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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cocoliche" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cocoliche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cocoliche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%87" title="کوکولیکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوکولیکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cocoliche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cocoliche" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cocoliche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Коколиче – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коколиче" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cocoliche" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Коколіче – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коколіче" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%A7%91%E5%88%A9%E5%88%87%E8%AF%AD" title="科科利切语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科科利切语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35166#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cocoliche" title="Special:EditPage/Cocoliche">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cocoliche%22">"Cocoliche"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cocoliche%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cocoliche%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cocoliche%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cocoliche%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cocoliche%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aglomerado_Gran_Buenos_Aires.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aglomerado_Gran_Buenos_Aires.png/400px-Aglomerado_Gran_Buenos_Aires.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aglomerado_Gran_Buenos_Aires.png/600px-Aglomerado_Gran_Buenos_Aires.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aglomerado_Gran_Buenos_Aires.png/800px-Aglomerado_Gran_Buenos_Aires.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>In blue color, the <i>Gran Buenos Aires</i> where Cocoliche developed</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cocoliche</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Macaronic_language" title="Macaronic language">contact language or pidgin</a> that was spoken by <a href="/wiki/Italian_settlement_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian settlement in Argentina">Italian immigrants</a> between 1870 and 1970 in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Gran_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Buenos Aires">Greater Buenos Aires</a>) and from there spread to other urban areas nearby, such as <a href="/wiki/La_Plata" title="La Plata">La Plata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosario" title="Rosario">Rosario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>. In recent decades it has become more respected and even recorded in music and film. Traces of it may be found in Argentina, Brazil, Albania, Panama, Quebec, Uruguay, Venezuela, San Marcos, Cabo Verde and many other places.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoliche&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1880 and 1910, Argentina, and also Uruguay, received a large number of Italian immigrants, mostly poor country folk who arrived with little or no schooling in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, although they were speakers of their own <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">local languages of Italy</a>. </p><p>As those immigrants strove to communicate with the local <i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Criollo_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Criollo peoples">criollos</a></i>, they produced a variable mixture of Spanish with Italian (Florentine) and other Italian languages, which was given the name <i>Cocoliche</i> by the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-Aimasso2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aimasso2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Cocoliche</i> originated in an 1884 pantomime adaptation by José Podestá of a theatre production titled <i>Juan Moreira.</i> One night one of the actors began an improvised exchange with a Calabrese stage hand name Antonio Cocoliche, which brought delight to the audience due to Cocoliche's "broken" Spanish with Italian characteristics. This resulted in the introduction of a recurring comedic character named Francisco Cocoliche with that same way of speaking, influencing how the language of the Italian immigrants was viewed in Argentine popular culture. Thereafter, the name of Cocoliche came into Argentine vernacular to refer to the mixed Italian-Spanish language that the Italian immigrants spoke in Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian proper never developed in Argentina, especially because most immigrants used their local languages, and were not proficient in the standard language. This inhibited the development of an Italian-language culture. Since the children of the immigrants grew up speaking Spanish at school, work, and military service, Cocoliche remained confined mostly to the first and second generation of Italian immigrants, and slowly fell out of use.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoliche&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cocoliche has sparked controversy amongst Spanish language scholars since its inception in the 19th century. In 1960, the philologist <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Castro" title="Américo Castro">Américo Castro</a> lamented the Italian influence on Spanish that it caused, stating that it "has contributed more than anything to tear apart the language of Buenos Aires."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argentine Author <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> directly argues with Castro's essay in a letter, stating mainly that his idea of a Spanish language of Buenos Aires having to be as pure as that of Castile is folly. According to Borges, the Italian influences of Argentine Spanish do not take away from the dignity of the language. Furthermore, he references his travels throughout Spain, where he mentions that Spaniards do not speak better than Argentines even with a "purer" Spanish, meaning that if anything, Cocoliche's influence has only strengthened the language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its status as a pidgin has been contested by linguists and philologists throughout the 20th century. Argentine linguist María Beatriz Fontanella De Weiberg posits that the language never became a pidgin due to the clear attempts of the government to integrate immigrants, leading Cocoliche to quickly disappear as immigrants rapidly adopted the culture and Spanish language of Argentina. She states it didn't have the reason to remain and become a pidgin because it was not necessary to thrive in oppressive circumstances the way other pidgins have.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoliche&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Cocoliche's introduction into normal Argentine Spanish speech, and its subsequent disappearance as an independent language, it left many traces of itself in local language. It intermixed with existing <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Spanish">Argentine Spanish</a> characteristics like <a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">voseo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">yeismo</a> while providing a new intonation for the <a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense Spanish</a> variety and its neighboring dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-Aimasso2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aimasso2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Cocoliche words were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a>. For example: </p> <ul><li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-AR">manyar</i></span> ("to eat") from <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> <span title="Venetian-language text"><i lang="vec">magnar</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <span title="Lombard-language text"><i lang="lmo">magnà</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap">magnare</i></span> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">mangiare</i></span> in Italian)</li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-AR">lonyipietro</i></span> (fool)</li> <li><i>fungi</i> (mushroom) -> in Lunfardo: hat</li> <li><i>vento</i> (wind) -> in Lunfardo: money</li> <li><i>matina</i> (morning) from Italian "mattina"</li> <li><i>mina</i> (girl) from <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> "mina" (<i>exhibistionist and alluring woman</i>, <i>busty woman</i> or <i>prostitute</i>)</li> <li><i>laburar</i> (to work) from Italian "lavorare"</li> <li><i>minga</i> (nothing) from <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> "minga" (negative particle like <i>not</i> in English or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ne pas</i></span> in French)</li> <li><i>yeta</i> (bad luck) from <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> <span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iettare" class="extiw" title="wikt:iettare">iettare</a></i></span> (to jinx)</li> <li><i>yira</i> (to go for a walk) from Italian "girare"</li> <li><i>salute</i> (cheers) from Italian "salute"</li> <li><i>fiaca</i> (laziness) from Italian "fiacca"</li></ul> <p>Some of these words show a characteristic co-dialect evolution, for example in the case of <i>manyar</i>, the word <i>manyar</i> exists with the same meaning in Spanish even though it is considered jargon and not proper Spanish, being derived from <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">manjer</i></span> and reinforced by the Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">mangiare</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoliche&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoniran_Barbosa" title="Adoniran Barbosa">Adoniran Barbosa</a>, composer in the analogous Italian-<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Macarr%C3%B4nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Macarrônico">pidgin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Argentine">Italian immigration to Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian dialect</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoliche&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFConde2009" class="citation web cs1">Conde, Oscar (April 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elortiba.org/old/pdf/Oscar-Conde_Lunfardo-y-cocoliche-2009.pdf">"El Lunfardo y el Cocoliche"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>El Ortiba</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829005705/http://elortiba.org/old/pdf/Oscar-Conde_Lunfardo-y-cocoliche-2009.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Ortiba&rft.atitle=El+Lunfardo+y+el+Cocoliche&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft.aulast=Conde&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elortiba.org%2Fold%2Fpdf%2FOscar-Conde_Lunfardo-y-cocoliche-2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocoliche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aimasso2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aimasso2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aimasso2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAimasso2016" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aimasso, Andrea (5 July 2016). <i>Cocoliche. Necesidad, esfuerzo, identidad y, quizá, un idioma</i> (Master thesis) (in Italian). Università Ca' Foscari Venezia. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10579%2F8818">10579/8818</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Cocoliche.+Necesidad%2C+esfuerzo%2C+identidad+y%2C+quiz%C3%A1%2C+un+idioma&rft.degree=Master&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A0+Ca%27+Foscari+Venezia&rft.date=2016-07-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10579%2F8818&rft.aulast=Aimasso&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocoliche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCara-Walker1987" class="citation journal cs1">Cara-Walker, Ana (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100037006">"Cocoliche: The Art of Assimilation and Dissimulation among Italians and Argentines"</a>. <i>Latin American Research Review</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 37–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100037006">10.1017/S0023879100037006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2503401">2503401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252949785">252949785</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1297352389">1297352389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Cocoliche%3A+The+Art+of+Assimilation+and+Dissimulation+among+Italians+and+Argentines&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=37-67&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252949785%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2503401%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0023879100037006&rft.aulast=Cara-Walker&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0023879100037006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocoliche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConde2009" class="citation web cs1">Conde, Oscar (April 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elortiba.org/old/pdf/Oscar-Conde_Lunfardo-y-cocoliche-2009.pdf">"El Lunfardo y el Cocoliche"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>El Ortiba</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829005705/http://elortiba.org/old/pdf/Oscar-Conde_Lunfardo-y-cocoliche-2009.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Ortiba&rft.atitle=El+Lunfardo+y+el+Cocoliche&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft.aulast=Conde&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elortiba.org%2Fold%2Fpdf%2FOscar-Conde_Lunfardo-y-cocoliche-2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocoliche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ennis, Juan Antonio (17 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19552629-00801006">"Italian-Spanish Contact in Early 20th Century Argentina"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Contact</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 112–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19552629-00801006">10.1163/19552629-00801006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F9984">11336/9984</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Contact&rft.atitle=Italian-Spanish+Contact+in+Early+20th+Century+Argentina&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112-145&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F9984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F19552629-00801006&rft.aulast=Ennis&rft.aufirst=Juan+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F19552629-00801006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocoliche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorges1968" class="citation book cs1">Borges, Jorge Luis (1968). <i>El Lenguaje de Buenos Aires</i>. Emecé Editores. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/551702547">551702547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Lenguaje+de+Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=Emec%C3%A9+Editores&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F551702547&rft.aulast=Borges&rft.aufirst=Jorge+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocoliche" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoliche&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCancellier2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cancellier, Antonella (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contrastiva.it/baul_contrastivo/dati/barbero/Cancellier_cocoliche.pdf">"Italiano e spagnolo a contatto nel Rio de la Piata, I fenomeni del <i>cocoliche</i> e del <i>lunfardo</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Atti del XIX convegno, Roma, 16-18 settembre 1999: Italiano e spagnolo a contatto</i> (in Italian). Unipress. pp. 69–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8098-146-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8098-146-6"><bdi>978-88-8098-146-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italiano+e+spagnolo+a+contatto+nel+Rio+de+la+Piata%2C+I+fenomeni+del+cocoliche+e+del+lunfardo&rft.btitle=Atti+del+XIX+convegno%2C+Roma%2C+16-18+settembre+1999%3A+Italiano+e+spagnolo+a+contatto&rft.pages=69-84&rft.pub=Unipress&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-88-8098-146-6&rft.aulast=Cancellier&rft.aufirst=Antonella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contrastiva.it%2Fbaul_contrastivo%2Fdati%2Fbarbero%2FCancellier_cocoliche.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACocoliche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718184045/http://geocities.ws/lunfa2000/queesellunfardo.html">What is lunfardo</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_language_in_the_world" title="Template:Italian language in the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_language_in_the_world" title="Template talk:Italian language in the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_language_in_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian language in the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_language_in_the_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> in the world</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian languages & dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Brazil" title="Italian language in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Canada" title="Italian language in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Croatia" title="Italian language in Croatia">Croatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Italy</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Italian">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Malta</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Romania#Italian_language_and_culture_in_Romania" title="Italians in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Slovenia" title="Italian language in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian Italian">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Switzerland</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Venezuela" title="Italian language in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macaronic_language" title="Macaronic language">Pidgin & Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabir language">Sabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrean" title="Italian Eritrean">Italian Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itanglese" title="Itanglese">Itanglese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocoliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarr%C3%B4nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Macarrônico">Macarrônico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> autochthonous</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interlanguages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interlanguage_varieties" title="Template:Interlanguage varieties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interlanguage_varieties" title="Template talk:Interlanguage varieties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interlanguage_varieties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interlanguage varieties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Interlanguages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">Interlanguages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple <br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cameroon Pidgin+French+English <a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li>Bengali+Persian+Arabic <a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a></li> <li>Italian+Spanish+French+Arab <a href="/wiki/Sabir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabir language">Sabir</a> †</li> <li>English+Chinese+Malay+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>Hebrew+Aramaic+German+Slavic <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li>Chinese+Mongolian+Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun language</a></li> <li>Chinese+Tagalog+English <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>Malay+Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arabic <a href="/wiki/Arablish" title="Arablish">Arablish</a></li> <li>Bengali <a href="/wiki/Banglish" title="Banglish">Banglish</a></li> <li>Czech <a href="/wiki/Czenglish" title="Czenglish">Czenglish</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chinglish" title="Chinglish">Chinglish</a></li> <li>Chinese+Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>Danish <a href="/wiki/Danglish" title="Danglish">Danglish</a></li> <li>Dutch <a href="/wiki/Dunglish" title="Dunglish">Dunglish</a></li> <li>Finnish <a href="/wiki/Finglish" title="Finglish">Finglish</a></li> <li>French <a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a></li> <li>German <a href="/wiki/Denglisch" title="Denglisch">Denglisch</a></li> <li>Greek <a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li>Hindi <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-switching_in_Hong_Kong" title="Code-switching in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li>Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Hunglish" title="Hunglish">Hunglish</a></li> <li>Irish <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arlachas" class="mw-redirect" title="Béarlachas">Béarlachas</a></li> <li>Italian <a href="/wiki/Itanglese" title="Itanglese">Itanglese</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li>Kannada <a href="/wiki/Kanglish" title="Kanglish">Kanglish</a></li> <li>Korean <a href="/wiki/Konglish" title="Konglish">Konglish</a></li> <li>Maltese <a href="/wiki/Maltenglish" title="Maltenglish">Maltenglish</a></li> <li>Malayalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manglish_(Malayalam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manglish (Malayalam) (page does not exist)">Manglish (Malayalam)</a></li> <li>Malaysian <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>Namibia <a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namlish</a></li> <li>Polish <a href="/wiki/Poglish" title="Poglish">Poglish</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Porglish" title="Porglish">Porglish</a>/Portuglish</li> <li>Russian <a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></li> <li>Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Siculish" title="Siculish">Siculish</a></li> <li>Singaporean <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li>Swedish <a href="/wiki/Swenglish" title="Swenglish">Swenglish</a></li> <li>Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a>/Englog</li> <li>Tamil <a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li>Telugu <a href="/wiki/Tenglish" title="Tenglish">Tenglish</a></li> <li>Thai <a href="/wiki/Tinglish" title="Tinglish">Tinglish</a></li> <li>Turkish <a href="/wiki/Turklish" title="Turklish">Turklish</a></li> <li>Urdu <a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li>Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Vinish" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinish">Vinish</a></li> <li>Visayan <a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a></li> <li>Yiddish <a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishization" class="mw-redirect" title="Englishization">Englishization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Arablish" title="Arablish">Arablish</a></li> <li>South Sudan local languages <a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba Arabic</a></li> <li>Greek <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a></li> <li>Jordanian+Bengali <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Chinglish" title="Chinglish">Chinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Pidgin_English" title="Chinese Pidgin English">Chinese Pidgin English</a></li> <li>English+Malay+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>English+Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Daohua</a></li> <li>Mongolian+Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun language</a></li> <li>Uyghur <a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou language</a></li> <li>Russian <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li> <li>Inter-topolects <a href="/wiki/Lingling_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingling dialect">Linghua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li>Tai <a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E language</a></li> <li>Hmongic <a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia dialect</a></li> <li>Santa <a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang language</a></li> <li>Malay+Javanese <a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Baba_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Baba Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Dunglish" title="Dunglish">Dunglish</a></li> <li>Malay <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li> <li>Javanese <a href="/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Frespa%C3%B1ol" title="Frespañol">Frespañol/Fragnol</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Franponais" class="mw-redirect" title="Franponais">Franponais</a></li> <li>Occitan <a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional French</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Zarphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarphatic">Zarphatic</a></li> <li>Gallo-Italic <a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French Sign<br /> Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>American Sign Language <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Sign Language">Philippine Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russian <a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Deutschrussisch</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Belgranodeutsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgranodeutsch">Belgranodeutsch</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Denglisch" title="Denglisch">Denglisch</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German">Hunsrik</a> (when Portuguese-influenced)</li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li>Yiddish <a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Greek">Judeo-Greek</a></li> <li>Turkish <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hebrew</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arabic languages <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic languages</a></li> <li>Aramaic languages <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic languages</a></li> <li>Iranian languages <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian languages</a></li> <li>Romance languages <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Romance_languages" title="Judaeo-Romance languages">Judaeo-Romance languages</a> <ul><li>German <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li></ul></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li>Georgian <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li>Malayalam <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li>Tatar <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li>Slavic <a href="/wiki/Knaanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Knaanic">Knaanic</a></li> <li>Greek <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Greek">Yevanic</a></li> <li>Indic <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Itanglese" title="Itanglese">Itanglese</a></li> <li>Spanish <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocoliche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Macarr%C3%B4nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Macarrônico">Macaronic Portuguese</a></li> <li>Croatian <a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman dialect</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Dekasegi#Language" title="Dekasegi">Dekasegi Portuguese</a></li> <li>French <a href="/wiki/Franponais" class="mw-redirect" title="Franponais">Franponais</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malay</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a></li> <li>English+Chinese+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Baba_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Baba Malay</a></li> <li>Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li> <li>Sinhalese+Tamil <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Malay language">Sri Lankan Malay</a></li> <li>Ternate <a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a></li> <li>Dutch <a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li> <li>Makassarese <a href="/wiki/Makassar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar Malay">Makassar Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portuguese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol/Portunhol</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Porglish" title="Porglish">Porglish/Portuglish</a></li> <li>Italian languages <a href="/wiki/Macarr%C3%B4nico" class="mw-redirect" title="Macarrônico">Macaronic Portuguese</a></li> <li>Bengali <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Portuguese creole">Bengali Portuguese</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Dekasegi#Language" title="Dekasegi">Dekasegi Portuguese</a></li> <li>Gallo-Italic languages <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a> (when Portuguese-influenced)</li> <li>Hunsrückisch German <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German">Hunsrik</a> (when Portuguese-influenced)</li> <li>Bantu languages <a href="/wiki/Cafund%C3%B3_language" title="Cafundó language">Cafundó dialect</a> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cupópia</i></span>), <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gira_da_Tabatinga" class="extiw" title="pt:Gira da Tabatinga">Gira da Tabatinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalunga">Kalunga</a></li> <li>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li>Southeast Asian languages <a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese Patois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>German <a href="/wiki/German-Russian_macaronic_language" title="German-Russian macaronic language">Deutschrussisch</a></li> <li>Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li>Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li>Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solombala_English" title="Solombala English">Solombala English</a></li> <li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scandinavian<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Danish+English <a href="/wiki/Danglish" title="Danglish">Danglish</a></li> <li>Norwegian+Russian <a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li>Norwegian+Spanish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norspa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norspañol (page does not exist)">Norspañol</a></li> <li>Norwegian+Swedish <a href="/wiki/Svorsk" title="Svorsk">Svorsk</a></li> <li>Swedish+English <a href="/wiki/Swenglish" title="Swenglish">Swenglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spanish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol/Portunhol</a></li> <li>German <a href="/wiki/Belgranodeutsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgranodeutsch">Belgranodeutsch</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li>Italian languages <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocoliche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></li> <li>Gallo-Italic languages <a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li>Galician <a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li>French <a href="/wiki/Frespa%C3%B1ol" title="Frespañol">Frespañol/Fragnol</a></li> <li>Guarani <a href="/wiki/Jopar%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Jopará">Jopará</a></li> <li>Norwegian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norspa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norspañol (page does not exist)">Norspañol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tahitian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Parau_Tinito" title="Te Parau Tinito">Te Parau Tinito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tagalog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chinese+English <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a>/Englog</li> <li>Visayan <a href="/wiki/Bisalog" title="Bisalog">Bisalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belarusian <a href="/wiki/West_Polesian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Polesian dialect">West Polesian</a></li> <li>English <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canadian Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Polish <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%82ak_jargon" title="Bałak jargon">Balak</a></li> <li>Russian <a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yiddish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>English <a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li>Scots <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li>German <a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Argentina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Argentina" title="Template:Languages of Argentina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Argentina" title="Template talk:Languages of Argentina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Argentina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Argentina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Argentina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Languages of Argentina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Spanish">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puelche_language" title="Puelche language"><i>Puelche</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_language" title="Tehuelche language">Tehuelche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teushen_language" title="Teushen language"><i>Teushen</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–<br />Guaicuru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balomar_language" title="Balomar language">Balomar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abip%C3%B3n_language" title="Abipón language">Abipón</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocov%C3%AD_language" title="Mocoví language">Mocoví</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilag%C3%A1_language" title="Pilagá language">Pilagá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Qom_language" title="Toba Qom language">Toba Qom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo%27wujwa_Chorote_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyo'wujwa Chorote language">Iyo'wujwa Chorote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyojwa%27ja_Chorote_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyojwa'ja Chorote language">Iyojwa'ja Chorote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivacl%C3%A9_language" title="Nivaclé language">Nivaclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wich%C3%AD_Lhamt%C3%A9s_G%C3%BCisnay" title="Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay">Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wich%C3%AD_Lhamt%C3%A9s_Nocten" title="Wichí Lhamtés Nocten">Wichí Lhamtés Nocten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wich%C3%AD_Lhamt%C3%A9s_Vejoz" title="Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz">Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Southern Quechua</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santiague%C3%B1o_Quechua" title="Santiagueño Quechua">Santiagueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bolivian_Quechua" title="South Bolivian Quechua">South Bolivian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ava_Guarani_language" title="Ava Guarani language">Ava Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bolivian_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Eastern Bolivian Guaraní language">Eastern Bolivian Guaraní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiw%C3%A1_language" title="Kaiwá language">Kaiwá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mby%C3%A1_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Mbyá Guaraní language">Mbyá Guaraní</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan%C3%A9_language" title="Chané language">Chané</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilela_language" title="Vilela language">Vilela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cocoliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentinien-schwyzert%C3%BCtsch_dialect" title="Argentinien-schwyzertütsch dialect">Argentinien-schwyzertütsch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of Spanish">Regional dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordob%C3%A9s_Spanish" title="Cordobés Spanish">Cordobés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyo_Spanish" title="Cuyo Spanish">Cuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesre" title="Vesre">Vesre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish#Influence_on_nearby_areas" title="Andean Spanish">Tucumano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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