="Verdensbanken">Verdensbanken</a>, med forbindelse fra oljefeltene sør i landet til terminaler langs Kameruns <a href="/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet">atlanterhavskyst</a>. Som en betingelse for sin bistand krevde verdensbanken at 80 % av inntektene fra oljeutvinningen skulle brukes på utviklingsprosjekt. Låneprogrammet ble suspendert i januar 2006, da den tsjadiske regjeringen besluttet å redusere denne andelen.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OECD_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/14._juli" title="14. juli">14. juli</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a> undertegnet Verdensbanken og Tsjad en erklæring hvor Tsjads regjering forplikter seg til å øremerke 70 % av sitt forbruk på programmer for fattigdomsbekjempelse.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastruktur">Infrastruktur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Rediger avsnitt: Infrastruktur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=13" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Infrastruktur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Borgerkrig lammet utviklingen av infrastruktur for transport. I 1987 hadde Tsjad bare 30 km asfalterte veier. Senere prosjekter har forbedret veinettet<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> til å omfatte 550 km i 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veinettverket har imidlertid fortsatt begrensninger, og veiene er fortsatt ubrukelige flere måneder i året. Uten egen jernbane er Tsjad svært avhengig av Kameruns jernbanenett for transport av sin eksport og import til og fra havnen i <a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> N'Djamena har en <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena_internasjonale_lufthavn" class="mw-redirect" title="N'Djamena internasjonale lufthavn">internasjonal flyplass</a> med direkteruter til <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> og flere afrikanske byer. </p><p>Landets <a href="/wiki/Telekommunikasjon" title="Telekommunikasjon">telekommunikasjon</a>, med det statlige <a href="/w/index.php?title=SotelTchad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SotelTchad (ikke skrevet ennå)">SotelTchad</a> som tilbyder av fasttelefoni, er elementær og dyr. Det er kun 14 000 fasttelefonlinjer i Tsjad, noe som gir landet en av de laveste tetthetene for telefoner i verden. Tsjads energisektor har lidd av mange års vanstyre av det statlige vann- og energiselskapet (STEE), som sørger for strøm til 15 % av hovedstadens innbyggere, og som dekker bare 1,5 % av landets innbyggere.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De fleste tsjadere brenner biomasse som ved og gjødsel for energi.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byene i Tsjad står overfor store utfordringer når det gjelder kommunal infrastruktur. Bare 48 % av innbyggerne i byer har tilgang til drikkevann, og bare 2 % har tilgang til grunnleggende sanitære forhold.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landets TV-seere er begrenset til N'Djamena. Den eneste TV-stasjonen er statseide TeleTchad. Radio har større rekkevidde, med 13 private radiostasjoner. Aviser er begrenset i mengde og utbredelse, og opplagstallene er små på grunn av transportkostnader, stor andel analfabeter og fattigdom.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EIA_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsjads grunnlov forsvarer <a href="/wiki/Ytringsfrihet" title="Ytringsfrihet">ytringsfrihet</a>, men landets regjering har jevnlig begrenset denne rettigheten, og i slutten av 2006 ble det innført et system for forhåndssensur av mediene.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samfunn">Samfunn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Rediger avsnitt: Samfunn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=14" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Samfunn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalender_og_helligdager">Kalender og helligdager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Rediger avsnitt: Kalender og helligdager" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=15" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kalender og helligdager"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seks nasjonale helligdager feires gjennom året, og de bevegelige helligdagene inkluderer den kristne helligdagen <a href="/wiki/Andre_p%C3%A5skedag" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre påskedag">andre påskedag</a> og de muslimske helligdagene <a href="/wiki/Id_al-fitr" title="Id al-fitr">Id al-fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Id_al-adha" title="Id al-adha">Id al-adha</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Milad al-Nabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CCG_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;"> <caption><b>Helligdager</b><sup id="cite_ref-CCG_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCG-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size: smaller;">Dato </th> <th style="font-size: smaller;">Norsk navn </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1._januar" title="1. januar">1. januar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_nytt%C3%A5rsdag" title="Første nyttårsdag">Første nyttårsdag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1._mai" title="1. mai">1. mai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arbeidernes_internasjonale_kampdag" title="Arbeidernes internasjonale kampdag">Arbeidernes dag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/25._mai" title="25. mai">25. mai</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_afrikanske_frigj%C3%B8ringsdagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den afrikanske frigjøringsdagen (ikke skrevet ennå)">Den afrikanske frigjøringsdagen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/11._august" title="11. august">11. august</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uavhengighetsdagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uavhengighetsdagen (ikke skrevet ennå)">Uavhengighetsdagen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1._november" title="1. november">1. november</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allehelgensaften" title="Allehelgensaften">Allehelgensdag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/28._november" title="28. november">28. november</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikkens_dag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikkens dag (ikke skrevet ennå)">Republikkens dag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1._desember" title="1. desember">1. desember</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frihets-_og_demokratidagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frihets- og demokratidagen (ikke skrevet ennå)">Frihets- og demokratidagen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/25._desember" title="25. desember">25. desember</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jul" title="Jul">Jul</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utdanning">Utdanning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Rediger avsnitt: Utdanning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=16" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Utdanning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utdanningssektoren i Tsjad møter betydelige utfordringer på grunn av befolkningsspredningen og også til en viss grad på grunn av foreldres motvilje mot å sende sine barn på skolen. Til tross for at skolegang er obligatorisk, fortsetter bare 68 % av guttene etter de første få årene, og over halvparten av befolkningen er analfabeter. Høyere utdanning blir gitt ved <a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_N%27Djamena" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetet i N'Djamena">Universitetet i N'Djamena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultur">Kultur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Rediger avsnitt: Kultur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=17" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kultur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>På grunn av sitt store mangfold av folk og språk har Tsjad en rik kulturarv. Den tsjadiske regjeringen har aktivt fremmet tsjadisk kultur og nasjonale tradisjoner gjennom åpningen av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjads_nasjonale_museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsjads nasjonale museum (ikke skrevet ennå)">Tsjads nasjonale museum</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjadisk_kultursenter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsjadisk kultursenter (ikke skrevet ennå)">Tsjadisk kultursenter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musikk">Musikk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Rediger avsnitt: Musikk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=18" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Musikk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Når det gjelder musikk, så spiller tsjadere musikkinstrumenter som <i>kinde</i>, som er en slags bueharpe, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakaki (ikke skrevet ennå)">kakaki</a></i>, som er et langt horn av metall, og <i>hu hu</i>, et strengeinstrument som bruker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flaskegresskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flaskegresskar (ikke skrevet ennå)">flaskegresskar</a> som høyttalere. Andre musikkinstrumenter og kombinasjoner av dem er mer knyttet til bestemte etniske grupper. Saraene foretrekker fløyter, <a href="/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon">balafoner</a>, harper og <i>kodjo</i>-trommer, og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanembu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanembu (ikke skrevet ennå)">kanembuene</a> kombinerer lydene fra trommer med lyder fra fløytelignende instrumenter.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tailor_in_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/250px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/375px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tailor_in_Chad.jpg/500px-Tailor_in_Chad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>En tsjadisk skredder selger tradisjonelle drakter.</figcaption></figure> <p>Musikkgruppen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chari_Jazz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chari Jazz (ikke skrevet ennå)">Chari Jazz</a> ble dannet i 1964 og var starten for moderne musikks inntreden i Tsjad. Senere har mer kjente grupper, som <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Melody&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Melody (ikke skrevet ennå)">African Melody</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Challal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Challal (ikke skrevet ennå)">International Challal</a> forsøkt å kombinere det moderne med det tradisjonelle. Populære grupper som <a href="/wiki/Tibesti" title="Tibesti">Tibesti</a> har videreført sin kulturelle arv ved å bygge sin musikk på <a href="/wiki/Sai" title="Sai">sai</a>, en tradisjonell type musikk fra det sørlige Tsjad. </p><p>Tsjadere har vanligvis ikke verdsatt moderne musikk, men på 1990-tallet førte imidlertid økt interesse til utvikling og produksjon av <a href="/wiki/CD" title="CD">CD</a>-er og <a href="/wiki/Lydkassett" title="Lydkassett">musikkassetter</a> med tsjadiske artister. Piratkopiering og manglende opphavsrettslig beskyttelse for artistene utgjør problemer for en videre utvikling av musikkindustrien i Tsjad.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litteratur_og_skriftkultur">Litteratur og skriftkultur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur og skriftkultur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=19" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur og skriftkultur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slik som for andre land i sahel-regionen har litteraturen i Tsjad lidd under en økonomi, politikk og en åndelig tørke som har påvirket dets mest kjente forfattere. Tsjadiske forfattere har blitt tvunget til å skrive fra eksil eller som utvandret, og deres litteratur har vært dominert av tematikk rundt historie og politisk undertrykkelse. Siden 1962 har 20 forfattere skrevet et 60-talls skjønnlitterære verk. Blant de internasjonalt mest kjente forfatterne er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brahim_Se%C3%AFd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Brahim Seïd (ikke skrevet ennå)">Joseph Brahim Seïd</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba_Moustapha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba Moustapha (ikke skrevet ennå)">Baba Moustapha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Bangui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Bangui (ikke skrevet ennå)">Antoine Bangui</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koulsy_Lamko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koulsy Lamko (ikke skrevet ennå)">Koulsy Lamko</a>. </p><p>I 2003 publiserte Tsjads eneste litteraturkritiker, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmat_Taboye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmat Taboye (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ahmat Taboye</a>, sin <i>Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne</i> for å spre kunnskap om Tsjads litteratur internasjonalt og blant ungdommer, og for å sette søkelyset på landets mangel på bokforlag og markedsføring.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Rediger avsnitt: Film" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=20" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Film"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utviklingen av tsjadisk filmindustri har lidd under borgerkrigens herjinger og av mangelen på <a href="/wiki/Kino" title="Kino">kinoer</a>, som det bare finnes en av i hele landet. Den første tsjadiske spillefilmen, <a href="/wiki/Dokudrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Dokudrama">dokudramaet</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bye_Bye_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bye Bye Africa (ikke skrevet ennå)">Bye Bye Africa</a></i>, ble produsert i 1999 av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahamat_Saleh_Haroun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahamat Saleh Haroun (ikke skrevet ennå)">Mahamat Saleh Haroun</a>. Hans neste film var den kritikerroste <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abouna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abouna (ikke skrevet ennå)">Abouna</a></i>, og hans <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daratt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daratt (ikke skrevet ennå)">Daratt</a></i> vant juryens spesialpris ved <a href="/wiki/Filmfestivalen_i_Venezia" title="Filmfestivalen i Venezia">den 63. filmfestivalen i Venezia</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Issa_Serge_Coelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Issa Serge Coelo (ikke skrevet ennå)">Issa Serge Coelo</a> har regissert de to andre filmene fra Tsjad, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daresalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daresalam (ikke skrevet ennå)">Daresalam</a></i> og <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=DP75:_Tartina_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DP75: Tartina City (ikke skrevet ennå)">DP75: Tartina City</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mat_og_drikke">Mat og drikke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Rediger avsnitt: Mat og drikke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=21" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Mat og drikke"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viktigste ernæringskilden i Tsjad er hirse. Det lages boller av det, som dyppes i saus. I den nordlige delen av landet er dette kjent som <i>alysh</i>, i sør som <i>biya</i>. Fisk er populært, og blir vanligvis behandlet og solgt som <i>salanga</i> (soltørket og lettere røkt <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alestes (ikke skrevet ennå)">alestes</a></i> eller <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrocynus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyrocynus (ikke skrevet ennå)">hyrocynus</a></i>) eller som <i>banda</i> (større røkt fisk).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Carcaje</i> er en populær, søt drikk som blir utvunnet fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hibiskuser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hibiskuser (ikke skrevet ennå)">hibiskusblader</a>. Alkoholholdige drikker er nærmest fraværende i nord, men populært i sør, hvor folk drikker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirse%C3%B8l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hirseøl (ikke skrevet ennå)">hirseøl</a> kjent som <i>billi-billi</i> når det blir brygget på rød hirse og <i>coshate</i> når det blir brygget på hvit hirse.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idrett">Idrett</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Rediger avsnitt: Idrett" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=22" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Idrett"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsjads mest populære sport er fotball.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsjads landslag får stor oppmerksomhet i internasjonale turneringer,<sup id="cite_ref-culture_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og tsjadiske fotballspillere har spilt for franske lag. <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> og fribryting har også stor utbredelse i landet, det sistnevnte i en form hvor bryterne er ikledd tradisjonelle dyrehoder og er tildekte med støv.<sup id="cite_ref-culture_82-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oppføring_på_UNESCOs_liste"><span id="Oppf.C3.B8ring_p.C3.A5_UNESCOs_liste"></span>Oppføring på UNESCOs liste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Rediger avsnitt: Oppføring på UNESCOs liste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=23" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Oppføring på UNESCOs liste"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Verdensarvsteder</b> </p><p>Oppføringer på <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCOs</a> <a href="/wiki/Verdensarvliste" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdensarvliste">verdensarvliste</a> (World Heritage List), verdens kultur- og naturarvsteder. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ounianga-sj%C3%B8ene" title="Ounianga-sjøene">Ounianga-sjøene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennedi" title="Ennedi">Ennedi</a>-massivet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=24" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Rediger avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=25" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Noter"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-f79f0927fc8833fdfab4e37ad5dd15c40809b8a0-v2-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-f79f0927fc8833fdfab4e37ad5dd15c40809b8a0-v2_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://data.who.int/countries/148">https://data.who.int/countries/148</a>; besøksdato: 22. november 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen_(2024-02-04)-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_(2024-02-04)_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, Ketil Fred: «Tsjad» i Store norske leksikon på snl.no. Hentet 22. februar 2024 fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://snl.no/Tsjad">https://snl.no/Tsjad</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-3"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_3-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_3-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_3-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_3-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_3-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">«Chad», <i>The World Factbook</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">«Rank Order - Area»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-5"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-7"><sup>h</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-8"><sup>i</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">«Chad», <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHCHR-6"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">«Chad». 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Besøkt 10.08.2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ATsjad&rft.au=Staff&rft.btitle=Chad&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=FIFA%2C+Goal+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fassociations%2Fassociation%3Dcha%2Fgoalprogramme%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kilder">Kilder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Rediger avsnitt: Kilder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=26" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kilder"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(fransk) Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003); «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030518154231/http://www.cefod.org/Tchad+et+Culture/Tc214/art+tchadien+5.htm">Cinéma: un avenir plein d’espoir</a>», <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>214</b>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/37992.htm">Background Note: Chad</a>». September 2006. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.</li> <li>(fransk) Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070915060949/http://www.cefod.org/Tchad+et+Culture/Tc256/fespaco6.htm">Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: <i>On a encore du travail à faire</i></a>», <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>256</b>.</li> <li>Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); «S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist», <i>The South African Journal of Economics</i> <b>60</b> (4): 246–255.</li> <li>Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); <i>Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures</i>. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0865437572" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-86543-757-2</a></li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm">Chad</a>». <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (ikke skrevet ennå)">United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> 2006, <a href="/wiki/6._mars" title="6. mars">6. mars</a> <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (ikke skrevet ennå)">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41595.htm">Chad</a>». Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, <a href="/wiki/28._februar" title="28. februar">28. februar</a> <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm">Chad</a>». <i>International Religious Freedom Report 2006</i>. <a href="/wiki/15._september" title="15. september">15. september</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208023239/http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/tcd-summary-eng">Chad</a>». <i>Amnesty International Report 2006</i>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> Publications.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf">Chad</a>» (PDF). <i>African Economic Outlook 2007</i>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>. Mai 2007. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9789264025103" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-92-64-02510-3</a></li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">Chad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424020620/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">Arkivert</a> 24. april 2013 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.». <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a href="/wiki/15._mai" title="15. mai">15. mai</a> <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040317061253/http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf">Chad</a>» (PDF). <i>Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa</i>. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220845/http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf">Chad (2006)</a>». <i>Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition</i>. Freedom House, Inc.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/freedom_detail.html?country=/KW0001/KW0004/KW0090/&year=2006">Chad - 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091646/http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/freedom_detail.html?country=%2FKW0001%2FKW0004%2FKW0090%2F&year=2006">Arkivert</a> 29. september 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.». <i>World Press Freedom Review - 2006</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Press_Institute" title="International Press Institute">International Press Institute</a>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument">Chad</a>». Human Rights Instruments. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights (ikke skrevet ennå)">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>. <a href="/wiki/12._desember" title="12. desember">12. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>.</li> <li>«Chad». <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. (2000). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</li> <li>«Chad, Lake». <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. (2000).</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project</a>» (PDF). <a href="/wiki/24._september" title="24. september">24. september</a> <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verdensbanken" title="Verdensbanken">Verdensbanken</a>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001212259/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf">Chad: A Cultural Profile</a>» (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizenship and Immigration Canada (ikke skrevet ennå)">Citizenship and Immigration Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0772791023" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7727-9102-3</a></li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/23/000104615_20041129133849/Rendered/PDF/PID010Concept0Stage.pdf">Chad Urban Development Project</a>» (PDF). <a href="/wiki/21._oktober" title="21. oktober">21. oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>. Verdensbanken.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement">Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007</a>» (PDF). <a href="/wiki/8._januar" title="8. januar">8. januar</a> <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051218234917/http://www.fews.net/livelihoods/files/td/profiling.pdf">Chad Livelihood Profiles</a>» (PDF). Mars 2005. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development</a>» (PDF). Verdensbanken. <a href="/wiki/21._oktober" title="21. oktober">21. oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939">Chad (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012174004/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939">Arkivert</a> 12. oktober 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.». <i>Country Report: 2006 Edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, Inc.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204164952/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html">Chad and Cameroon</a>». Country Analysis Briefs. Januar 2007. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_Information_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy Information Administration (ikke skrevet ennå)">Energy Information Administration</a>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm">Chad leader's victory confirmed</a>», <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, <a href="/wiki/14._mai" title="14. mai">14. mai</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6367545.stm">Chad may face genocide, UN warns</a>», BBC News, <a href="/wiki/16._februar" title="16. februar">16. februar</a> <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li> <li>(fransk) Chapelle, Jean (1981); <i>Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne</i>. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/2858021694" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-85802-169-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anwarul_Karim_Chowdhury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anwarul Karim Chowdhury (ikke skrevet ennå)">Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim</a> & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205131921/http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf">Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries</a></i>. New York: United Nations. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9211045401" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 92-1-104540-1</a></li> <li>Collelo, Thomas (1990); <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html">Chad: A Country Study</a></i>, 2d ed. Washington: <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Government_Printing_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Government Printing Office (ikke skrevet ennå)">U.S. GPO</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0160247705" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-16-024770-5</a></li> <li>(fransk) Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030408093346/http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc">La decentralisation au Tchad</a></i></li> <li>Decalo, Samuel (1987); <i>Historical Dictionary of Chad</i>, 2 ed. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0810819376" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8108-1937-6</a></li> <li>East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); <i>Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/185743126X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-85743-126-X</a></li> <li>Dinar, Ariel (1995); <i>Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs</i>. World Bank Publications. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0821333216" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8213-3321-6</a></li> <li>(fransk) Gondjé, Laoro (2003); «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030518154037/http://www.cefod.org/Tchad+et+Culture/Tc214/art+tchadien+1.htm">La musique recherche son identité</a>», <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>214</b>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060817021707/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engAFR200042001?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIES%5CCHAD">«Chad: the Habré Legacy»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. <a href="/wiki/16._oktober" title="16. oktober">16. oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>.</li> <li>Lange, Dierk (1988). «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/UNESCO_III.pdf">The Chad region as a crossroad</a>» (PDF), in <i>UNESCO General History of Africa – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century</i>, vol. 3: 436–460. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780520039148" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-520-03914-8</a></li> <li>(fransk) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024234020/http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf">Lettre d'information</a> (PDF). Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad. N. 3. September 2004.</li> <li>Macedo, Stephen (2006); <i>Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0812219503" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8122-1950-3</a></li> <li>(fransk) Malo, Nestor H. (2003); «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030518154200/http://www.cefod.org/Tchad+et+Culture/Tc214/art+tchadien+6.htm">Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche</a>», <i>Tchad et Culture</i> <b>214</b>.</li> <li>Manley, Andrew; «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm">Chad's vulnerable president</a>», BBC News, <a href="/wiki/15._mars" title="15. mars">15. mars</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm">Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice</a>», BBC News, <a href="/wiki/9._september" title="9. september">9. september</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>.</li> <li>(fransk) Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080559/http://132.203.59.36:81/Group/members_mpia/mpia-read/meetings%26workshops/SRI%20LANKA/Papers/PMMA%20Papers/pr-pmma-208%20Tabo%20Ndang%20Symph-new.pdf">A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête</a>» (PDF). <i>4th PEP Research Network General Meeting</i>. Poverty and Economic Policy.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Nolutshungu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Nolutshungu (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nolutshungu, Sam C.</a> (1995); <i>Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad</i>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0813916283" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8139-1628-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Pollack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Pollack (ikke skrevet ennå)">Pollack, Kenneth M.</a> (2002); <i>Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991</i>. Lincoln: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Nebraska_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Nebraska Press (ikke skrevet ennå)">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0803237332" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8032-3733-2</a></li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Rank Order – Area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Arkivert</a> 9. februar 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.». <i>The World Factbook</i>. United States Central Intelligence Agency. <a href="/wiki/10._mai" title="10. mai">10. mai</a> <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf">Arkivert</a> 14. juni 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.» (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.</li> <li>(fransk) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070316210936/http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf">République du Tchad – Circonscriptions administratives</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of Chad (ikke skrevet ennå)">Government of Chad</a>.</li> <li>Spera, Vincent (<a href="/wiki/8._februar" title="8. februar">8. februar</a> <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>); «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html">Chad Country Commercial Guide -- FY 2005</a>». <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of Commerce (ikke skrevet ennå)">United States Department of Commerce</a>.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm">Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries</a>». CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. 29. november – 1. desember 1972.</li> <li>(fransk) «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html">Tchad</a>». <i>L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, Education for All.</li> <li>(fransk) «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060604170409/http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/africa/horn_of_africa/111_tchad_vers_le_retour_de_la_guerre.pdf">Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre?</a>» (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/1._juni" title="1. juni">1. juni</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>.</li> <li>(fransk) Tetchiada, Sylvestre; «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005549/http://ipsnews.net/fr/_note.asp?idnews=2920">Le pétrole au coeur des nouveaux soubresauts au Tchad</a>», <a href="/wiki/Inter_Press_Service" title="Inter Press Service">IPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/16._desember" title="16. desember">16. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>.</li> <li>Wolfe, Adam; «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105160231/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1">Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic</a>», PINR, <a href="/wiki/6._desember" title="6. desember">6. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>.</li> <li>World Bank (<a href="/wiki/14._juli" title="14. juli">14. juli</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html">World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Pressemelding" title="Pressemelding">Pressemelding</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321013235/http://esa.un.org/unpp/">World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database</a></i>. 2006. United Nations Population Division.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121206/http://mediaglobal.org/index.php/the-worlds-10-poorest-countries/">The World's 10 Poorest Countries</a>. Media for Global Development.</li> <li>«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm">Worst corruption offenders named</a>», BBC News, <a href="/wiki/18._november" title="18. november">18. november</a> <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>.</li> <li>Young, Neil (August 2002); <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html">An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna («Our Father»)</a></i>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007062004039"><i>Afrika</i></a>. Oslo: Schibsted. 1979. s. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8251607450" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/8251607450">8251607450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ATsjad&rft.btitle=Afrika&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=8251607450&rft.pages=41&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Schibsted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2007062004039&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lundstøl, Sigrun Riedel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2009050704018"><i>Land i Afrika</i></a>. Oslo: Faktum. s. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8254002312" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/8254002312">8254002312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ATsjad&rft.au=Lundst%C3%B8l%2C+Sigrun+Riedel&rft.btitle=Land+i+Afrika&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=8254002312&rft.pages=37&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Faktum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2009050704018&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=27" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="På_norsk"><span id="P.C3.A5_norsk"></span>På norsk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Rediger avsnitt: På norsk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=28" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen På norsk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="norsk">(no)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalis.no/Konflikter/Tsjad">Bakgrunnsinformasjon om konflikten i regionen</a> hos <a href="/wiki/FN-sambandet" title="FN-sambandet">FN-sambandets</a> nettsted Globalis.no</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="norsk">(no)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalis.no/Land/Tsjad">Statistikk og andre data om Tsjad</a> i <a href="/wiki/FN-sambandet" title="FN-sambandet">FN-sambandets</a> nettsted Globalis.no</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="På_fransk"><span id="P.C3.A5_fransk"></span>På fransk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Rediger avsnitt: På fransk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=29" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen På fransk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primature-tchad.com/">Regjeringens offisielle hjemmeside</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310224715/http://www.primature-tchad.com/">Arkivert</a> 10. mars 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071221030457/http://www.africa-onweb.com/pays/tchad/histoire.htm">Histoire du Tchad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230173839/http://cefod.org/">Cefod – Centre d'études et de formation pour le développement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228143530/http://www.ndjamenanet.com/">Portail de l'actualité tchadienne</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stop-francafrique.com/">Tchad pays de la « Françafrique »</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217002451/http://www.stop-francafrique.com/">Arkivert</a> 17. februar 2008 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/doc?t=french_africa&c=chad">Human Rights Watch - Tchad (droits de l'homme)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050405163937/http://www.collectif-asah.org/ressources.php?node=157&">- Dossier TCHAD du Portail Humanitaire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="På_engelsk"><span id="P.C3.A5_engelsk"></span>På engelsk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Rediger avsnitt: På engelsk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjad&action=edit&section=30" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen På engelsk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/chad/">AllAfrica.com – <i>Chad</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080116115524/http://www.africatime.com/tchad/">Nyheter og lenker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1068700.stm">BBC News Country Profile – <i>Chad</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">CIA World Factbook – <i>Chad</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424020620/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">Arkivert</a> 24. april 2013 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/cd/">US State Department – <i>Chad</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CHADEXTN/0,,menuPK:349901~pagePK:141132~piPK:141109~theSitePK:349862,00.html">World Bank -- Chad Summary Data, Statistics & Sources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://devdata.worldbank.org/external/CPProfile.asp?CCODE=TCD&PTYPE=CP">World Bank -- Chad Data Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/Chad.html">Columbia University Libraries – <i>Chad</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115180530/http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Chad/">Open Directory Project – <i>Chad</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/chad.html">Stanford University – Africa South of the Sahara: <i>Chad</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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sentralafrikanske økonomiske og monetære union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Den_sentralafrikanske_republikk" title="Den sentralafrikanske republikk">Den sentralafrikanske republikk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ekvatorial-Guinea" title="Ekvatorial-Guinea">Ekvatorial-Guinea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Republikken_Kongo" title="Republikken Kongo">Republikken Kongo</a> <b>·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsjad</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medlemmer_av_Den_afrikanske_union_(AU)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Mal:AU" title="Mal:AU"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldiskusjon:AU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldiskusjon:AU (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:AU" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:AU"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medlemmer_av_Den_afrikanske_union_(AU)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medlemmer av <a href="/wiki/Den_afrikanske_union" title="Den afrikanske union">Den afrikanske union (AU)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie">Algerie</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></span> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ekvatorial-Guinea" title="Ekvatorial-Guinea">Ekvatorial-Guinea</a></span> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Elfenbenskysten" title="Elfenbenskysten">Elfenbenskysten</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></span> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kapp_Verde" title="Kapp Verde">Kapp Verde</a></span> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Komorene" title="Komorene">Komorene</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_demokratiske_republikken_Kongo" title="Den demokratiske republikken Kongo">Den demokratiske republikken Kongo</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republikken_Kongo" title="Republikken Kongo">Republikken Kongo</a></span> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mosambik" title="Mosambik">Mosambik</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_og_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé og Príncipe">São Tomé og Príncipe</a></span> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Den_sentralafrikanske_republikk" title="Den sentralafrikanske republikk">Sentralafrikanske republikk</a></span> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Seychellene" title="Seychellene">Seychellene</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></span> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Afrika" title="Sør-Afrika">Sør-Afrika</a></span> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Sudan" title="Sør-Sudan">Sør-Sudan</a></span> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> <b>·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsjad</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> <b>·</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Den_saharawiske_arabiske_demokratiske_republikk" title="Den saharawiske arabiske demokratiske republikk">Den saharawiske arabiske demokratiske republikk</a></span> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Cartography_of_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cartography_of_Africa.svg/50px-Cartography_of_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cartography_of_Africa.svg/75px-Cartography_of_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cartography_of_Africa.svg/100px-Cartography_of_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medlemmer_av_Verdens_handelsorganisasjon_(WTO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Mal:WTO" title="Mal:WTO"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldiskusjon:WTO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldiskusjon:WTO (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:WTO" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:WTO"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medlemmer_av_Verdens_handelsorganisasjon_(WTO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Verdens_handelsorganisasjon#Medlemsland" title="Verdens handelsorganisasjon">Medlemmer av</a> <a href="/wiki/Verdens_handelsorganisasjon" title="Verdens handelsorganisasjon">Verdens handelsorganisasjon (WTO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_og_Barbuda" title="Antigua og Barbuda">Antigua og Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_dominikanske_republikk" title="Den dominikanske republikk">Den dominikanske republikk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfenbenskysten" title="Elfenbenskysten">Elfenbenskysten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_europeiske_union" title="Den europeiske union">Den europeiske union</a><small><sup>1</sup></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippinene" title="Filippinene">Filippinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_forente_arabiske_emirater" title="De forente arabiske emirater">De forente arabiske emirater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong">Hongkong</a><small><sup>2</sup></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambodsja" title="Kambodsja">Kambodsja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapp_Verde" title="Kapp Verde">Kapp Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikken_Kongo" title="Republikken Kongo">Republikken Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkerepublikken_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkerepublikken Kina">Kina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirgisistan" title="Kirgisistan">Kirgisistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_demokratiske_republikken_Kongo" title="Den demokratiske republikken Kongo">Den demokratiske republikken Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macao" title="Macao">Macao</a><small><sup>2</sup></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivene" title="Maldivene">Maldivene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosambik" title="Mosambik">Mosambik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord-Makedonia" title="Nord-Makedonia">Nord-Makedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norge" title="Norge">Norge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_Ny-Guinea" title="Papua Ny-Guinea">Papua Ny-Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_og_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts og Nevis">Saint Kitts og Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_og_Grenadinene" title="Saint Vincent og Grenadinene">Saint Vincent og Grenadinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia">Saudi-Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_sentralafrikanske_republikk" title="Den sentralafrikanske republikk">Den sentralafrikanske republikk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon%C3%B8yene" title="Salomonøyene">Salomonøyene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam" title="Surinam">Surinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveits" title="Sveits">Sveits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Afrika" title="Sør-Afrika">Sør-Afrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Korea" title="Sør-Korea">Sør-Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadsjikistan" title="Tadsjikistan">Tadsjikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikken_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="Republikken Kina">Republikken Kina (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_og_Tobago" title="Trinidad og Tobago">Trinidad og Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><ol style="text-align:left; font-size:100%"> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_europeiske_union#Medlemsland" title="Den europeiske union">Alle medlemmer</a> av <a href="/wiki/Den_europeiske_union" title="Den europeiske union">EU</a> er også medlem i WTO: <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Danmark" title="Danmark">Danmark</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hellas" title="Hellas">Hellas</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Irland" title="Irland">Irland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kroatia" title="Kroatia">Kroatia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kypros" class="mw-redirect" title="Kypros">Kypros</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Litauen" title="Litauen">Litauen</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige">Sverige</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia">Storbritannia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tsjekkia" title="Tsjekkia">Tsjekkia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn">Ungarn</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/%C3%98sterrike" title="Østerrike">Østerrike</a> </li> <li>Spesielle administrative regioner i <a href="/wiki/Folkerepublikken_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkerepublikken Kina">Folkerepublikken Kina</a>.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Land_og_territorier_i_Afrika" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Mal:Afrikaland" title="Mal:Afrikaland"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/wiki/Maldiskusjon:Afrikaland" title="Maldiskusjon:Afrikaland"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:Afrikaland" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:Afrikaland"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Land_og_territorier_i_Afrika" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Land og territorier i <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suverenitet" title="Suverenitet">Stater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie">Algerie</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ekvatorial-Guinea" title="Ekvatorial-Guinea">Ekvatorial-Guinea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Elfenbenskysten" title="Elfenbenskysten">Elfenbenskysten</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">eSwatini</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Etiopia" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Verde" title="Kapp Verde">Kapp Verde</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Komorene" title="Komorene">Komorene</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_demokratiske_republikken_Kongo" title="Den demokratiske republikken Kongo">Kongo</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Republikken_Kongo" title="Republikken Kongo">Kongo-Brazzaville</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mosambik" title="Mosambik">Mosambik</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_og_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé og Príncipe">São Tomé og Príncipe</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_sentralafrikanske_republikk" title="Den sentralafrikanske republikk">Den sentralafrikanske republikk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Seychellene" title="Seychellene">Seychellene</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Afrika" title="Sør-Afrika">Sør-Afrika</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Sudan" title="Sør-Sudan">Sør-Sudan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> <b>·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsjad</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Afrika"><img alt="Afrika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_ikke-anerkjente_stater" title="Liste over ikke-anerkjente stater">Omstridt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vest-Sahara" title="Vest-Sahara">Vest-Sahara</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andre områder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a>: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kanari%C3%B8yene" title="Kanariøyene">Kanariøyene</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia">Storbritannia</a>: <a href="/wiki/St._Helena,_Ascension_og_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="St. Helena, Ascension og Tristan da Cunha">St. Helena</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisasjonen_for_islamsk_samarbeid_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Mal:OIC" title="Mal:OIC"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldiskusjon:OIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldiskusjon:OIC (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:OIC" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:OIC"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisasjonen_for_islamsk_samarbeid_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisasjonen_for_islamsk_samarbeid" title="Organisasjonen for islamsk samarbeid">Organisasjonen for islamsk samarbeid (OIC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medlemmer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie">Algerie</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan">Aserbajdsjan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Elfenbenskysten" title="Elfenbenskysten">Elfenbenskysten</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/De_forente_arabiske_emirater" title="De forente arabiske emirater">De forente arabiske emirater</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen">Jemen</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan">Kasakhstan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kirgisistan" title="Kirgisistan">Kirgisistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Komorene" title="Komorene">Komorene</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Maldivene" title="Maldivene">Maldivene</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mosambik" title="Mosambik">Mosambik</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia">Saudi-Arabia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Surinam" title="Surinam">Surinam</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tadsjikistan" title="Tadsjikistan">Tadsjikistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> <b>·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsjad</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan">Usbekistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observatører</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stater og territorier</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia-Hercegovina" title="Bosnia-Hercegovina">Bosnia-Hercegovina</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nord-Kypros" title="Nord-Kypros">Nord-Kypros</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_sentralafrikanske_republikk" title="Den sentralafrikanske republikk">Den sentralafrikanske republikk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internasjonale organisasjoner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Den_afrikanske_union" title="Den afrikanske union">Den afrikanske union</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_arabiske_liga" title="Den arabiske liga">Den arabiske liga</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/De_forente_nasjoner" title="De forente nasjoner">FN</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Organisasjonen_av_alliansefrie_nasjoner" title="Organisasjonen av alliansefrie nasjoner">Organisasjonen av alliansefrie nasjoner</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medlemmer_og_observatører_av_Organisation_internationale_de_la_francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Mal:La_Francophonie" title="Mal:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/wiki/Maldiskusjon:La_Francophonie" title="Maldiskusjon:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:La_Francophonie" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medlemmer_og_observatører_av_Organisation_internationale_de_la_francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medlemmer og observatører av <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la francophonie">Organisation internationale de la francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medlemmer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgias_franske_spr%C3%A5ksamfunn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgias franske språksamfunn (ikke skrevet ennå)">fransk språksamfunn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec">Québec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfenbenskysten" title="Elfenbenskysten">Elfenbenskysten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekvatorial-Guinea" title="Ekvatorial-Guinea">Ekvatorial-Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellas" title="Hellas">Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambodsja" title="Kambodsja">Kambodsja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapp_Verde" title="Kapp Verde">Kapp Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komorene" title="Komorene">Komorene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikken_Kongo" title="Republikken Kongo">Republikken Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_demokratiske_republikken_Kongo" title="Den demokratiske republikken Kongo">Den demokratiske republikken Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord-Makedonia" title="Nord-Makedonia">Nord-Makedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_og_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé og Príncipe">São Tomé og Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_sentralafrikanske_republikk" title="Den sentralafrikanske republikk">Den sentralafrikanske republikk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellene" title="Seychellene">Seychellene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveits" title="Sveits">Sveits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Francophonie"><img alt="La Francophonie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/100px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/150px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/200px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assosierte medlemmer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kypros" class="mw-redirect" title="Kypros">Kypros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny-Caledonia" title="Ny-Caledonia">Ny-Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observatører</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia-Hercegovina" title="Bosnia-Hercegovina">Bosnia-Hercegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_forente_arabiske_emirater" title="De forente arabiske emirater">De forente arabiske emirater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_dominikanske_republikk" title="Den dominikanske republikk">Den dominikanske republikk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroatia" title="Kroatia">Kroatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litauen" title="Litauen">Litauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosambik" title="Mosambik">Mosambik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polen" title="Polen">Polen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Korea" title="Sør-Korea">Sør-Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsjekkia" title="Tsjekkia">Tsjekkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn">Ungarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98sterrike" title="Østerrike">Østerrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div id="catlinks"><p id="portlinks" class="catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portaler" title="Wikipedia:Portaler">Portal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Afrika" title="Portal:Afrika">Afrika</a></p></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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