Center for the Study of Intelligence — Central Intelligence Agency

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="no-js" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/","20150905063328","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1441434808"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/><title>Center for the Study of Intelligence — Central Intelligence Agency</title><meta name="description" content=""/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><meta name="LastModified" content="Jul 20, 2015"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20150905063328cs_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/jobcart.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20150905063328cs_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/smallscreen.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20150905063328cs_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/modules.css"/><link href="/web/20150905063328cs_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/fullscreen.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="only screen and (min-width: 993px)"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20150905063328cs_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/banners.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20150905063328cs_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/css/expandcollapse.css" media="screen"/><script src="/web/20150905063328js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/modernizr.custom.73407.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905063328js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/jquery-1.8.3.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905063328js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/response.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905063328js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/rwd.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905063328js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/jquery.main.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905063328js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/simpleCart.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905063328js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/connect.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905063328js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/jquery-ui-1.10.3.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905063328js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/banners.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150905063328js_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/js/expandcollapse.js"></script> </head><body class="template-document_view_banners portaltype-agencypage site-CIAgov section-library icons-on"><div><noscript>Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display</noscript><div id="wrapper"> <header id="header"><div class="header-holder"> <a class="skip" accesskey="S" href="#main-content">skip to content</a> <span class="bg-globe"></span> <div class="header-panel"> <hgroup><h1 class="logo"><a href="/web/20150905063328/https://www.cia.gov/"><img src="/web/20150905063328im_/https://www.cia.gov/++theme++contextual.agencytheme/images/logo.png" alt="Central Intelligence Agency"><span>Central Intelligence Agency</span></a></h1> <h2 class="work-text">The Work Of A Nation. 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