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Struggling against both Germany and the Soviet Union, Latvia emerged as an independent nation state after the First World War. In 1940, the Soviets occupied neutral Latvia, deporting or executing more than 30,000 Latvians before the Nazis invaded in 1941 and installed a puppet regime. The Red Army expelled the Germans in 1944 and reincorporated Latvia as a Soviet Republic. By the end of the war, an estimated 180,000 Latvians fled to the West. The Soviets would deport at least another 100,000.Drawing on a wide range of sources--many brought together here for the first time--Lumans synthesizes political, military, social, economic, diplomatic, and cultural history. He moves carefully through traditional sources, many of them partisan, to scholarship emerging since the end of the Cold War, to confront such issues as political loyalties, military collaboration, resistance, capitulation, the Soviet occupation, anti-Semitism, and the Latvian role in the Holocaust.","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DIPv1gjLhtZ4C%26q%3DEinsatzgruppe%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA166","highlights":[{"X":297,"Y":418,"W":87,"H":14},{"X":215,"Y":474,"W":87,"H":14},{"X":279,"Y":570,"W":87,"H":14},{"X":81,"Y":760,"W":88,"H":14},{"X":193,"Y":816,"W":87,"H":15}],"flags":8,"order":183,"vq":"Einsatzgruppe"}]},null,{"number_of_results":31,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PA162","page_number":"162","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , to discuss forming something like a provisional government . Stahlecker , who had just arrived in Latvia with orders to murder racial and political enemies and not to erect a native government , reproved Einbergs and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA165","page_number":"165","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A. Although Hans Prütz- mann held the post of HSSPF for the Baltic and therefore nominally exe- cuted SS prerogatives in the region as well as functioned as Himmler\u0026#39;s primary security officer , Prützmann\u0026#39;s relative\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA166","page_number":"166","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppen\u003c/b\u003e would operate in the rear areas of the army . Himmler assigned an \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e to the rear area of each of the three Army Groups , with an extra fourth one attached to the South . The SS , although not the sole authority\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA167","page_number":"167","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e , was the principal force to reckon with under the German occupation . All others , as von Roque also figured out soon enough , stood powerless against it . Instead of liberating Latvia from terror , the German invasion\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA178","page_number":"178","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppen\u003c/b\u003e , following the advancing armies and cleansing the land of communists and Jews , were the earliest representatives of SS interests in the East . In the Baltic the commander of \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , Walther Stahlecker\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA179","page_number":"179","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , which not only continued its bloody operations in the Baltic States but also pursued more vigorously its latest specialty , antipartisan warfare.31 In mid - 1942 in anticipation of escalating Waffen SS recruitment\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA207","page_number":"207","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , it was perpetuated by HSSPF Ostland , Friedrich Jeckeln , who had ar- rived in Riga in October 1941.149 Although Jeckeln\u0026#39;s principal task in Riga entailed the annihilation of Latvia\u0026#39;s Jews ( to be covered in the next\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA231","page_number":"231","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppen\u003c/b\u003e operating in his area . 103 The two SS officers assigned to this mission in the Baltic and Latvia were Hans - Adolf Prützmann as HSSPF for Russland- Nord und Ostland and Walther Stahlecker as chief of \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA236","page_number":"236","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , including Einsatzkommando 2 , whose men became the principal killers of Jews and other enemies in Latvia . The commander of Einsatzkom- mando 2 , SS Sturmbannführer Rudolf Lange , became Stahlecker\u0026#39;s chief deputy and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA242","page_number":"242","snippet_text":"... German forces arrived here as early as June 26 , followed shortly by units from \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A. According to some documents , the Germans had to prod the Latvians into action . After the Germans 242 LATVIA IN WORLD WAR II."},{"page_id":"PA244","page_number":"244","snippet_text":"... that the killing of Jews in the Ostland lagged behind the campaign on the southern front . In early fall Stahlecker and much of his \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A left the Ostland to murder Jews closer to the front and to take 244 LATVIA IN WORLD WAR II."},{"page_id":"PA261","page_number":"261","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A and their Latvian auxiliaries.249 By the end of the war only 100 of Riga\u0026#39;s Jews were still alive ; only 1,000 of the 70,000 remaining in Latvia at the time of the German invasion had survived.250 Proportionately and in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA265","page_number":"265","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , imposed his will over the situation . As noted earlier , on July I he com- missioned Arajs with the task of cleaning out \u0026quot; enemies \u0026quot; from Riga , and on the same day he charged Veiss with organizing a police force . By\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA305","page_number":"305","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A. Still other Latvians emerged from hiding to offer their services to the invaders . These volunteers relished taking up arms against the Soviets , if only the Germans gave them the chance . Although reluctant at first to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA306","page_number":"306","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A and several regiments of order police . These rear security forces never totaled more than 110,000 , a number decidedly inadequate for the task . This inadequacy manifested itself in the wake of Army Group North , which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA313","page_number":"313","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A formations , and several Latvian Schuma battalions , some 4,000 men in all . As was the case in earlier antipartisan expeditions , Winterzauber took a lethal toll , as its search and destroy sweeps burned villages\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA427","page_number":"427","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1941/42 ( Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang , 1996 ) , 104-05 ; Ernst Klink , \u0026quot; The Army and Navy , \u0026quot; in Horst Boog et al . , eds . , Germany and the Second World War , 4 : The Attack on\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA430","page_number":"430","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 65. Latviesu Tautas Cina , 80 , 88-89 ; Erickson , 1 : 112 ; Freivalds , 1 : 265 ; Anderson , Latvijas brunotie Speki , 382-83 ; Silde , Pasaules Revolucijas Varda , 155 ; \u0026quot; Flote , \u0026quot; LE , 7 : 643 . 66. Latviesu Tautas\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA433","page_number":"433","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatz- gruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 143 ; Felder , 48-60 . 131. Eksteins , 133 ; Karlis Sausnitis , Salaspils Naves Nometne ... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 144 ; Gertrude Schneider , Journey into Terror ( New York : Ark House , 1979 ) , 60 ; Cooper , 55\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA435","page_number":"435","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 152 . 24. Förster , \u0026quot; Securing Living - space , ” 1238 ; Dallin , German Rule in Russia , 84 ; Reit- linger , 143 . 25. Myllyniemi , Die Neuordnung der baltischen Länder , 76 ; Czolleck , 51 . 26. Edward L. Homze\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA437","page_number":"437","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 169 ; Mulligan , 29 ; Czollek , 89 , 118-19 ; Latviesu Tautas Cina , 219 ; Ezergailis , German Occupation of Lat- via , 126 , 134 . 69. Myllyniemi , 97-98 ; Reitlinger , 152 ; Lemkin , 120 , 304-06 . 70. Bilmanis , A\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA439","page_number":"439","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 159-61 ; Ezergailis , German Occupation of Lat- via , 70–71 ; Dallin , German Rule in Russia , 191 , 466–67 ; Misiunas and Taagepera , 52 ; Mangulis , 101 . 116. Misiunas and Taagepera , 52 . 117. Latvian Legation\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA441","page_number":"441","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatz- gruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 141 . 150. Wilhelm , Die \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 138–42 ; Latviesu Tautas Cina , 200-01 , 263 ; Waite , 125 ; Noltein , \u0026quot; Nationalsozialistisches Unrecht , \u0026quot; 104 ; 151. Ezergailis , \u0026quot; Anti - Semitism , \u0026quot; 275 ; Ezergailis\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA449","page_number":"449","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 106 . 167. Dribins , Ebreji Latvija , 26 ; Bobe , 74 ; Steimanis , Latvian Jews , 129 ; Kaufmann , 299-301 ; Latviesu Tautas Cina , 194 ; Klee , 126-29 ; Ezergailis , The Holocaust in Latvia , 287 , 295-96 . 168\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA450","page_number":"450","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 114-16 ; Ezergailis , The Holocaust in Latvia , 323 , 341-42 ; Steimanis , Latvian Jews , 131-32 . 187. Kaufmann , 79 ; Schneider , Unfinished Road , 124-25 ; Knop , 238 ; Michelson , City of Life , 97 . 188. Czollek\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA451","page_number":"451","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 115 ; Kaufmann , 281-82 . 208. Ezergailis , The Holocaust in Latvia , 287–94 ; Klee , 134–35 ; Kaufmann , 302 ; Wilhelm , Die \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 116 ; Gordon , 36 . 209. Bergmanis , 144 ; Yahil , 302 ; Michelson , City\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA452","page_number":"452","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 128-29 . 226. Silgailis , 198 , 232 ; Freivalds , Kurzemes Cietoksnis , 2:11 ; Freivalds , Latviesu Karavirs , 3 : 95-97 ; Memenis , 92 . 227. Sausnitis , 16-19 , 150 , 171 ; Latviesu Tautas Cina , 202 ; Cooper , 57\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA453","page_number":"453","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 173 ; Ezergailis , German Occupation in Latvia , 460 . 242. Biezais , Latvija Kasukrusta Vara , 83-84 ; Steimanis , Latvian Jews , 138–41 ; Ezergailis , The Holocaust in Latvia , 365 . 243. Ezergailis , The Holocaust\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA471","page_number":"471","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 158 ; Breitman , The Architect of Genocide , 29 ; Little- john , The Patriotic Traitors , 297 ; Biezais , Latvija Kasukrusta Vara , 207 , 355-56 , 366 . 13. Ezergailis , Latviesu Legions , 9 , 36-37 ; Silgailis , 225\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA488","page_number":"488","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppen\u003c/b\u003e , the special killing units that followed in the rear of Operation Barbarossa , refer to the ... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e specifically assigned to the Baltic region in Die \u003cb\u003eEinsatz- gruppe\u003c/b\u003e A der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA532","page_number":"532","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppe\u003c/b\u003e A , 162-63 , 166-67 , 178 , 179 , 207 , 231 , 235 , 242-44 , 261 , 265 , 305 , 306 , 313 \u003cb\u003eEinsatzgruppen\u003c/b\u003e , 152 , 166-72 , 178 , 207 , 230-32 , 234 , 376 Einsatzkommandos , 166 , 230 , 234 , 235 , 244 , 387 Eisenhower\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=IPv1gjLhtZ4C\u0026pg=PA532\u0026vq=Einsatzgruppe"}],"search_query_escaped":"Einsatzgruppe"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>