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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> (918~1392). </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article may require <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: very idiosyncratic style throughout, runs afoul of best practices regarding non-English text, with Korean-languages sections and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MOS:KO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:KO">MOS:KO</a> specifically. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Goguryeo">improve this article</a> if you can. (April 2024) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style> Goguryeo (37 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-277BC-1">[a]</a> – 668 AD) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 고구려; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 高句麗; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: Goguryeo; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> high castle; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Korean pronunciation: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ko̞.ɡu.ɾjʌ̹]</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a>: Guryeo)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-9">[8]</a> also later known as Goryeo (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 고려; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 高麗; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: Goryeo; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> high and beautiful; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Korean pronunciation: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ko.ɾjʌ]</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a>: 고ᇢ롕〮, kwòwlyéy),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[9]</a> was a Korean kingdom<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[13]</a> which was located on the northern and central parts of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a> and the southern and central parts of modern-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northeast_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>). At its peak of power, Goguryeo encompassed most of the Korean Peninsula and large parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, along with parts of eastern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inner_Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, and modern-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"> <div class="fn org country-name"> Goguryeo (Goryeo) </div> <div class="ib-country-names"> 高句麗 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>) 고구려 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>) <hr>高麗 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>) 고려 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>) Goryeo <hr>句麗 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a>) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean alphabet">Korean alphabet</a>: (구려) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA-Notation</a>: (kuɾ.jʌ̹) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_Romanization_of_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Romanization of Korean">Yale</a>: Kwulye (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: Guryeo) </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">37 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-277BC-1">[a]</a>–AD 668</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: 천제지자 (천제의 자손) 天帝之子 "Son of God"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-476.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Goguryeo (Goryeo) in AD 476"><img alt="Goguryeo (Goryeo) in AD 476" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/250px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/375px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/500px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1146"></a> <div class="ib-country-map-caption"> Goguryeo (Goryeo) in AD 476 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th> <td class="infobox-data">Kingdom/Empire</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jolbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jolbon">Jolbon</a> (37 BC – AD 3) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gungnae_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gungnae City">Gungnae</a> (3–427) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyongyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> (427–668)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo language">Goguryeo</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koreanic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreanic language">Koreanic</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> (literary)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yemaek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <ul> <li>Official and State Religion: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-camb1-3">[2]</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li>Other religions: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Confucianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean Confucianism">Confucianism</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[3]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Taoism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Taoism">Taoism</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_shamanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_imperial_titles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Korean imperial titles">Taewang</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King">King</a>)</th> <td class="infobox-data"> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 37–19 BC </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dongmyeong_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dongmyeong of Goguryeo">Dongmyeong</a> (first)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 391–413 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwanggaeto_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwanggaeto the Great">Gwanggaeto</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 413–491 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jangsu_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jangsu of Goguryeo">Jangsu</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 590–618 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeongyang_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeongyang of Goguryeo">Yeongyang</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 642–668 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bojang_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bojang of Goguryeo">Bojang</a> (last)</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Grand_Prime_Minister&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Grand Prime Minister (page does not exist)">Grand Prime Minister</a> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258C%2580%25EB%25A7%2589%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EC%25A7%2580" class="extiw" title="ko:대막리지">ko</a>]</th> <td class="infobox-data"> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 642–665 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeon_Gaesomun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeon Gaesomun">Yeon Gaesomun</a> (first)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 666–668 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeon_Namgeon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeon Namgeon">Yeon Namgeon</a> (last)</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jega_Council&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jega Council (page does not exist)">Jega Council</a> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A0%259C%25EA%25B0%2580%25ED%259A%258C%25EC%259D%2598" class="extiw" title="ko:제가회의">ko</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient">Ancient</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • Establishment </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">37 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-277BC-1">[a]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • Introduction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism in Korea</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">372</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • Campaigns of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwanggaeto_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwanggaeto the Great">Gwanggaeto the Great</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">391–413</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Sui_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo–Sui War">Goguryeo–Sui War</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">598–614</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">645–668</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • Fall of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyongyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">AD 668</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • 7th century<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80_%EA%B0%9C%EA%B2%BD_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC-5">[4]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">approximately 3,500,000 (697,000 households)</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"> <div id="before-after"></div>Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buyeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Seal_of_Silla.png/20px-Seal_of_Silla.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Seal_of_Silla.png/30px-Seal_of_Silla.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Seal_of_Silla.png/40px-Seal_of_Silla.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1859"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a></td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th> <td class="infobox-data">North Korea South Korea <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Goguryeo (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 고구려) Goryeo (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 고려)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong,_Pyongyang,_North_Korea.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%252C_Pyongyang%252C_North_Korea.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%252C_Pyongyang%252C_North_Korea.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%252C_Pyongyang%252C_North_Korea.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%252C_Pyongyang%252C_North_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2177" data-file-height="2903"></a> <div class="infobox-caption"> Statue of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jumong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumong">Jumong</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomb_of_King_Tongmy%C5%8Fng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of King Tongmyŏng">Tomb of King Tongmyŏng</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyongyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, North Korea </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"> 고구려 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"> 高句麗 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Goguryeo</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Koguryŏ</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Korean">IPA</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ko.ɡu.ɾjʌ]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Korean name</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"> 고려 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"> 高麗 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Goryeo</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Koryŏ</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Korean">IPA</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ko.ɾjʌ]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"> 구려<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[6]</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"> 句麗 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Guryeo</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Kuryŏ</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Korean">IPA</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ku.ɾjʌ]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silla">Silla</a>, Goguryeo was one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>. It was an active participant in the power struggle for control of the Korean peninsula and was also associated with the foreign affairs of neighboring polities in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yamato_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yamato period">Japan</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samguk_sagi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samguk sagi">Samguk sagi</a>, a 12th-century text from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>, indicates that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jumong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumong">Jumong</a>, a prince from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buyeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a>, who was enthroned as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dongmyeong_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dongmyeong of Goguryeo">Dongmyeong</a>. Goguryeo was one of the great powers in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Asia">East Asia</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[19]</a> until its defeat by a Silla–Tang alliance in 668 after prolonged exhaustion and internal strife following the death of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeon_Gaesomun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeon Gaesomun">Yeon Gaesomun</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Graff200-21">[20]</a> After its fall, its territory was divided between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Silla">Later Silla</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>. The name "Goryeo" (alternatively spelled "Koryŏ"), a shortened form of Goguryeo (Koguryŏ), was adopted as the official name in the 5th century,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[21]</a> and is the origin of the English name "Korea".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Names_and_etymology">1 Names and etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origins">2.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Jumong_and_the_foundation_myth">2.2 Jumong and the foundation myth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Centralization_and_early_expansion_(mid-first_century)">2.3 Centralization and early expansion (mid-first century)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Goguryeo%E2%80%93Wei_Wars">2.4 Goguryeo–Wei Wars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Revival_and_further_expansion_(300_to_390)">2.5 Revival and further expansion (300 to 390)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zenith_of_Goguryeo's_Power_(391_to_531_AD)">2.6 Zenith of Goguryeo's Power (391 to 531 AD)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Internal_strife_(531_to_551)">2.7 Internal strife (531 to 551)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conflicts_of_the_late_6th_and_7th_centuries">2.8 Conflicts of the late 6th and 7th centuries</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Goguryeo's_loss_of_the_Han_River_Valley">2.8.1 Goguryeo's loss of the Han River Valley</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Goguryeo%E2%80%93Sui_War">2.8.2 Goguryeo–Sui War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Goguryeo%E2%80%93Silla_War,_Goguryeo-Tang_War_and_the_Silla%E2%80%93Tang_alliance">2.8.3 Goguryeo–Silla War, Goguryeo-Tang War and the Silla–Tang alliance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fall">2.8.4 Fall</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Revival_movements">2.8.5 Revival movements</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Government">3 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Military">4 Military</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Equipment">4.1 Equipment</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hwandudaedo">4.1.1 Hwandudaedo</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fortifications">4.2 Fortifications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organization">4.3 Organization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Strategy">4.4 Strategy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Foreign_relations">5 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture">6 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Goguryeo_tombs">6.1 Goguryeo tombs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lifestyle">6.2 Lifestyle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Festivals_and_pastimes">6.3 Festivals and pastimes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion">6.4 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultural_legacy">6.5 Cultural legacy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legacy">7 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#World_Heritage_Site">7.1 World Heritage Site</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Name">7.2 Name</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language">8 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Controversies">9 Controversies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Note">11.1 Note</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citations">11.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">11.3 Sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Names_and_etymology">Names and etymology</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The kingdom was originally called Guryeo (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a>: 句麗, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale</a>: Kwulye, /ɡuɾ.jʌ̹/) or something similar to kaukuri (/ko̞ːkɯ̟ᵝɾʲi/)),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Both words were derived from "忽" (*kuru or *kolo) which meant castle or fortress. The word was possibly a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wanderwort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wanderwort">Wanderwort</a> like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Mongol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Mongol">Middle Mongolian</a> qoto-n.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EKC-26">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-From_Koguryo_to_Tamna:_Slowly_riding-27">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-28">[27]</a> Several possible <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a> for 忽 exist as well, which was used at a later stage as an administrative subdivision with the spelling of hwol [hʌ̹ɭ], as in 買忽 mwoyhwol/michwuhwol [mit͡ɕʰuhʌ̹ɭ], alongside the likely cognate of 骨 kwol [ko̞ɭ].<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Nam Pung-hyun presents it also as a Baekje term, probably a cognate with the Goguryeo word with the same meaning and spelling. The iteration of 徐羅伐 Syerapel as 徐羅城 *SyeraKUY equated the Old Korean word for village, 伐 pel with the Old Japanese one for castle 城 ki, considered a borrowing from Baekje 己 *kuy, in turn a borrowing from Goguryeo 忽 *kolo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Middle Korean 골〯 kwǒl [ko̞ɭ] and ᄀᆞ옳 kòwòlh [kʌ̀.òl] ("district") are likely descended from *kolo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-28">[27]</a> The name Goguryeo (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 고구려; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 高句麗; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Korean pronunciation: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ko̞ɡuɾjʌ̹]</a>), which means "high castle", is a combination of Guryeo and the prefix Go (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 고; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 高; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> high, big).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EKC-26">[25]</a> The name came from Goguryeo-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provinces_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provinces of Korea">hyeon</a>, a subdivision that was established by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xuantu_Commandery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xuantu Commandery">Xuantu Commandery</a>. As Han influence over Korea declined, Goguryeo-hyeon became the center of the early Goguryeo union.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EKC-26">[25]</a> From the mid-5th century, Goguryeo was shortened to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calque">calque</a> of Goryeo (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 고려; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 高麗; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Korean pronunciation: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ko.ɾjʌ]</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Korean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a>: 고ᇢ롕〮, Kwòwlyéy), which by itself had the meaning of "high and beautiful".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EKC-26">[25]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Goguryeo_armor.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Goguryeo_armor.jpg/300px-Goguryeo_armor.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="354"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Goguryeo_armor.jpg/300px-Goguryeo_armor.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Goguryeo_armor.jpg/450px-Goguryeo_armor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Goguryeo_armor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Goguryeo <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cataphract?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cataphract">Cataphract</a>(개마무사/鎧馬武士) </figcaption> </figure> The earliest record of the name of Goguryeo can be traced to geographic monographs in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Han?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a> and is first attested as the name of one of the subdivisions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xuantu_Commandery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xuantu Commandery">Xuantu Commandery</a>, established along the trade routes within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yalu_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yalu River">Amnok river</a> basin following the destruction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gojoseon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> in 113 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200733-32">[31]</a> The American historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Christopher Beckwith</a> offers the alternative proposal that the Guguryeo people were first located in or around <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoxi_Commandery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaoxi Commandery">Liaoxi</a> (western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> and parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inner_Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>) and later migrated eastward, pointing to another account in the Book of Han.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The early Goguryeo tribes from whom the administrative name is derived were located close to or within the area of control of the Xuantu Commandery.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes-33">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mohan-34">[33]</a> Its tribal leaders also appeared to have held the ruler title of "marquis" over said nominal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaogouli_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaogouli County">Gaogouli/Goguryeo county</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The collapse of the first Xuantu Commandery in 75 BC is generally attributed to the military actions of the Goguryeo natives.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[36]</a> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a> (945), it is recorded that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a> refers to Goguryeo's history as being some 900 years old. According to the 12th-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samguk_sagi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samguk sagi">Samguk sagi</a> and the 13th-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samguk_yusa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samguk yusa">Samguk yusa</a>, a prince from the Buyeo kingdom named Jumong fled after a power struggle with other princes of the court<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByington2003234-38">[37]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] and founded Goguryeo in 37 BC in a region called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jolbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jolbon">Jolbon Buyeo</a>, usually thought to be located in the middle <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yalu_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yalu River">Amnok/Yalu</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hun_River_(Yalu_River_tributary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hun River (Yalu River tributary)">Hun River</a> basin. In 75 BC, a group of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yemaek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a> who may have originated from Goguryeo made an incursion into China's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xuantu_Commandery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xuantu Commandery">Xuantu Commandery</a> west of the Yalu.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByington2003194-39">[38]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] The first mention of Goguryeo as a group label associated with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yemaek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a> tribes is a reference in the Han Shu that discusses a Goguryeo revolt in 12 AD, during which they broke away from the influence of the Xuantu Commandery.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByington2003233-40">[39]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] According to Book 37 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samguk_sagi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samguk sagi">Samguk sagi</a>, Goguryeo originated north of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Chinese states">ancient China</a>, then gradually moved east to the side of Taedong River.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[40]</a> At its founding, the Goguryeo people are believed to be a blend of people from Buyeo and Yemaek, as leadership from Buyeo may have fled their kingdom and integrated with existing Yemaek chiefdoms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikens1992191%E2%80%93196-42">[41]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a>, in the section titled "Accounts of the Eastern Barbarians", implied that Buyeo and the Yemaek people were ethnically related and spoke a similar language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Chinese people were also in Gorguyeo.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Book 28 of Samguk sagi stated that "many people of China fled [to] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Names_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sobriquets_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">East of the Sea</a> due to the chaos of war by Qin and Han".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Later Han dynasty established the Four Commanderies, and in 12 AD Goguryeo made its first attack on the Xuantu Commandery.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The population of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xuantu_Commandery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xuantu Commandery">Xuantu Commandery</a> was about 221,845 in 2 AD, and they lived in the commandery's three counties of Gaogouli, Shangyintai, and Xigaima.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Later on, Goguryeo gradually annexed all the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a> during its expansion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Both Goguryeo and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> shared founding myths and originated from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buyeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Jumong_and_the_foundation_myth">Jumong and the foundation myth</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jumong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumong">Jumong</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Goguryeo_moon.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Goguryeo_moon.jpg/200px-Goguryeo_moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="212"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Goguryeo_moon.jpg/200px-Goguryeo_moon.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Goguryeo_moon.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Image of Dalshin from the Goguryeo-era Ohoe Tomb 4. </figcaption> </figure> The earliest mention of Jumong is in the 4th-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwanggaeto_Stele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwanggaeto Stele">Gwanggaeto Stele</a>. Jumong is the modern Korean transcription of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">hanja</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%25B1%25E8%2592%2599" class="extiw" title="wikt:朱蒙">朱蒙</a> Jumong, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E9%2584%2592%25E7%2589%259F" class="extiw" title="wikt:鄒牟">鄒牟</a> Chumo, or <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E4%25BB%25B2%25E7%2589%259F" class="extiw" title="wikt:仲牟">仲牟</a> Jungmo. The Stele states that Jumong was the first king and ancestor of Goguryeo and that he was the son of the prince of Buyeo and daughter of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habaek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habaek">Habaek</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 하백; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 河伯), the god of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnok_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amnok River">Amnok River</a> or, according to an alternative interpretation, the sun god Haebak (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 해밝).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sources_of_Korean_Tradition-49">[48]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Doosan_Encyclopedia-51">[50]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture-52">[51]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samguk_sagi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samguk sagi">Samguk sagi</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samguk_yusa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samguk yusa">Samguk yusa</a> paint additional detail and names Jumong's mother as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lady_Yuhwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lady Yuhwa">Yuhwa</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 유화; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 柳花).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sources_of_Korean_Tradition-49">[48]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Doosan_Encyclopedia-51">[50]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture-52">[51]</a> Jumong's biological father was said to be a man named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hae_Mo-su_of_Buyeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hae Mo-su of Buyeo">Haemosu</a> who is described as a "strong man" and "a heavenly prince."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The river god chased Yuhwa away to the Ubal River (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 우발수; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 優渤水) due to her pregnancy, where she met and became the concubine of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geumwa_of_Dongbuyeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geumwa of Dongbuyeo">Geumwa</a>. Jumong was well known for his exceptional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archery">archery</a> skills. Eventually, Geumwa's sons became jealous of him, and Jumong was forced to leave <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Buyeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Buyeo">Eastern Buyeo</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The Stele and later Korean sources disagree as to which Buyeo Jumong came from. The Stele says he came from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buyeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> and the Samguk yusa and Samguk sagi say he came from Eastern Buyeo. Jumong eventually made it to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jolbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jolbon">Jolbon</a>, where he married <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soseono?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soseono">Soseono</a>, daughter of its ruler. He subsequently became king himself, founding Goguryeo with a small group of his followers from his native country. A traditional account from the "Annals of Baekje" section in the Samguk sagi says that Soseono was the daughter of Yeon Tabal, a wealthy influential figure in Jolbon<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[55]</a> and married to Jumong. However, the same source officially states that the king of Jolbon gave his daughter to Jumong, who had escaped with his followers from Eastern Buyeo, in marriage. She gave her husband, Jumong, financial support<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-proper-57">[56]</a> in founding the new statelet, Goguryeo. After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yuri_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yuri of Goguryeo">Yuri</a>, son of Jumong and his first wife, Lady Ye, came from Dongbuyeo and succeeded Jumong, she left Goguryeo, taking her two sons <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biryu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biryu">Biryu</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onjo_of_Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Onjo of Baekje">Onjo</a> south to found their own kingdoms, one of which was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>. Jumong's given surname was "Hae" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 해; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 解), the name of the Buyeo rulers. According to the Samguk yusa, Jumong changed his surname to "Go" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 고; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 高) in conscious reflection of his divine parentage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Jumong is recorded to have conquered the tribal states of Biryu (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 비류국; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 沸流國) in 36 BC, Haeng-in (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 행인국; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 荇人國) in 33 BC, and Northern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okjeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a> in 28 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mygoguryeo-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Centralization_and_early_expansion_(mid-first_century)">Centralization and early expansion (mid-first century)</h3> </div> Goguryeo developed from a league of various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yemaek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a> tribes to an early state and rapidly expanded its power from their original basin of control in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hun_River_(Yalu_River_tributary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hun River (Yalu River tributary)">Hun River</a> drainage. In the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taejodae_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taejodae of Goguryeo">Taejodae</a> in 53 AD, five local tribes were reorganized into five centrally ruled districts. Foreign relations and the military were controlled by the king. Early expansion might be best explained by ecology; Goguryeo controlled territory in what is currently central and southern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and northern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korea">Korea</a>, which are both very mountainous and lacking in arable land. Upon centralizing, Goguryeo might have been unable to harness enough resources from the region to feed its population and thus, following historical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pastoralism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pastoralism">pastoralist</a> tendencies, would have sought to raid and exploit neighboring societies for their land and resources. Aggressive military activities may have also aided expansion, allowing Goguryeo to exact tribute from their tribal neighbors and dominate them politically and economically.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Taejo conquered the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okjeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a> tribes of what is now northeastern Korea as well as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Ye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a> and other tribes in Southeastern Manchuria and Northern Korea. From the increase of resources and manpower that these subjugated tribes gave him, Taejodae led Goguryeo in attacking the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Han Commanderies</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lelang_Commandery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lelang Commandery">Lelang</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xuantu_Commandery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xuantu Commandery">Xuantu</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong</a> peninsulas, becoming fully independent from them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Generally, Taejodae allowed the conquered tribes to retain their chieftains, but required them to report to governors who were related to Goguryeo's royal line; tribes under Goguryeo's jurisdiction were expected to provide heavy tribute. Taejodae and his successors channeled these increased resources to continuing Goguryeo's expansion to the north and west. New laws regulated peasants and the aristocracy, as tribal leaders continued to be absorbed into the central aristocracy. Royal succession changed from fraternal to patrilineal, stabilizing the royal court.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The expanding Goguryeo kingdom soon entered into direct military contact with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaodong_Commandery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaodong Commandery">Liaodong Commandery</a> to its west. Around this time, Chinese warlord <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gongsun_Kang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gongsun Kang">Gongsun Kang</a> established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daifang_Commandery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daifang Commandery">Daifang Commandery</a> by separating the southern half from the Lelang commandery. Balgi, a brother of King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sansang_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sansang of Goguryeo">Sansang of Goguryeo</a>, defected to Kang and asked for Kang's aid to help him take the throne of Goguryeo. Although Goguryeo defeated the first invasion and killed Balgi,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[63]</a> in 209, Kang invaded Goguryeo again, seized some of its territory and weakened Goguryeo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Pressure from Liaodong forced Goguryeo to move their capital in the Hun River valley to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yalu_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> valley near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wandu_Mountain_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandu Mountain City">Hwando</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Goguryeo–Wei_Wars">Goguryeo–Wei Wars</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Wei_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo–Wei War">Goguryeo–Wei War</a> </div> In the chaos following the fall of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, the former Han commanderies had broken free of control and were ruled by various independent warlords. Surrounded by these commanderies, who were governed by aggressive warlords, Goguryeo moved to improve relations with the newly created dynasty of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cao_Wei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> in China and sent tribute in 220. In 238, Goguryeo entered into a formal alliance with Wei <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sima_Yi%27s_Liaodong_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign">to destroy the Liaodong commandery</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When Liaodong was finally conquered by Wei, cooperation between Wei and Goguryeo fell apart and Goguryeo attacked the western edges of Liaodong, which incited a Wei counterattack in 244. Thus, Goguryeo initiated the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Wei_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo–Wei War">Goguryeo–Wei War</a> in 242, trying to cut off Chinese access to its territories in Korea by attempting to take a Chinese fort. However, the Wei state responded by invading and defeated Goguryeo. The capital at Hwando was destroyed by Wei forces in 244.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[67]</a> It is said that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dongcheon_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dongcheon of Goguryeo">Dongcheon</a>, with his army destroyed, fled for a while to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okjeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a> state in the east.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Wei invaded again in 259 but was defeated at Yangmaenggok;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[69]</a> according to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samguk_sagi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samguk sagi">Samguk sagi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jungcheon_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jungcheon of Goguryeo">Jungcheon</a> assembled 5,000 elite cavalry and defeated the invading Wei troops, beheading 8,000 enemies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Revival_and_further_expansion_(300_to_390)">Revival and further expansion (300 to 390)</h3> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tbridge10.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tbridge10.jpg/220px-Tbridge10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tbridge10.jpg/220px-Tbridge10.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tbridge10.jpg/330px-Tbridge10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tbridge10.jpg/440px-Tbridge10.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Seated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhahood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhahood">buddhas</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodhisattva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> from Wono-ri, Goguryeo. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Korean_crown-01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Korean_crown-01.jpg/220px-Korean_crown-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Korean_crown-01.jpg/220px-Korean_crown-01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Korean_crown-01.jpg/330px-Korean_crown-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Korean_crown-01.jpg/440px-Korean_crown-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A gilt-bronze crown from Goguryeo believed to have once adorned the head of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodhisattva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> image. </figcaption> </figure> In only 70 years, Goguryeo rebuilt its capital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hwando?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hwando">Hwando</a> and again began to raid the Liaodong, Lelang and Xuantu commanderies. As Goguryeo extended its reach into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a>, the last <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Chinese</a> commandery at Lelang was conquered and absorbed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micheon_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Micheon of Goguryeo">Micheon</a> in 313, bringing the remaining northern part of the Korean peninsula into the fold.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[71]</a> This conquest resulted in the end of Chinese rule over territory in the northern Korean peninsula, which had spanned 400 years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tennant-73">[72]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[73]</a> From that point on, until the 7th century, territorial control of the peninsula would be contested primarily by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>. Goguryeo met major setbacks and defeats during the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gogugwon_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gogugwon of Goguryeo">Gogukwon</a> in the 4th century. In the early 4th century, the nomadic proto-Mongol <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xianbei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> people occupied northern China;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tennant-73">[72]</a> during the winter of 342, the Xianbei of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Former_Yan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a>, ruled by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Murong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Murong">Murong</a> clan, attacked and destroyed Goguryeo's capital, Hwando, capturing 50,000 Goguryeo men and women to use as slave labor in addition to taking the Queen Dowager and Queen prisoner,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[74]</a> and forced Gogukwon to flee for a while. The Xianbei also devastated Buyeo in 346, accelerating Buyeo migration to the Korean peninsula.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tennant-73">[72]</a> In 371, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geunchogo_of_Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geunchogo of Baekje">Geunchogo of Baekje</a> killed Gogukwon in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chiyang&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Battle of Chiyang (page does not exist)">Battle of Chiyang</a> and sacked <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyongyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, one of Goguryeo's largest cities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_History_P464-76">[75]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sosurim_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sosurim of Goguryeo">Sosurim</a>, who succeeded the slain Gogukwon, reshaped the nation's institutions to save it from a great crisis.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sosurim-77">[76]</a> Turning to domestic stability and the unification of various conquered tribes, Sosurim proclaimed new laws, embraced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> as the state religion in 372, and established a national educational institute called the Taehak (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 태학; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 太學).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lee-78">[77]</a> Due to the defeats that Goguryeo had suffered at the hands of the Xianbei and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, Sosurim instituted military reforms aimed at preventing such defeats in the future.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sosurim-77">[76]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-William_E._Henthorn'_page_34-79">[78]</a> Sosurim's internal arrangements laid the groundwork for Gwanggaeto's expansion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lee-78">[77]</a> His successor and the father of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwanggaeto_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwanggaeto the Great">Gwanggaeto the Great</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gogugyang_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gogugyang of Goguryeo">Gogukyang</a>, invaded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Yan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a>, the successor state of Former Yan, in 385 and Baekje in 386.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Goguryeo used its military to protect and exploit semi-nomadic peoples, who served as vassals, foot soldiers, or slaves, such as the Okjeo people in the northeast end of the Korean peninsula, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohe_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohe people">Mohe people</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, who would later become the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurchen_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jurchen people">Jurchens</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tennant21-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Zenith_of_Goguryeo's_Power_(391_to_531_AD)">Zenith of Goguryeo's Power (391 to 531 AD)</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rubbing_of_the_Gwanggaeto_S.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/68/Rubbing_of_the_Gwanggaeto_S.jpg/150px-Rubbing_of_the_Gwanggaeto_S.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="552"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/68/Rubbing_of_the_Gwanggaeto_S.jpg/150px-Rubbing_of_the_Gwanggaeto_S.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/68/Rubbing_of_the_Gwanggaeto_S.jpg/225px-Rubbing_of_the_Gwanggaeto_S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/68/Rubbing_of_the_Gwanggaeto_S.jpg/300px-Rubbing_of_the_Gwanggaeto_S.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Detail of a rubbing of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwanggaeto_Stele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwanggaeto Stele">Gwanggaeto Stele</a> (414 AD), one of the few surviving records made by Goguryeo, written in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kevsunblush2.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kevsunblush2.JPG/220px-Kevsunblush2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kevsunblush2.JPG/220px-Kevsunblush2.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kevsunblush2.JPG/330px-Kevsunblush2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kevsunblush2.JPG/440px-Kevsunblush2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A royal tomb, located in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ji%27an,_Jilin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ji'an, Jilin">Ji'an, Jilin</a>, China, was built by the Goguryeo Kingdom. </figcaption> </figure> Goguryeo experienced a golden age under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwanggaeto_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwanggaeto the Great">Gwanggaeto the Great</a> and his son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jangsu_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jangsu of Goguryeo">Jangsu</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[85]</a> During this period, Goguryeo territories included three fourths of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, including what is now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seoul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, almost all of Manchuria,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jinwung-87">[86]</a> and parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inner_Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[87]</a> There is archaeological evidence that Goguryeo's maximum extent lay even further west in now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, based on discoveries of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_fortress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean fortress">Goguryeo fortress</a> ruins in Mongolia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[88]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[89]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Gwanggaeto the Great (r. 391–412) was a highly energetic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taewang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taewang">emperor</a> who is remembered for his rapid military expansion of the realm.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-William_E._Henthorn'_page_34-79">[78]</a> He instituted the era name of Yeongnak or Eternal Rejoicing, affirming that Goguryeo was on equal standing with the dynasties in the Chinese mainland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jinwung-87">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lee-78">[77]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Djun-92">[91]</a> Gwanggaeto conquered 64 walled cities and 1,400 villages during his campaigns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lee-78">[77]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jinwung-87">[86]</a> To the west, he destroyed neighboring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khitan_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> tribes and invaded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Yan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a>, conquering the entire <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lee-78">[77]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jinwung-87">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Djun-92">[91]</a> to the north and east, he annexed much of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buyeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> and conquered the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sushen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sushen">Sushen</a>, who were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tungusic_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a> ancestors of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurchen_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jurchen people">Jurchens</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchu_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[92]</a> and to the south, he defeated and subjugated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, contributed to the dissolution of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geumgwan_Gaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geumgwan Gaya">Gaya</a>, and vassalized <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silla">Silla</a> after defending it from a coalition of Baekje, Gaya, and Wa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Gwanggaeto brought about a loose unification of the Korean Peninsula,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jinwung-87">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[94]</a> and achieved undisputed control of most of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and over two thirds of the Korean Peninsula.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jinwung-87">[86]</a> Gwanggaeto's exploits were recorded on a huge <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwanggaeto_Stele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwanggaeto Stele">memorial stele</a> erected by his son Jangsu, located in present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ji%27an,_Jilin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ji'an, Jilin">Ji'an</a> on the border between China and North Korea. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jangsu_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jangsu of Goguryeo">Jangsu</a> (r. 413–491) ascended to the throne in 413 and moved the capital in 427 to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyongyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, a more suitable region to grow into a burgeoning metropolitan capital,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[95]</a> which led Goguryeo to achieve a high level of cultural and economic prosperity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Jangsu, like his father, continued Goguryeo's territorial expansion into Manchuria and reached the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Songhua_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a> to the north.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jinwung-87">[86]</a> He invaded the Khitans, and then attacked the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Didouyu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Didouyu">Didouyu</a>, located in eastern Mongolia, with his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> allies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Like his father, Jangsu also achieved a loose unification of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jinwung-87">[86]</a> He defeated Baekje and Silla and gained large amounts of territory from both.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lee-78">[77]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jinwung-87">[86]</a> In addition, Jangsu's long reign saw the perfecting of Goguryeo's political, economic and other institutional arrangements.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lee-78">[77]</a> Jangsu ruled Goguryeo for 79 years until the age of 98,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[98]</a> the longest reign in East Asian history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[99]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] During the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Munjamyeong_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munjamyeong of Goguryeo">Munja</a>, Goguryeo completely annexed Buyeo, signifying Goguryeo's furthest-ever expansion north, while continuing its strong influence over the kingdoms of Silla and Baekje, and the tribes of Wuji and Khitan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Internal_strife_(531_to_551)">Internal strife (531 to 551)</h3> </div> Goguryeo reached its zenith in the 6th century. After this, however, it began a steady decline. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anjang_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anjang of Goguryeo">Anjang</a> was assassinated, and succeeded by his brother <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anwon_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anwon of Goguryeo">Anwon</a>, during whose reign aristocratic factionalism increased. A political schism deepened as two factions advocated different princes for succession, until the eight-year-old Yang-won was finally crowned. But the power struggle was never resolved definitively, as renegade magistrates with private armies appointed themselves de facto rulers of their areas of control. Taking advantage of Goguryeo's internal struggle, a nomadic group called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Göktürks">Tuchueh</a> attacked Goguryeo's northern castles in the 550s and conquered some of Goguryeo's northern lands. Weakening Goguryeo even more, as civil war continued among feudal lords over royal succession, Baekje and Silla allied to attack Goguryeo from the south in 551.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Conflicts_of_the_late_6th_and_7th_centuries">Conflicts of the late 6th and 7th centuries</h3> </div> In the late 6th and early 7th centuries, Goguryeo was often in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_history_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military history of Goguryeo">military conflict</a> with the Sui and Tang dynasties of China. Its relations with Baekje and Silla were complex and alternated between alliances and enmity. A neighbor in the northwest were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Türks</a> which was a nominal ally of Goguryeo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Goguryeo's_loss_of_the_Han_River_Valley">Goguryeo's loss of the Han River Valley</h4> </div> In 551 AD, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silla">Silla</a> entered into an alliance to attack Goguryeo and conquer the Han River valley, an important strategic area close to the center of the peninsula and a very rich agricultural region. After Baekje exhausted themselves with a series of costly assaults on Goguryeo fortifications, Silla troops, arriving on the pretense of offering assistance, attacked and took possession of the entire Han River valley in 553. Incensed by this betrayal, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seong_of_Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seong of Baekje">Seong</a> launched a retaliatory strike against Silla's western border in the following year but was captured and killed. The war, along the middle of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a>, had very important consequences. It effectively made <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> the weakest player on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> and gave <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silla">Silla</a> an important resource and population rich area as a base for expansion. Conversely, it denied Goguryeo the use of the area, which weakened the kingdom. It also gave Silla direct access to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yellow_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>, opening up direct trade and diplomatic access to the Chinese dynasties and accelerating Silla's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">adoption of Chinese culture</a>. Thus, Silla could rely less on Goguryeo for elements of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civilization">civilization</a> and could get <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture">culture</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Technology">technology</a> directly from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a>. This increasing tilt of Silla to China would result in an alliance that would prove disastrous for Goguryeo in the late 7th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Goguryeo–Sui_War">Goguryeo–Sui War</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Sui_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo–Sui War">Goguryeo–Sui War</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Salsu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Salsu">Battle of Salsu</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sui_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>'s reunification of China for the first time in centuries was met with alarm in Goguryeo, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyeongwon_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyeongwon of Goguryeo">Pyeongwon of Goguryeo</a> began preparations for a future war by augmenting military provisions and training more troops.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Although Sui was far larger and stronger than Goguryeo, the Baekje-Silla Alliance that had driven Goguryeo from the Han Valley had fallen apart, and thus Goguryeo's southern border was secure. Initially, Goguryeo tried to appease Sui by offering tribute as Korean kingdoms had done under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary system of China</a>. However, Goguryeo continued insistence on an equal relationship with Sui, its reinstatement of the imperial title "Taewang" (Emperor in Korean) of the East and its continued raids into Sui territory greatly angered the Sui Court. Furthermore, Silla and Baekje, both under threat from Goguryeo, requested Sui assistance against Goguryeo as all three Korean kingdoms had desired to seize the others' territories to rule the peninsula, and attempted to curry Sui's favor to achieve these goals. Goguryeo's expansion and its attempts to equalize the relationship conflicted with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sui_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sui dynasty">Sui China</a> and increased tensions. In 598, Goguryeo made a preemptive attack on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoxi_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoxi Province">Liaoxi</a> which led to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Linyuguan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Linyuguan">Battle of Linyuguan</a>, but was beaten back by Sui forces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[101]</a> This caused <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen</a> to launch a counterattack by land and sea that ended in disaster for Sui.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-White-103">[102]</a> Sui's most disastrous campaign against Goguryeo was in 612, in which Sui, according to the History of the Sui dynasty, mobilized 30 division armies, about 1,133,800 combat troops. Pinned along Goguryeo's line of fortifications on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liao River">Liao River</a>, a detachment of nine division armies, about 305,000 troops, bypassed the main defensive lines and headed towards the Goguryeo capital of Pyongyang to link up with Sui naval forces, who had reinforcements and supplies. However, Goguryeo was able to defeat the Sui navy, thus when the Sui's nine division armies finally reached Pyongyang, they didn't have the supplies for a lengthy siege. Sui troops retreated, but General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eulji_Mundeok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eulji Mundeok">Eulji Mundeok</a> led the Goguryeo troops to victory by luring the Sui into an ambush outside of Pyongyang. At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Salsu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Salsu">Battle of Salsu</a>, Goguryeo soldiers released water from a dam, which split the Sui army and cut off their escape route. Of the original 305,000 soldiers of Sui's nine division armies, it is said that only 2,700 escaped to Sui China. The 613 and 614 campaigns were aborted after launch—the 613 campaign was terminated when the Sui general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yang_Xuangan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yang Xuangan">Yang Xuangan</a> rebelled against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a>, while the 614 campaign was terminated after Goguryeo offered a truce and returned Husi Zheng (斛斯政), a defecting Sui general who had fled to Goguryeo, Emperor Yang later had Husi executed. Emperor Yang planned another attack on Goguryeo in 615, but due to Sui's deteroriating internal state he was never able to launch it. Sui was weakened due to rebellions against Emperor Yang's rule and his failed attempts to conquer Goguryeo. They could not attack further because the provinces in the Sui heartland would not send logistical support. Emperor Yang's disastrous defeats in Korea greatly contributed to the collapse of the Sui dynasty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-White-103">[102]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Goguryeo–Silla_War,_Goguryeo-Tang_War_and_the_Silla–Tang_alliance">Goguryeo–Silla War, Goguryeo-Tang War and the Silla–Tang alliance</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_campaign_in_the_Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War">First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Ansi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Ansi">Siege of Ansi</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-645.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/History_of_Korea-645.png/300px-History_of_Korea-645.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="915"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/History_of_Korea-645.png/300px-History_of_Korea-645.png" data-width="300" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/History_of_Korea-645.png/450px-History_of_Korea-645.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/History_of_Korea-645.png/600px-History_of_Korea-645.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War. </figcaption> </figure> In the winter of 642, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeongnyu_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeongnyu of Goguryeo">King Yeongnyu</a> was apprehensive about <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeon_Gaesomun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeon Gaesomun">Yeon Gaesomun</a>, one of the great nobles of Goguryeo,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Medieval_Chinese_Warfare_300-900-106">[105]</a> and plotted with other officials to kill him. However, Yeon Gaesomun caught news of the plot and killed Yeongnyu and 100 officials, initiating a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. He proceeded to enthrone Yeongnyu's nephew, Go Jang, as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bojang_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bojang of Goguryeo">King Bojang</a> while wielding de facto control of Goguryeo himself as the Dae Magniji (대막리지; 大莫離支; a position equivalent to a modern era dual office of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prime_minister?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Generalissimo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Generalissimo">generalissimo</a>). At the outset of his rule, Yeon Gaesomun took a brief conciliatory stance toward Tang China. For instance, he supported <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taoism_in_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taoism in Korea">Taoism</a> at the expense of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and to this effect in 643, sent emissaries to the Tang court requesting Taoist sages, eight of whom were brought to Goguryeo. This gesture is considered by some historians as an effort to pacify Tang and buy time to prepare for the Tang invasion Yeon thought inevitable given his ambitions to annex Silla. However, Yeon Gaesomun took an increasingly provocative stance against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silla">Silla Korea</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a>. Soon, Goguryeo formed an alliance with Baekje and invaded Silla, Daeya-song (modern Hapchon) and around 40 border fortresses were conquered by the Goguryeo-Baekje alliance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Since the early 7th century, Silla had been forced on the defensive by both Baekje and Goguryeo, which had not yet formally allied but had both desired to erode Sillan power in the Han Valley. During the reign of King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jinpyeong_of_Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jinpyeong of Silla">Jinpyeong of Silla</a>, numerous fortresses were lost to both Goguryeo and the continuous attacks took a toll on Silla and its people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100.nate.com-108">[107]</a> During Jinpyeong's reign, Silla made repeated requests beseeching Sui China to attack Goguryeo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100.nate.com-108">[107]</a> Although these invasions were ultimately unsuccessful, in 643, once again under pressure from the Goguryeo–Baekje alliance, Jinpyeong's successor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen_Seondeok_of_Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen Seondeok of Silla">Queen Seondeok of Silla</a>, requested military aid from Tang. Although Taizong had initially dismissed Silla's offers to pay tribute and its requests for an alliance on account of Seondeok being a woman, he later accepted the offer due to Goguryeo's growing belligerence and hostile policy towards both Silla and Tang. In 644, Tang began preparations for a major campaign against Goguryeo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Medieval_Chinese_Warfare_300-900-106">[105]</a> In 645, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a>, who had a personal ambition to defeat Goguryeo and was determined to succeed where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a> had failed, personally led an attack on Goguryeo. The Tang army captured a number of Goguryeo fortresses, including the important <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yodong_Fortress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yodong Fortress">Yodong/Liaodong Fortress</a> (遼東城, in modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>). During his first campaign against Goguryeo, Taizong famously showed generously to the defeated inhabitants of numerous Goguryeo fortresses, refusing to permit his troops to loot downs and enslave inhabitants and when faced with protest from his commanders and soldiers, rewarded them with his own money.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Medieval_Chinese_Warfare_300%E2%80%93900-109">[108]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ansi_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ansi City">Ansi City</a> (in modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haicheng,_Liaoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haicheng, Liaoning">Haicheng</a>, Liaoning), which was the last fortress that would clear the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a> of significant defensive works and was promptly put under siege. Initially, Taizong and his forces achieve great progress, when his numerically inferior force smashed a Goguryeo relief force at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Jupil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Mount Jupil">Battle of Mount Jupil</a>. Goguryeo's defeat at Mount Jupil had significant consequences, as Tang forces killed over 20,000 Goguryeo soldiers and captured another 36,800, which crippled Goguryeo's manpower reserves for the rest of the conflict.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Medieval_Chinese_Warfare_300%E2%80%93900-109">[108]</a> However, the capable defense put up by Ansi's commanding general (whose name is controversial but traditionally is believed to be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yang_Manchun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yang Manchun">Yang Manchun</a>) stymied Tang forces and, in late fall, with winter fast approaching and his supplies running low, Tang forces under the command Prince Li Daozong attempted to build a rampart to seize the city in a last ditch effort, but was foiled when Goguryeo troops managed to seize control of it. Afterwards, Taizong decided to withdraw in the face of incoming Goguryeo reinforcements, deteriorating weather conditions and the difficult supply situation. The campaign was unsuccessful for the Tang Chinese,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_History_P464-76">[75]</a> failing to capture Ansi Fortress after a protracted siege that lasted more than 60 days.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Emperor Taizong invaded Goguryeo again in 647 and 648, but was defeated both times.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kim-111">[110]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wei-114">[113]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court,_7th_century_CE.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/220px-Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1216"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/220px-Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/330px-Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/440px-Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Painting of envoys from the Three Kingdoms of Korea to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> court: Silla, Baekje, and Goguryeo. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering">Portraits of Periodical Offering</a>, circa 650 AD, Tang dynasty </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE,_Afrasiyab,_Samarkand.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/180px-Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="317" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1425"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 317px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/180px-Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="317" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/270px-Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/360px-Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Goguryeo ambassadors during an audience with King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varkhuman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varkhuman">Varkhuman</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samarkand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. They are identified by the two feathers on top of their head.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[115]</a> 648–651 AD, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrasiab_murals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a>, Samarkand.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[117]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Emperor Taizong prepared another invasion in 649, but died in the summer, possibly due to an illness he contracted during his Korean campaigns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wei-114">[113]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kim-111">[110]</a> His son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong</a> continued his campaigns. Upon the suggestion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muyeol_of_Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muyeol of Silla">Kim Chunchu</a>, the Silla–Tang alliance first conquered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> in 660 to break up the Goguryeo–Baekje alliance, and then turned its full attention to Goguryeo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-oceania-119">[118]</a> However, Emperor Gaozong, too, was unable to defeat Goguryeo led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeon_Gaesomun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeon Gaesomun">Yeon Gaesomun</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-oceania-119">[118]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-maps-120">[119]</a> one of Yeon Gaesomun's most notable victories came in 662 at the Battle of Sasu (蛇水), where he annihilated the Tang forces and killed the invading ex-rebel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanman">Nanman</a> general Pang Xiaotai (龐孝泰) and all 13 of his sons.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Therefore, while Yeon Gaesomun was alive, Tang could not defeat Goguryeo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Fall">Fall</h4> </div> In the summer of 666, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeon_Gaesomun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeon Gaesomun">Yeon Gaesomun</a> died of a natural cause and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Succession-124">[123]</a> He was initially succeeded as Dae Mangniji, the highest position newly made under the ruling period of Yeon Gaesomun, by his oldest son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeon_Namsaeng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeon Namsaeng">Yeon Namsaeng</a>. As Yeon Namsaeng subsequently carried out a tour of Goguryeo territory, however, rumors began to spread both that Yeon Namsaeng was going to kill his younger brothers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeon_Namgeon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeon Namgeon">Yeon Namgeon</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeon_Namsan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeon Namsan">Yeon Namsan</a>, whom he had left in charge at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyongyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, and that Yeon Namgeon and Yeon Namsan were planning to rebel against Yeon Namsaeng. When Yeon Namsaeng subsequently sent officials close to him back to Pyongyang to try to spy on the situation, Yeon Namgeon arrested them and declared himself Dae Mangniji, attacking his brother. Yeon Namsaeng sent his son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gwon_Saseong&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gwon Saseong (page does not exist)">Cheon Heonseong</a> (泉獻誠), as Yeon Namsaeng changed his family name from Yeon (淵) to Cheon (泉) observe naming taboo for Emperor Gaozu, to Tang to seek aid. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong</a> saw this as an opportunity and sent an army to attack and destroy Goguryeo. In the middle of Goguryeo's power struggles between Yeon Gaesomun's successors, his younger brother, Yeon Jeongto, defected to the Silla side.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Succession-124">[123]</a> In 667, the Chinese army crossed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> and captured Shin/Xin Fortress (新城, in modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fushun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fushun">Fushun</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>). The Tang forces thereafter fought off counterattacks by Yeon Namgeon, and joined forces with and received every possible assistance from the defector Yeon Namsaeng,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Succession-124">[123]</a> although they were initially unable to cross the Yalu River due to resistance. In spring of 668, Li Ji turned his attention to Goguryeo's northern cities, capturing the important city of Buyeo (扶餘, in modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nong%27an_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nong'an County">Nong'an</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jilin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>). In fall of 668, he crossed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yalu_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> and put <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyongyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> under siege in concert with the Silla army. Yeon Namsan and Bojang surrendered, and while Yeon Namgeon continued to resist in the inner city, his general, the Buddhist monk <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Shin_Seong&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Shin Seong (page does not exist)">Shin Seong</a> (信誠) turned against him and surrendered the inner city to Tang forces. Yeon Namgeon tried to commit suicide, but was seized and treated. This was the end of Goguryeo, and Tang annexed Goguryeo into its territory, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xue_Rengui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xue Rengui">Xue Rengui</a> being put initially in charge of former Goguryeo territory as protector general. The violent dissension resulting from Yeon Gaesomun's death proved to be the primary reason for the Tang–Silla triumph, thanks to the division, defections, and widespread demoralization it caused.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Graff200-21">[20]</a> The alliance with Silla had also proved to be invaluable, thanks to the ability to attack Goguryeo from opposite directions, and both military and logistical aid from Silla.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Graff200-21">[20]</a> The Tang established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andong_Protectorate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Andong Protectorate">Andong Protectorate</a> on former Goguryeo lands after the latter's fall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201381-125">[124]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200843-126">[125]</a> However, there was much resistance to Tang rule (fanned by Silla, which was displeased that Tang did not give it Goguryeo or Baekje's territory), and in 669, following Emperor Gaozong's order, a part of the Goguryeo people were forced to move to the region between the Yangtze River and the Huai River, as well as the regions south of the Qinling Mountains and west of Chang'an, only leaving old and weak inhabitants in the original land. Over 200,000 prisoners from Goguryeo were taken by the Tang forces and sent to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27an?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Some people entered the service of the Tang government, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Go_Sagye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Go Sagye">Go Sagye</a> and his son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gao_Xianzhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gao Xianzhi">Gao Xianzhi</a> (Go Seonji in Korean), the famed general who commanded the Tang forces at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Talas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Silla thus unified most of the Korean peninsula in 668, but the kingdom's reliance on China's Tang dynasty had its price. Tang set up the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a>, governed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xue_Rengui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xue Rengui">Xue Rengui</a>, but faced increasing problems ruling the former inhabitants of Goguryeo, as well as Silla's resistance to Tang's remaining presence on the Korean Peninsula. Silla had to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula, which lead to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silla%E2%80%93Tang_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silla–Tang War">Silla–Tang Wars</a>, but their own strength did not extend beyond the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taedong_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although the Tang forces were expelled from territories south of Taedong River, Silla failed to regain the former Goguryeo territories north of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taedong_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a>, which were now under Tang dominion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fuqua07-40-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Revival_movements">Revival movements</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo_revival_movements?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo revival movements">Goguryeo revival movements</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> </div> After the fall of Goguryeo in 668, many Goguryeo people rebelled against the Tang and Silla by starting Goguryeo revival movements. Among these were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geom_Mojam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geom Mojam">Geom Mojam</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dae_Jung-sang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dae Jung-sang">Dae Jung-sang</a>, and several famous generals. The Tang dynasty tried but failed to establish several commanderies to rule over the area. In 677, Tang crowned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bojang_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bojang of Goguryeo">Bojang</a> as the "King of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Names_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Joseon" title="Names of Korea">Joseon</a>" and put him in charge of the Liaodong commandery of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a>. However, Bojang continued to foment rebellions against Tang in an attempt to revive Goguryeo, organizing Goguryeo refugees and allying with the Mohe tribes. He was eventually exiled to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sichuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> in 681, and died the following year. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a> was installed by the Tang government to rule and keep control over the former territories of the fallen Goguryeo. It was first put under the control of Tang General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xue_Rengui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xue Rengui">Xue Rengui</a>, but was later replaced by Bojang due to the negative responses of the Goguryeo people. Bojang was sent into exile for assisting Goguryeo revival movements, but was succeeded by his descendants. Bojang's descendants declared independence from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> during the same period as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Zhengji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Zhengji">Li Zhengji</a> (Yi Jeong-gi in Korean)'s rebellion in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shandong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The Protectorate General to Pacify the East was renamed "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Little_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Little Goguryeo">Little Goguryeo</a>" until its eventual absorption into Balhae under the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seon_of_Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seon of Balhae">Seon</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geom_Mojam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geom Mojam">Geom Mojam</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anseung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anseung">Anseung</a> rose briefly at the Han Fortress (한성, 漢城, in modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chaeryong_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chaeryong County">Chaeryong</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Hwanghae_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Hwanghae Province">South Hwanghae</a>), but failed, when Anseung surrendered to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silla">Silla</a>. Go Anseung ordered the assassination of Geom Mojam, and defected to Silla, where he was given a small amount of land to rule over. There, Anseung established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bodeok&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bodeok (page does not exist)">State of Bodeok</a> (보덕; 報德), incited a rebellion, which was promptly crushed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinmun_of_Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinmun of Silla">Sinmun</a>. Anseung was then forced to reside in the Silla capital, given a Silla bride and had to adopt the Silla royal surname of "Kim." <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dae_Jung-sang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dae Jung-sang">Dae Jung-sang</a> and his son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Go_of_Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Go of Balhae">Dae Jo-yeong</a>, either a former Goguryeo general or a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohe_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> chief, regained most of Goguryeo's northern land after its downfall in 668, established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Kingdom of Jin</a> (진; 震), which was renamed to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> after 713. To the south of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silla">Silla</a> controlled the Korean peninsula south of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taedong_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> (now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northeast_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northeast China">northeastern China</a>) was conquered by Balhae. Balhae considered itself (particularly in diplomatic correspondence with Japan) a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Succession_of_states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Succession of states">successor state</a> of Goguryeo. In 901, the general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gung_Ye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gung Ye">Gung Ye</a> rebelled against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Silla">Later Silla</a> and founded Later Goguryeo (renamed to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taebong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taebong">Taebong</a> in 911), which considered itself to be a successor of Goguryeo. Later Goguryeo originated in the northern regions, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaesong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaesong">Songak</a> (modern Kaesong), which were the strongholds of Goguryeo refugees.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Later Goguryeo's original capital was established in Songak, the hometown of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taejo of Goryeo">Wang Geon</a>, a prominent general under Gung Ye.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Wang Geon was a descendant of Goguryeo and traced his ancestry to a noble Goguryeo clan.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[138]</a> In 918, Wang Geon overthrew Gung Ye and established <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>, as the successor of Goguryeo, and laid claim to Manchuria as Goryeo's rightful legacy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goryeo-140">[139]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rossabi-141">[140]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-seohui-142">[141]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Grayson-143">[142]</a> Wang Geon unified the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> in 936, and Goryeo ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. In the 10th century, Balhae collapsed and much of its ruling class and the last crown prince <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dae_Gwang-hyeon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dae Gwang-hyeon">Dae Gwang-hyeon</a> fled to Goryeo. The Balhae refugees were warmly welcomed and included in the ruling family by Wang Geon, who felt a strong familial kinship with Balhae,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rossabi-141">[140]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[144]</a> thus unifying the two successor nations of Goguryeo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[145]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Government">Government</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Early Goguryeo was a federation of five tribes, which later turned into five districts. As the autonomy of these five tribal collectives waned, regional officers were appointed with valley as a unit.As Goguryeo progressed into the 4th century, a regional administration unit arose that centred around fortresses that were built in the newly enlarged areas. From the 4th century to the early 6th century, The gun (roughly translated as counties) system began to be established in most of the regions controlled by Goguryeo, though not all, evidenced by the existence of 16 counties near the Han river and the nickname of a military post called Malyak, nicknamed the gundu (roughly translated as the head of county). The gun subdivision had sub subdivisions which was either a seong (fortress) or chon (village). The official that was governing the whole county was called a susa, though its names changed to Yoksal, Choryogunji and Rucho. Yoksal and Choryogunji had both military and civil capabilities, and its residence often assigned inside fortresses.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[146]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Military">Military</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_history_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military history of Goguryeo">Military history of Goguryeo</a> </div> Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Goguryeo has been described as an empire by Korean scholars.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Initially, there were four partially autonomous districts based on the cardinal directions, and a central district led by the monarch; however, in the first century the cardinal districts became centralized and administered by the central district, and by the end of the 3rd century, they lost all political and military authority to the monarch.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[150]</a> In the 4th century, after suffering defeats against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xianbei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> during the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gogugwon_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gogugwon of Goguryeo">Gogukwon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sosurim_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sosurim of Goguryeo">Sosurim</a> instituted military reforms that paved the way for Gwanggaeto's conquests.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sosurim-77">[76]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lee-78">[77]</a> During its height, Goguryeo was able to mobilize 300,000 troops.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Goguryeo often enlisted semi-nomadic vassals, such as the Mohe people, as foot soldiers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tennant21-82">[81]</a> Every man in Goguryeo was required to serve in the military, or could avoid conscription by paying extra grain tax. A Tang treatise of 668 records a total of 675,000 displaced personnel and 176 military garrisons after the surrender of Bojang. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Equipment">Equipment</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section's tone or style may not reflect the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions. (October 2014) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Goguryeo">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The main projectile weapon used in Goguryeo was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bow_and_arrow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bow and arrow">bow</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-donga-154">[153]</a> The bows were modified to be more composite and increase throwing ability on par with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crossbow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crossbow">crossbows</a>. To a lesser extent, stone-throwing machines and crossbows were also used. Polearms, used against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cavalry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and in open order, were mostly spears. Two types of swords were used by Goguryeo warriors. The first was a shorter double-edged variant mostly used for throwing. The other was longer single-edged sword with minimal hilt and ring pommel, of eastern Han influence. The helmets were similar to helmets used by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> peoples, decorated with wings, leathers and horsetails. The shield was the main protection, which covered most of the soldier's body. The cavalry were called Gaemamusa (개마무사; 鎧馬武士), and similar in type to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cataphract?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cataphract">Cataphract</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-donga-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Hwandudaedo">Hwandudaedo</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kokuryeo_Korean_sword_Hwando_(original_Katana).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Kokuryeo_Korean_sword_Hwando_%28original_Katana%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="238"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 211px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Kokuryeo_Korean_sword_Hwando_%28original_Katana%29.jpg" data-width="211" data-height="238" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Hwandudaedo </figcaption> </figure> Goguryeo used a sword called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hwandudaedo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hwandudaedo">Hwandudaedo</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[154]</a> It looks like the sword drawing in the following picture which is 2000 years old from an old Goguryeo tomb.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[155]</a> As Korean swords changed from Bronze Age to Iron Age, the sword shapes changed. There are many archaeological finds on ancient Korean iron swords particularly the swords with a ring at the end. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fortifications">Fortifications</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_fortress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean fortress">Korean fortress</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Korean_fortresses_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Korean fortresses in China">List of Korean fortresses in China</a> </div> The most common form of the Goguryeo fortress was one made in the shape of the moon, located between a river and its tributary. Ditches and ground walls between the shores formed an extra defense line. The walls were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheolli_Jangseong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheolli Jangseong">extensive in their length</a>, and they were constructed from huge stone blocks fixed with clay, and even Chinese artillery had difficulty to break through them. Walls were surrounded by a ditch to prevent an underground attack, and equipped with guard towers. All fortresses had sources of water and enough equipment for a protracted siege. If rivers and mountains were absent, extra defense lines were added. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3> </div> Two hunts per year, led by the king himself, maneuvers exercises, hunt-maneuvers and parades were conducted to give the Goguryeo soldier a high level of individual training. There were five armies in the capital, mostly cavalry that were personally led by the king, numbering approximately 12,500. Military units varied in number from 21,000 to 36,000 soldiers, were located in the provinces, and were led by the governors. Military colonies near the boundaries consisted mostly of soldiers and peasants. There were also private armies held by aristocrats. This system allowed Goguryeo to maintain and utilize an army of 50,000 without added expense, and 300,000 through large mobilization in special cases. Goguryeo units were divided according to major weapons: spearmen, axemen, archers composed of those on foot and horseback, and heavy cavalry that included armored and heavy spear divisions. Other groups like the catapult units, wall-climbers, and storm units were part of the special units and were added to the common. The advantage of this functional division is highly specialized combat units, while the disadvantage is that it was impossible for one unit to make complex, tactical actions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3> </div> The military formation had the general and his staff with guards in the middle of the army. The archers were defended by axemen. In front of the general were the main infantry forces, and on the flanks were rows of heavy cavalry ready to counterattack in case of a flank attack by the enemy. In the very front and rear was the light cavalry, used for intelligence, pursuit, and for weakening the enemy's strike. Around the main troops were small groups of heavy cavalrymen and infantry. Each unit was prepared to defend the other by providing mutual support. Goguryeo implemented a strategy of active defense based on cities. Besides the walled cities and fortified camps, this active defense system used small units of light cavalry to continuously harass the enemy, de-blockade units and strong reserves, consisting of the best soldiers, to strike hard at the end. Goguryeo also employed military intelligence and special tactics as an important part of the strategy. Goguryeo was good at disinformation, such as sending only stone spearheads as tribute to the Chinese court when they were in the Iron Age. Goguryeo had developed its system of espionage. One of the most famous spies, Baekseok, mentioned in the Samguk yusa, was able to infiltrate the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hwarang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hwarang">Hwarangs</a> of Silla. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The militaristic nature of Goguryeo frequently drew them into conflicts with the dynasties of China.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the times when they are not in war with China, Goguryeo occasionally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_tributary_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Chinese tributary system">sent tributes</a> to some of the Chinese dynasties as a form of trade and nonaggression pact. Like Buyeo before it, Goguryeo alternately offered tribute to and raided China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[156]</a> These activities of exchange promoted cultural and religious flow from China into the Korean peninsula. Goguryeo has also received tribute from other Korean kingdoms and neighboring tribal states, and frequently mobilized Malgal people in their military. Baekje and Goguryeo maintained their regional rivalry throughout their history, although they eventually formed an alliance in their wars against Silla and Tang.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Muyongchong_Suryeopdo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Muyongchong_Suryeopdo.jpg/220px-Muyongchong_Suryeopdo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6718" data-file-height="5089"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Muyongchong_Suryeopdo.jpg/220px-Muyongchong_Suryeopdo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Muyongchong_Suryeopdo.jpg/330px-Muyongchong_Suryeopdo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Muyongchong_Suryeopdo.jpg/440px-Muyongchong_Suryeopdo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Muyongchong Suryeopdo </figcaption> </figure> The culture of Goguryeo was shaped by its climate, religion, and the tense society that people dealt with due to the numerous wars Goguryeo waged.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Sui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a> (Volume 81) recorded: "The customs, laws and clothes of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla are generally identical."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Attributed with the earliest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kimchi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kimchi">kimchi</a>, the Goguryeo people were skilled at fermenting and widely consumed fermented food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Singing and dancing played an important part in Goguryeo society, a legacy that, according to Kim Hunggyu, continues to this day in modern Korean society.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160">[159]</a> The practice of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matrilocality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilocality">matrilocality</a> in Korea started in the Goguryeo period, continued through the Goryeo period and ended in the early Joseon period.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The Korean saying that when a man gets married, he is "entering jangga" (the house of his father-in-law), stems from the Goguryeo period.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Goguryeo held an annual national <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seokjeon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seokjeon">seokjeon</a> (stone battle) attended by the king himself.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Originally a product of the warlike Goguryeo period, seokjeon gradually evolved into a widely enjoyed pastime during the more peaceful Goryeo and Joseon periods.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The Korean tradition of mothers eating seaweed after birth originated in Goguryeo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The Korean word for seaweed, miyeok, originated in Goguryeo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Goguryeo lies a thousand li to the east of Liaodong, being contiguous with Joseon and Yemaek on the south, with Okjeo on the east, and with Buyeo on the north. They make their capital below Hwando. With a territory perhaps two thousand li on a side, their households number three myriads. They have many mountains and deep valleys and have no plains or marshes. Accommodating themselves to mountain and valley, the people make do with them for their dwellings and food. With their steep-banked rivers, they lack good fields; and though they plow and till energetically, their efforts are not enough to fill their bellies; their custom is to be sparing of food. They like to build palaces... By temperament the people are violent and take delight in brigandage... As an old saying of the Dongyi would have it, they are a separate branch of the Buyeo. And indeed there is much about their language and other things they share with the Buyeo, but in temperament and clothing there are differences. Their people delight in singing and dancing. In villages throughout the state, men and women gather in groups at nightfall for communal singing and games. They have no great storehouses, each family keeping its own small store... They rejoice in cleanliness, and they are good at brewing alcohol. When they kneel in obeisance, they extend one leg; in this they differ from the Buyeo. In moving about on foot they all run... In their public gatherings they all wear colorfully brocaded clothing and adorn themselves with gold and silver.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199216%E2%80%9317-168">[167]</a> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanguo_Zhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanguo Zhi">Sanguo Zhi</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Goguryeo_tombs">Goguryeo tombs</h3> </div> The tombs of Goguryeo display the prosperity and artistry of the kingdom of the period. The murals inside many of the tombs are significant evidence of Goguryeo's lifestyle, ceremonies, warfare and architecture. Mostly tombs were founded in Ji'an in China's Jilin province, Taedong river basin near Pyongyang, North Korea and the Anak area in South Hwanghae province of North Korea. There are over 10,000 Goguryeo tombs overall, but only about 90 of those unearthed in China and North Korea have wall paintings. In 2004, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_Cities_and_Tombs_of_the_Ancient_Koguryo_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom">Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom</a> located in Ji'an of Jilin Province of China and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Complex_of_Koguryo_Tombs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex of Koguryo Tombs">Complex of Koguryo Tombs</a> located in North Korea became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3> </div> The inhabitants of Goguryeo wore a predecessor of the modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanbok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanbok">hanbok</a>, just as the other cultures of the three kingdoms. There are murals and artifacts that depict dancers wearing elaborate white dresses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Festivals_and_pastimes">Festivals and pastimes</h3> </div> Common pastimes among Goguryeo people were drinking, singing, or dancing. Games such as wrestling attracted curious spectators. Every October, the Dongmaeng Festival was held. The Dongmaeng Festival was practiced to worship the gods. The ceremonies were followed by huge celebratory feasts, games, and other activities. Often, the king performed rites to his ancestors. Hunting was a male activity and also served as an appropriate means to train young men for the military. Hunting parties rode on horses and hunted deer and other game with bows-and-arrows. Archery contests also occurred. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ddol-mangM.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ddol-mangM.jpg/200px-Ddol-mangM.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="603"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ddol-mangM.jpg/200px-Ddol-mangM.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ddol-mangM.jpg/300px-Ddol-mangM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ddol-mangM.jpg/400px-Ddol-mangM.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Mural of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Tortoise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Tortoise">Black Tortoise</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Symbols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Korean_three-legged_bird_mural.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Korean_three-legged_bird_mural.jpg/220px-Korean_three-legged_bird_mural.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="210"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 92px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Korean_three-legged_bird_mural.jpg/220px-Korean_three-legged_bird_mural.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="92" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Korean_three-legged_bird_mural.jpg/330px-Korean_three-legged_bird_mural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Korean_three-legged_bird_mural.jpg/440px-Korean_three-legged_bird_mural.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A mural of a Chinese mythical animal, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three-legged_crow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three-legged crow">three-legged bird</a> in a Goguryeo tomb. </figcaption> </figure> Goguryeo people worshipped ancestors and considered them to be supernatural.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mygoguryeo-60">[59]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dongmyeong_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dongmyeong of Goguryeo">Jumong</a>, the founder of Goguryeo, was worshipped and respected among the people. There was even a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temple_of_King_Dongmyeong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temple of King Dongmyeong">temple</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyongyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> dedicated to Jumong. At the annual Dongmaeng Festival, a religious rite was performed for Jumong, ancestors, and gods.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Mythical beasts and animals were also considered to be sacred in Goguryeo. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fenghuang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fenghuang">Fenghuang</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Loong">Loong</a> were both worshipped, while the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three-legged_crow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three-legged crow">Sanzuwu</a>, the three-legged crow that represented the sun, was considered the most powerful of the three. Paintings of mythical beasts exist in Goguryeo king tombs today.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They also believed in the '<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Symbols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Symbols">Sasin</a>', which were 4 mythical animals. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azure_Dragon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azure Dragon">Chungryong</a> or Chunryonga (blue dragon) guarded the east, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Tiger_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White Tiger (mythology)">baek-ho</a> (white tiger) guarded the west, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vermilion_Bird?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vermilion Bird">jujak</a> (red phoenix (bird)) guarded the south, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Tortoise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Tortoise">hyunmu</a> (black turtle, sometimes with snakes for a tail) guarded the north.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was first introduced to Goguryeo in 372.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Harv%7CScienceView%7CUnknown_year-169">[168]</a> The government recognized and encouraged the teachings of Buddhism and many monasteries and shrines were created during Goguryeo's rule, making Goguryeo the first kingdom in the region to adopt Buddhism. However, Buddhism was much more popular in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silla">Silla</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, which Goguryeo passed Buddhism to.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Harv%7CScienceView%7CUnknown_year-169">[168]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, a religion originating in what is now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a>, was transmitted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korea">Korea</a> via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a> in the late 4th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated13-170">[169]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samguk_yusa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samguk yusa">Samguk yusa</a> records the following 3 monks among first to bring the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> teaching, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dharma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korea">Korea</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malananta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Malananta">Malananta</a> (late 4th century) – an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> monk who brought Buddhism to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baekje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> in the southern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korea">Korean peninsula</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shandao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shandao">Sundo</a> – a Chinese monk who brought Buddhism to Goguryeo in northern Korea, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ado_(monk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ado (monk)">Ado</a> monk who brought Buddhism to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silla">Silla</a> in central Korea.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[170]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xian (Taoism)">Xian</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taoism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taoism">Taoists</a> seeking to become immortals were thought to aid in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fortune-telling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fortune-telling">fortune telling</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divination">divination</a> about the future.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cultural_legacy">Cultural legacy</h3> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg/200px-Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="469"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg/200px-Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg/300px-Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg/400px-Goguryeo-Gakjeochong-Ssireumdo-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ssireum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a> depicted on Goguryeo mural </figcaption> </figure> As the Three Kingdoms period emerged, each Korean state sought ideologies that could validate their authority. Many of these states borrowed influences from Chinese culture, sharing a writing system that was originally based on Chinese characters. However the language was different and not mutually intelligible with Chinese. An integral part of Goguryeo's culture, along with other Korean states, was Korean shamanism. In the 4th century, Buddhism gained wide prominence in Baekje and spread rapidly across the peninsula. Buddhism struck a careful balance between shamanism, the Korean people, and the rulers over these states, briefly becoming the official religion of all three kingdoms. Buddhism's foothold in the Korean peninsula would surge up to the Goryeo period and would spread rapidly into Yamato Japan, playing a key role in the neighboring state's development and its relations with the Korean peninsula. In Baekje, King Onjo founded the kingdom and according to legend, he is the third son of Jumong of Goguryeo and the younger brother of King Yuri, Goguryeo's second king. The Korean Kingdoms of Balhae and Goryeo regarded themselves as successors to Goguryeo, recognized by Tang China and Yamato Japan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo art">Goguryeo art</a>, preserved largely in tomb paintings, is noted for the vigour and fine detail of its imagery. Many of the art pieces have an original style of painting, depicting various traditions that have continued throughout Korea's history. Cultural legacies of Goguryeo are found in modern Korean culture, for example: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_fortress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean fortress">Korean fortress</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ssireum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ssireum">ssireum</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taekkyeon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taekkyeon">taekkyeon</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_dance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean dance">Korean dance</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ondol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ondol">ondol</a> (Goguryeo's floor heating system) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanbok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanbok">hanbok</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[175]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Remains of walled towns, fortresses, palaces, tombs, and artifacts have been found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and Manchuria, including ancient paintings in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo_tombs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo tombs">Goguryeo tomb complex</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyongyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>. Some ruins are also still visible in present-day China, for example at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wun%C3%BC_Mountain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wunü Mountain">Wunü Mountain</a>, suspected to be the site of Jolbon fortress, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huanren_(town)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanren (town)">Huanren</a> in Liaoning province on the present border with North Korea. Ji'an is also home to a large collection of Goguryeo era tombs, including what Chinese scholars consider to be the tombs of Gwanggaeto and his son Jangsu, as well as perhaps the best-known Goguryeo artifact, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwanggaeto_Stele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwanggaeto Stele">Gwanggaeto Stele</a>, which is one of the primary sources for pre-5th-century Goguryeo history. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="World_Heritage_Site">World Heritage Site</h3> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> added <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_Cities_and_Tombs_of_the_Ancient_Koguryo_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom">Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom</a> in present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Complex_of_Koguryo_Tombs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex of Koguryo Tombs">Complex of Koguryo Tombs</a> in present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Heritage_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in 2004. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Name">Name</h3> </div> The modern English name "Korea" derives from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goryeo">Goryeo (also spelled as Koryŏ)</a> (918–1392), which regarded itself as the legitimate successor of Goguryeo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goryeo-140">[139]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rossabi-141">[140]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-seohui-142">[141]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Grayson-143">[142]</a> The name Goryeo was first used during the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jangsu_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jangsu of Goguryeo">Jangsu</a> in the 5th century. Goguryeo is also referred to as Goryeo after 520 AD in Chinese and Japanese historical and diplomatic sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[177]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Language">Language</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo language">Goguryeo language</a> </div> There have been some academic attempts to reconstruct the Goguryeo words based on the fragments of toponyms, recorded in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samguk_sagi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samguk sagi">Samguk sagi</a>, of the areas once possessed by Goguryeo. However, the reliability of the toponyms as linguistic evidence is still in dispute.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-179">[178]</a> The linguistic classification of the language is difficult due to the lack of historical sources. The most cited source, a body of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Placename_glosses_in_the_Samguk_sagi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Placename glosses in the Samguk sagi">placename glosses in the Samguk sagi</a>, has been interpreted by different authors as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koreanic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japonic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a>, or an intermediate between the two.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey201144-180">[179]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-From_Koguryo_to_Tamna:_Slowly_riding-27">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Lee and Ramsey also look broadly to include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altaic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a> and/or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tungusic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey201143-184">[183]</a> Chinese records suggest that the languages of Goguryeo, Buyeo, East <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okjeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gojoseon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> were similar, while they differed from that of the Malgal (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mohe_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-187">[186]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo controversies">Goguryeo controversies</a> </div> Goguryeo was viewed as a Korean kingdom in premodern China,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[188]</a> but in modern times, there is a dispute between China and Korea over whether Goguryeo can be considered part of Chinese history or if it is part of Korean history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-atimes.com-191">[190]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[191]</a> In 2002, Chinese government started a five-year research project on the history and current situation of the frontiers of Northeast China which lasted from 2002 to 2007.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[192]</a> It was launched by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Academy of Social Science">Chinese Academy of Social Science</a> (CASS) and received financial support from both the Chinese government and the CASS. The stated purpose of the Northeast Project was to use authoritative academic research to restore historical facts and protect the stability of Northeast China—a region sometimes known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>—in the context of the strategic changes that have taken place in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northeast_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast Asia</a> since China's "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reform_and_Opening?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening">Reform and Opening</a>" started in 1978.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Two of the project's leaders accused some foreign scholars and institutions of rewriting history to demand territory from China or to promote instability in the frontier regions, hence the necessity of the Project.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-195">[194]</a> The Project has been criticized for applying the contemporary vision of China as a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhonghua minzu">unified multiethnic state</a>" to ancient ethnic groups, states and history of the region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and northern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korea">Korea</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yoon_2004_p-196">[195]</a> According to this idea, there was a greater Chinese state in the ancient past.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yoon_2004_p-196">[195]</a> Accordingly, any pre-modern people or state that occupied any part of what is now the People's Republic of China is defined as having been part of Chinese history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Similar projects have been conducted on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inner_Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xinjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, which have been named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=North_Project&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="North Project (page does not exist)">North Project</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Southwest_Project&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Southwest Project (page does not exist)">Southwest Project</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Xinjiang_Project&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Xinjiang Project (page does not exist)">Xinjiang Project</a> respectively.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Due to its claims on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gojoseon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>, Goguryeo and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>, the project sparked disputes with Korea.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-200">[199]</a> In 2004, this dispute threatened to lead to diplomatic disputes between the People's Republic of China and South Korea, although all governments involved seem to exhibit no desire to see the issue damage relations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-201">[200]</a> In 2004, the Chinese government made a diplomatic compromise, pledging not to place claims to the history of Goguryeo in its history textbooks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[201]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chen-203">[202]</a> However, online discussion regarding this topic among the general public has since increased. The Internet has provided a platform for a broadening participation in the discussion of Goguryeo in both South Korea and China. Thomas Chase points out that despite the growing online discussion on this subject, this has not led to a more objective treatment of this history, nor a more critical evaluation of its relationship to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_identity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National identity">national identity</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-204">[203]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Korea">History of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balhae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taebong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taebong">Later Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_history_of_Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military history of Goguryeo">Military history of Goguryeo</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Note">Note</h3> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-277BC-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-277BC_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-277BC_1-1">b</a> North Korea claims that the country was established in 277 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[7]</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> 昔始祖鄒牟王之創基也, 出自北夫餘, 天帝之子, 母河伯女郞. 剖卵降世, 生而有聖□□□□. □命駕, 巡幸南下, 路由夫餘奄利大水. 王臨津言曰, 我是皇天之子, 母河伯女郞, 鄒牟王. 爲我連葭浮龜, 應聲卽爲連葭浮龜. 然後造渡, 於沸流谷忽本西, 城山上而建都焉. 不樂世位, 因遣黃龍來下迎王. 王於忽本東罡, 履龍頁昇天.顧命世子儒留王, 以道興治, 大朱留王紹承基業. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/ht/view.do?levelId%3Dht_001_0030_0020_0010">, 국사편찬위원회〔사료 2-2-01〕 광개토대왕비 소재 주몽 신화</a></li> <li id="cite_note-camb1-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-camb1_3-0">^</a> Lee Injae, Owen Miller, Park Jinhoon, Yi Hyun-Hae, 2014, Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, pp. 44–49, 52–60.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 6 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%BD%98%ED%85%90%EC%B8%A0%EB%8B%B7%EC%BB%B4&rft.atitle=%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8+%EC%82%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%AC+%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84%2C+%EB%B0%95%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%80+%EC%8B%9C%EB%B2%94%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturecontent.com%2Fcontent%2FcontentView.do%3Fsearch_div%3DCP_THE%26search_div_id%3DCP_THE004%26cp_code%3Drp0703%26index_id%3Drp07032340%26content_id%3Drp070309330002%26print%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Callahan, William A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DrdsUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114">China: The Pessoptimist Nation</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 114. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960439-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960439-5"><bdi>978-0-19-960439-5</bdi></a>. <q>On the Korean side, Koguryo is central to national identity: the name "Korea" comes from this ethnic Korean kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+The+Pessoptimist+Nation&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960439-5&rft.aulast=Callahan&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdsUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nuriwiki.net/wiki/%25EA%25B3%25A0%25EA%25B5%25AC%25EB%25A0%25A4%25EC%2596%25B4">고대 고구려의 단어</a> Retrieved 24 January 2023.]'</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%258F%25A5%25E9%25BA%2597%26oldid%3D73715663">"高句麗"</a>, Wiktionary, 2023-06-24, retrieved 2023-06-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97&rft.date=2023-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%258F%25A5%25E9%25BA%2597%26oldid%3D73715663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-EKC-26">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EKC_26-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EKC_26-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EKC_26-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EKC_26-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/"><bdi lang="ko">고구려 (高句麗)</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a> (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4+%28%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-From_Koguryo_to_Tamna:_Slowly_riding-27">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-From_Koguryo_to_Tamna:_Slowly_riding_27-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-From_Koguryo_to_Tamna:_Slowly_riding_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". Korean Linguistics. 15 (2): 222–240. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1075%252Fkl.15.2.03vov">10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Linguistics&rft.atitle=From+Koguryo+to+Tamna%3A+Slowly+riding+to+the+South+with+speakers+of+Proto-Korean&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-240&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fkl.15.2.03vov&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_28-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_28-1">b</a> Lim, Byung-joon (1999) (A) Study on the borrowed writings of the dialect of Koguryo Dynasty in Ancient Korean (MA), Konkuk University [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> Tranter, Nicholas (2012). The Languages of Japan and Korea (1st ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 53–54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415462877?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415462877">978-0415462877</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> Shiratori, Kurakichi (1896), "朝鮮古代王號考", in , volume 7, 史學會 (The Historical Society of Japan)</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> Mabuchi, Kazuhito (1978), "『三国史記』記載の百済地名より見た古代百済語の考察 (On the Ancient Language of Kudara as Reflected in Kudara Place Names in the Sangokushiki)", in [5], archived from the original on 2019-04-17, p. 79</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200733-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200733_32-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBeckwith2007">Beckwith 2007</a>, p. 33.</li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barnes_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Gina L (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DyK8m1XiEKz0C%26pg%3DPA22">State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives</a>. Psychology Press. p. 22. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700713233?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700713233"><bdi>978-0700713233</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Formation+in+Korea%3A+Historical+and+Archaeological+Perspectives&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0700713233&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gina+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyK8m1XiEKz0C%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Mohan-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Mohan_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2016" class="citation book cs1">Mohan, Pankaj (2016). "Goguyreo". In MacKenzie, John M (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe104">The Encyclopedia of Empire</a>. Wiley. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252F9781118455074.wbeoe104">10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe104</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118455074?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118455074"><bdi>978-1118455074</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Goguyreo&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Empire&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe104&rft.isbn=978-1118455074&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Xuefeng (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://brill.com/view/journals/fhic/5/4/article-p525_3.xml">"The Formation of East Asian World during the 4th and 5th Centuries: A Study Based on Chinese Sources"</a>. Frontiers of History in China. 5 (4): 528–529. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs11462-010-0110-z">10.1007/s11462-010-0110-z</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154743659">154743659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+of+History+in+China&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+East+Asian+World+during+the+4th+and+5th+Centuries%3A+A+Study+Based+on+Chinese+Sources&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=528-529&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11462-010-0110-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154743659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xuefeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Ffhic%2F5%2F4%2Farticle-p525_3.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> "In the year 11 AD, he (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wang_Mang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a>) ordered the Koguryo people to attack the Hsiung-nu. When they refused, their ruler was murdered by the Han governor of Liao-hsi and 'so the Maek [i.e., Koguryo] people raided the frontier even more'."</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> 先是，莽發高句驪兵，當伐胡，不欲行，郡強迫之，皆亡出塞，因犯法為寇。遼西大尹田譚追擊之，為所殺。州郡歸咎於高句驪侯騶。[...] 莽不尉安，穢貉遂反，詔尤擊之。尤誘高句驪侯騶至而斬焉，傳首長安。[...] 於是貉人愈犯邊，東北與西南夷皆亂云。 Book of Han, Chapter 99.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByington2003234-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByington2003234_38-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFByington2003">Byington 2003</a>, p. 234.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByington2003194-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByington2003194_39-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFByington2003">Byington 2003</a>, p. 194.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByington2003233-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByington2003233_40-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFByington2003">Byington 2003</a>, p. 233.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> Book 37 of Samguk sagi Monographs recorded: 高句麗始居中國北地，則漸東遷于浿水之側</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikens1992191–196-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAikens1992191%E2%80%93196_42-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAikens1992">Aikens 1992</a>, pp. 191–196.</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_BaryPeter_H.2000" class="citation book cs1">De Bary, Theodore; Peter H., Lee (2000). Sources of Korean Tradition. Columbia University Press. pp. 7–11. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231120319?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231120319"><bdi>978-0231120319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Korean+Tradition&rft.pages=7-11&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0231120319&rft.aulast=De+Bary&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.au=Peter+H.%2C+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> Book 28 of Samguk sagi: Baekje's Records Volume 6: 「秦、漢亂離之時，中國人多竄海東。」</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> Book 13 of Samguk sagi Goguryeo's Records：秋八月，王命鳥伊烏伊、摩離，領兵二萬，西伐梁貊，滅其國，進兵襲取漢高句麗縣。(縣屬玄菟郡)"</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> Book of Han Volume 28 Part 2 玄菟郡，戶四萬五千六，口二十二萬一千八百四十五。縣三：高句驪，上殷台，西蓋馬。<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E6%259B%25B8/%25E5%258D%25B7028%25E4%25B8%258B" class="extiw" title="s:zh:漢書/卷028下">Wikisource: the Book of Han, volume 28-2</a></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> Book of the Later Han Volume 85 Treatise on the Dongyi</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_National_Folk_Museum_of_Korea_(South_Korea)2014" class="citation book cs1">The National Folk Museum of Korea (South Korea) (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDsR3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41">Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Literature: Encyclopedia of Korean Folklore and Traditional Culture Vol. III</a>. 길잡이미디어. p. 41. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8928900848?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8928900848"><bdi>978-8928900848</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Folk+Literature%3A+Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Folklore+and+Traditional+Culture+Vol.+III&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=%EA%B8%B8%EC%9E%A1%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8928900848&rft.au=The+National+Folk+Museum+of+Korea+%28South+Korea%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDsR3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Sources_of_Korean_Tradition-49">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sources_of_Korean_Tradition_49-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sources_of_Korean_Tradition_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_BaryPeter_H.1997" class="citation book cs1">De Bary, Theodore; Peter H., Lee (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DkWYCxE3plWkC%26pg%3DPA24">Sources of Korean Tradition</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 24–25. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231120319?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231120319"><bdi>978-0231120319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Korean+Tradition&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0231120319&rft.aulast=De+Bary&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.au=Peter+H.%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkWYCxE3plWkC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId%3D1185444%26mobile%26cid%3D40942%26categoryId%3D33375">Doosan Encyclopedia 유화부인 柳花夫人</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doosan+Encyclopedia+%EC%9C%A0%ED%99%94%EB%B6%80%EC%9D%B8+%E6%9F%B3%E8%8A%B1%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA&rft.pub=Doosan+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterms.naver.com%2Fentry.nhn%3FdocId%3D1185444%26mobile%26cid%3D40942%26categoryId%3D33375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Doosan_Encyclopedia-51">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Doosan_Encyclopedia_51-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Doosan_Encyclopedia_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId%3D1160526%26cid%3D40942%26categoryId%3D31541%26mobile">Doosan Encyclopedia 하백 河伯</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doosan+Encyclopedia+%ED%95%98%EB%B0%B1+%E6%B2%B3%E4%BC%AF&rft.pub=Doosan+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterms.naver.com%2Fentry.nhn%3FdocId%3D1160526%26cid%3D40942%26categoryId%3D31541%26mobile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture-52">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture_52-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId%3D531903%26cid%3D46620%26categoryId%3D46620%26mobile">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 하백 河伯</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture+%ED%95%98%EB%B0%B1+%E6%B2%B3%E4%BC%AF&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterms.naver.com%2Fentry.nhn%3FdocId%3D531903%26cid%3D46620%26categoryId%3D46620%26mobile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF조현설" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">조현설. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://folkency.nfm.go.kr/kr/topic/%25EC%259C%25A0%25ED%2599%2594%25EB%25B6%2580%25EC%259D%25B8/5387"><bdi lang="ko">유화부인</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Folk_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Folk_Museum_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Folk Museum of Korea">National Folk Museum of Korea</a>. Retrieved 30 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Folk+Culture&rft.atitle=%EC%9C%A0%ED%99%94%EB%B6%80%EC%9D%B8&rft.au=%EC%A1%B0%ED%98%84%EC%84%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolkency.nfm.go.kr%2Fkr%2Ftopic%2F%25EC%259C%25A0%25ED%2599%2594%25EB%25B6%2580%25EC%259D%25B8%2F5387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> Ilyon, "Samguk yusa", Yonsei University Press, p. 45</li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a> Ilyon, "Samguk yusa", p. 46</li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s%3DK%26i%3D273624">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a> (in Korean)</li> <li id="cite_note-proper-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-proper_57-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20121209100935/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid%3D828500">Doosan Encyclopedia Online</a> (in Korean)</li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> Ilyon, "Samguk yusa", pp. 46–47</li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> 《三国史记》："六年秋八月神雀集宫庭冬十月王命乌伊扶芬奴伐太白山东南人国取其地为城邑。十年秋九月鸾集于王台冬十一月王命扶尉伐北沃沮灭之以其地为城邑"</li> <li id="cite_note-mygoguryeo-60">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mygoguryeo_60-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mygoguryeo_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528113348/http://www.mygoguryeo.net/history01.htm">"The Pride History of Korea"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mygoguryeo.net/history01.htm">the original</a> on 2007-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pride+History+of+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mygoguryeo.net%2Fhistory01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> Gina L. Barnes, "State Formation in Korea", 2001 Curzon Press, p. 22 [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> Ki-Baik Lee, "A New History of Korea", 1984 Harvard University Press, p. 24 [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> Ki-Baik Lee, "A New History of Korea", 1984, Harvard University Press, p. 36</li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://world.kbs.co.kr/service/contents_view.htm?lang%3De%26menu_cate%3Dhistory%26id%3D%26board_seq%3D4009%26page%3D3%26board_code%3Ddynasty">"History: King Sansang"</a>. KBS. March 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History%3A+King+Sansang&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.kbs.co.kr%2Fservice%2Fcontents_view.htm%3Flang%3De%26menu_cate%3Dhistory%26id%3D%26board_seq%3D4009%26page%3D3%26board_code%3Ddynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen_Shou" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chen_Shou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chen Shou">Chen Shou</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25BF%2597/%25E5%258D%25B730">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a>. Vol. 30. <q>建安中，公孫康出軍擊之，破其國，焚燒邑落。拔奇怨爲兄而不得立，與涓奴加各將下戶三萬餘口詣康降，還住沸流水。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Three+Kingdoms&rft.au=Chen+Shou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25BF%2597%2F%25E5%258D%25B730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Crespigny2007" class="citation cs2">de Crespigny, Rafe (2007), A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms, Brill, p. 988</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Later+Han+to+the+Three+Kingdoms&rft.pages=988&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=de+Crespigny&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> 'Gina L. Barnes', "State Formation in Korea", 2001 Curzon Press, pp. 22–23'</li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Roger_Tennant1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_Tennant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger Tennant">Charles Roger Tennant</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtKTtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D244%252Bsacked">A history of Korea</a> (illustrated ed.). Kegan Paul International. p. 22. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0532-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0532-9"><bdi>978-0-7103-0532-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 February 2012. <q>Wei. In 242, under King Tongch'ŏn, they attacked a Chinese fortress near the mouth of the Yalu in an attempt to cut the land route across Liao, in return for which the Wei invaded them in 244 and sacked Hwando.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Korea&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul+International&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0532-9&rft.au=Charles+Roger+Tennant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKTtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D244%252Bsacked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> 'Gina L. Barnes', "State Formation in Korea", 2001 Curzon Press, p. 23'</li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInjaeMillerJinhoonHyun-Hae2014" class="citation book cs1">Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D46OTBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30">Korean History in Maps</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107098466?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107098466"><bdi>978-1107098466</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+History+in+Maps&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107098466&rft.aulast=Injae&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Miller%2C+Owen&rft.au=Jinhoon%2C+Park&rft.au=Hyun-Hae%2C+Yi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46OTBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Bu-sik" class="citation book cs1">Kim Bu-sik. Samguk sagi. Vol. 17. <q>十二年冬十二月王畋于杜訥之谷魏將尉遲楷名犯長陵諱將兵來伐王簡精騎五千戰於梁貊之谷敗之斬首八千餘級</q></cite></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> 'Ki-Baik Lee', "A New History of Korea", 1984 Harvard University Press, page 20</li> <li id="cite_note-Tennant-73">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tennant_73-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tennant_73-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tennant_73-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennant1996" class="citation book cs1">Tennant, Charles Roger (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DXn85nFTAX8EC%26pg%3DPA22">A History of Korea</a>. Routledge. p. 22. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710305329?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710305329"><bdi>978-0710305329</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 October 2016. <q>Soon after, the Wei fell to the Jin and Koguryŏ grew stronger, until in 313 they finally succeeded in occupying Lelang and bringing to an end the 400 years of China's presence in the peninsula, a period sufficient to ensure that for the next 1,500 it would remain firmly within the sphere of its culture. After the fall of the Jin in 316, the proto-Mongol Xianbei occupied the North of China, of which the Murong clan took the Shandong area, moved up to the Liao, and in 341 sacked and burned the Koguryŏ capital at Hwando. They took away some thousands of prisoners to provide cheap labour to build more walls of their own, and in 346 went on to wreak even greater destruction on Puyŏ, hastening what seems to have been a continuing migration of its people into the north-eastern area of the peninsula, but Koguryŏ, though temporarily weakened, would soon rebuild its walls and continue to expand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0710305329&rft.aulast=Tennant&rft.aufirst=Charles+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXn85nFTAX8EC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinul1991" class="citation book cs1">Chinul (1991). Buswell, Robert E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DEazRC28tdIIC%26pg%3DPA3">Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen</a>. Translated by Robert E. Buswell (abridged ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 3. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824814274?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824814274"><bdi>978-0824814274</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+Back+the+Radiance%3A+Chinul%27s+Korean+Way+of+Zen&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=abridged&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0824814274&rft.au=Chinul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEazRC28tdIIC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinul1991" class="citation book cs1">Chinul (1991). Buswell, Robert E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DEazRC28tdIIC%26pg%3DPA4">Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen</a>. Translated by Robert E. Buswell (abridged ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824814274?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824814274"><bdi>978-0824814274</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+Back+the+Radiance%3A+Chinul%27s+Korean+Way+of+Zen&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=abridged&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0824814274&rft.au=Chinul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEazRC28tdIIC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-World_History_P464-76">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-World_History_P464_76-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-World_History_P464_76-1">b</a> Encyclopedia of World History, Vol I, p. 464 Three Kingdoms, Korea, Edited by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, Mark F. Whitters, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6386-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6386-4">978-0-8160-6386-4</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Sosurim-77">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sosurim_77-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sosurim_77-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sosurim_77-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jinwung (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQFPsi3IK8gcC%26pg%3DPA34">A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 34. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253000781?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253000781"><bdi>978-0253000781</bdi></a>. 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Henthorn', "A History of Korea", 1971 Macmillan Publishing Co., p. 34</li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div%3DCP_THE%26search_div_id%3DCP_THE004%26cp_code%3Drp0703%26index_id%3Drp07031366%26content_id%3Drp070313660001%26search_left_menu%3D"><bdi lang="ko">국양왕</bdi></a>. KOCCA. Korea Creative Content Agency. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?No%3D10039591">the original</a> on 24 October 2016. 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Jimoondang. p. 201. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8988095850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8988095850"><bdi>978-8988095850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+history+of+Korea&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Jimoondang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8988095850&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Hy%C5%8Fn-h%C5%ADi&rft.au=Pak%2C+S%C5%8Fng-su&rft.au=Yun%2C+Nae-hy%C5%8Fn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKO8MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"> "He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo."</li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1988" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John Whitney (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DA3_6lp8IOK8C%26q%3D%252522The%252Breign%252Bof%252BKing%252BKwanggaet%252527o%252Bis%252Bthought%252Bof%252Bas%252BKoguryo%252527s%252Bgolden%252Bage%252Bof%252Bpolitical%252Bmight%252Band%252BBuddhist%252Bsplendor.%252522">The Cambridge History of Japan</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 362. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521223522?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521223522"><bdi>978-0521223522</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+history&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0684188997&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtwpAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%252522Nevertheless%25252C%252Bthe%252Breigns%252Bof%252BKwanggaet%252527o%252Band%252Bhis%252Bsuccessor%252BChangsu%252B%252528413-491%252529%252Bconstituted%252Bthe%252Bgolden%252Bage%252Bof%252BKoguryo.%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Warren I. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOkjd2rDwb8IC%26q%3D%252522Koguryo%252527s%252BGolden%252BAge%252522">East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 50. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231502511?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231502511"><bdi>978-0231502511</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia+at+the+Center%3A+Four+Thousand+Years+of+Engagement+with+the+World&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0231502511&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Warren+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkjd2rDwb8IC%26q%3D%252522Koguryo%252527s%252BGolden%252BAge%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Jinwung-87">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jinwung_87-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jinwung_87-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jinwung_87-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jinwung_87-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jinwung_87-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jinwung_87-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jinwung_87-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jinwung_87-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jinwung_87-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jinwung (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQFPsi3IK8gcC%26pg%3DPA35">A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253000781?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253000781"><bdi>978-0253000781</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+%22Land+of+the+Morning+Calm%22+to+States+in+Conflict&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0253000781&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jinwung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFPsi3IK8gcC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudor2012" class="citation book cs1">Tudor, Daniel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBA_QAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DInner%252BMongolia">Korea: The Impossible Country: The Impossible Country</a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1462910229?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1462910229"><bdi>978-1462910229</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+The+Impossible+Country%3A+The+Impossible+Country&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1462910229&rft.aulast=Tudor&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBA_QAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DInner%252BMongolia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF김운회2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">김운회 (4 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pressian.com/news/article.html?no%3D113599"><bdi lang="ko">한국과 몽골, 그 천년의 비밀을 찾아서</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pressian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pressian">Pressian</a>. 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Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pressian&rft.atitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EA%B3%BC+%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A8%2C+%EA%B7%B8+%EC%B2%9C%EB%85%84%EC%9D%98+%EB%B9%84%EB%B0%80%EC%9D%84+%EC%B0%BE%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EC%9A%B4%ED%9A%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressian.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.html%3Fno%3D113599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF成宇濟" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">成宇濟. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031650/http://www.sisapress.com/journal/articlePrint/99094"><bdi lang="ko">고고학자 손보기 교수</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sisa_Journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sisa Journal">Sisa Journal</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sisapress.com/journal/articlePrint/99094">the original</a> on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sisa+Journal&rft.atitle=%EA%B3%A0%EA%B3%A0%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90+%EC%86%90%EB%B3%B4%EA%B8%B0+%EA%B5%90%EC%88%98&rft.au=%E6%88%90%E5%AE%87%E6%BF%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sisapress.com%2Fjournal%2FarticlePrint%2F99094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_travel/khan_art_view.html?artid%3D200905061508575"><bdi lang="ko">[초원 실크로드를 가다](14)초원로가 한반도까지</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyunghyang_Shinmun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyunghyang Shinmun">Kyunghyang Shinmun</a>. 19 August 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyunghyang+Shinmun&rft.atitle=%5B%EC%B4%88%EC%9B%90+%EC%8B%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%BC+%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%A4%5D%2814%29%EC%B4%88%EC%9B%90%EB%A1%9C%EA%B0%80+%ED%95%9C%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84%EA%B9%8C%EC%A7%80&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.khan.co.kr%2Fkh_travel%2Fkhan_art_view.html%3Fartid%3D200905061508575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Djun-92">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Djun_92-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Djun_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2014" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Djun Kil (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIgxvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32">The History of Korea</a> (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 32. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610695824?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610695824"><bdi>978-1610695824</bdi></a>. 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AuthorHouse. p. 137. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1477265161?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1477265161"><bdi>978-1477265161</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 August 2016. <q>He also conquered Sushen tribes in the northeast, Tungusic ancestors of the Jurcid and Manchus who later ruled Chinese "barbarian conquest dynasties" during the twelfth and seventeenth centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1477265161&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Dyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Z3a0NU4RHMC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeCh'oeKang1996" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Peter H.; Ch'oe, Yongho; Kang, Hugh H. W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dx9q69SroxWkC%26pg%3DPA25">Sources of Korean Tradition: Volume One: From Early Times Through the Sixteenth Century</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 25–26. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231515313?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231515313"><bdi>978-0231515313</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Korean+Tradition%3A+Volume+One%3A+From+Early+Times+Through+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0231515313&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=Ch%27oe%2C+Yongho&rft.au=Kang%2C+Hugh+H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9q69SroxWkC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828051916/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no%3D10039827">"Kings and Queens of Korea"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KBS_World_Radio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="KBS World Radio">KBS World Radio</a>. Korea Communications Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no%3D10039827">the original</a> on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KBS+World+Radio&rft.atitle=Kings+and+Queens+of+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.kbs.co.kr%2Fenglish%2Farchive%2Fprogram%2Fprogram_dynasty.htm%3Fno%3D10039827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1984" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 38–40. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674615762?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674615762"><bdi>978-0674615762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=38-40&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0674615762&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ki-Baik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"> "This move from a region of narrow mountain valleys to a broad riverine plain indicates that the capital could no longer remain primarily a military encampment but had to be developed into a metropolitan center for the nation's political, economic, and social life."</li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jinwung (2012-11-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQFPsi3IK8gcC%26pg%3DPA36">A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 36. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253000781?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253000781"><bdi>978-0253000781</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+%22Land+of+the+Morning+Calm%22+to+States+in+Conflict&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft.isbn=978-0253000781&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jinwung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFPsi3IK8gcC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"> "Because Pyongyang was located in the vast, fertile Taedong River basin and had been the center of advanced culture of Old Chosŏn and Nangnang, this move led Koguryŏ to attain a high level of economic and cultural prosperity."</li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dw8N3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA474"><bdi lang="ko">한나절에 읽는 백제의 역사</bdi></a> (in Korean). ebookspub(이북스펍). 2014. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1155191965?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/979-1155191965"><bdi>979-1155191965</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%ED%95%9C%EB%82%98%EC%A0%88%EC%97%90+%EC%9D%BD%EB%8A%94+%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%98+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&rft.pub=ebookspub%28%EC%9D%B4%EB%B6%81%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%8D%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=979-1155191965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8N3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1984" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 38–40. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674615762?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674615762"><bdi>978-0674615762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=38-40&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0674615762&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ki-Baik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2012" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Hugh Dyson (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3Z3a0NU4RHMC%26q%3D%252522King%252BChangsu%252Bsucceeded%252BKwanggaet%252527o%252Band%252Bruled%252BKoguryo%252Bfor%252B79%252Byears%252B%252528412%2525E2%252580%252593491%252529%252Bthe%252Blongest%252Breign%252Bin%252BEast%252BAsian%25252C%252Band%252Bpossibly%25252C%252Bworld%252Bhistory%252521%252522">East Asia: A New History</a>. AuthorHouse. p. 137. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477265161?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781477265161"><bdi>9781477265161</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012-11&rft.isbn=9781477265161&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Dyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Z3a0NU4RHMC%26q%3D%252522King%252BChangsu%252Bsucceeded%252BKwanggaet%252527o%252Band%252Bruled%252BKoguryo%252Bfor%252B79%252Byears%252B%252528412%2525E2%252580%252593491%252529%252Bthe%252Blongest%252Breign%252Bin%252BEast%252BAsian%25252C%252Band%252Bpossibly%25252C%252Bworld%252Bhistory%252521%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method%3Dview%26MAS_IDX%3D181755"><bdi lang="ko">평원왕[平原王, ? – 590]</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%ED%8F%89%EC%9B%90%EC%99%95%5B%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F%E7%8E%8B%2C+%3F+%E2%80%93+590%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doopedia.co.kr%2Fdoopedia%2Fmaster%2Fmaster.do%3F_method%3Dview%26MAS_IDX%3D181755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi1984" class="citation book cs1">Yi, Ki-baek (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26pg%3DPA47">A New History of Korea</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 47. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674615762?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674615762"><bdi>978-0674615762</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0674615762&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Ki-baek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-White-103">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-White_103-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-White_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Matthew (2011-11-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0-fQHlaIpR4C%26pg%3DPA78">Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 78–79. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393081923?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393081923"><bdi>978-0393081923</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atrocities%3A+The+100+Deadliest+Episodes+in+Human+History&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0393081923&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-fQHlaIpR4C%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedeski2007" class="citation book cs1">Bedeski, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DiNl9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90">Human Security and the Chinese State: Historical Transformations and the Modern Quest for Sovereignty</a>. Routledge. p. 90. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134125975?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134125975"><bdi>978-1134125975</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Security+and+the+Chinese+State%3A+Historical+Transformations+and+the+Modern+Quest+for+Sovereignty&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1134125975&rft.aulast=Bedeski&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNl9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2013" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCWE8AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106">East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 106. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111808150?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111808150"><bdi>978-1111808150</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1800&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1111808150&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rft.au=Palais%2C+James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWE8AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Medieval_Chinese_Warfare_300-900-106">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Medieval_Chinese_Warfare_300-900_106-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Medieval_Chinese_Warfare_300-900_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff2003" class="citation book cs1">Graff, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DgpmBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA196">Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900</a>. Routledge. p. 196. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134553532?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134553532"><bdi>978-1134553532</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Chinese+Warfare+300%E2%80%93900&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1134553532&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpmBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2016" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark (2016-10-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldhistory.org/Three_Kingdoms_Period_in_Korea">"Goguryeo"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Goguryeo&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FThree_Kingdoms_Period_in_Korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"> Retrieved February 28, 2021</li> <li id="cite_note-100.nate.com-108">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100.nate.com_108-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100.nate.com_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610011238/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s%3DK%26i%3D271861%26v%3D42"><bdi lang="ko">진평왕</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s%3DK%26i%3D271861%26v%3D42">the original</a> on 2011-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Korean+Studies&rft.atitle=%EC%A7%84%ED%8F%89%EC%99%95&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F100.nate.com%2Fdicsearch%2Fpentry.html%3Fs%3DK%26i%3D271861%26v%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Medieval_Chinese_Warfare_300–900-109">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Medieval_Chinese_Warfare_300%E2%80%93900_109-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Medieval_Chinese_Warfare_300%E2%80%93900_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff2001" class="citation book cs1">Graff, David (2001). Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900. Routledge. p. 197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Chinese+Warfare+300%E2%80%93900&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi1984" class="citation book cs1">Yi, Ki-baek (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26pg%3DPA48">A New History of Korea</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 48. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674615762?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674615762"><bdi>978-0674615762</bdi></a>. 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Indiana University Press. p. 50. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253000781?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253000781"><bdi>978-0253000781</bdi></a>. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCWE8AAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%252522Still%252Bconvinced%252Bthat%252Bhe%252Bcould%252Bdefeat%252BKoguryo%25252C%252BTaizong%252Bdispatched%252Btwo%252Bmore%252Bexpeditions%252Bagainst%252Bit%252Bin%252B647%252Band%252B648%25252C%252Bneither%252Bof%252Bthem%252Bsuccessful.%252522">East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 106. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111808150?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111808150"><bdi>978-1111808150</bdi></a>. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26q%3D%252522In%252B645%252Bhe%252Bled%252BTang%252Bforces%252Bto%252Bconquer%252BKoguryo%252Bbut%252Bwas%252Bdefeated.%252BAgain%252Bin%252B647%252Band%252B648%252Bhe%252Bsent%252Bout%252Bexpeditionary%252Bforces%252Bto%252Binvade%252BKoguryo%25252C%252Bbut%252Bthese%252Battacks%252Bwere%252Balso%252Brepulsed%252Bby%252Bthe%252BKorean%252Bkingdom.%252522">A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 406. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851096725?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851096725"><bdi>978-1851096725</bdi></a>. 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Harvard University Press. p. 43. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674056084?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674056084"><bdi>978-0674056084</bdi></a>. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441908490?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441908490"><bdi>978-1441908490</bdi></a>. 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Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2"><bdi>978-1-932476-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Trade%2C+Travel%2C+War+and+Faith&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932476-13-2&rft.aulast=Library&rft.aufirst=British&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArWLD4Qop38C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA243">History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 243. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grenet, Frantz (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cairn.info/journal-annales-2004-5-page-1043.htm">"Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole"</a>. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 5/6: Fig. C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales.+Histoire%2C+Sciences+Sociales&rft.atitle=Maracanda%2FSamarkand%2C+une+m%C3%A9tropole+pr%C3%A9-mongole&rft.volume=5%2F6&rft.pages=Fig.+C&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Fjournal-annales-2004-5-page-1043.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-oceania-119">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-oceania_119-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-oceania_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DvoerPYsAB5wC%26q%3Dstalwart%252Bdefenses">Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 29. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107098466?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107098466"><bdi>978-1107098466</bdi></a>. 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Korea Creative Content Agency. Retrieved 4 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%BD%98%ED%85%90%EC%B8%A0%EC%A7%84%ED%9D%A5%EC%9B%90&rft.atitle=%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%BC%EA%B8%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturecontent.com%2Fcontent%2FcontentView.do%3Fsearch_div_id%3DCP_THE003%26cp_code%3Dcp0901%26index_id%3Dcp09010004%26content_id%3Dcp090100040001%26search_left_menu%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF김용만1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">김용만 (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0iN1PAAACAAJ%26q%3D%2525EA%2525B3%2525A0%2525EA%2525B5%2525AC%2525EB%2525A0%2525A4%2525EC%25259D%252598%252B%2525EB%2525B0%25259C%2525EA%2525B2%2525AC"><bdi lang="ko">고구려의발견: 새로쓰는고구려문명사</bdi></a> (in Korean). 바다출판사. p. 486. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8987180212?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8987180212"><bdi>978-8987180212</bdi></a>. 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Harvard University Press. p. 67. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674615762?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674615762"><bdi>978-0674615762</bdi></a>. 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China's cosmopolitan empire: The Tang dynasty. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674033061?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780674033061"><bdi>9780674033061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+cosmopolitan+empire%3A+The+Tang+dynasty&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674033061&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff2003" class="citation book cs1">Graff, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DgpmBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA213">Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900</a>. Routledge. p. 213. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134553532?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134553532"><bdi>978-1134553532</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Chinese+Warfare+300%E2%80%93900&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1134553532&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpmBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2011" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Reg G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Ds4njwZGrZg4C%26pg%3DPA118">1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History</a>. Universe Pub. p. 118. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789322333?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0789322333"><bdi>978-0789322333</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Battles+That+Changed+the+Course+of+World+History&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Universe+Pub.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0789322333&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Reg+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4njwZGrZg4C%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2015" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. Frederick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DXuvqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38">Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland</a>. Routledge. p. 38. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317451372?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317451372"><bdi>978-1317451372</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Borderland&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317451372&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuvqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnollyGillinghamLazenby2016" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, Peter; Gillingham, John; Lazenby, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1LUoDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT263">The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare</a>. Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135936815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135936815"><bdi>978-1135936815</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hutchinson+Dictionary+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+Warfare&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1135936815&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Gillingham%2C+John&rft.au=Lazenby%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LUoDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeelis2010" class="citation book cs1">Neelis, Jason (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DGB-JV2eOr2UC%26pg%3DPA176">Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia</a>. Brill. p. 176. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004181595?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004181595"><bdi>978-9004181595</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Transmission+and+Trade+Networks%3A+Mobility+and+Exchange+Within+and+Beyond+the+Northwestern+Borderlands+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004181595&rft.aulast=Neelis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGB-JV2eOr2UC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-fuqua07-40-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fuqua07-40_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuqua2007" class="citation book cs1">Fuqua, Jacques L. (2007). Nuclear endgame: The need for engagement with North Korea. Westport: Praeger Security International. p. 40. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275990749?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780275990749"><bdi>9780275990749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+endgame%3A+The+need+for+engagement+with+North+Korea&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780275990749&rft.aulast=Fuqua&rft.aufirst=Jacques+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-134">^</a> 《資治通鑑·唐紀四十一》</li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-135">^</a> 《資治通鑑·唐紀四十三》</li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF이상각2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">이상각 (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLonnCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25"><bdi lang="ko">고려사 – 열정과 자존의 오백년</bdi></a> (in Korean). 들녘. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1159250248?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/979-1159250248"><bdi>979-1159250248</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%82%AC+%E2%80%93+%EC%97%B4%EC%A0%95%EA%B3%BC+%EC%9E%90%EC%A1%B4%EC%9D%98+%EC%98%A4%EB%B0%B1%EB%85%84&rft.pub=%EB%93%A4%EB%85%98&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=979-1159250248&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B0%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLonnCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId%3Dnh_011_0040_0030_0020_0020">"(2) 건국―호족들과의 제휴"</a>. 우리역사넷 (in Korean). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%84%B7&rft.atitle=%282%29+%EA%B1%B4%EA%B5%AD%E2%80%95%ED%98%B8%EC%A1%B1%EB%93%A4%EA%B3%BC%EC%9D%98+%EC%A0%9C%ED%9C%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.history.go.kr%2Ffront%2Fnh%2Fview.do%3FlevelId%3Dnh_011_0040_0030_0020_0020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF성기환2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">성기환 (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DgQ3-AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT6"><bdi lang="ko">생각하는 한국사 2: 고려시대부터 조선·일제강점까지</bdi></a> (in Korean). 버들미디어. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8986982923?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8986982923"><bdi>978-8986982923</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%83%9D%EA%B0%81%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC+2%3A+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80%EB%B6%80%ED%84%B0+%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%C2%B7%EC%9D%BC%EC%A0%9C%EA%B0%95%EC%A0%90%EA%B9%8C%EC%A7%80&rft.pub=%EB%B2%84%EB%93%A4%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8986982923&rft.au=%EC%84%B1%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQ3-AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF박2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">박, 종기 (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQn6TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT59"><bdi lang="ko">고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다</bdi></a> (in Korean). 휴머니스트. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8958629023?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8958629023"><bdi>978-8958629023</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%98+%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%9C%EA%B2%AC%3A+%ED%95%9C%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81+%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%A5+%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%B4%EA%B3%A0+%EC%97%AD%EB%8F%99%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%B8+500%EB%85%84+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%BC+%EB%A7%8C%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4&rft.pub=%ED%9C%B4%EB%A8%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8958629023&rft.aulast=%EB%B0%95&rft.aufirst=%EC%A2%85%EA%B8%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQn6TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Goryeo-140">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Goryeo_140-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Goryeo_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi1984" class="citation book cs1">Yi, Ki-baek (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26pg%3DPA103">A New History of Korea</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 103. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674615762?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674615762"><bdi>978-0674615762</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0674615762&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Ki-baek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Rossabi-141">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rossabi_141-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rossabi_141-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rossabi_141-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1983" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DsNpD5UKmkswC%26q%3D%252522As%252Bthe%252Bself-proclaimed%252Bsuccessor%252Bto%252BKoguryo%252Band%252Bthe%252Bprotector%252Bof%252BParhae%252Brefugees%25252C%252Bmany%252Bof%252Bthem%252Bof%252BKoguryo%252Borigin%25252C%252BKoryo%252Bconsidered%252Bthe%252Bnorthern%252Bterritories%252Bin%252BManchuria%252Bits%252Brightful%252Blegacy.%252522">China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries</a>. University of California Press. p. 323. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520045620?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520045620"><bdi>978-0520045620</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Among+Equals%3A+The+Middle+Kingdom+and+Its+Neighbors%2C+10th%E2%80%9314th+Centuries&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0520045620&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNpD5UKmkswC%26q%3D%252522As%252Bthe%252Bself-proclaimed%252Bsuccessor%252Bto%252BKoguryo%252Band%252Bthe%252Bprotector%252Bof%252BParhae%252Brefugees%25252C%252Bmany%252Bof%252Bthem%252Bof%252BKoguryo%252Borigin%25252C%252BKoryo%252Bconsidered%252Bthe%252Bnorthern%252Bterritories%252Bin%252BManchuria%252Bits%252Brightful%252Blegacy.%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-seohui-142">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-seohui_142-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-seohui_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2005" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Djun Kil (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dci_iGuAAqmsC%26pg%3DPA57">The History of Korea</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 57. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313038532?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313038532"><bdi>978-0313038532</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0313038532&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Djun+Kil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dci_iGuAAqmsC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Grayson-143">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Grayson_143-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Grayson_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2013" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, James H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLU78AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79">Korea – A Religious History</a>. Routledge. p. 79. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136869259?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136869259"><bdi>978-1136869259</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+%E2%80%93+A+Religious+History&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136869259&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLU78AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF박종기2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">박종기 (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQn6TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT66"><bdi lang="ko">고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다</bdi></a> (in Korean). 휴머니스트. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8958629023?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8958629023"><bdi>978-8958629023</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%98+%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%9C%EA%B2%AC%3A+%ED%95%9C%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81+%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%A5+%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%B4%EA%B3%A0+%EC%97%AD%EB%8F%99%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%B8+500%EB%85%84+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%BC+%EB%A7%8C%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4&rft.pub=%ED%9C%B4%EB%A8%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8958629023&rft.au=%EB%B0%95%EC%A2%85%EA%B8%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQn6TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF박용운" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">박용운. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622072057/http://www.chosun.com/culture/news/200606/200606160471.html"><bdi lang="ko">'고구려'와 '고려'는 같은 나라였다</bdi></a>. 조선닷컴. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.chosun.com/culture/news/200606/200606160471.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%8B%B7%EC%BB%B4&rft.atitle=%27%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4%27%EC%99%80+%27%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%27%EB%8A%94+%EA%B0%99%EC%9D%80+%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%98%80%EB%8B%A4&rft.au=%EB%B0%95%EC%9A%A9%EC%9A%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chosun.com%2Fculture%2Fnews%2F200606%2F200606160471.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1984" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 103. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674615762?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674615762"><bdi>978-0674615762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0674615762&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ki-Baik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"> "When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time, much of its ruling class, who were of Koguryŏ descent, fled to Koryŏ. Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land. Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye ("Successor of the Royal Wang") on the Parhae crown prince, Tae Kwang-hyŏn, Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register, thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage, and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor. Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom."</li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0003323"><bdi lang="ko">고구려</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FArticle%2FE0003323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi1984" class="citation book cs1">Yi, Ki-baek (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26pg%3DPA23">A New History of Korea</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674615762?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674615762"><bdi>978-0674615762</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0674615762&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Ki-baek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF신형식2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">신형식 (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1Sg7_rxpT-gC%26pg%3DPA56"><bdi lang="ko">高句麗史</bdi></a> (in Korean). Ewha Womans University Press. p. 56. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8973005284?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8973005284"><bdi>978-8973005284</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Ewha+Womans+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8973005284&rft.au=%EC%8B%A0%ED%98%95%EC%8B%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Sg7_rxpT-gC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF이덕일박찬규2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">이덕일; 박찬규 (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DeGQRAQAAMAAJ"><bdi lang="ko">고구려 는 천자 의 제국 이었다</bdi></a> (in Korean). 역사의아침. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8995884973?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8995884973"><bdi>978-8995884973</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4+%EB%8A%94+%EC%B2%9C%EC%9E%90+%EC%9D%98+%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD+%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%88%EB%8B%A4&rft.pub=%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%98%EC%95%84%EC%B9%A8&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8995884973&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%EB%8D%95%EC%9D%BC&rft.au=%EB%B0%95%EC%B0%AC%EA%B7%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGQRAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171828/http://contents.koreanhistory.or.kr/id/G0001"><bdi lang="ko">고구려 5부 (高句麗五部)</bdi></a>. 한국사 콘텐츠. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://contents.koreanhistory.or.kr/id/G0001">the original</a> on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC+%EC%BD%98%ED%85%90%EC%B8%A0&rft.atitle=%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4+5%EB%B6%80+%28%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97+%E4%BA%94%E9%83%A8%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.koreanhistory.or.kr%2Fid%2FG0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DO8nFAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61"><bdi lang="ko">한국사 전쟁의 기술: 한국사의 판도를 바꿔 놓은 36가지 책략</bdi></a> (in Korean). Dasan Books. 2010. p. 61. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8963704067?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8963704067"><bdi>978-8963704067</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC+%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81%EC%9D%98+%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0%3A+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%98+%ED%8C%90%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%BC+%EB%B0%94%EA%BF%94+%EB%86%93%EC%9D%80+36%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80+%EC%B1%85%EB%9E%B5&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Dasan+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8963704067&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO8nFAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DYCf-AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT26"><bdi lang="ko">고구려와 수나라의 전쟁</bdi></a> (in Korean). ebookspub (이북스펍). 2014-03-07. p. 26. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1155191330?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/979-1155191330"><bdi>979-1155191330</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4%EC%99%80+%EC%88%98%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%98+%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=ebookspub+%28%EC%9D%B4%EB%B6%81%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%8D%29&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft.isbn=979-1155191330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCf-AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-donga-154">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-donga_154-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-donga_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.donga.com/List/Series_70040100000145/3/70040100000145/20140401/62155239/1">"[윤명철 교수의 고구려 이야기]보병-기병, 최첨단 무기 무장… 고구려군은 동아시아 최강"</a>. April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3B%EC%9C%A4%EB%AA%85%EC%B2%A0+%EA%B5%90%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98+%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4+%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%BC%EA%B8%B0%26%2393%3B%EB%B3%B4%EB%B3%91-%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%91%2C+%EC%B5%9C%EC%B2%A8%EB%8B%A8+%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0+%EB%AC%B4%EC%9E%A5%E2%80%A6+%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4%EA%B5%B0%EC%9D%80+%EB%8F%99%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84+%EC%B5%9C%EA%B0%95&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.donga.com%2FList%2FSeries_70040100000145%2F3%2F70040100000145%2F20140401%2F62155239%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do?VdkVgwKey%3D12,07760000,11"><bdi lang="ko">보물 환두대도 (環頭大刀) : 국가문화유산포털 – 문화재청</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%B3%B4%EB%AC%BC+%ED%99%98%EB%91%90%EB%8C%80%EB%8F%84+%28%E7%92%B0%E9%A0%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%80%29+%3A+%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%B0%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8+%E2%80%93+%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%9E%AC%EC%B2%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.go.kr%2Fheri%2Fcul%2FculSelectDetail.do%3FVdkVgwKey%3D12%2C07760000%2C11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Kokuryeo_Korean_sword_Hwando_%2528original_Katana%2529.jpg">"2000 years old Korean Hwando picture"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2000+years+old+Korean+Hwando+picture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F0%2F03%2FKokuryeo_Korean_sword_Hwando_%2528original_Katana%2529.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1993" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Sarah Milledge (1993). The Archaeology of Korea. Cambridge University Press. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Korea&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Milledge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://db.history.go.kr/item/compareViewer.do?levelId%3Djo_013r_0010_0030_0040">"風俗·刑政·衣服은 대략 高[句]麗·百濟와 같다"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a> (in Korean).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=%E9%A2%A8%E4%BF%97%C2%B7%E5%88%91%E6%94%BF%C2%B7%E8%A1%A3%E6%9C%8D%EC%9D%80+%EB%8C%80%EB%9E%B5+%E9%AB%98%5B%E5%8F%A5%5D%E9%BA%97%C2%B7%E7%99%BE%E6%BF%9F%EC%99%80+%EA%B0%99%EB%8B%A4.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdb.history.go.kr%2Fitem%2FcompareViewer.do%3FlevelId%3Djo_013r_0010_0030_0040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkCheigh2003" class="citation book cs1">Park, Kun-Young; Cheigh, Hong-Sik (2003). "Kimchi". Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing. CRC Press. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kimchi&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Vegetable+Preservation+and+Processing&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Kun-Young&rft.au=Cheigh%2C+Hong-Sik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimFouser1997" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Hung-Gyu; Fouser, Robert (1997). Understanding Korean Literature. 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Routledge. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+in+Modern+East+Asia&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Molony&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF김선주" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">김선주. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/km/view.do?levelId%3Dkm_001_0030_0010_0020"><bdi lang="ko">연애와 혼인 사이</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a> (in Korean).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=%EC%97%B0%EC%95%A0%EC%99%80+%ED%98%BC%EC%9D%B8+%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EC%84%A0%EC%A3%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.history.go.kr%2Ffront%2Fkm%2Fview.do%3FlevelId%3Dkm_001_0030_0010_0020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Bae-yong (2008). Women in Korean History. Ewha Womans University Press. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Korean+History&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Ewha+Womans+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Bae-yong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF최상수" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">최상수. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0028491"><bdi lang="ko">석전(石戰)</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a> (in Korean).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EC%84%9D%EC%A0%84%28%E7%9F%B3%E6%88%B0%29&rft.au=%EC%B5%9C%EC%83%81%EC%88%98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FArticle%2FE0028491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2006" class="citation book cs1">Lee, E-Wha (2006). Korea's Pastimes and Customs: A Social History. Homa & Sekey Books. pp. 112–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Pastimes+and+Customs%3A+A+Social+History&rft.pages=112-116&rft.pub=Homa+%26+Sekey+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=E-Wha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF함혜강2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">함혜강 (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://marine.mt.co.kr/articleView.html?no%3D2019080713565918637"><bdi lang="ko">[바다정보다잇다] 미역의 효능과 좋은 미역 고르는 방법 - 해양/레저</bdi></a>. MT해양.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MT%ED%95%B4%EC%96%91&rft.atitle=%5B%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A4%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%A4%EC%9E%87%EB%8B%A4%5D+%EB%AF%B8%EC%97%AD%EC%9D%98+%ED%9A%A8%EB%8A%A5%EA%B3%BC+%EC%A2%8B%EC%9D%80+%EB%AF%B8%EC%97%AD+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%8A%94+%EB%B0%A9%EB%B2%95+-+%ED%95%B4%EC%96%91%2F%EB%A0%88%EC%A0%80&rft.date=2019&rft.au=%ED%95%A8%ED%98%9C%EA%B0%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarine.mt.co.kr%2FarticleView.html%3Fno%3D2019080713565918637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.grandculture.net/jindo/toc/GC00501456"><bdi lang="ko">진도 미역</bdi></a>. 디지털진도문화대전. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8%EC%A7%84%EB%8F%84%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84&rft.atitle=%EC%A7%84%EB%8F%84+%EB%AF%B8%EC%97%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandculture.net%2Fjindo%2Ftoc%2FGC00501456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199216–17-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee199216%E2%80%9317_168-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLee1992">Lee 1992</a>, pp. 16–17.</li> <li id="cite_note-Harv|ScienceView|Unknown_year-169">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Harv%7CScienceView%7CUnknown_year_169-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Harv%7CScienceView%7CUnknown_year_169-1">b</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFScienceView">ScienceView</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated13-170"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated13_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530145726/http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Korea/koreaonline/IntroSculpture.htm">"Buddhist Sculpture"</a>. www.metmuseum.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Korea/koreaonline/IntroSculpture.htm">the original</a> on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 2021-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Sculpture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2FKorea%2Fkoreaonline%2FIntroSculpture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">^</a> "Malananta bring Buddhism to Baekje" in Samguk yusa III, Ha & Mintz translation, pp. 178–179.</li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoreHussainNarayananSingh2010" class="citation book cs1">Amore, Roy C.; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amir_Hussain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amir Hussain">Hussain, Amir</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vasudha_Narayanan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vasudha Narayanan">Narayanan, Vasudha</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pashaura_Singh_(Sikh_scholar)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)">Singh, Pashaura</a>; Vallely, Anne; Woo, Terry Tak-ling; Nelson, John K. (2010). Oxtoby, Willard Gurdon; Amore, Roy C. (eds.). World Religions: Eastern Traditions (3rd ed.). Donn Mills, Ontario: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 317. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542676-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542676-2"><bdi>978-0-19-542676-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+Eastern+Traditions&rft.place=Donn+Mills%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=317&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-542676-2&rft.aulast=Amore&rft.aufirst=Roy+C.&rft.au=Hussain%2C+Amir&rft.au=Narayanan%2C+Vasudha&rft.au=Singh%2C+Pashaura&rft.au=Vallely%2C+Anne&rft.au=Woo%2C+Terry+Tak-ling&rft.au=Nelson%2C+John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ynucc.yeungnam.ac.kr/~ssi/Introduction/History/history.html">History of Ssireum</a>, Korea Ssireum Research Institute</li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.koreataekwondo.org/KTA_ENG/html/ency/intro01_1.asp">Historical Background Of Taekwondo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20120906043117/http://www.koreataekwondo.org/KTA_ENG/html/ency/intro01_1.asp">Archived</a> 2012-09-06 at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archive.today?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Korea Taekwondo Association</li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wtf.org/site/about_taekwondo/history/ancient.htm">The Origin of Taekwondo</a>, The World Taekwondo Federation</li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Harv">Brown 2006</a>, p. 18</li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611195139/http://www.chosun.com/culture/news/200606/200606160471.html"><bdi lang="ko">'고구려'와 '고려'는 같은 나라였다 – 조선닷컴</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.chosun.com/culture/news/200606/200606160471.html">the original</a> on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2010-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=%27%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4%27%EC%99%80+%27%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%27%EB%8A%94+%EA%B0%99%EC%9D%80+%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%98%80%EB%8B%A4+%E2%80%93+%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%8B%B7%EC%BB%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chosun.com%2Fculture%2Fnews%2F200606%2F200606160471.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829153153/http://www.krsrt.com/koguryo/A/koguryoA-13.html"><bdi lang="ko">고구려란 이름</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.krsrt.com/koguryo/A/koguryoA-13.html">the original</a> on 2008-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4%EB%9E%80+%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krsrt.com%2Fkoguryo%2FA%2FkoguryoA-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226195328/http://www.historyfoundation.or.kr/Data/DataGarden/Journal%252802-2%2529%25282%2529.pdf">"Special Issue: The Language(s) of Koguryŏ"</a> (PDF). www.historyfoundation.or.kr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.historyfoundation.or.kr/Data/DataGarden/Journal%252802-2%2529%25282%2529.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyfoundation.or.kr&rft.atitle=Special+Issue%3A+The+Language%28s%29+of+Kogury%C5%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfoundation.or.kr%2FData%2FDataGarden%2FJournal%252802-2%2529%25282%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey201144-180"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey201144_180-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLeeRamsey2011">Lee & Ramsey (2011)</a>, p. 44.</li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeRamsey2011" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011). A History of the Korean language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66189-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66189-8"><bdi>978-0-521-66189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Korean+language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66189-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ki-Moon&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+S.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Whitman, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs12284-011-9080-0">"Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan"</a>. Rice. 4 (3–4): 149–158. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Rice....4..149W">2011Rice....4..149W</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs12284-011-9080-0">10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rice&rft.atitle=Northeast+Asian+Linguistic+Ecology+and+the+Advent+of+Rice+Agriculture+in+Korea+and+Japan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=149-158&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9080-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Rice....4..149W&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12284-011-9080-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2009" class="citation book cs1">Unger, J. Marshall (2009). The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3279-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3279-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-3279-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+role+of+contact+in+the+origins+of+the+Japanese+and+Korean+languages&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3279-7&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=J.+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey201143-184"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey201143_184-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLeeRamsey2011">Lee & Ramsey (2011)</a>, p. 43.</li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-185">^</a> Fan Ye, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a>, volume 85; the <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%25E5%25BE%258C%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E6%259B%25B8/%25E5%258D%25B785" class="extiw" title="zh:s:後漢書/卷85">Dongyi Liezhuan</a></li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-186">^</a> Wei Shou, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Wei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a>, volume 100; the Liezhuan 88, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%25E9%25AD%258F%25E6%259B%25B8/%25E5%258D%25B7100" class="extiw" title="zh:s:魏書/卷100">the Wuji</a></li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-187">^</a> Li Dashi, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Northern_Dynasties?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Dynasties">History of Northern Dynasties</a>, volume 94; the Liezhuan 82, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%258F%25B2/%25E5%258D%25B7094" class="extiw" title="zh:s:北史/卷094">the Wuji</a></li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByington" class="citation web cs1">Byington, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/7077">"The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided"</a>. History News Network. Columbian College of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 29 May 2019. <q>Surrounding states, both in the Chinese mainland and in the Japanese archipelago, acknowledged that Koguryo was a state whose heritage belonged to the later peninsular states of Koryo (918–1392) and Choson (1392–1910).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+News+Network&rft.atitle=The+War+of+Words+Between+South+Korea+and+China+Over+An+Ancient+Kingdom%3A+Why+Both+Sides+Are+Misguided&rft.aulast=Byington&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F7077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Han, Myung-gi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/handle/10371/66808">"Korean and Chinese Intellectuals' recognitions of Koguryo in Choson dynasty"</a>. Korean Culture (in Korean). 38. Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies: 337–366. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1226-8356">1226-8356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=Korean+and+Chinese+Intellectuals%27+recognitions+of+Koguryo+in+Choson+dynasty&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=337-366&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1226-8356&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Myung-gi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs-space.snu.ac.kr%2Fhandle%2F10371%2F66808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaeLee2004" class="citation news cs1">Bae, Young-dae; Lee, Min-a (September 16, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2004/09/16/socialAffairs/Korea-finds-some-allies-in-Goguryeo-history-spat/2470382.html">"Korea finds some allies in Goguryeo history spat"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korea JoongAng Daily">Korea JoongAng Daily</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+JoongAng+Daily&rft.atitle=Korea+finds+some+allies+in+Goguryeo+history+spat&rft.date=2004-09-16&rft.aulast=Bae&rft.aufirst=Young-dae&rft.au=Lee%2C+Min-a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoreajoongangdaily.joins.com%2F2004%2F09%2F16%2FsocialAffairs%2FKorea-finds-some-allies-in-Goguryeo-history-spat%2F2470382.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-atimes.com-191"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-atimes.com_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203014606/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/FI11Dg03.html">"Asia Times – News and analysis from Korea; North and South"</a>. www.atimes.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atimes.com&rft.atitle=Asia+Times+%E2%80%93+News+and+analysis+from+Korea%3B+North+and+South&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FKorea%2FFI11Dg03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185753/https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode%3DLSD%26mid%3Dsec%26sid1%3D108%26oid%3D040%26aid%3D0000014982"><bdi lang="ko">네이버 뉴스</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode%3DLSD%26mid%3Dsec%26sid1%3D108%26oid%3D040%26aid%3D0000014982">the original</a> on 2013-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84+%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.naver.com%2Fmain%2Fread.nhn%3Fmode%3DLSD%26mid%3Dsec%26sid1%3D108%26oid%3D040%26aid%3D0000014982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://bjzx.cass.cn/news/129976.htm">"Brief introduction to the Northeast Project"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811041202/http://bjzx.cass.cn/news/129976.htm">Archived</a> 2012-08-11 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Chinese), Research Center for Chinese Borderland History and Geography (中国边疆史地研究中心), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a> (retrieved on 11 January 2013).</li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFYoon2004">Yoon 2004</a>, p. 108.</li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFYoon2004">Yoon 2004</a>, pp. 108–109, citing two of the Northeast Project's programmatic statements.</li> <li id="cite_note-Yoon_2004_p-196">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Yoon_2004_p_196-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Yoon_2004_p_196-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFYoon2004">Yoon 2004</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMohan2011">Mohan 2011</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>].</li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFYoon2004">Yoon 2004</a>, p. 103.</li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128042841/http://article.joins.com/article/article.asp?Total_ID%3D2447385">"How was the "Southwest Project" that preceded the Chinese Northeast Project? 중국 동북공정에 앞서 '서남공정'은 어떻게"</a> (in Korean). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joongang_Daily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joongang Daily">Joongang Daily</a>. 2006-09-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://article.joins.com/article/article.asp?Total_ID%3D2447385">the original</a> on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2007-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+was+the+%22Southwest+Project%22+that+preceded+the+Chinese+Northeast+Project%3F+%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EB%8F%99%EB%B6%81%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%95%EC%97%90+%EC%95%9E%EC%84%9C+%27%EC%84%9C%EB%82%A8%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%95%27%EC%9D%80+%EC%96%B4%EB%96%BB%EA%B2%8C&rft.pub=Joongang+Daily&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticle.joins.com%2Farticle%2Farticle.asp%3FTotal_ID%3D2447385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nmgass.com.cn/content.html?id%3D3165"><bdi lang="zh">北部边疆历史与现状综合研究项目</bdi></a> [Comprehensive research project on the history and current situation of the northern frontier]. inner mongolia academy of social science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inner+mongolia+academy+of+social+science&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E8%BE%B9%E7%96%86%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8E%E7%8E%B0%E7%8A%B6%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmgass.com.cn%2Fcontent.html%3Fid%3D3165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128011146/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200609/200609050028.html">"China Co-Opts More Old Korean Kingdoms"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>. 2006-09-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200609/200609050028.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2007-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=China+Co-Opts+More+Old+Korean+Kingdoms&rft.date=2006-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.chosun.com%2Fw21data%2Fhtml%2Fnews%2F200609%2F200609050028.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeo2004" class="citation news cs1">Seo, Hyun-jin (2004-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/skepticism-lingers-over-history-issue">"Skepticism Lingers over History Issue"</a> (Reprint). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Korea_Herald?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a>. Retrieved 2012-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=Skepticism+Lingers+over+History+Issue&rft.date=2004-08-24&rft.aulast=Seo&rft.aufirst=Hyun-jin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyaleglobal.yale.edu%2Fcontent%2Fskepticism-lingers-over-history-issue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeo2004" class="citation news cs1">Seo, Hyun-jin (2004-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/skepticism-lingers-over-history-issue">"Skepticism Lingers over History Issue"</a> (Reprint). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Korea_Herald?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a>. Retrieved 2012-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=Skepticism+Lingers+over+History+Issue&rft.date=2004-08-24&rft.aulast=Seo&rft.aufirst=Hyun-jin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyaleglobal.yale.edu%2Fcontent%2Fskepticism-lingers-over-history-issue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Chen-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Chen_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Dingding (February 2012). "Domestic Politics, National Identity, and International Conflict: the case of the Koguryo controversy". Journal of Contemporary China. 21 (74): 227–241. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F10670564.2012.635928">10.1080/10670564.2012.635928</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145079682">145079682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=Domestic+Politics%2C+National+Identity%2C+and+International+Conflict%3A+the+case+of+the+Koguryo+controversy&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=227-241&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670564.2012.635928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145079682%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Dingding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chase, Thomas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513071625/http://cin.sagepub.com/content/25/1/61.full.pdf%2Bhtml">"Nationalism on the Net: Online discussion of Goguryeo history in China and South Korea"</a>. China Information. 25 (1): 61–82. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1177%252F0920203X10394111">10.1177/0920203X10394111</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143964634">143964634</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cin.sagepub.com/content/25/1/61.full.pdf%2Bhtml">the original</a> on 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2012-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Information&rft.atitle=Nationalism+on+the+Net%3A+Online+discussion+of+Goguryeo+history+in+China+and+South+Korea&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-82&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0920203X10394111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143964634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcin.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F25%2F1%2F61.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher I. 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Brill. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2028-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2028-6"><bdi>978-90-474-2028-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koguryo%3A+The+Language+of+Japan%27s+Continental+Relatives%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Historical-Comparative+Study+of+the+Japanese-Koguryoic+Languages%2C+with+a+Preliminary+Description+of+Archaic+Northeastern+Middle+Chinese&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2028-6&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeSvCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2011" class="citation cs2">Mohan, Pankaj (2011), "Contending Perspectives on Koguryo: A Fresh Look at China's Northeast Project", The Dong Gook Sa Hak, 50: 53–93</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dong+Gook+Sa+Hak&rft.atitle=Contending+Perspectives+on+Koguryo%3A+A+Fresh+Look+at+China%27s+Northeast+Project&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=53-93&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988">.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto_Harrassowitz_Verlag2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pozzi, Alessandra; Janhunen, Juha Antero; Weiers, Michael, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLbmP_1KIQ_8C">Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary</a>. Vol. 20 of Tunguso Sibirica. Giovanni Stary (Contributor). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447053785?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447053785"><bdi>978-3447053785</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tumen+Jalafun+Jecen+Aku%3A+Manchu+Studies+in+Honour+of+Giovanni+Stary&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3447053785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbmP_1KIQ_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoon2004" class="citation cs2">Yoon, Hwy-tak (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014015/http://www.ieas.or.kr/vol16_4/16_4_6.pdf">"China's Northeast Project: Defensive or Offensive Strategy?"</a> (PDF), East Asian Review, 16 (4): 99–121, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ieas.or.kr/vol16_4/16_4_6.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-11-14, retrieved 2013-01-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=China%27s+Northeast+Project%3A+Defensive+or+Offensive+Strategy%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=99-121&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Yoon&rft.aufirst=Hwy-tak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieas.or.kr%2Fvol16_4%2F16_4_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988">.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li>Asmolov, V. Konstantin. (1992). The System of Military Activity of Koguryo, Korea Journal, v. 32.2, 103–116, 1992.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2003" class="citation conference cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.msu.edu/~jk13/Abs.Beckwith.pdf">Ancient Koguryo, Old Koguryo, and the Relationship of Japanese to Korean</a> (PDF). 13th Japanese/Korean Linguistics Conference. Michigan State University. Retrieved 2006-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Ancient+Koguryo%2C+Old+Koguryo%2C+and+the+Relationship+of+Japanese+to+Korean&rft.place=Michigan+State+University&rft.date=2003-08&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msu.edu%2F~jk13%2FAbs.Beckwith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByeon1999" class="citation book cs1">Byeon, Tae-seop (1999). 韓國史通論 (Outline of Korean history) (4th ed.). Unknown Publisher. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-445-9101-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-445-9101-3"><bdi>978-89-445-9101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E9%80%9A%E8%AB%96+%28Outline+of+Korean+history%29&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Unknown+Publisher&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-89-445-9101-3&rft.aulast=Byeon&rft.aufirst=Tae-seop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByington2002" class="citation cs2">Byington, Mark (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ikorea.ac.kr/congress/upload/free8-mark_byington.pdf">"The Creation of an Ancient Minority Nationality: Koguryo in Chinese Historiography"</a> (PDF), Embracing the Other: The Interaction of Korean and Foreign Cultures: Proceedings of the 1st World Congress of Korean Studies, III, Songnam, Republic of Korea: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Creation+of+an+Ancient+Minority+Nationality%3A+Koguryo+in+Chinese+Historiography&rft.btitle=Embracing+the+Other%3A+The+Interaction+of+Korean+and+Foreign+Cultures%3A+Proceedings+of+the+1st+World+Congress+of+Korean+Studies%2C+III&rft.place=Songnam%2C+Republic+of+Korea&rft.pub=Academy+of+Korean+Studies&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Byington&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikorea.ac.kr%2Fcongress%2Fupload%2Ffree8-mark_byington.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByington2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Byington, Mark (2003). A History of the Puyo State, its People, and its Legacy (PhD). Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+History+of+the+Puyo+State%2C+its+People%2C+and+its+Legacy&rft.inst=Harvard+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Byington&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByington2004b" class="citation cs2">Byington, Mark (2004b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423023131/http://koreaweb.ws/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/2004-January/004054.html">The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided</a>, History News Network (WWW), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://koreaweb.ws/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/2004-January/004054.html">the original</a> on 2007-04-23</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+Words+Between+South+Korea+and+China+Over+An+Ancient+Kingdom%3A+Why+Both+Sides+Are+Misguided&rft.pub=History+News+Network+%28WWW%29&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Byington&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoreaweb.ws%2Fpipermail%2Fkoreanstudies_koreaweb.ws%2F2004-January%2F004054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2011" class="citation cs2">Chase, Thomas (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513071625/http://cin.sagepub.com/content/25/1/61.full.pdf%2Bhtml">"Nationalism on the Net: Online discussion of Goguryeo history in China and South Korea"</a>, China Information, 25 (1): 61–82, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1177%252F0920203X10394111">10.1177/0920203X10394111</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143964634">143964634</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cin.sagepub.com/content/25/1/61.full.pdf%2Bhtml">the original</a> on 2012-05-13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Information&rft.atitle=Nationalism+on+the+Net%3A+Online+discussion+of+Goguryeo+history+in+China+and+South+Korea&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-82&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0920203X10394111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143964634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcin.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F25%2F1%2F61.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1992" class="citation cs2">Lee, Peter H. (1992), Sourcebook of Korean Civilization 1, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+of+Korean+Civilization+1&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rhee, Song nai (1992) Secondary State Formation: The Case of Koguryo State. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikens1992" class="citation book cs1">Aikens, C. Melvin (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3hSBAAAAMAAJ">Pacific northeast Asia in prehistory: hunter-fisher-gatherers, farmers, and sociopolitical elites</a>. WSU Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87422-092-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87422-092-6"><bdi>978-0-87422-092-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+northeast+Asia+in+prehistory%3A+hunter-fisher-gatherers%2C+farmers%2C+and+sociopolitical+elites&rft.pub=WSU+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87422-092-6&rft.aulast=Aikens&rft.aufirst=C.+Melvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3hSBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun1986" class="citation cs2">Sun, Jinji (1986), Zhongguo Gaogoulishi yanjiu kaifang fanrong de liunian (Six Years of Opening and Prosperity of Koguryo History Research), Heilongjiang People's Publishing House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhongguo+Gaogoulishi+yanjiu+kaifang+fanrong+de+liunian+%28Six+Years+of+Opening+and+Prosperity+of+Koguryo+History+Research%29&rft.pub=Heilongjiang+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Jinji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnknown_Author" class="citation cs2">Unknown Author, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/05/eak/ht05eak.htm">Korea, 1–500 AD</a>, Metropolitan Museum</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koguryo&rft.pub=Britannica+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Unknown+Author&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9369333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnknown_Author2005" class="citation cs2">Unknown Author (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ko/Korea.html">"Korea"</a>, Columbia Encyclopedia, Bartleby.com, retrieved 2007-03-12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Korea&rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Bartleby.com&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Unknown+Author&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fko%2FKorea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScienceView" class="citation cs2">ScienceView, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822060248/http://scienceview.berkeley.edu/VI/handbooks_history.html">Cultural Development of the Three Kingdoms</a>, ScienceView (WWW), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://scienceview.berkeley.edu/VI/handbooks_history.html">the original</a> on 2006-08-22</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Development+of+the+Three+Kingdoms&rft.pub=ScienceView+%28WWW%29&rft.au=ScienceView&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceview.berkeley.edu%2FVI%2Fhandbooks_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2013" class="citation cs2">Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tang+China+in+Multi-Polar+Asia%3A+A+History+of+Diplomacy+and+War&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Zhenping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2008" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States: Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860537?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810860537"><bdi>978-0810860537</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+China&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0810860537&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoguryeo" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Goguryeo_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Goguryeo Kingdom">Goguryeo Kingdom</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045880/Koguryo">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402033042/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q%3Dkoguryo">Encarta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ko/Korea.html">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></li> <li>(in Korean) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.koguryo.org/">Information about the ancient kingdom</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403021231/http://www.mygoguryeo.com/">Goguryeo of Korea</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DGoguryeo%26params%3D41_02_24_N_126_40_12_E_region:KP_type:country_source:kolossus-dewiki">41°02′24″N 126°40′12″E / 41.04000°N 126.67000°E / 41.04000; 126.67000</a>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGoguryeo%26oldid%3D1259332086">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goguryeo&oldid=1259332086</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Goguryeo&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 16:12 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25BA%25D9%2588%25D8%25BA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2588" title="مملكة غوغوريو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة غوغوريو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koquryo" title="Koquryo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koquryo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-k%25C3%25B9-l%25C3%25AA" title="Ko-kù-lê – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko-kù-lê" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE" title="Кагуро – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кагуро" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%258C%25D0%25BE" title="Когурьо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Когурьо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogury%25C3%25B6" title="Koguryö – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Koguryö" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogurj%25C5%258F" title="Kogurjŏ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kogurjŏ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogurjo" title="Kogurjo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kogurjo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25DA%25AF%25D9%2588%25DA%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D9%2588" title="امپراتوری گوگوریو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری گوگوریو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koguryo" title="Koguryo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Koguryo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B3%25A0%25EA%25B5%25AC%25EB%25A0%25A4" title="고구려 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고구려" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25B8%25D5%25A3%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B8" title="Գոգուրեո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոգուրեո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%258C" title="कोकुर्यौ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोकुर्यौ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259D" title="კოგურიო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოგურიო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%2591" title="Когурё – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Когурё" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_Goguryeoy%25C3%25AA" title="Keyaniya Goguryeoyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Goguryeoyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogurjo" title="Kogurjo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kogurjo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kog%25C5%25ABrija" title="Kogūrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kogūrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogurjo" title="Kogurjo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kogurjo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259D" title="კოგურიო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოგურიო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25D9%2588%25DA%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D9%2588" title="گوگوریو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گوگوریو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C5%258F%25CC%25A4-gu%25C3%25B3-l%25C3%25A0%25CC%25A4" title="Gŏ̤-guó-là̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gŏ̤-guó-là̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%2591" title="Когурё – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Когурё" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25AC" title="ဂိုဂူလျော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂိုဂူလျော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koguryo" title="Koguryo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koguryo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%258F%25A5%25E9%25BA%2597" title="高句麗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高句麗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koguryo" title="Koguryo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koguryo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AB%25D9%2588%25DA%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D9%2588" title="ګوګوریو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګوګوریو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%25A0%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%2582%25E1%259F%2584%25E1%259E%2582%25E1%259E%25BC%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%2599%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%25BC" title="ហ្គោគូរ្យ៉ូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្គោគូរ្យ៉ូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koguryo" title="Koguryo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Koguryo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%2591" title="Когурё – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Когурё" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%259C%25E0%25B7%259C%25E0%25B6%259C%25E0%25B7%2594%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%259D" title="ගොගුර්යෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගොගුර්යෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25DB%2586%25DA%25AF%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2586" title="گۆگۆریۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆگۆریۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%2598%25D0%25BE" title="Когурјо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Когурјо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koguryo" title="Koguryo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koguryo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Goguryeo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25AD" title="อาณาจักรโคกูรยอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาณาจักรโคกูรยอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koguryo" title="Koguryo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koguryo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%258C%25D0%25BE" title="Когурьо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Когурьо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_C%25C3%25A2u_Ly" title="Cao Câu Ly – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cao Câu Ly" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%258F%25A5%25E9%25BA%2597" title="高句麗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="高句麗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%258F%25A5%25E4%25B8%25BD" title="高句丽 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="高句丽" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%258F%25A5%25E9%25BA%2597" title="高句麗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="高句麗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%258F%25A5%25E4%25B8%25BD" title="高句丽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高句丽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 16:12 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-kpnzx","wgBackendResponseTime":291,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.118","walltime":"3.512","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26626,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":732892,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":50511,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":693209,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3040.053 1 -total"," 37.86% 1151.057 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.69% 568.190 97 Template:Cite_book"," 13.66% 415.144 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 6.27% 190.483 25 Template:Fix"," 5.13% 155.939 38 Template:Cite_web"," 5.02% 152.585 4 Template:Native_phrase"," 4.08% 124.128 8 Template:Sfn"," 3.87% 117.751 11 Template:Citation_needed"," 3.55% 107.828 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.909","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20042419,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAikens1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmoreHussainNarayananSingh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaeLee2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBedeski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBedeski2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByeon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByington\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByington2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByington2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByington2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallahan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Roger_Tennant1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen_Shou\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChinul1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnollyGillinghamLazenby2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_BaryPeter_H.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_BaryPeter_H.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEmbree1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuqua2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraff2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraff2003\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenet2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInjaeMillerJinhoonHyun-Hae2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKim1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2012\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFKim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimFouser1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Bu-sik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaet1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1984\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLee1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeCh\u0026#039;oeKang1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeRamsey2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatray2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolony2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarangoaCribb2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeelis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtto_Harrassowitz_Verlag2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkCheigh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsWestad2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossabi1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScienceView\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeo2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSun1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennant1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFThe_National_Folk_Museum_of_Korea_(South_Korea)2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTudor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnknown_Author\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUnknown_Author2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVovin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWang2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWechsler1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYi1984\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFYiPakYun2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Crespigny2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF成宇濟\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF김선주\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF김용만1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF김운회2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF박2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF박용운\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF박종기2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF성기환2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF신형식2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF이덕일박찬규2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF이상각2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF이희진2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF조상헌1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF조현설\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF최상수\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF함혜강2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 15,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 97,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 38,\n [\"Cleanup\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 72,\n [\"Goguryeo monarchs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"History of Korea\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 12,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 3,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox Korean name\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Korea topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Korean\"] = 20,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Manchurian history\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-23T10:29:17Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T16:12:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/History_of_Korea-476.PNG","headline":"one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea (37 BC\u2013668 AD), along with Baekje and Silla"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new 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