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Voulant affirmer son indépendance et cherchant à rivaliser avec Byzance, Syméon de Bulgarie prit, en 919, le titre de tsar ( car' ) des Bulgares et des Grecs. Après l'échec de cette tentative (1018), le terme sera repris par les monarques..." title="Article : TSAR" href="/encyclopedie/tsar/">tsar</a> Pierre le Grand (1672-1725) en 1724 – oukase (décret) du 8 février nouveau style –, l’Académie des sciences et des arts de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Deuxième ville de la Fédération de Russie par la taille (plus de 4,5 millions d’habitants en 2010), Saint-Pétersbourg (en russe Sankt Petersburg , Petrograd de 1914 à 1924 et Leningrad de 1924 à 1991) a joué un rôle essentiel dans l'histoire nationale. Pendant deux siècles, elle a été la capitale de l'Empire russe. Après avoir été le théâtre des révolutions de Février et d'..." title="Article : SAINT-PÉTERSBOURG" href="/encyclopedie/saint-petersbourg/">Saint-Pétersbourg</a> a été ouverte à la fin de l’année suivante, par l’impératrice Catherine I<sup>re</sup> (oukase du 18 décembre). Sa première séance officielle a eu lieu en 1726. S’inspirant de modèles ouest-européens mais adaptée à un contexte différent, elle a été le centre de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'homme a toujours voulu comprendre le monde et la société dans lesquels il vit, et depuis plusieurs siècles, c'est la recherche scientifique qui tente de répondre à ce besoin. La recherche a d'abord une dimension « culturelle » – connaître et comprendre la nature –, mais comme elle rend possible, jusque dans ses aspects les plus fondamentaux, la maîtrise de cette nature, elle e..." title="Article : RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/recherche-scientifique/">recherche scientifique</a> russe puis soviétique et joue encore un rôle de premier plan en Russie. La période soviétique, tout d’abord synonyme de rupture importante dans la vie de cette institution, a été celle d’un grand développement, d’une délocalisation à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Devenue capitale de l'Union soviétique au lendemain de la révolution de 1917, Moscou a retrouvé alors sa place historique au centre du monde russe et slave. Après deux siècles d'éclipse en faveur de Saint-Pétersbourg , capitale institutionnelle de l'Empire russe, Moscou redevint le lieu du pouvoir central, signe de la volonté de pérenniser l'héritage de la Russie traditionnelle, mais au..." title="Article : MOSCOU" href="/encyclopedie/moscou/">Moscou</a> (1934) et d’une implication directe dans la planification.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT233053_1"><i class="anchor" id="yT233053_1"></i><h2>Origine et premiers travaux</h2><p>L’Académie des sciences, décidée peu avant la mort de Pierre le Grand, peut être vue comme le dernier maillon, mais non le moindre, de son projet de faire de la Russie une puissance navale à l’européenne. Saint-Pétersbourg, ville fondée en 1703 et inspirée de Venise et Amsterdam, lui donnait déjà accès à la mer Baltique. Pour assurer la formation des officiers de marine, l’École de navigation avait été créée en 1701. Quant aux navires, le « tsar charpentier » avait visité incognito les chantiers navals aux Pays-Bas, lors de son voyage de 1697-1698, puis ceux d’Angleterre. La navigation et l’exploration des voies maritimes posent toute une série de problèmes scientifiques et pratiques à résoudre. Et comme d’autres souverains de son époque, Pierre le Grand comprend que la science, même fondamentale, trouve tôt ou tard des applications : Leibniz, qui a déjà recommandé de créer l’Académie de Berlin, est son conseiller privé depuis 1712, et, en juin 1717, Pierre le Grand visite l’Académie des sciences de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Un certain nombre de villes du monde ont donné naissance à des mythes ; quelques-uns ont acquis une portée universelle, en se détachant des caractères fondamentaux du pays lui-même pour exalter la Ville en tant qu'individu. Il en est ainsi de Rome et de Paris . On a maintes fois signalé cette sorte de familiarité amoureuse, avec ses éclats de haine ou d'adoration, que Paris a toujou..." title="Article : PARIS" href="/encyclopedie/paris/">Paris</a>. Il demande peu après de faire partie de cette société savante et il y sera admis comme membre honoraire cette même année.</p><p>La structure de l’Académie des sciences de Russie s’inspire de celle de Berlin et de l’Académie royale des sciences de Paris. Dans le projet joint à l’oukase de 1724, on retrouve la rémunération des académiciens et le devoir d’assurer une veille bibliographique. Comme à Berlin où sciences et humanités sont réunies, l’Académie comporte des disciplines, telles que la rhétorique, le droit ou l’histoire, en plus des matières scientifiques. Comme à Paris, des élèves sont attachés aux académiciens. Pour le recrutement, Pierre le Grand ne peut s’appuyer sur un vivier d’universitaires comme ce fut le cas à Londres pour la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="En 1660, à Londres , quelques mois après la restauration de la monarchie anglaise, des tenants de la nouvelle philosophie , ou philosophie expérimentale, opposés à la pensée aristotélicienne, décident de fonder une société savante : la Royal Society. Cela faisait plusieurs années que ces hommes, dont Robert Boyle (1626-1691), John Wilkins (1614-1672), Robert Hooke (1635-170..." title="Article : ROYAL SOCIETY" href="/encyclopedie/royal-society/">Royal Society</a> destinée à promouvoir les sciences. Si, en Occident, les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'académie telle qu'elle se développe à partir du Quattrocento italien, dans le grand mouvement de retour à l'Antiquité qui caractérise la Renaissance , est inspirée du modèle grec de l' akademia (le jardin où enseignait Platon). Elle s'épanouit dans toute l'Europe à l'âge classique, pour décliner ensuite à l'époque romantique jusqu'à revêtir une connotation plus souvent péjora..." title="Article : ACADÉMIES" href="/encyclopedie/academies/">académies</a> se forment par complémentarité aux universités préexistantes, il n’y en a pas en Russie – l’université d’État de Moscou ne sera créée qu’en 1755. Pierre le Grand doit donc faire venir des étrangers qui formeront les futurs académiciens d’origine russe – Mikhaïl Lomonossof, un des fondateurs de l’université de Moscou, a été, lui, formé en Allemagne. Il attire ainsi de grands savants comme les Suisses Nicolas et Daniel Bernoulli, ou encore <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de LEONHARD EULER (1707-1783). Avec Joseph-Louis Lagrange, son émule plus jeune, Leonhard Paul Euler est l'un des deux géants mathématiques qui ont dominé la science du xviii e siècle. Ses travaux, d'une abondance inégalée, couvrent tout le champ des mathématiques, de la mécanique céleste et de la physique de son époque. Il a renouvelé l'articulation entre les secteurs ..." title="Article : LEONHARD EULER (1707-1783)" href="/encyclopedie/leonhard-euler/">Leonhard Euler</a>. Beaucoup d’académiciens viennent d’Allemagne (Johann Gmelin, Christian Golbdach, Johann Buxbaum et bien d’autres). De France, on peut mentionner les frères Joseph-Nicolas et Louis Delisle, astronomes. Le premier y crée un observatoire astronomique en 1725 et contribue à la première carte géographique de Russie ; le second meurt lors d’une expédition au Kamtchatka en 1747.</p><p>L’Académie peut s’appuyer dès sa fondation sur une bibliothèque de quelque 5 000 ouvrages et sur les collections d’histoire naturelle de la Kunstkamera (alors un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="« Tous les hommes désirent naturellement la connaissance », déclare Aristote au début de la Métaphysique . Ce désir qui serait propre à la nature humaine, et qu’on nomme en latin libido sciendi , est une idée qui connaît une fortune particulière à la Renaissance , où les ambitions humanistes d’embrasser tous les domaines de la connaissance donnent raison à un élan, jug..." title="Article : CABINET DE CURIOSITÉS ou WUNDERKAMMER" href="/encyclopedie/cabinet-de-curiosites-wunderkammer/">cabinet de curiosités</a> naturelles et ethnologiques), toutes deux créées dix ans auparavant. Dès ses débuts s’établit une solide tradition en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans le système solaire , notre planète ne ressemble à aucune autre. Mercure, Vénus et Mars sont, il est vrai, constituées de roches analogues à celles de la Terre ; Vénus et Mars sont entourées d'une atmosphère, mais celle-ci est fort différente de la nôtre, pourvue d'oxygène. La composition de l'atmosphère terrestre explique que les températures, dans les couches inférieures, y ..." title="Article : GÉOGRAPHIE" href="/encyclopedie/geographie/">géographie</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="De tout temps , l'homme a été attiré par la voûte céleste. Il y a des milliers d'années, l'observation des astres lui servait seulement à marquer des étapes dans le déroulement du temps. L'alternance des jours et des nuits, les phases de la Lune et les changements dans la position des planètes retinrent immédiatement son attention. Mais il eut tôt fait de remarquer également qu..." title="Article : ASTRONOMIE" href="/encyclopedie/astronomie/">astronomie</a>, mathématiques<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" 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