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<li id="toc-Early_years_and_precision_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_and_precision_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years and precision engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_and_precision_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montague_Napier_and_high-performance_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montague_Napier_and_high-performance_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Montague Napier and high-performance vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montague_Napier_and_high-performance_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motor_yachting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motor_yachting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Motor yachting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motor_yachting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_limited_company_and_WWI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_limited_company_and_WWI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Public limited company and WWI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_limited_company_and_WWI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_Electric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_Electric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>English Electric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_Electric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napier_Aero_Engines_Limited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napier_Aero_Engines_Limited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Napier Aero Engines Limited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napier_Aero_Engines_Limited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napier_Turbochargers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napier_Turbochargers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Napier Turbochargers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napier_Turbochargers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Napier_aero_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Napier_aero_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of Napier aero engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Napier_aero_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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Napier & Son</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_%26_Son" title="Napier & Son – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Napier & Son" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_%26_Son" title="Napier & Son – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Napier & Son" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_%26_Son" title="Napier & Son – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Napier & Son" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87" title="نابير و ابنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نابير و ابنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3" title="ネイピア・アンド・サン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネイピア・アンド・サン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_(bilmerke)" title="Napier (bilmerke) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Napier (bilmerke)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_(motoryzacja)" title="Napier (motoryzacja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Napier (motoryzacja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_%26_Son" title="Napier & Son – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Napier & Son" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier" title="Napier – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Napier" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napier_%26_Son&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Napier & Son">Napier & Son</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British engineering company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Scottish herbalist, see <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Napier#D._Napier_&_Sons" title="Duncan Napier">D. Napier & Sons</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1907_Napier_60HP_T21_S.F._Edge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1907_Napier_60HP_T21_S.F._Edge.JPG/220px-1907_Napier_60HP_T21_S.F._Edge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1907_Napier_60HP_T21_S.F._Edge.JPG/330px-1907_Napier_60HP_T21_S.F._Edge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1907_Napier_60HP_T21_S.F._Edge.JPG/440px-1907_Napier_60HP_T21_S.F._Edge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3277" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption>1907 Napier 60hp T21</figcaption></figure> <p><b>D. Napier & Son Limited</b> was a British engineering company best known for its luxury motor cars in the <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a> and for its <a href="/wiki/Aero_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero engine">aero engines</a> throughout the early to mid-20th century. </p><p>Napier was founded as a precision engineering company in 1808 and for nearly a century produced machinery for the financial, print, and munitions industries. In the early 20th century it moved for a time into internal combustion engines and road vehicles before turning to aero engines. Its powerful <a href="/wiki/Napier_Lion" title="Napier Lion">Lion</a> dominated the UK market in the 1920s and the Second World War era <a href="/wiki/Napier_Sabre" title="Napier Sabre">Sabre</a> produced 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) in its later versions. Many world speed records on land and water, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Tempest" title="Hawker Tempest">Tempest</a> fighter planes, were powered by Napier engines. During the Second World War the company was taken over by <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a>, and engine manufacture eventually ceased. Today, Napier Turbochargers is a subsidiary of the American company <a href="/wiki/Wabtec" title="Wabtec">Wabtec</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_and_precision_engineering">Early years and precision engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years and precision engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/220px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/330px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/440px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Steam engine built by D. Napier & Son in 1859</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1909_Napier_T23_Roadster_6.6_ltr_IMG_2869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1909_Napier_T23_Roadster_6.6_ltr_IMG_2869.jpg/220px-1909_Napier_T23_Roadster_6.6_ltr_IMG_2869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1909_Napier_T23_Roadster_6.6_ltr_IMG_2869.jpg/330px-1909_Napier_T23_Roadster_6.6_ltr_IMG_2869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1909_Napier_T23_Roadster_6.6_ltr_IMG_2869.jpg/440px-1909_Napier_T23_Roadster_6.6_ltr_IMG_2869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>1909 Napier T23 Roadster</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Napier_(precision_engineer)" title="David Napier (precision engineer)">David Napier</a>, second son of the <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Argyll" title="Duke of Argyll">Duke of Argyll</a>, was born in 1785. While cousins became <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilder" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipbuilder">shipbuilders</a>, he took engineering training in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> before coming to London. There in 1808 he founded the firm that was to become D. Napier & Son in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lloyds_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lloyds Court (page does not exist)">Lloyds Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Giles,_London" title="St Giles, London">St Giles, London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-W&R_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W&R-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He designed a <a href="/wiki/Steam-powered" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-powered">steam-powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, some of which went to <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> (the printer and publisher of proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a>), as well as newspapers. The company moved to <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a>, South London, in 1830. </p><p>Between 1840 and 1860, Napier was prosperous, with a well-outfitted factory and between 200 and 300 workers. Napier made a wide variety of products, including a <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifuge</a> for sugar manufacturing, lathes and drills, <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>-making equipment for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arsenal" title="Royal Arsenal">Royal Arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, and railway cranes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1483_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1483-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David's younger son <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Murdoch_Napier_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Murdoch Napier (engineer) (page does not exist)">James Murdoch Napier</a>, born 1823, joined the firm in 1837 and became a partner in 1847, resulting in a change in the private company's name to D. Napier & Son.<sup id="cite_ref-W&R_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W&R-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James succeeded his father as head of the firm in 1867, and after his father's death in 1873, specialized in crafted precision machinery for making <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a>, and printing stamps and banknotes. James proved an excellent engineer, but a poor businessman, considering salesmanship undignified. His company's fortunes went so bad that there were as few as seven employees in 1895, and James attempted to sell the business, but failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1483_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1483-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1484_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1484-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montague_Napier_and_high-performance_vehicles">Montague Napier and high-performance vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Montague Napier and high-performance vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James' son <a href="/wiki/Montague_Napier" title="Montague Napier">Montague</a>, born 1870,<sup id="cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1483_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1483-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inherited the business in 1895, along with his father's engineering talents.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1483_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1483-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montague was a hobby <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle racing">racing cyclist</a>, and at the Bath Road Club, he met "ebullient Australian" <a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Edge" title="Selwyn Edge">S. F. Edge</a> (then a manager at <a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber" title="Dunlop Rubber">Dunlop Rubber</a> and colleague of <a href="/wiki/Harry_John_Lawson" title="Harry John Lawson">H. J. Lawson</a> in London, and amateur racer of <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motor tricycles</a>.) Edge persuaded Napier to improve his <a href="/wiki/Panhard" title="Panhard">Panhard</a> "Old Number 8" (which had won the <a href="/wiki/1896_Paris%E2%80%93Marseille%E2%80%93Paris" title="1896 Paris–Marseille–Paris">1896 Paris–Marseille–Paris</a>), converting from a <a href="/wiki/Tiller" title="Tiller">tiller</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a> and improving the <a href="/wiki/Lubrication" title="Lubrication">oiling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1484_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1484-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dissatisfied, Napier offered to fit an engine of his own design, an 8 <a href="/wiki/Tax_horsepower" title="Tax horsepower">hp</a> <a href="/wiki/Straight-twin_engine" title="Straight-twin engine">vertical twin</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sparkplug" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparkplug">electric ignition</a>, superior to the Panhard's hot tube type.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1485_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1485-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edge was sufficiently impressed to encourage Napier to make his own car and collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Harvey_du_Cros" title="Harvey du Cros">Harvey du Cros</a>, his former boss at Dunlop, to form the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_Power_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor Power Company (page does not exist)">Motor Power Company</a>, based in London,<sup id="cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1485_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1485-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which agreed to buy Napier's entire output. The first of an initial order of six, three each two-cylinder 8 hp and four-cylinder 16 hp, all with aluminum bodies by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mulliner" title="Arthur Mulliner">Arthur Mulliner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">chain drive</a>, was delivered 31 March 1900; Edge paid <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>400 and sold at £500. </p><p>In 1903 the manufacturing business moved from Lambeth to larger premises in <a href="/wiki/Acton,_London" title="Acton, London">Acton</a> and in 1906 it became a limited liability company, D. Napier & Son Limited, although it remained in effect a private company for the next few years. </p><p>Outside the racing programme, Napier also gained fame in 1904 by being the first car to cross the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a>: Mr and Mrs <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glidden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Glidden">Charles Glidden</a>, sponsors of the <a href="/wiki/Glidden_Tour" title="Glidden Tour">Glidden Tours</a>, covered 3,536 miles (5,691 km) from Boston to <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racing">Racing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napier_8_hp_car_in_the_Thousand_Miles_Trial_of_the_Automobile_Club_in_1900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Napier_8_hp_car_in_the_Thousand_Miles_Trial_of_the_Automobile_Club_in_1900.png/200px-Napier_8_hp_car_in_the_Thousand_Miles_Trial_of_the_Automobile_Club_in_1900.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Napier_8_hp_car_in_the_Thousand_Miles_Trial_of_the_Automobile_Club_in_1900.png/300px-Napier_8_hp_car_in_the_Thousand_Miles_Trial_of_the_Automobile_Club_in_1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Napier_8_hp_car_in_the_Thousand_Miles_Trial_of_the_Automobile_Club_in_1900.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Napier car in the Thousand Miles Trial of the Automobile Club</figcaption></figure> <p>Recognizing the value of publicity gained from <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">racing</a>, which no other British marque did,<sup id="cite_ref-Wise589_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise589-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in spring, Edge entered an 8 hp (6.0 kW) Napier in the Thousand Miles (1,600 km) <a href="/wiki/Classic_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Trials">Trial</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club" title="Royal Automobile Club">Automobile Club</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Kennard" title="Mary Eliza Kennard">Mary Eliza Kennard</a>; driven by Edge, with Kennard along, on a circuit from Newbury to Edinburgh and back, it won its class, being one of only thirty-five finishers (of sixty-four starters<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and one of just twelve to average the requisite 12 mph (19 km/h) in England and 10 mph (16 km/h) in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By June 1900, eight "16 hp"s had been ordered, and Edge entered one in the 837 mi (1,347 km) Paris-<a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>-Paris race, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rolls" title="Charles Rolls">Charles S. Rolls</a> (co-founder of Rolls-Royce) as <a href="/wiki/Riding_mechanic" title="Riding mechanic">riding mechanic</a>. The 301.6 cu in (4.942 L) (101.6 mm × 152.4 mm, 4.00 in × 6.00 in) <a href="/wiki/Sidevalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidevalve">sidevalve</a> suffered problems with its ignition coils and cooling system, and failed to finish.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For 1901, Montague designed a car sure not to lack speed, having a 990 cubic inches (16.3 L) (165.1 mm × 190.5 mm, 6.50 in × 7.50 in) sidevalve four capable of 103 bhp (77 kW) at 800 rpm, on a wheelbase of 115 inches (2.9 m)<sup id="cite_ref-Wise_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with four-speed <a href="/wiki/Gearbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Gearbox">gearbox</a> and chain drive. Called the "50 hp", only two or three were completed, including one for Rolls.<sup id="cite_ref-Wise_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edge entered one in the 1901 <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bennett_Cup_in_auto_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Bennett Cup in auto racing">Gordon Bennett Cup</a>, only able to test it <i>en route</i> (it was completed 25 May, only four days before the event), Montague serving as his riding mechanic; it overpowered its Dunlops, and fitting new (French) tyres led to disqualification, since they were not of the same nation of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the concurrent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris-Bordeaux_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris-Bordeaux rally (page does not exist)">Paris-Bordeaux rally</a>, it retired with clutch trouble.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/1902_Gordon_Bennett_Cup" title="1902 Gordon Bennett Cup">1902 Gordon Bennett</a>, three entrants (the Charron-Girardot-Voigt, a <a href="/wiki/Mors_(automobile)" title="Mors (automobile)">Mors</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Panhard" title="Panhard">Panhard</a>) contested for France, with Edge in a Napier and two Wolseleys. The Napier was a three-speed, shaft-drive 6.44-litre (392.7 cu in) four (127 mm × 127 mm (5.0 in × 5.0 in) of 44.5 hp (33.2 kW) (though described as a 30 hp). Piloted by Edge and his cousin, Cecil, it wore what would become known as <a href="/wiki/British_racing_green" title="British racing green">British racing green</a>, and won at an average 31.8 mph (51.2 km/h); although by default, since all other entrants retired during the race. It was the first British victory in international motorsport, and would not be repeated until <a href="/wiki/Henry_Segrave" title="Henry Segrave">Henry Segrave</a> took the <a href="/wiki/French_Grand_Prix" title="French Grand Prix">French Grand Prix</a> in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Wise_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glidden_in_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Glidden_in_London.jpg/220px-Glidden_in_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Glidden_in_London.jpg/330px-Glidden_in_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Glidden_in_London.jpg/440px-Glidden_in_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Glidden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles J. Glidden">Charles J. Glidden</a> on his world tour of 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>Napiers also inspired <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Glidden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles J. Glidden">Charles J. Glidden</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Glidden_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Glidden Tours">Glidden Tours</a> in upstate <a href="/wiki/New_York_state" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state">New York</a>, which in turn persuaded Napier to build a factory in Boston. It, along with the <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> factory (managed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_McDonald" title="Arthur McDonald">Arthur McDonald</a>), which built Napiers under licence as San Giorgios from 1906 to 1909, was not a success.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Annual production reached 250 cars in 1903, overwhelming the Lambeth factory, so a move was made to a new 3.75-acre (1.52 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a>) plant at <a href="/wiki/Acton,_London" title="Acton, London">Acton</a>, in west London. On 16 October of that year, Napier announced a six-cylinder car for 1904 and became the first manufacturer to make a commercially successful six, a "remarkably smooth and flexible" vehicle<sup id="cite_ref-Wise_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 18 hp 301 cu in (4.9-litre) (101.6 mm × 101.6 mm (4.00 in × 4.00 in) with a three-speed gearbox and chain drive.<sup id="cite_ref-Wise_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within five years, there were 62 makers of six-cylinder cars in Britain alone, including the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>'s 1906 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_K" title="Ford Model K">Model K</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1904_Six_Cylinder_Napier_Race_Car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/1904_Six_Cylinder_Napier_Race_Car.jpg/220px-1904_Six_Cylinder_Napier_Race_Car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/1904_Six_Cylinder_Napier_Race_Car.jpg/330px-1904_Six_Cylinder_Napier_Race_Car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/1904_Six_Cylinder_Napier_Race_Car.jpg/440px-1904_Six_Cylinder_Napier_Race_Car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>1904 Napier 6-cylinder racing car</figcaption></figure> <p>Napier's 1902 win brought the Gordon Bennett hosting duties to the United Kingdom, and the 1903 event was held south of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, with three shaft-driven Napiers defending the British honour, all in the (later famous) racing green: two 470 cubic inch (7708 cc) 45 hp (34 kW) fours for <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jarrott_(racing_driver)" title="Charles Jarrott (racing driver)">Charles Jarrott</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._W._Stocks" class="mw-redirect" title="J. W. Stocks">J. W. Stocks</a>, with McDonald, the Genoa plant manager, his riding mechanic, and an 80-horsepower (838 cubic inch, 13,726 cc), the Type K5, for Edge. Jarrott and Stocks crashed, and Edge was disqualified.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull_1974_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull_1974-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a bad year for Napier's racing programme; a 35 hp in the hands of Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Mayhew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Mayhew (page does not exist)">Mark Mayhew</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris%E2%80%93Madrid_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris–Madrid rally (page does not exist)">Paris–Madrid rally</a> lost its steering and hit a tree. Edge, again with McDonald, fared no better with the K5 in the 1904 Gordon Bennett in Germany, but a new 920 cubic inch (15-litre; 158.7 × 127 mm, 6.25 × 5-inch) six, the L48, with an external radiator reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Cord_810" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord 810">Cord 810</a>, set the fastest time at the Velvet Strand speed trials at <a href="/wiki/Portmarnock" title="Portmarnock">Portmarnock</a>, Ireland, in September, piloted by McDonald.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1905, the L48, again with McDonald in the seat, took the mile (1.6 km) record at <a href="/wiki/Daytona_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Daytona Beach">Ormonde Beach</a> at 104.65 mph (168.42 km/h); although this was shortly broken by Bowden's <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes (car)">Mercedes</a>, the run was disallowed. The versatile McDonald ran the L48 in the 1905 Gordon Bennett qualifying event at the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, taken over for the race by works driver <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Earp" title="Clifford Earp">Clifford Earp</a>, who placed ninth. </p><p>Edge's secretary, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Levitt" title="Dorothy Levitt">Dorothy Levitt</a>, drove a 100 hp (75 kW) development of the K5 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackpool_Speed_Trials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackpool Speed Trials (page does not exist)">Blackpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Speed_Trials" title="Brighton Speed Trials">Brighton Speed Trials</a> in 1905, and the next year ran the L48 at the Blackpool Speed Trials, showing talent by equalling Edge's speed and setting a women's record in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_kilometre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flying kilometre (page does not exist)">flying kilometre</a> of 90.88 mph (146.26 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-Wise_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1907, 1200 people were employed by Napier and were making about a hundred cars a year, aided by continuing racing success. <a href="/wiki/Brooklands" title="Brooklands">Brooklands</a> opened that year, where Napier engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._C._Tryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. C. Tryon (page does not exist)">H. C. Tryon</a> won the first ever event in a 40 hp (30 kW), and Edge made a famous 24-hour run in June, covering 1,581 miles (2,544 km) at an average 65.905 mph (106.064 km/h) in a 60-horsepower 589 cubic inch (9,652 cc) (127 × 127 mm, 5 × 5-inch) six, a record which stood for 18 years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The L48, nicknamed <i>Samson</i>, became famous there in the venue's first two years; in 1908, Napier's <a href="/wiki/Frank_Newton_(racing_driver)" title="Frank Newton (racing driver)">Frank Newton</a> covered one-half mile (800 m) at 119.34 mph (192.06 km/h) in a stroked (178 mm, 7-inch) L48.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull_1974_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull_1974-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company's last race win was with a four-cylinder at the 1908 <a href="/wiki/RAC_Tourist_Trophy" title="RAC Tourist Trophy">Tourist Trophy</a>, using an alias, Hutton, to preserve the reputation of the sixes, in the hands of <a href="/wiki/William_Watson_(motoring_pioneer)" title="William Watson (motoring pioneer)">Willy Watson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/French_Grand_Prix" title="French Grand Prix">French Grand Prix</a>, officials showed the perverse reasoning for which they later became notorious by claiming that removable wire wheels were an unfair advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-Wise589_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise589-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Napier was no longer in racing, its Lion aero engine was used by several <a href="/wiki/Category:Vehicles_powered_by_Napier_Lion_engines" title="Category:Vehicles powered by Napier Lion engines">land speed record contestants</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Campbell" title="Malcolm Campbell">Malcolm Campbell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Napier-Campbell_Blue_Bird" title="Napier-Campbell Blue Bird">Napier-Campbell Blue Bird</a> of 1927 and <a href="/wiki/Campbell-Napier-Railton_Blue_Bird" title="Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird">Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird</a> of 1931, Segrave's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Arrow_(car)" title="Golden Arrow (car)"><i>Golden Arrow</i></a> of 1929, and <a href="/wiki/John_Cobb_(motorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cobb (motorist)">John Cobb</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Napier-Railton" title="Napier-Railton">Napier-Railton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railton_Special" title="Railton Special">Railton Mobil Special</a>, which held the record from 1939 to 1964. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorothy_Levitt_driving_the_Napier_motor_yacht_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dorothy_Levitt_driving_the_Napier_motor_yacht_1903.jpg/220px-Dorothy_Levitt_driving_the_Napier_motor_yacht_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dorothy_Levitt_driving_the_Napier_motor_yacht_1903.jpg/330px-Dorothy_Levitt_driving_the_Napier_motor_yacht_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dorothy_Levitt_driving_the_Napier_motor_yacht_1903.jpg/440px-Dorothy_Levitt_driving_the_Napier_motor_yacht_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Dorothy Levitt driving the Napier motor yacht 1903</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napier_racing_motor_launch_(Rankin_Kennedy,_Modern_Engines,_Vol_V).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Napier_racing_motor_launch_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Modern_Engines%2C_Vol_V%29.jpg/220px-Napier_racing_motor_launch_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Modern_Engines%2C_Vol_V%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Napier_racing_motor_launch_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Modern_Engines%2C_Vol_V%29.jpg/330px-Napier_racing_motor_launch_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Modern_Engines%2C_Vol_V%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Napier_racing_motor_launch_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Modern_Engines%2C_Vol_V%29.jpg/440px-Napier_racing_motor_launch_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Modern_Engines%2C_Vol_V%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Napier racing motor launch of 1905</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motor_yachting">Motor yachting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Motor yachting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napier expanded into marine engines and launches. In 1903 a S. F. Edge's Napier launch won the inaugural British International <a href="/wiki/Harmsworth_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmsworth Trophy">Harmsworth Trophy</a> for speedboats at <a href="/wiki/Cork_Harbour" title="Cork Harbour">Cork Harbour</a> in Ireland, driven by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Levitt" title="Dorothy Levitt">Dorothy Levitt</a>. She achieved 19.3 mph (31.1 km/h) in a 40-foot (12 m) steel-hulled, speedboat fitted with a 3-blade propeller. As both the owner and entrant of the boat, "S. F. Edge" is engraved on the trophy as the winner. The third crew member, Campbell Muir, may also have taken the controls. </p><p>On 8 August 1903 Levitt drove the Napier at <a href="/wiki/Cowes" title="Cowes">Cowes</a> and won the race. She was then commanded to the <a href="/wiki/HMY_Britannia_(Royal_Cutter_Yacht)" title="HMY Britannia (Royal Cutter Yacht)">royal yacht</a> by <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> where he congratulated her on her pluck and skill, and they discussed the performance of the boat and its potential for British government despatch work.<sup id="cite_ref-PIP_Nov_1906_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIP_Nov_1906-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in August Levitt won the <a href="/wiki/Menier_Chocolate" title="Menier Chocolate">Gaston Menier Cup</a> at Trouville, France. This was described as the "five-mile world's championship of the sea" and the prize was $1,750.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatty_p8-9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatty_p8-9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1903 Levitt won the Championship of the Seas at Trouville, and the French government bought the boat for £1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-PIP_Nov_1906_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIP_Nov_1906-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chatty_p8-9_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatty_p8-9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1905 boat <i>Napier II</i> set the world <a href="/wiki/Water_speed_record" title="Water speed record">water speed record</a> for a mile at almost 30 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (56 km/h). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_limited_company_and_WWI">Public limited company and WWI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Public limited company and WWI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napier_Lion_engine_at_Science_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Napier_Lion_engine_at_Science_Museum.jpg/220px-Napier_Lion_engine_at_Science_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Napier_Lion_engine_at_Science_Museum.jpg/330px-Napier_Lion_engine_at_Science_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Napier_Lion_engine_at_Science_Museum.jpg/440px-Napier_Lion_engine_at_Science_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napier_Lion" title="Napier Lion">Napier Lion</a> engine</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1912, following a dispute with Edge, the business was restructured. D. Napier & Son Limited went public and bought out Edge's distribution and sales company, S.F. Edge (1907) Limited. The latter soon went into voluntary liquidation and thus the manufacture and marketing of Napier cars were united under a single organization.<sup id="cite_ref-W&R_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W&R-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production rose to around 700 cars a year with many supplied to the London <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxi</a> trade. That year, only six models were produced. </p><p>On the outbreak of war sales of private vehicles collapsed and Napier turned to military orders. Vehicle production continued for a time on this basis and 2,000 trucks and ambulances were supplied to the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a>. Montague Napier's health declined and in 1917 he moved to Cannes, France, but continued to take an active involvement in the company until his death in 1931. </p><p>Early in the war, Napier was contracted to build engines from other companies' designs: initially the model <a href="/wiki/RAF_3" title="RAF 3">RAF 3</a>, a V-12 by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Factory</a>, and then the V-8 <a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Arab" title="Sunbeam Arab">Sunbeam Arab</a>. Both proved to be rather unreliable, and in 1916 Napier decided to design its own instead, an effort that led to the superb <a href="/wiki/W12_engine" title="W12 engine">W-block</a> 12-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Napier_Lion" title="Napier Lion">Lion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lion came into service shortly before the end of the war. </p><p>During the First World War the company was also contracted to build 600 aircraft at the Acton factory (50 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_R.E.7" title="Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.7">Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.7</a>, 400 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_R.E.8" title="Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8">Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8</a> and 150 <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Snipe" title="Sopwith Snipe">Sopwith Snipes</a>). Together with the engine work, this required enormous expansion of the company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napier_Type_75_TT_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Napier_Type_75_TT_1920.jpg/220px-Napier_Type_75_TT_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Napier_Type_75_TT_1920.jpg/330px-Napier_Type_75_TT_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Napier_Type_75_TT_1920.jpg/440px-Napier_Type_75_TT_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4407" data-file-height="2984" /></a><figcaption>1920 Type 75 TT</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the war, military production had tailed off and the Lion was still barely in use. </p><p>In 1919 civilian car production was recommenced. The T75 motor car would be Napier's last. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rowledge" title="Arthur Rowledge">A. J. Rowledge</a> (who left for <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a> in 1921), its engine was a 40–50 hp 377 cu in (6,178 cc) (101.6 mm × 127 mm or 4.00 in × 5.00 in) <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> six with detachable <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft#Single_overhead_camshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead camshaft">single overhead camshaft</a>, seven-<a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearing</a> <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a>, dual <a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">magneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">coil</a> ignition, dual plugs, and Napier-<a href="/wiki/SU_Carburettor" class="mw-redirect" title="SU Carburettor">SU Carburettor</a>. Coachwork was by <a href="/wiki/Cunard_(coachbuilder)" title="Cunard (coachbuilder)">Cunard</a>, by then a subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1485_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1485-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 187 were built in all by 1924, and Napier quit car production with a total of 4,258 built.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1485_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1485-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The car was very expensive, costing about the same as a <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Silver_Ghost" title="Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost">Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost</a> and in the early 1920s sales were slow. The last car was sold in 1924. </p><p>The Lion was by now becoming a best-seller for the company, which eventually dropped all the other aero-engines. The Lion went on to be adapted for land and water, to set the <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">land speed record</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Campbell" title="Malcolm Campbell">Malcolm Campbell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Napier-Campbell_Blue_Bird" title="Napier-Campbell Blue Bird">Napier-Campbell Blue Bird</a> of 1927 and <a href="/wiki/Campbell-Napier-Railton_Blue_Bird" title="Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird">Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird</a> of 1931 and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Segrave" title="Henry Segrave">Henry Segrave</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Arrow_(car)" title="Golden Arrow (car)">Golden Arrow</a></i> of 1931 and later in <a href="/wiki/John_Cobb_(racing_driver)" title="John Cobb (racing driver)">John Cobb</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Napier-Railton" title="Napier-Railton">Napier-Railton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railton_Mobil_Special" class="mw-redirect" title="Railton Mobil Special">Railton Mobil Special</a>, which held the record from 1939 to 1964. </p><p>In the 1930s the introduction of much larger and more powerful aero-engines from other companies ended sales of the Lion. Napier quickly started work on newer designs, building on experience gained on the <a href="/wiki/X_engine" title="X engine">X style</a> 16-cylinder, 1,000 horsepower (750 kilowatts) <a href="/wiki/Napier_Cub" title="Napier Cub">Cub</a>, used in the <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Cubaroo" title="Blackburn Cubaroo">Blackburn Cubaroo</a> single-engined bomber of the 1920s, and the resulting later 16-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Napier_Rapier" title="Napier Rapier">Rapier</a> and 24-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Napier_Dagger" title="Napier Dagger">Dagger</a> were both air-cooled H-block designs. Neither the Rapier nor the Dagger proved very reliable, due to poor cooling of the rearmost cylinders, and even the Dagger's 1,000 hp (750 kW) was less than its competitors' offerings when shipped.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As Lion sales faded, an attempt was also made to buy the bankrupt <a href="/wiki/Bentley_Motors_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentley Motors Limited">Bentley</a> company in 1931 but Napier was outbid at the last minute by Rolls-Royce. The last vehicle project was a three-wheeled tractor-trailer goods vehicle, but rather than produce this itself, the design was sold to <a href="/wiki/Scammell" class="mw-redirect" title="Scammell">Scammell</a>, which made several thousand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napier_Sabre01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Napier_Sabre01.jpg/220px-Napier_Sabre01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Napier_Sabre01.jpg/330px-Napier_Sabre01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Napier_Sabre01.jpg/440px-Napier_Sabre01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napier_Sabre" title="Napier Sabre">Napier Sabre</a> engine</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting from scratch, Napier decided to use the new <a href="/wiki/Sleeve_valve" title="Sleeve valve">sleeve valve</a> design in a much larger <a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a> 24-cylinder engine, soon to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Napier_Sabre" title="Napier Sabre">Sabre</a>. Designed under <a href="/wiki/Frank_Halford" title="Frank Halford">Frank Halford</a>, the engine was very advanced and proved to be difficult to adapt to assembly line production. Therefore, although the engine was ready by 1940, it was not until 1944 that production versions were considered reliable. At that point efforts were made to improve it, leading eventually to the Sabre VII delivering 3,500 hp (2,600 kW), making it the most powerful engine in the world, from an engine much smaller than its competition. </p><p>Napier also worked on <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_diesel_engine" title="Aircraft diesel engine">diesel aircraft engines</a>. In the 1930s it licensed the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_204" title="Junkers Jumo 204">Junkers Jumo 204</a> for production in England, which it called the <a href="/wiki/Napier_Culverin" title="Napier Culverin">Culverin</a>. It also planned to produce a smaller version of the same basic design as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napier_Cutlass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napier Cutlass (page does not exist)">Cutlass</a>, but work on both was cancelled at the outbreak of war in 1939. </p><p>Napier developed a marine engine from the Lion aero engine, the petrol-driven Sea Lion, which could deliver 500 hp (370 kW) and was used in the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Rescue_Launch" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Rescue Launch">"Whaleback" Air Sea Rescue</a> Launches. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napier_Deltic_Engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Napier_Deltic_Engine.jpg/220px-Napier_Deltic_Engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Napier_Deltic_Engine.jpg/330px-Napier_Deltic_Engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Napier_Deltic_Engine.jpg/440px-Napier_Deltic_Engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2661" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napier_Deltic" title="Napier Deltic">Napier Deltic</a> engine, cut away for display</figcaption></figure> <p>During the war (1944) Napier was asked by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to supply a diesel engine for use in its <a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">patrol boats</a>, but the Culverin's 720 hp (540 kW) was not nearly enough for its needs. Napier then designed under the leadership of Ernest Edward Chatterton, Chief Engineer, the <a href="/wiki/Napier_Deltic" title="Napier Deltic">Deltic</a>, essentially three Culverins arranged in a large triangle. Considered one of the most complex engine designs of its day, the Deltic was nevertheless very reliable, and was taken into service after the war as a <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a> powerplant (in <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_55" title="British Rail Class 55">Class 55</a>) in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweepers</a> and other small naval vessels for which it was designed. </p><p>Also during the Second World War a six-cylinder 300 cubic inch road-vehicle engine was commissioned by the government, but this design was sold to <a href="/wiki/Leyland_Motors" title="Leyland Motors">Leyland Motors</a> by 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_Electric">English Electric</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: English Electric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napier had been taken over by <a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a> on 23 November 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Last of the great Napier internal combustion engines was the <a href="/wiki/Napier_Nomad" title="Napier Nomad">Nomad</a>, a complex "turbo-compound" design that combined a diesel engine with a <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> to recover energy otherwise lost in the exhaust. The advantage of this complex design was fuel economy: it had the best <a href="/wiki/Specific_fuel_consumption_(shaft_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific fuel consumption (shaft engine)">specific fuel consumption</a> of any aircraft engine, even to this day. However, even better fuel economy could be had by flying a normal <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a> at much higher altitudes, while existing designs filled the "low end" of the market fairly well. First run in 1949, the Nomad I underwent radical redesign for the Nomad II but was largely ignored by the market and was cancelled in 1955. </p><p>Along with every major aero engine company in the post-war era, Napier turned to the jet turbine. Seeing a niche not yet adopted up by the larger vendors, Napier developed a number of <a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">turboshaft</a> designs which saw some use, notably in <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>. Its first design, the <a href="/wiki/Napier_Naiad" title="Napier Naiad">Naiad</a> and Double Naiad was developed for various Royal Navy <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> projects, but did not enter production. The smaller models developed later, the 3,000-hp-class <a href="/wiki/Napier_Eland" title="Napier Eland">Eland</a> and 1,500-hp-class <a href="/wiki/Napier_Gazelle" title="Napier Gazelle">Gazelle</a> did somewhat better, notably the Gazelle which powered several models of the popular <a href="/wiki/Westland_Wessex" title="Westland Wessex">Westland Wessex</a> helicopter. Production ceased when a deal was struck with Rolls-Royce in 1961. </p><p>At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">ramjet</a> was showing promise for high-speed supersonic flight. From 1951 Napier developed a successful large-diameter experimental engine, the Napier Ram Jet (NRJ). Napier continued in ramjet development for several years, typically working alongside the English Electric aircraft design team.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napier_Aero_Engines_Limited">Napier Aero Engines Limited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Napier Aero Engines Limited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961 a new company <i>Napier Aero Engines Limited</i> was formed by D. Napier & Son and <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a>, to take over the Napier aero-engine business and the Acton engine factory.<sup id="cite_ref-nae_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nae-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was to continue to market the Gazelle, while the completion of existing Gazelle contracts and the Eland remained the financial responsibility of the old company. But it closed only two years later, in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the move of the aero engine business, D. Napier & Son continued as a subsidiary of English Electric.<sup id="cite_ref-nae_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nae-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the ending of Deltic sales in the 1960s it had no new modern engine designs to offer. Today Napier is no longer in the engine business. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napier_Turbochargers">Napier Turbochargers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Napier Turbochargers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company" title="General Electric Company">GEC</a> bought English Electric in the late 1960s. The GEC operation, now part of <a href="/wiki/Ruston_%26_Hornsby" title="Ruston & Hornsby">Ruston Gas Turbines</a>, later moved to <a href="/wiki/GEC-Alsthom" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC-Alsthom">GEC-Alsthom</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>, before being sold to <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> in March 2003. </p><p><i>Napier Turbochargers</i> was bought from Siemens in June 2008 in a <a href="/wiki/Management_buyout" title="Management buyout">management buyout</a>. The buyout was funded by the private equity company Primary Capital for around £100 million.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 2013 Napier Turbochargers became part of <a href="/wiki/Wabtec" title="Wabtec">Wabtec</a>. Napier Turbochargers currently produces turbochargers for the marine, power, and rail industries, employing around 150 people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Napier_aero_engines">List of Napier aero engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of Napier aero engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These engines were all built, some in several variants.<sup id="cite_ref-Lumsden_2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumsden_2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gunston_1989_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunston_1989-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Cub" title="Napier Cub">Napier Cub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Culverin" title="Napier Culverin">Napier Culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Dagger" title="Napier Dagger">Napier Dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Eland" title="Napier Eland">Napier Eland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Gazelle" title="Napier Gazelle">Napier Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Javelin" title="Napier Javelin">Napier Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Lion" title="Napier Lion">Napier Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Lioness" class="mw-redirect" title="Napier Lioness">Napier Lioness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Naiad" title="Napier Naiad">Napier Naiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Nomad" title="Napier Nomad">Napier Nomad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Oryx" title="Napier Oryx">Napier Oryx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Rapier" title="Napier Rapier">Napier Rapier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Sabre" title="Napier Sabre">Napier Sabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Scorpion" title="Napier Scorpion">Napier Scorpion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom">List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_most_powerful_production_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of most powerful production cars">Timeline of most powerful production cars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-W&R-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W&R_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W&R_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W&R_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson & Reader (1958).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1483-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1483_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1483_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1483_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1483_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hull_(1974)">Hull (1974)</a>, p. 1438</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1484-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1484_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1484_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hull_(1974)">Hull (1974)</a>, p. 1484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hull,_Napier,_1485-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1485_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1485_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1485_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hull,_Napier,_1485_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hull_(1974)">Hull (1974)</a>, p. 1485</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clymer, Floyd. <i>Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925</i> (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wise589-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wise589_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wise589_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise (1974) p. 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise (1974) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise (1974) p. 1486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise (1974) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wise-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wise_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wise_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wise_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wise_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wise_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wise_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise (1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise (1974) pp. 1486–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hull (1974), p. 1487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise (1974), p.1488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/G._N._Georgano" title="G. N. Georgano">G. N. Georgano</a> <i>Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930</i>. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hull_1974-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hull_1974_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hull_1974_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hull (1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise (1974) p. 1,489</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hull (1974), p. 1,489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hull (1974), p. 1490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIP_Nov_1906-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PIP_Nov_1906_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PIP_Nov_1906_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Sensational Adventures of Miss Dorothy Levitt, – Champion Lady Motorist of the World", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Penny_Illustrated_Paper_and_Illustrated_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times">The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times</a></i> (London, England), Saturday, 17 November 1906; p. 309; Issue 2373.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102010433/http://forums.autosport.com/index.php?showtopic=106579&st=40&start=40">Autosport, The Nostalgia Forum, Historical Research, Dorothy Levitt – early motoring</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatty_p8-9-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chatty_p8-9_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chatty_p8-9_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Woman and the Car – a Chatty Little Handbook for All Women Who Motor Or Who Want to Motor</i> by Dorothy Levitt. pages 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunston, W.; <i>World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines</i>, 4th Edn., Patrick Stephens, 1998, p.121; "The result was the Lion, a masterpiece."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp, Dan: <i>British Secret Projects 5: Britain's Space Shuttle</i>, Crécy, 2016, p.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp, Dan; <i>British Secret Projects 5: Britain's Space Shuttle</i>, Crécy, 2016, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nae-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nae_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nae_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">"English Electric-Rolls Royce Napier Aero Engines Ltd.", <i>The Times</i>, London, p. 24, 1 June 1961 – via The Times Digital Archive</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=English+Electric-Rolls+Royce+Napier+Aero+Engines+Ltd.&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1961-06-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD.+Napier+%26+Son" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1963/mar/08/napier-aero-engines-ltd-closure">"Napier Aero Engines Ltd (closure)"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>, vol. 673, cc921-32, 8 March 1963, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017100215/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1963/mar/08/napier-aero-engines-ltd-closure">archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Napier+Aero+Engines+Ltd+%28closure%29&rft.volume=673&rft.pages=cc921-32&rft.date=1963-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1963%2Fmar%2F08%2Fnapier-aero-engines-ltd-closure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD.+Napier+%26+Son" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Siemens+sells+Napier+Turbos.-a0186270392">"Siemens sells Napier Turbos"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Professional_Engineering_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional Engineering Magazine">Professional Engineering Magazine</a></i>, vol. 21, no. 11, 25 June 2008 – via <a href="/wiki/The_Free_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Free Library">The Free Library</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Professional+Engineering+Magazine&rft.atitle=Siemens+sells+Napier+Turbos&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FSiemens%2Bsells%2BNapier%2BTurbos.-a0186270392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD.+Napier+%26+Son" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/2791200/Primary-turbocharged-after-moving-on-Napier.html">"Primary turbocharged after moving on Napier"</a>, <i>The Telegraph</i>, 6 June 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Primary+turbocharged+after+moving+on+Napier&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Ftransport%2F2791200%2FPrimary-turbocharged-after-moving-on-Napier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD.+Napier+%26+Son" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lumsden_2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lumsden_2003_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumsden2003" class="citation book cs1">Lumsden, Alec (2003). <i>British Piston Engines and their Aircraft</i>. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-294-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85310-294-6"><bdi>1-85310-294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Piston+Engines+and+their+Aircraft&rft.place=Marlborough%2C+Wiltshire&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85310-294-6&rft.aulast=Lumsden&rft.aufirst=Alec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD.+Napier+%26+Son" class="Z3988"></span> (piston engines)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunston_1989-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_1989_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunston1989" class="citation book cs1">Gunston, Bill (1989). <i>World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Patrick Stephens Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-163-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85260-163-9"><bdi>1-85260-163-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopaedia+of+Aero+Engines&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens+Limited&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=1-85260-163-9&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD.+Napier+%26+Son" class="Z3988"></span> (Gas turbines)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hull_(1974)" class="citation book cs1">Hull, Peter G. (1974). "Napier: The Stradivarius of the Road". In Northey, Tom (ed.). <i>The World of Automobiles</i>. Vol. 13. London: Orbis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Napier%3A+The+Stradivarius+of+the+Road&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Automobiles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD.+Napier+%26+Son" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wilson, C.H. & Reader, W.J.; <i>Men & Machines: D Napier & Son 1808–1958</i>, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1958.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Edge_(1974)" class="citation book cs1">Wise, David B. (1974). "Edge: Progenitor of the six-cylinder engine". In Northey, Tom (ed.). <i>The World of Automobiles</i>. Vol. 5. London: Orbis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edge%3A+Progenitor+of+the+six-cylinder+engine&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Automobiles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AD.+Napier+%26+Son" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Napier_%26_Son&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Sabre">Sabre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turboprop / Turboshaft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Naiad" title="Napier Naiad">Coupled Naiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Eland" title="Napier Eland">Eland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Gazelle" title="Napier Gazelle">Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Naiad" title="Napier Naiad">Naiad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turbo-compound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Nomad" title="Napier Nomad">Nomad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas-generator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Oryx" title="Napier Oryx">Oryx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rocket</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napier_Scorpion" title="Napier Scorpion">Scorpion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_car_industry_–_companies_and_marques171" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_car_industry" title="Template:British car industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_car_industry" title="Template talk:British car industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_car_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British car industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_car_industry_–_companies_and_marques171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">British car industry</a> – companies and marques</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0"> <th width="10%" rowspan="2">Marque </th> <th colspan="5">1900s </th> <th colspan="5">1910s </th> <th colspan="5">1920s </th> <th colspan="5">1930s </th> <th colspan="5">1940s </th> <th colspan="5">1950s </th> <th colspan="5">1960s </th> <th colspan="5">1970s </th> <th colspan="5">1980s </th> <th colspan="5">1990s </th> <th colspan="5">2000s </th> <th colspan="5">2010s </th> <th colspan="3">2020s </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:lavender"> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4</td> <td width="1.5%">6</td> <td width="1.5%">8 </td> <td width="1.5%">0</td> <td width="1.5%">2</td> <td width="1.5%">4 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars" title="Rolls-Royce Motor Cars">Rolls-Royce</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce Limited</a> </td> <td colspan="21" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce Limited</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motors" title="Rolls-Royce Motors">Rolls-Royce Motors</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motors" title="Rolls-Royce Motors">Rolls-Royce Motors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vickers_plc" title="Vickers plc">Vickers</a>) </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> & <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">VW Group</a> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley" title="Armstrong Siddeley">Armstrong Siddeley</a> </th> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley" title="Armstrong Siddeley">Siddeley-Deasy</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth" title="Armstrong Whitworth">Armstrong Whitworth</a> </td> <td colspan="16" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley" title="Armstrong Siddeley">Armstrong Siddeley</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley" title="Bristol Siddeley">Bristol Siddeley</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce Limited</a> </td> <td colspan="27" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armstrong_Siddeley_Owners_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armstrong Siddeley Owners Club (page does not exist)">Armstrong Siddeley Owners Club</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="18" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a> </td> <td colspan="22" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin Lagonda</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Premier_Automotive_Group" title="Premier Automotive Group">PAG</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford</a>) </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin Lagonda</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagonda" title="Lagonda">Lagonda</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="22" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Lagonda" title="Lagonda">Lagonda</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Standard_Motor_Company" title="Standard Motor Company">Standard</a> </th> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="21" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Motor_Company" title="Standard Motor Company">Standard</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Motor_Company" title="Standard Motor Company">Standard</a> <a href="/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company" title="Triumph Motor Company">Triumph</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Leyland_Motors" title="Leyland Motors">Leyland Motors</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="15"><a href="/wiki/British_Leyland" title="British Leyland">BLMC / British Leyland</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Rover_Group" title="Austin Rover Group">Austin Rover Group</a><br />&<br /><a href="/wiki/Land_Rover_Group" title="Land Rover Group">Land Rover Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Leyland" title="British Leyland">BL plc</a>) </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/Rover_Group" title="Rover Group">Rover Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">BAe</a>) </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/Rover_Group" title="Rover Group">Rover Group</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>) </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Heritage" title="British Motor Heritage">British Motor Heritage</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company" title="Triumph Motor Company">Triumph</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Dawson_Car_Company" title="Dawson Car Company">Dawson</a> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Motor_Company" title="Triumph Motor Company">Triumph</a> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mini_(marque)" title="Mini (marque)">Mini</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Riley_Motor" title="Riley Motor">Riley</a> </th> <td colspan="19" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Riley_Motor" title="Riley Motor">Riley</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Nuffield_Organization" title="Nuffield Organization">Nuffield Organization</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">BMC</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Holdings" title="British Motor Holdings">BMH</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/MG_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="MG cars">MG</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/MG_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="MG cars">Morris Garages (MG)</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/MG_Rover_Group" title="MG Rover Group">MG Rover Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Venture_Holdings" title="Phoenix Venture Holdings">PVH</a>) </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/SAIC_Motor" title="SAIC Motor">SAIC</a><br />&<br /><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Automobile" title="Nanjing Automobile">NAC</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/SAIC_Motor" title="SAIC Motor">SAIC</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Morris_Motors" title="Morris Motors">Morris</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Motors" title="Morris Motors">Morris</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Motors" title="Morris Motors">Morris</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Motors" title="Wolseley Motors">Wolseley</a> </th> <td colspan="18" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Motors" title="Wolseley Motors">Wolseley</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="21" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Vanden_Plas" title="Vanden Plas">Vanden Plas</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="21" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Vanden_Plas" title="Vanden Plas">Vanden Plas</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Rover_(marque)" title="Rover (marque)">Rover</a> </th> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="22" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Rover_Company" title="Rover Company">Rover Company</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rover_Company" title="Rover Company">Rover Company</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Rover_Company" title="Rover Company">Rover Company</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Premier_Automotive_Group" title="Premier Automotive Group">PAG</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford</a>) </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tata_Motors" title="Tata Motors">Tata</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rover</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Premier_Automotive_Group" title="Premier Automotive Group">PAG</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Alvis_Car_and_Engineering_Company" title="Alvis Car and Engineering Company">Alvis</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="21" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Alvis_Car_and_Engineering_Company" title="Alvis Car and Engineering Company">Alvis</a> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/SS_Cars_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Cars Ltd">SS Cars</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a><br />&<br /><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Company" title="Daimler Company">Daimler</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Holdings" title="British Motor Holdings">BMH</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar</a><br />&<br /><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Company" title="Daimler Company">Daimler</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Premier_Automotive_Group" title="Premier Automotive Group">PAG</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford</a>) </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tata_Motors" title="Tata Motors">Tata</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Company" title="Daimler Company">Daimler</a> </th> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Company" title="Daimler Company">Daimler</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Arms_Company" title="Birmingham Small Arms Company">BSA</a> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Arms_Company" title="Birmingham Small Arms Company">BSA</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lanchester_Motor_Company" title="Lanchester Motor Company">Lanchester</a> </th> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Lanchester_Motor_Company" title="Lanchester Motor Company">Lanchester</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Princess_(car)" title="Princess (car)">Princess</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">BMC</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/British_Leyland" title="British Leyland">BLMC / British Leyland</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Austin-Healey" title="Austin-Healey">Austin-Healey</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">BMC</a>) & <a href="/wiki/Donald_Healey" title="Donald Healey">Donald Healey</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Jensen_Motors" title="Jensen Motors">Jensen</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="21" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Jensen_Motors" title="Jensen Motors">Jensen Motors</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Jensen_Motors" title="Jensen Motors">Britcar Holdings</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Jensen_Motors" title="Jensen Motors">Jensen Cars</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Reliant_Motors" title="Reliant Motors">Reliant</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="19" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Reliant_Motors" title="Reliant Motors">Reliant</a> </td> <td colspan="15" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Reliant_Motors" title="Reliant Motors">Reliant</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Sharp%27s_Commercials" title="Sharp's Commercials">Bond</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Sharp%27s_Commercials" title="Sharp's Commercials">Bond</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/AC_Cars" title="AC Cars">AC</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="61" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/AC_Cars" title="AC Cars">AC Cars</a> (several ownership & company name changes) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Argyll_(car)" title="Argyll (car)">Argyll</a> </th> <td colspan="16" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Argyll_(car)" title="Argyll (car)">Argyll</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Argyll_(car)" title="Argyll (car)">Argyll</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cars" title="Bristol Cars">Bristol Cars</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="41" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cars" title="Bristol Cars">Bristol Cars</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Cars" title="Caterham Cars">Caterham</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="26" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Cars" title="Caterham Cars">Caterham</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Crossley_Motors" title="Crossley Motors">Crossley</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="16" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Crossley_Motors" title="Crossley Motors">Crossley</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Cars" title="Dutton Cars">Dutton</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Cars" title="Dutton Cars">Dutton</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="16" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Cars" title="Dutton Cars">Dutton</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Ginetta_Cars" title="Ginetta Cars">Ginetta</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="35" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Ginetta_Cars" title="Ginetta Cars">Ginetta</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Gordon-Keeble" title="Gordon-Keeble">Gordon-Keeble</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Peerless_(UK_car)" title="Peerless (UK car)">Peerless & Warwick</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Gordon-Keeble" title="Gordon-Keeble">Gordon-Keeble</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Jowett_Cars" title="Jowett Cars">Jowett</a> </th> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="25" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Jowett_Cars" title="Jowett Cars">Jowett</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Aircraft" title="Blackburn Aircraft">Blackburn</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lea-Francis" title="Lea-Francis">Lea-Francis</a> </th> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="31" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Lea-Francis" title="Lea-Francis">Lea-Francis</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Europe" title="General Motors Europe">General Motors Europe</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Proton_(carmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (carmaker)">Proton</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/McLaren_Automotive" title="McLaren Automotive">McLaren</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="19" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/McLaren_Group" title="McLaren Group">McLaren</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Marcos_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos (automobile)">Marcos</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Marcos_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos (automobile)">Marcos</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Marcos_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos (automobile)">Marcos</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Marcos_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos (automobile)">Marcos</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Motor_Company" title="Morgan Motor Company">Morgan</a> </th> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="59" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Motor_Company" title="Morgan Motor Company">Morgan</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Napier</a> </th> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Napier</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Turner_Sports_Cars" title="Turner Sports Cars">Turner</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Turner_Sports_Cars" title="Turner Sports Cars">Turner</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/TVR" title="TVR">TVR</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="40" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/TVR" title="TVR">TVR</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Sportscars" title="Westfield Sportscars">Westfield</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Sportscars" title="Westfield Sportscars">Westfield</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potenza_Sports_Cars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potenza Sports Cars (page does not exist)">Potenza Sports Cars</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/GTM_Cars" title="GTM Cars">GTM</a> </th> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="20" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/GTM_Cars" title="GTM Cars">GTM</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall</a> </th> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall Motors</a> </td> <td colspan="32" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Europe" title="General Motors Europe">General Motors Europe</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a> (<a href="/wiki/PSA_Group" title="PSA Group">PSA</a>) </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Hillman" title="Hillman">Hillman</a> </th> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Hillman" title="Hillman">Hillman</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Humber_Limited" title="Humber Limited">Humber</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rootes_Group" title="Rootes Group">Rootes</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Rootes_Group" title="Rootes Group">Rootes</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Europe" title="Chrysler Europe">Chrysler Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>) </td> <td colspan="22" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a> (<a href="/wiki/PSA_Group" title="PSA Group">PSA</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Humber_Limited" title="Humber Limited">Humber</a> </th> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Humber_Limited" title="Humber Limited">Humber</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(motor_vehicles)" title="Vulcan (motor vehicles)">Vulcan</a> </th> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(motor_vehicles)" title="Vulcan (motor vehicles)">Vulcan</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0">various </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tilling-Stevens" title="Tilling-Stevens">Tilling-Stevens</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Tilling-Stevens" title="Tilling-Stevens">Tilling-Stevens</a> </th> <td colspan="20" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Tilling-Stevens" title="Tilling-Stevens">Tilling-Stevens</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Motor_Car_Company" title="Sunbeam Motor Car Company">Sunbeam</a> </th> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_Motor_Car_Company" title="Sunbeam Motor Car Company">Sunbeam</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Darracq_and_Company_London#S.T.D._Motors" title="Darracq and Company London">S.T.D. Motors</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rootes_Group" title="Rootes Group">Rootes</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sunbeam-Talbot" title="Sunbeam-Talbot">Sunbeam-Talbot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rootes_Group" title="Rootes Group">Rootes</a>) </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rootes_Group" title="Rootes Group">Rootes</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Talbot_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talbot (automobile)">Talbot</a> </th> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Talbot_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talbot (automobile)">Talbot</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Singer_Motors" title="Singer Motors">Singer</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="26" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Singer_Motors" title="Singer Motors">Singer</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Rootes_Group" title="Rootes Group">Rootes</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:lavender"> <th rowspan="2">Marque </th> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8 </td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8 </td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8 </td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8 </td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8 </td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>8 </td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th colspan="5">1900s </th> <th colspan="5">1910s </th> <th colspan="5">1920s </th> <th colspan="5">1930s </th> <th colspan="5">1940s </th> <th colspan="5">1950s </th> <th colspan="5">1960s </th> <th colspan="5">1970s </th> <th colspan="5">1980s </th> <th colspan="5">1990s </th> <th colspan="5">2000s </th> <th colspan="5">2010s </th> <th colspan="3">2020s </th></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_Aerospace" title="AD Aerospace">AD Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_UK" title="Airbus UK">Airbus UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus Defence and Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Satellite_Technology" title="Surrey Satellite Technology">Surrey Satellite Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirTanker_Services" title="AirTanker Services">AirTanker Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babcock_International" title="Babcock International">Babcock International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Military_Air_%26_Information" title="BAE Systems Military Air & Information">Military Air Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_GmbH" title="Eurofighter GmbH">Eurofighter GmbH</a> (33%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBDA" title="MBDA">MBDA</a> (37.5% as <a href="/wiki/MBDA_UK" title="MBDA UK">MBDA UK</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBA_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="BBA Aviation">BBA Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_UK" title="Boeing UK">Boeing Defence UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Airways_Engineering" title="British Airways Engineering">British Airways Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britten-Norman" title="Britten-Norman">Britten-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemring_Group" title="Chemring Group">Chemring Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobham_Limited" title="Cobham Limited">Cobham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobham_Technical_Services" title="Cobham Technical Services">Technical Services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draken_International" title="Draken International">Draken Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Aircraft_Tyres" title="Dunlop Aircraft Tyres">Dunlop Aircraft Tyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Aircraft" title="Europa Aircraft">Europa Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_UK" title="General Dynamics UK">General Dynamics UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Aviation_Systems" title="GE Aviation Systems">GE Aviation Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFS_Projects" title="GFS Projects">GFS Projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKN" title="GKN">GKN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Air_Vehicles" title="Hybrid Air Vehicles">Hybrid Air Vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRVIN-GQ" title="IRVIN-GQ">IRVIN-GQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(company)" title="Leonardo (company)">Leonardo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland" title="AgustaWestland">AgustaWestland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(company)" title="Leonardo (company)">Finmeccanica UK Ltd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_UK" title="Lockheed Martin UK">Lockheed Martin UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Aerospace_and_Defence_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Aerospace and Defence Group">Marshall Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Baker" title="Martin-Baker">Martin-Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meggitt" title="Meggitt">Meggitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinetiq" title="Qinetiq">Qinetiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowty_Propellers" title="Dowty Propellers">Rotol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safran_Landing_Systems" title="Safran Landing Systems">Safran Landing Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selex_ES" title="Selex ES">Selex ES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Brothers" title="Short Brothers">Short Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrora" title="Skyrora">Skyrora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_Aircraft" title="Swift Aircraft">Swift Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telespazio_VEGA_UK" title="Telespazio VEGA UK">Telespazio VEGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_Air_Defence" title="Thales Air Defence">Thales Air Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_Optronics" title="Thales Optronics">Thales Optronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TUI_Airways" title="TUI Airways">TUI Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Electronics" title="Ultra Electronics">Ultra Electronics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADC_Aircraft" title="ADC Aircraft">ADC Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott-Baynes_Sailplanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott-Baynes Sailplanes">Abbott-Baynes Sailplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Motors" title="ABC Motors">ABC Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Navigation_and_Engineering_Company" title="Air Navigation and Engineering Company">Air Navigation and Engineering Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airco" title="Airco">Airco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Airscrew_Company" title="The Airscrew Company">The Airscrew Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airship_Industries" title="Airship Industries">Airship Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Ltd." title="Airspeed Ltd.">Airspeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airwork_Services" title="Airwork Services">Airwork Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Aircraft" title="Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft">Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Aircraft_Ltd." title="Arrow Aircraft Ltd.">Arrow Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auster_Aircraft" title="Auster Aircraft">Auster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin Motor Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Traders" title="Aviation Traders">Aviation Traders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro" title="Avro">Avro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_Aircraft" title="Beagle Aircraft">Beagle Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beardmore_and_Company" title="William Beardmore and Company">William Beardmore and Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Aircraft" title="Blackburn Aircraft">Blackburn Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulton_%26_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton & Paul">Boulton & Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Aircraft" title="Boulton Paul Aircraft">Boulton Paul Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol Aeroplane Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerial_Transport" title="British Aerial Transport">British Aerial Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Company" title="British Aircraft Company">British Aircraft Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">British Aircraft Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Manufacturing" title="British Aircraft Manufacturing">British Aircraft Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTR_Aerospace_Group" title="BTR Aerospace Group">BTR Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Aircraft_Company" title="Central Aircraft Company">Central Aircraft Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilton_Aircraft" title="Chilton Aircraft">Chilton Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrislea_Aircraft" title="Chrislea Aircraft">Chrislea Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_%26_Shuttleworth" title="Clayton & Shuttleworth">Clayton & Shuttleworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comper_Aircraft_Company" title="Comper Aircraft Company">Comper Aircraft Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunliffe-Owen_Aircraft" title="Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft">Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_Aircraft" title="Dart Aircraft">Dart Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland" title="De Havilland">de Havilland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Aeronautical_Technical_School" title="De Havilland Aeronautical Technical School">Aeronautical Technical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Propellers" title="De Havilland Propellers">Propellers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoutter_Aircraft_Company" title="Desoutter Aircraft Company">Desoutter Aircraft Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowty_Group" title="Dowty Group">Dowty Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Standard_Aerospace_Group" title="Dunlop Standard Aerospace Group">Dunlop Standard Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Abbott_Ltd" title="E. D. Abbott Ltd">ED Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Percival_Aircraft" title="Edgar Percival Aircraft">Edgar Percival Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliotts_of_Newbury" title="Elliotts of Newbury">Elliotts of Newbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric" title="English Electric">English Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euravia" class="mw-redirect" title="Euravia">Euravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Aviation_Company" title="Fairey Aviation Company">Fairey Aviation Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fane_Aircraft_Company" title="Fane Aircraft Company">Fane Aircraft Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferranti" title="Ferranti">Ferranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folland_Aircraft" title="Folland Aircraft">Folland Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster,_Wikner_Aircraft" title="Foster, Wikner Aircraft">Foster, Wikner Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland_Aircraft_Company" title="Garland Aircraft Company">Garland Aircraft Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Aircraft_Limited" title="General Aircraft Limited">General Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company" title="General Electric Company">General Electric Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloster_Aircraft_Company" title="Gloster Aircraft Company">Gloster Aircraft Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grahame-White" title="Grahame-White">Grahame-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page" title="Handley Page">Handley Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hants_and_Sussex_Aviation" title="Hants and Sussex Aviation">Hants and Sussex Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Aircraft" title="Hawker Aircraft">Hawker Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley" title="Hawker Siddeley">Hawker Siddeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heston_Aircraft_Company" title="Heston Aircraft Company">Heston Aircraft Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_%26_Blondeau" title="Hewlett & Blondeau">Hewlett & Blondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordern-Richmond" title="Hordern-Richmond">Hordern-Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Aircraft" title="Hunting Aircraft">Hunting Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbury_Aviation" title="Kingsbury Aviation">Kingsbury Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Flying_Company" title="Lakes Flying Company">Lakes Flying Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindstrand_Balloons" title="Lindstrand Balloons">Lindstrand Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Aircraft" title="Luton Aircraft">Luton Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._B._Arpin_%26_Co." title="M. B. Arpin & Co.">M. B. Arpin & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Electronic_Systems" title="Marconi Electronic Systems">Electronic Systems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinsyde" title="Martinsyde">Martinsyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matra_Marconi_Space" title="Matra Marconi Space">Matra Marconi Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Aircraft" title="Miles Aircraft">Miles Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Brothers_Aircraft" title="Moss Brothers Aircraft">Moss Brothers Aircraft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">D. 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Samuel White">J. Samuel White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government and<br />regulatory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)">Civil Aviation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Electronics_and_Components_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Electronics and Components Agency">Defence Electronics and Components Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory" title="Defence Science and Technology Laboratory">Defence Science and Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Aviation_Safety_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Aviation Safety Agency">European Aviation Safety Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_Group" title="ADS Group">ADS Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnborough_International_Airshow" title="Farnborough International Airshow">Farnborough International Airshow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATS_Holdings" title="NATS Holdings">NATS Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NDI_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NDI UK (page does not exist)">NDI UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ParcAberporth" title="ParcAberporth">ParcAberporth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_International_Air_Tattoo" title="Royal International Air Tattoo">Royal International Air Tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_British_Aerospace_Companies" title="Society of British Aerospace Companies">Society of British Aerospace Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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