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id="toc-Geography_and_topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sub-ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sub-ranges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Hydrology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hydrology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Glaciers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Rivers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Lakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precipitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precipitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Precipitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precipitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Flora and fauna subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ethnicity and languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Culture and religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Himalayas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 183 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-183" aria-hidden="true" > 183 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Гималайхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Гималайхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%82%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AB_%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AE%E1%89%BD" title="ሂማላያ ተራሮች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሂማላያ ተራሮች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هملايا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هملايا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="হিমালয় – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিমালয়" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himal%C3%A1ia" title="Himaláia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Himaláia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Гьималаял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьималаял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalay" title="Himalay – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Himalay" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هیمالیا داغلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیمالیا داغلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Himalaya" title="Gunung Himalaya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gunung Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="হিমালয় পর্বতমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিমালয় পর্বতমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya_Soa%E2%81%BF-l%C3%AAng" title="Himalaya Soaⁿ-lêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Himalaya Soaⁿ-lêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Гималай тауҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гималай тауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Гімалаі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гімалаі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Гімалаі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гімалаі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Хималаи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хималаи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1" title="ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaji" title="Himalaji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Himalaji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гималайн уула – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гималайн уула" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him%C3%A0laia" title="Himàlaia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Himàlaia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гималай тăвĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гималай тăвĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Himalayas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him%C3%A1laj" title="Himálaj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Himálaj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82gaiitsoh_Honeezk%CA%BCazii" title="Dziłgaiitsoh Honeezkʼazii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dziłgaiitsoh Honeezkʼazii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himaalaja" title="Himaalaja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Himaalaja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ιμαλάια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιμαλάια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalajo" title="Himalajo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Himalajo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="هیمالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیمالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himil%C3%A9ithe" title="Himiléithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Himiléithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="喜馬拉雅山脈 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="喜馬拉雅山脈" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AF" title="હિમાલય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિમાલય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="हिमालयाचो दोंगरी वाठार – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हिमालयाचो दोंगरी वाठार" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya_S%C3%A2n-mak" title="Himalaya Sân-mak – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Himalaya Sân-mak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EB%A7%90%EB%9D%BC%EC%95%BC%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="히말라야산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히말라야산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հիմալայներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիմալայներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan_Himalaya" title="Pegunungan Himalaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegunungan Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalajafj%C3%B6ll" title="Himalajafjöll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Himalajafjöll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%94" title="הימלאיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הימלאיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya_p%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Himalaya pʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Himalaya pʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF" title="ಹಿಮಾಲಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಮಾಲಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гималайла – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Гималайла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ჰიმალაი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიმალაი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%90%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%8E%DB%81" title="ہِمالیَہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہِمالیَہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Гималай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гималай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Himalayas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEmalaya" title="Hîmalaya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîmalaya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Гималай – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гималай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Гималайвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Гималайвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A5" title="ເທືອກເຂົາຫິມະໄລ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເທືອກເຂົາຫິມະໄລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaji" title="Himalaji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Himalaji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Гималаяр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гималаяр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalajai" title="Himalajai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Himalajai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himal%C3%A1ja" title="Himalája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Himalája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Хималаи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хималаи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഹിമാലയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിമാലയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ჰიმალაი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰიმალაი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هيمالايا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيمالايا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagunungan_Himalaya" title="Pagunungan Himalaya – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pagunungan Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya_S%C4%83ng-m%C4%83h" title="Himalaya Săng-măh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Himalaya Săng-măh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Гималай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гималай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဟိမဝန္တာ တောင်တန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိမဝန္တာ တောင်တန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A4%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="ヒマラヤ山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒマラヤ山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Гималай – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гималай" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imalaia" title="Imalaia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Imalaia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Гималаи – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гималаи" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" title="ହିମାଳୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିମାଳୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himolay" title="Himolay – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Himolay" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਹਿਮਾਲਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿਮਾਲਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ہمالیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہمالیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%EA%A9%BB" title="ဟိမဝန္တာႏကောင်ရွေꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟိမဝန္တာႏကောင်ရွေꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%90%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="هېمالیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هېمالیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaleyaz" title="Imaleyaz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Imaleyaz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imala%C3%AFa" title="Imalaïa – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Imalaïa" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaje" title="Himalaje – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Himalaje" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaias" title="Himalaias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Himalaias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimalay_tawlar%C4%B1" title="Gimalay tawları – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gimalay tawları" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayalar" title="Himalayalar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Himalayalar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Гімалаї – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гімалаї" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Гималаи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гималаи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гималаай хайалара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гималаай хайалара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="हिमालयः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिमालयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Himalayas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalajet" title="Himalajet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Himalajet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="හිමාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිමාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Himalayas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هماليا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هماليا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himal%C3%A1je" title="Himaláje – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Himaláje" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaje" title="Himalaje – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Himalaje" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ھیمالایا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیمالایا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Хималаји – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хималаји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="இமயமலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இமயமலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idurar_n_Himalaya" title="Idurar n Himalaya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Idurar n Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гималайлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гималайлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="హిమాలయాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిమాలయాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="เทือกเขาหิมาลัย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขาหิมาลัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ҳимолой – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳимолой" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಿಮಾಲಯ ಪರ್ವತ ಸಾಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಹಿಮಾಲಯ ಪರ್ವತ ಸಾಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayalar" title="Himalayalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Himalayalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimala%C3%BDlar" title="Gimalaýlar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gimalaýlar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Гімалаї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гімалаї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%81_%DB%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ھىمالايا تاغ تىزمىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىمالايا تاغ تىزمىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megbya_Hijmajlahyajsanh" title="Megbya Hijmajlahyajsanh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Megbya Hijmajlahyajsanh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimalajad" title="Gimalajad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gimalajad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himaalaja" title="Himaalaja – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Himaalaja" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1" title="喜瑪拉雅山 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="喜瑪拉雅山" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="喜马拉雅山脉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喜马拉雅山脉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2" title="הימאלייע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הימאלייע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1" title="喜馬拉雅山 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喜馬拉雅山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaj%C4%93" title="Himalajē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Himalajē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="喜马拉雅山脉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喜马拉雅山脉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagunungan_Himalaya" title="Pagunungan Himalaya – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pagunungan Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaj" title="Himalaj – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Himalaj" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5451#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Himalayas&params=27_59_N_86_55_E_region:IN_type:mountain_scale:12000000">27°59′N 86°55′E / 27.983°N 86.917°E / 27.983; 86.917</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalaya&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain range in Asia, separating Indo-Gangetic plain from Tibetan Plateau</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a mountain range. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Himalaya_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Himalaya (disambiguation)">Himalaya (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">The Himalayas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayas_and_allied_ranges_NASA_Landsat_showing_the_eight_thousanders,_annotated_with_major_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Himalayas_and_allied_ranges_NASA_Landsat_showing_the_eight_thousanders%2C_annotated_with_major_rivers.jpg/272px-Himalayas_and_allied_ranges_NASA_Landsat_showing_the_eight_thousanders%2C_annotated_with_major_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Himalayas_and_allied_ranges_NASA_Landsat_showing_the_eight_thousanders%2C_annotated_with_major_rivers.jpg/408px-Himalayas_and_allied_ranges_NASA_Landsat_showing_the_eight_thousanders%2C_annotated_with_major_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Himalayas_and_allied_ranges_NASA_Landsat_showing_the_eight_thousanders%2C_annotated_with_major_rivers.jpg/544px-Himalayas_and_allied_ranges_NASA_Landsat_showing_the_eight_thousanders%2C_annotated_with_major_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="2308" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">The arc of the Himalayas showing the <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-thousanders">eight-thousanders</a> (in red); <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a>; rivers <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a>; and the two anchors of the range (in yellow)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, Nepal/China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,848.86 m (29,031.7 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Himalayas&params=27_59_N_86_55_E_region:IN_type:mountain_scale:12000000">27°59′N 86°55′E / 27.983°N 86.917°E / 27.983; 86.917</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">2,400 km (1,500 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">595,000 km2 (230,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalayas_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Himalayas_Map.png/272px-Himalayas_Map.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Himalayas_Map.png/408px-Himalayas_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Himalayas_Map.png/544px-Himalayas_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="539" /></a><div>Map of the Himalayan-<a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> region</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-Kashmir-3">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continent</a></th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">Rock types</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Himalayas, or Himalaya (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə, hɪˈmɑːləjə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HIM-ə-LAY-ə, hih-MAH-lə-yə</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> in Asia, separating the <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The range has <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-thousanders">several peaks</a> exceeding an elevation of 8,000 m (26,000 ft) including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth" title="List of highest mountains on Earth">highest mountain</a> on Earth. The mountain range runs for 2,400 km (1,500 mi) as an arc from west-northwest to east-southeast at the northern end of the Indian subcontinent. The Himalayas occupy an area of 595,000 km2 (230,000 sq mi) across <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">six countries</a>–<a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The sovereignty of the range in the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region is disputed among India, Pakistan, and China. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> ranges on the northwest, Tibetan Plateau in the north, and by the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> in the south. Its western anchor <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> lies south of the northernmost bend of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus river">Indus river</a> and its eastern anchor <a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a> lies to the west of the great bend of the <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarlung Tsangpo River">Yarlung Tsangpo River</a>. The Himalayas consists of four parallel mountain ranges: the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a> on the south; the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range" title="Lower Himalayan Range">Lower Himalayas</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a>, which is the highest and central range; and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Himalayas">Tibetan Himalayas</a> on the north. The range varies in width from 350 km (220 mi) in the north-west to 150 km (93 mi) in the south-east. The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and is made up of uplifted <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">metamorphic</a> rocks. It was <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">formed</a> more than 10 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">mya</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian tectonic plate</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Main_Himalayan_Thrust" title="Main Himalayan Thrust">convergent boundary</a>. Due to the continuous movement of the Indian plate, the Himalayas keep rising every year, making them geologically and <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismically</a> active. The mountains consist of large <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a>, which are remnants of the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, and give rise to some of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_river_systems_by_length" title="List of river systems by length">world's major rivers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarlung Tsangpo River">Tsangpo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a>. Their combined <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> is home to nearly 600 million people including 52.8 million living in the vicinity of the Himalayas. The region is also home to many <a href="/wiki/Endorheic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic">endorheic</a> lakes. The Himalayas have a major impact on the climate of the Indian subcontinent. It blocks the cold winds from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and plays a significant roles in influencing the <a href="/wiki/Monsoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoons">monsoons</a>. The vast size, varying altitude range, and complex topography of the Himalayas result in a wide range of climates, from <a href="/wiki/Humid" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid">humid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cold_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold desert">cold and dry desert</a> conditions. The mountains have profoundly shaped the cultures of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. Many Himalayan peaks are considered sacred across various <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> religions such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a>. Hence, the summits of several peaks in the region such as <a href="/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum" title="Gangkhar Puensum">Gangkhar Puensum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machapuchare" title="Machapuchare">Machapuchare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kailash" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailash">Kailash</a> have been off-limits to climbers. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name of the range is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word Himālay (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:हिमालय">हिमालय</a>) meaning 'abode of snow'.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> It is a combination of the words him (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:हिम">हिम</a>) meaning 'frost/cold' and ālay (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:आलय">आलय</a>) meaning 'dwelling/house'.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> The name of the range is mentioned as <a href="/wiki/Himavat" title="Himavat">Himavat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: हिमवत्) in older literature such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian epic">Indian epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, which is the personification of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Himavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Himavan">Himavan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> The mountain range is known as Himālaya in <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> (both written हिमालय),<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Himalaya (ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ་) in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> Himāliya (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ) in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Himaloy (হিমালয়) in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> and Ximalaya (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 喜马拉雅; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 喜馬拉雅; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Xǐmǎlāyǎ) in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> It was mentioned as Himmaleh in western literature such as <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a>'s poetry and <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>'s essays.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_topography">Geography and topography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography and topography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalaya_political_map_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Himalaya_political_map_EN.svg/220px-Himalaya_political_map_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Himalaya_political_map_EN.svg/330px-Himalaya_political_map_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Himalaya_political_map_EN.svg/440px-Himalaya_political_map_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Political map of the Himalayan region.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Himalayan_peaks_and_passes" title="List of Himalayan peaks and passes">List of Himalayan peaks and passes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Rim" title="Himalayan Rim">Himalayan Rim</a></div> The Himalayas run as an arc for 2,400 km (1,500 mi) from west-northwest to east-southeast at the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, separating the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plains</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> ranges on the northwest, which extend into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brit-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Its western anchor <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> lies south of the northernmost bend of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus river">Indus river</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-administered Kashmir">Pakistan-administered Kashmir</a> and its eastern anchor <a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a> lies to the west of the great eastern bend of the <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarlung Tsangpo River">Yarlung Tsangpo River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The Himalayas occupies an area of 595,000 km2 (230,000 sq mi) across <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">six countries</a>–<a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, China, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The sovereignty of the range in the Kashmir region is disputed amongst India, Pakistan, and China. The range varies in width from 350 km (220 mi) in the north-west to 150 km (93 mi) in the south-east.<a href="#cite_note-Brit-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> The range has <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-thousanders">several peaks</a> exceeding an elevation of 8,000 m (26,000 ft) including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth" title="List of highest mountains on Earth">highest mountain</a> on Earth at 8,848 m (29,029 ft).<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-ranges">Sub-ranges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sub-ranges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geologische_Karte_des_Himalayas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Geologische_Karte_des_Himalayas.png/220px-Geologische_Karte_des_Himalayas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Geologische_Karte_des_Himalayas.png/330px-Geologische_Karte_des_Himalayas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Geologische_Karte_des_Himalayas.png/440px-Geologische_Karte_des_Himalayas.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Geologic map showing the regions and major features of the Himalayas.</figcaption></figure> The Himalayas consist of four parallel mountain ranges from south to north: the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a> on the south; the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range" title="Lower Himalayan Range">Lower Himalayas</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a>, which is the highest and central range; and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Himalayas">Tibetan Himalayas</a> on the north.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Physio-23">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a> form the lowest sub-Himalayan range and extends for about 1,600 km (990 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a> in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> to northern Pakistan. The name derives from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> meaning "Belonging to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>", which was originally used to denote the 320 km (200 mi) stretch from <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas River</a>. The range is about 16 km (9.9 mi) wide on average and the elevation ranges from 900–1,200 m (3,000–3,900 ft). It rises along the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> and is often separated from the higher northern sub-ranges by valleys. The eastern portion of the range is called <a href="/wiki/Churia_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Churia Range">Churia Range</a> in Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199240-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range" title="Lower Himalayan Range">Lower or Lesser Himalaya</a> (also known as Himachal) is the lower middle sub-section of the Himalayas. It extends almost along the entire length of the Himalayas and is about 75 km (47 mi) wide. It is mostly composed of rocky surfaces and has an average elevation of 3,700–4,500 m (12,100–14,800 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199240-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Himalayas">Greater Himalayas</a> (also known as Himadri) form the highest section of the Himalayas and extend for about 2,300 km (1,400 mi) from northern Pakistan to northern <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> in India. The sub-range has an average elevation of more than 6,100 m (20,000 ft) and contains many of the world’s tallest peaks, including Everest. It is mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> rocks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199240-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Himalayas">Tibetan Himalayas</a> (also known as Tethys) form the northern most sub-range of the Himalayas in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Physio-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions">Divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Divisions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Himalayas_(48625198948).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Himalayas_%2848625198948%29.jpg/220px-The_Himalayas_%2848625198948%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Himalayas_%2848625198948%29.jpg/330px-The_Himalayas_%2848625198948%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Himalayas_%2848625198948%29.jpg/440px-The_Himalayas_%2848625198948%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5901" data-file-height="3934" /></a><figcaption>A view of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayas" title="Western Himalayas">Western Himalayas</a>.</figcaption></figure> Longitudinally, the range is broadly divided into three regions–<a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayas" title="Western Himalayas">western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">central</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">eastern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199242-29">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayas" title="Western Himalayas">Western Himalayas</a> form the westernmost section of the range and extend for about 560 km (350 mi) from the bend of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border region in the north-west to the <a href="/wiki/Satlej" class="mw-redirect" title="Satlej">Satlej</a> river basin in India in the south-east. Most of the region lies in the Kashmir territory disputed between India and Pakistan with certain portions of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. The Indus forms the division between the Western Himalayas and the Karakoram range to the north. The Western Himalayas include the <a href="/wiki/Zanskar_Range" title="Zanskar Range">Zanskar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Range" title="Pir Panjal Range">Pir Panjal Ranges</a>, and parts of the Sivalik and Great Himalayas. The western anchor <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> is the highest point in the region at 8,126 m (26,660 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Western-30">[28]</a> It is also referred Punjab, Kashmir or Himachal Himalyas from west to east locally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199242-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCERT-31">[29]</a> The central Himalayas or <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a> extend for about 320 km (200 mi) along the state of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a> from the Sutlej River in the east to the <a href="/wiki/Kali_River_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Kali River (Uttar Pradesh)">Kali River</a> in the west. The region comprises parts of Sivalik and Great Himalayas. At lower elevations below 2,400 m (7,900 ft), the region has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a> and consists of permanent settlements. At elevations higher than 4,300 m (14,100 ft), permanent snow caps cover the Great Himalayas with the highest peaks being <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi" title="Nanda Devi">Nanda Devi</a> at 7,817 m (25,646 ft) and <a href="/wiki/Kamet" title="Kamet">Kamet</a> at 7,756 m (25,446 ft). The region is also the source of major streams of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> river system.<a href="#cite_note-Central-32">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalaya_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Himalaya_annotated.jpg/220px-Himalaya_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Himalaya_annotated.jpg/330px-Himalaya_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Himalaya_annotated.jpg/440px-Himalaya_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">Eastern Himalayas</a> showing the <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-thousanders">eight-thousanders</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">Eastern Himalayas</a> form the eastern most stretch of the range and consist of the states of parts of Tibet in China, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, parts of other <a href="/wiki/North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North East India">North East Indian</a> states and north <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> in India, entirety of Bhutan, mountain regions of central and eastern Nepal, and most of the western lowlands in Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The eastern Himalayas broadly consists of two regions–the western Nepal Himalayas and the eastern Assam Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-Brit-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCERT-31">[29]</a> The Nepal Himalayas forms the centre of the Himalayan curve and extend for 800 km (500 mi) between the Kali and <a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta Rivers</a>. The Great Himalayas in the region form the highest part of the entire Himalayas and consist of many of the <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-thousanders">eight-thousanders</a> including Everest, <a href="/wiki/Kanchenjunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a> at 8,586 m (28,169 ft), and <a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a> at 8,463 m (27,766 ft). These mountains host large glaciers that form the source of various rivers of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> river system. The high altitude regions are uninhabitable with few mountain passes inbetween that serve as crossovers with the human settlements in the lower valleys.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assam_Himalaya" title="Assam Himalaya">Assam Himalaya</a> forms the eastern most sub-section that extends eastward for 720 km (450 mi) from the Indian state of Sikkim through Bhutan and north-east India past the <a href="/wiki/Dihang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihang River">Dihang River</a> to the India-Tibet border. The highest peak is the eastern anchor <a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a> at 7,756 m (25,446 ft). The region is the source of many of the tributaries of the Brahmaputra River and consists of major mountain passes such as <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La" title="Nathu La">Nathu La</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jelep_La" title="Jelep La">Jelep La</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Assam-35">[33]</a> Beyond the Dihang valley, the mountains extend as Purvanchal mountain range across the eastern boundary of India.<a href="#cite_note-NCERT-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalayas" title="Geology of the Himalayas">Geology of the Himalayas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himalaya-formation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Himalaya-formation.gif/220px-Himalaya-formation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Himalaya-formation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>The 6,000 km-plus journey of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">India landmass</a> before its collision with the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a> more than 10 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">mya</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists of uplifted <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a>. According to the modern theory of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, it was formed as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">continental collision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Main_Himalayan_Thrust" title="Main Himalayan Thrust">convergent boundary</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plates</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurassic period">Jurassic period</a> (201 to 145 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">mya</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> formed the southern border of then existent Eurasian landmass. When the super-continent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> broke up nearly 180 mya, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_plate" title="Indo-Australian plate">Indo-Australian plate</a> slowly drifted northwards towards Eurasia for 130-140 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Geo-36">[34]</a> The Indian Plate broke up with the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a> about 100 mya.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The Tethys ocean constricted as the Indian plate moved gradually upward. As both the plates were made of <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crusts</a>, which were less denser than <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crusts</a>, the increased compressive forces resulted in <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folding</a> of the underlying rock bed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies202281-38">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust faults</a> created between the folds resulted in <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> rocks from the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Earth's mantle</a> protruding through the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">crust</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">paleogene</a> period (about 50 mya), the Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate after it completely closed the Tethys ocean gap.<a href="#cite_note-Geo-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The Indian plate continued to <a href="/wiki/Subduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduct">subduct</a> under the Eurasian plate over the next 30 million years that resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">miocene</a> (20 mya), the increasing collision between the plates resulted in the top layer of metamorphic rocks getting peeled, which moved southwards to form <a href="/wiki/Nappes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nappes">nappes</a> with trenches in between. As the mountains received rainfall, the waters flowing down the mountains eroded and steepened the southern slopes. The silt deposited by these rivers and streams in the trough between the Himalayas and the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan plateau">Deccan plateau</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>. About 0.6 mya in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">pleistocene</a> period, the Himalayas rose higher and became the highest mountains on Earth. In the northern <a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a>, new <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> and granite formations emerged on crystalline rocks that gave rise to the higher peaks.<a href="#cite_note-Geo-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrischMeschedeBlakey2011209-40">[38]</a> The summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> is made of unmetamorphosed marine <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">ordovician</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> with fossil <a href="/wiki/Trilobites" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobites">trilobites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Crinoids">crinoids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ostracods" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracods">ostracods</a> from the Tethys ocean.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The upliftment of the Himalayas occurred gradually and as the Great Himalayas became higher, they became a climatic barrier and blocked the winds, which resulted in lesser precipitation on the upper slopes. The lower slopes continued to be eroded by the rivers, which flowed in the gaps between the mountains and the folded lower <a href="/wiki/Shivalik_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivalik Hills">Shivalik Hills</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Himalayas">Lesser Himalayas</a> were formed due to the downwarping of the intermediate lands. Minor streams ran between the faults within the mountains until they joined the major river systems in the plains. Intermediate valleys such as <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir valley">Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathmandu valley">Kathmandu</a> were formed from temporary lakes that were formed during <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">pleistocene</a>, which dried up later.<a href="#cite_note-Geo-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrischMeschedeBlakey2011211-42">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EQs_1900-2016_himalaya_tsum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/EQs_1900-2016_himalaya_tsum.png/220px-EQs_1900-2016_himalaya_tsum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/EQs_1900-2016_himalaya_tsum.png/330px-EQs_1900-2016_himalaya_tsum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/EQs_1900-2016_himalaya_tsum.png/440px-EQs_1900-2016_himalaya_tsum.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>the movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate makes the region <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismically</a> active. <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</a> in the Himalayan region (1900-2016).</figcaption></figure> The Himalayan region is made up of five geological zones– the Sub-Himalayan Zone bound by the <a href="/wiki/Main_Frontal_Thrust" title="Main Frontal Thrust">Main Frontal Thrust</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Main_Boundary_Thrust" title="Main Boundary Thrust">Main Boundary Thrust</a> (MBT); the Lesser Himalayan Zone between the MBT and the <a href="/wiki/Main_Central_Thrust" title="Main Central Thrust">Main Central Thrust</a> (MCT); the Higher Himalayan Zone beyond the MCT; the Tethyan Zone, separated by the South Tibetan Detachment System; and the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone, where the Indian plate is subducted below the Asian plate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabarti20165–9-43">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Yoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Yoma">Arakan Yoma</a> highlands in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> were also formed as a result of the same tectonic processes that formed the Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally at the Tibetan Plateau at about 67 mm (2.6 in) per year, forcing it to continue to move upwards. About 20 mm (0.79 in) per year is absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrusting</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Main_Frontal_Thrust" title="Main Frontal Thrust">Himalaya southern front</a>, which leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm (0.20 in) per year.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> This makes the Himalayan region geologically active and the movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate makes the region <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismically</a> active, leading to earthquakes from time to time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrischMeschedeBlakey201111-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The northern slopes of the Himalayas have a thicker soil cover than the southern slopes due to presence of lesser number of rivers and streams. These soils are <a href="/wiki/Loamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Loamy">loamy</a> and are dark brown in colour, and are covered with forests in the lowlands and grassland meadows in the mid altitudes. The composition and texture of the soils in the Himalayas also vary across regions. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">Eastern Himalayas</a>, the wet soils has a high <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a> content conducive for growing <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Podzolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Podzolic">Podzolic</a> soils occur in the eastern range of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus basin">Indus basin</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shyok_River" title="Shyok River">Shyok Rivers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> region is generally dry with <a href="/wiki/Saline_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Saline soil">saline soil</a> while fertile <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_soils" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial soils">alluvial soils</a> occur in select river valleys such as the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir valley">Kashmir valley</a>. The higher elevations consist of rock fragements and <a href="/wiki/Lithosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithosols">lithosols</a> with very low humus content.<a href="#cite_note-Geo-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hydrology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glaciers">Glaciers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Glaciers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KhumbuIcefall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/KhumbuIcefall.jpg/220px-KhumbuIcefall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/KhumbuIcefall.jpg/330px-KhumbuIcefall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/KhumbuIcefall.jpg/440px-KhumbuIcefall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Icefall" title="Icefall">Icefall</a> on <a href="/wiki/Khumbu_Glacier" title="Khumbu Glacier">Khumbu Glacier</a></figcaption></figure> The Himalayas and the Central Asian mountain ranges consist of the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> It is often referred to as the "Third Pole" as it encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km3 (2,900 cu mi) of fresh water.<a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Col" title="South Col">South Col</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khumbu_Glacier" title="Khumbu Glacier">Khumbu Glacier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> region are amongst the world's highest glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a> which is 32 km (20 mi) long and is one of the largest glaciers, is one of the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>. The Himalayan glaciers show considerable variation in the rate of descent. The Khumbu moves about 1 ft (0.30 m) daily compared to certain other glaciers which move about 6 ft (1.8 m) per day.<a href="#cite_note-Hydro-52">[50]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">last ice age</a>, there was a connected ice stream of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> in the west.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> The glaciers joined with the ice stream network in the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> in the west, the Tibetan inland ice in the north, and came to an end below an elevation of 1,000–2,000 m (3,300–6,600 ft) in the south. While the current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most 20–32 km (12–20 mi) in length, several of the main valley glaciers were 60–112 km (37–70 mi) long during the ice age.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation and <a href="/wiki/Ablation#Glaciology" title="Ablation">ablation</a> of a glacier are balanced) was about 1,400–1,660 m (4,590–5,450 ft) lower than it is today. Thus, the climate would have been at least 7.0–8.3 °C (12.6–14.9 °F) colder than it is today.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Since the late 20th century, scientists have reported a notable increase in the rate of <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">glacier retreat</a> across the region as a result of climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glacier-58">[56]</a> The rate of retreat varies across regions depending on the local conditions. Since 1975, a marked increase in the loss of glacial mass from 5–13 Gt/yr to 16–24 Gt/yr has been observed with an estimated 13% overall decrease in glacial coverage in the Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> The resulting climate variations and changes in hydrology could affect the livelihoods of the people in the Himalayas and the plains below.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rivers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg/220px-Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg/330px-Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg/440px-Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zanskar_River" title="Zanskar River">Zanskar Rivers</a> in the Himalayas.</figcaption></figure> Despite its greater size, the Himalayas does not form a <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">water divide</a> across its span because of the multiple river systems that cut across the range. While the mountains were formed gradually, the rivers concurrently cut across deeper gorges ranging from 1,500–5,000 m (4,900–16,400 ft) in depth and 10–50 km (6.2–31.1 mi) in width. The actual water divide lies to the north of the Himalayas with rivers flowing down both the sides of the mountains. Some of the major river systems and their drainage system outdate the formation of the mountains itself. The water divide is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> ranges on the west and the <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Range" title="Ladakh Range">Ladakh Range</a> on the east, separating the Indus system from Central Asia. On the east, <a href="/wiki/Kailas_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailas Range">Kailas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyenchen_Tanglha_Mountains" title="Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains">Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains</a> separate the Brahmaputra river system from the Tibetan rivers to the north. There are 19 major rivers in the Himalayas which form part of the two major river systems of <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a>, which follow an easterly course and <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a>, which follows a north-westerly course.<a href="#cite_note-Hydro-52">[50]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Indus_Basin" title="Indus Basin">Indus Basin</a> extends from the western section of the range and has a catchment area of nearly 450,000 km2 (170,000 sq mi). The river rises near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Lake Manasarovar</a> in Tibet and flows westward joining the <a href="/wiki/Zanskar_River" title="Zanskar River">Zanskar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shyok_River" title="Shyok River">Shyok Rivers</a>. The five major tributaries of Indus–<a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> join the Indus in the Punjab region spread across India and Pakistan. These five rivers constitute a watershed area of about 132,000 km2 (51,000 sq mi). The river system drains across the Himalayan region in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, before spreading through the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Plains">Punjab Plains</a> and later forms the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Delta">Indus Delta</a> near the India-Pakistan border before joining the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian sea">Arabian sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG/220px-Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG/330px-Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG/440px-Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhagirathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagirathi">Bhagirathi</a>, one of the head streams of <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin</a> extends from the north-eastern part of the Himalayas till its eastern edge. The system has an average discharge of 30,770 m2 (331,200 sq ft), which is the third greatest of the world’s river systems and forms the largest alluvial deposits in the world with nearly 1.84 billion tonnes of silt deposited every year. The Ganges is formed by five head streams of which the major ones are the <a href="/wiki/Alaknanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaknanda">Alaknanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagirathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagirathi">Bhagirathi</a> arising at <a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Other Himalayan rivers that form the major tributaries of the Ganges include <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramganga" title="Ramganga">Ramganga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaghara River">Ghaghara</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">Rapti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagmati_River" title="Bagmati River">Bagmati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosi_River" title="Kosi River">Kosi</a>, which together drain about 218,000 km2 (84,000 sq mi) of area. The Brahmaputra arises in the Tibetan region flowing eastwards before making a turn towards south into India. The <a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raidak_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Raidak River">Raidak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manas_River" title="Manas River">Manas</a> form the major tributaries of the Brahmaputra and together drain 184,000 km2 (71,000 sq mi) of catchment area.<a href="#cite_note-Hydro-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The Ganges and Brahmaputra join together before forming the <a href="/wiki/Ganges-Brahmaputra_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta">Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta</a> spread across India and Bangladesh for nearly 60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi) is the largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a></li></ul> The northern slopes of <a href="/wiki/Gyala_Peri" title="Gyala Peri">Gyala Peri</a> and the peaks beyond the <a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarlung Tsangpo River">Tsangpo</a> drain into the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River">Irrawaddy River</a>, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> to drain into the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Salween" class="mw-redirect" title="Salween">Salween</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow Rivers</a> all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau, north of the great water divide. These are considered distinct from the Himalayan watershed and are known as circum-Himalayan rivers.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakes">Lakes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lakes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alpine_lakes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Alpine lakes in India">List of Alpine lakes in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurudongmar_Lake_Sikkim,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gurudongmar_Lake_Sikkim%2C_India.jpg/220px-Gurudongmar_Lake_Sikkim%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gurudongmar_Lake_Sikkim%2C_India.jpg/330px-Gurudongmar_Lake_Sikkim%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gurudongmar_Lake_Sikkim%2C_India.jpg/440px-Gurudongmar_Lake_Sikkim%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gurudongmar_Lake" title="Gurudongmar Lake">Gurudongmar Lake</a> in Sikkim</figcaption></figure> The Himalayan region has multiple lakes across various elevations including <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic</a> <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater lake">freshwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saline_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Saline lake">saline lakes</a>. The geology of the lakes vary across geographies depending on various factors such as altitude, climate, water source, and <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tarns" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarns">Tarns</a> are high altitude mountain lakes situated above 5,500 m (18,000 ft) and are formed primarily by the snow-melt of the glaciers. The lower altitude lakes are replenished by a combination of rains, underground springs, and streams. Large lakes in the Himalayan basin were formed in the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">holocene</a> period, when water pooled in the faults and the water supply was subsequently cut off.<a href="#cite_note-Lake-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> There are more than 4500 high altitude lakes of which about 12 large lakes contribute to more than 75% of the total lake area in the Indian Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-Lake-69">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pangong_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangong Lake">Pangong Lake</a> spread across India and China is the highest saline lake in the world at an altitude of 4,350 m (14,270 ft) and amongst the largest in the region with a surface area of 700 km2 (270 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Spread across 189 km2 (73 sq mi), <a href="/wiki/Wular_Lake" title="Wular Lake">Wular Lake</a> is amongst the largest fresh water lakes in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Other large lakes include <a href="/wiki/Tso_Moriri" title="Tso Moriri">Tso Moriri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tso_Kar" title="Tso Kar">Tso Kar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilnag_Lake" title="Nilnag Lake">Nilnag</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarsar_Lake" title="Tarsar Lake">Tarsar Lake</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurudongmar_Lake" title="Gurudongmar Lake">Gurudongmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tso_Lhamo_Lake" title="Tso Lhamo Lake">Chholhamu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tsomgo_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsomgo Lake">Tsomgo Lakes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilicho_Lake" title="Tilicho Lake">Tilicho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rara_Lake" title="Rara Lake">Rara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoksundo_Lake" title="Phoksundo Lake">Phoksundo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gokyo_Lakes" title="Gokyo Lakes">Gokyo Lakes</a> in Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-Lake-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-ONeill_2019-74">[72]</a> Some of the Himalayan lakes present the danger of a <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">glacial lake outburst flood</a> as they have grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> While these lakes support a range of ecosystems and local communities, many of them remain poorly studied in terms of their hydrology and biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-Lake-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-ONeill-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_Himalayas" title="Ecology of the Himalayas">Ecology of the Himalayas</a></div> Due to its location and size, the Himalayas acts as a climatic barrier which affects the weather conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Indian subcontinent</a> and the regions north of the range.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-77">[75]</a> The mountains are spread across more than eight degrees of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and hence includes a wide range of climatic zones including <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">sub-tropical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a>. The climate in a region is determined by factors such as altitude, latitude, and the impact on monsoon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200650-78">[76]</a> There are generally five seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn or post-monsoon, winter, and spring.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The summer in April-May is followed by monsoon rains from June to September. The post monsoon season is largely devoid of rain and snow before beginning of cold winters in December-January with intermediate spring before the summer.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-77">[75]</a> There are localised wind pressure systems at high altitudes resulting in heavy winds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200652-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature">Temperature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Temperature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg/220px-India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg/330px-India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg/440px-India_and_South_Asia_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_map_with_legend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Map showing various climatic zones in the Indian subcontinent.</figcaption></figure> Due to its high altitude, the range blocks the flow of <a href="/wiki/List_of_local_winds#Central_Asia" title="List of local winds">cold winds</a> from the north into the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry200870-81">[79]</a> This causes the tropical zone to extend farther north in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> than anywhere else in the world. The temperatures are more pronounced in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra valley">Brahmaputra valley</a> in the eastern section as it lies at a lower latitude and due to the <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> of the forced air from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> which <a href="/wiki/Condenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Condenses">condenses</a> before moving past the <a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a>, the eastern anchor of the Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry200836-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200650-78">[76]</a> Due to this, the permanent <a href="/wiki/Snow_line" title="Snow line">snow line</a> is among the highest in the world, at typically around 5,500 m (18,000 ft) while several <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> mountains such as in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rwenzoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwenzoris">Rwenzoris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, have a snow line at 900 m (3,000 ft) lower.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> As the physical features of mountains are irregular, with broken jagged contours, there can be wide variations in temperature over short distances. The temperature at a location is dependent on the season, orientation and bearing with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mass_versus_weight" title="Mass versus weight">mass</a> of the mountain. As the Sun is the major contributor to the temperature, it is often directly proportional to the received radiation from the Sun with faces receiving more sunlight having a higher heat buildup. In narrow valleys between steep mountain faces, the weather conditions may differ significantly on both the margins. The mountains act as <a href="/wiki/Heat_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat island">heat islands</a> and heavier mountains absorb and retain more heat than the surroundings, and therefore influences the <a href="/wiki/Heat_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat budget">amount of heat</a> needed to raise the temperature from the winter minimum to the summer maximum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200651-85">[83]</a> However, soil temperatures mostly remain the same on both the sides of a mountain at altitudes higher than 4,500 m (14,800 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry200859-86">[84]</a> Temperatures in the Himalayas reduce by 2 °C (36 °F) for every 300 m (980 ft) increase of altitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200650-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Higher altitudes invariably experience low temperatures. In the Eastern Himalayas, <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> at an altitude of 1,945 m (6,381 ft) has an average minimum temperature of 11 °C (52 °F) during the month of May, while the same has been recorded as −22 °C (−8 °F) at an altitude of 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Everest</a>. At lower altitudes, the temperature is pleasantly warm during the summers. During winters, the low-pressure weather systems from the west cause heavy <a href="/wiki/Snowfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowfall">snowfall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precipitation">Precipitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Precipitation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/220px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/330px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/440px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>Map of India showing the onset of summer and winter monsoon.</figcaption></figure> There are two periods of precipitation with most of the rainfall occurring during the post summer season and moderate amount during the winter storms.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-77">[75]</a> The Himalayan range obstructs the path of the <a href="/wiki/South_west_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South west monsoon">south west monsoon</a> winds, causing heavy precipitation on the slopes and the plains below.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry200870-81">[79]</a> The effect of Himalayas on the hydroclimate impacts millions in the plains as the variability in monsoon rainfall is the main factor behind wet and dry years.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> As the Himalayas force the monsoon winds to give up most of the moisture before ascending up, the winds became dry once its reaches the north of the mountains. This results in the dry and windy <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Cold_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">cold desert climate</a> in the Tibetan Himalayas and the plateau beyond.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-77">[75]</a> It also played a role in the formation of Central Asian deserts such as the <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taklamakan">Taklamakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi">Gobi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The monsoon is triggered by the different rates of heating and cooling between the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and Central Asia, which create large differences in the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> prevailing above each. As the Central Asian landmass heats up during the summer compared to the ocean below, the difference in pressure creates a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_low" title="Thermal low">thermal low</a>. The moist air from the ocean is pushed inwards towards the low pressure system causing the monsoon winds. It results in precipitation along the slopes due to the <a href="/wiki/Orographic_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orographic effect">orographic effect</a> as the air rises along the mountains and condenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200652-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECliftPlumb200814-21-91">[89]</a> The monsoon begins at the end of May in the eastern fringes of the range and moves upwards towards the west in June and July. There is heavy precipitation in the east which reduces progressively towards the west as the air becomes drier. <a href="/wiki/Cherrapunji" title="Cherrapunji">Cherrapunji</a> in Eastern Himalayas is one of the wettest places on Earth with an annual precipitation of 428 in (10,900 mm).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200654-92">[90]</a> The average annual rainfall varies from 120 in (3,000 mm) in the Eastern Himalayas to about 120 in (3,000 mm) in the <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a> region. The northern extremes of the Great Himalayas in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> receive only 3–6 in (76–152 mm) of rainfall per year.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-77">[75]</a> During the winter season, a high pressure system develops over Central Asia, which results in winds flowing towards the Himalayas. However, due to the presence of less water bodies in the Central Asian region, the moisture content is low.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200652-80">[78]</a> As the condensation occurs at higher altitudes in the north, there is more precipitation in the Great Himalayas in the west during the winter rains and the precipitation reduces towards the east. In January, the Kumaon region receives about 3 in (76 mm) of rainfall compared to about 1 in (25 mm) in the Eastern Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HKH-Glacier-Mass-Change.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/HKH-Glacier-Mass-Change.png/220px-HKH-Glacier-Mass-Change.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/HKH-Glacier-Mass-Change.png/330px-HKH-Glacier-Mass-Change.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/HKH-Glacier-Mass-Change.png/440px-HKH-Glacier-Mass-Change.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Loss of glacier mass in the Himalayas since the 20th century.</figcaption></figure> The Himalayan region has a highly sensitive ecosystem and is amongst the most affected regions due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Since the late 20th century, scientists have reported a notable increase in the rate of <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">glacier retreat</a> and changes occurring at a far rapid rate.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glacier-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-WWF-93">[91]</a> As per a 2019 assessment, the Himalayan region, which had experienced a temperature rise of 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) per decade was warming at an increased rate of 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) per decade over the past half a century. The average warm days and nights had also increased by 1.2 days and 1.7 nights per decade while the average cold days and nights had declined by 0.5 and 1 respectively. This has also prolonged the length of the <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a> by 4.25 days per decade.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The climate change might results in erratic rainfall, varying temperatures, and natural disasters like <a href="/wiki/Landslides" class="mw-redirect" title="Landslides">landslides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">floods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> The increasing glacier melt had been followed by an increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">glacial lakes</a>, some of which may be prone to dangerous floods. The region is expected to encounter continued increase in average annual temperature and 81% of the region's <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> is projected to be lost by the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> The increased warming and melting of snow is projected to accelerate the regional river flows until 2060 after which it would decline due to reduction in ice caps and glacier mass. As the precipitation is projected to increase concurrently, the annual river flows would be largely unaffected for the Eastern Himalayan rivers fed by monsoons, but would reduce the flows in the Western Himalayan rivers.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glacial_lakes,_Bhutan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Glacial_lakes%2C_Bhutan.jpg/220px-Glacial_lakes%2C_Bhutan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Glacial_lakes%2C_Bhutan.jpg/330px-Glacial_lakes%2C_Bhutan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Glacial_lakes%2C_Bhutan.jpg/440px-Glacial_lakes%2C_Bhutan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">Glacial lakes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> formed by increasing glacier melt, some of which may be prone to dangerous floods.</figcaption></figure> Almost a billion people live on either side of the mountain and are prone to impact of the climate change. This includes the people who live in the mountains, who are more vulnerable due to temperature variations and other biota.<a href="#cite_note-WWF-93">[91]</a> Countries in the Himalayan region including Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan are amongst the most vulnerable countries in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> due to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> The temperature rise increases the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical diseases">tropical diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dengue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dengue">dengue</a> further north. The extreme weather events might cause physical harm directly and indirectly due to lack of access and contamination of <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, exposure to chemicals, and destruction of crops, and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The climate change also impact the flora and fauna of the region. Changes might decrease the territory available for local wildlife and reduction in <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Predators" class="mw-redirect" title="Predators">predators</a>. This puts the animals in <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93wildlife_conflict" title="Human–wildlife conflict">conflict with humans</a> as humans might encroach animal territories and the animals might venture into human habitats for search of food, which might exacerbate the economic loss of the local population.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The Himalayan nations are signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris agreement">Paris agreement</a>, aimed at <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The actions are aimed at reducing <a href="/wiki/Green_house_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Green house gases">emissions</a>, increase the usage of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, and sustainable environmental practices.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> As the local population increasingly experience the impact of the changes in climate such as variations in temperature and precipitation, and change in vegetation, they are forced to adapt for the same. This has led to increased awareness on the impact of climate change, and adaptations such as change in <a href="/wiki/Crop_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop cycle">crop cycles</a>, introduction of <a href="/wiki/Drought_resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought resistant">drought resistant</a> crops, and plantation of new trees.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> This has also led to the construction of more <a href="/wiki/Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams">dams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canals</a>, and other water structures, to prevent flooding and aid in agriculture. New plantations on barren lands to prevent landslides, and construction of fire lines made of litter and mud to prevent <a href="/wiki/Forest_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fires">forest fires</a> have been undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-Dhungana-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> However, lack of funding, awareness, access to technology, and government policy are barriers for the same.<a href="#cite_note-Dhungana-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> The Himalayan region belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan realm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary broadly across regions depending on the climate and geology.<a href="#cite_note-ONeill_2019-74">[72]</a> The Himalayas are home to multiple <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> hotspots, and is home to an estimated 35,000+ species of plants and 200+ species of animals. An average of 35 new species have been found every year since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flora">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Densely_forested_mountains_of_Jigme_Dorji_NP_AJTJ_IMG_1394.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Densely_forested_mountains_of_Jigme_Dorji_NP_AJTJ_IMG_1394.jpg/220px-Densely_forested_mountains_of_Jigme_Dorji_NP_AJTJ_IMG_1394.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Densely_forested_mountains_of_Jigme_Dorji_NP_AJTJ_IMG_1394.jpg/330px-Densely_forested_mountains_of_Jigme_Dorji_NP_AJTJ_IMG_1394.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Densely_forested_mountains_of_Jigme_Dorji_NP_AJTJ_IMG_1394.jpg/440px-Densely_forested_mountains_of_Jigme_Dorji_NP_AJTJ_IMG_1394.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_broadleaf_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests">Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barun_Valley_-_Nghe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Barun_Valley_-_Nghe.jpg/220px-Barun_Valley_-_Nghe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Barun_Valley_-_Nghe.jpg/330px-Barun_Valley_-_Nghe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Barun_Valley_-_Nghe.jpg/440px-Barun_Valley_-_Nghe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Himalayan shrub and meadows</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</figcaption></figure> There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">four types</a> of vegetation found in the region <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical and subtropical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">coniferous</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">grasslands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_broadleaf_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests">Tropical and subtropical broadleaf forests</a> are mostly constricted to the high temperature and humid regions in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">Eastern and Central Himalayas</a>, and pockets of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in the west. There are about 4,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a> with major vegetation include <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpus" title="Dipterocarpus">Dipterocarpus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_ironwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon ironwood">Ceylon ironwood</a> on porous soils at elevations below 2,400 m (7,900 ft) and <a href="/wiki/Oak_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak tree">oak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_horse_chestnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian horse chestnut">Indian horse chestnut</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lithosol" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithosol">lithosol</a> between 1,100–1,700 m (3,600–5,600 ft). <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical pine forests">Himalayan subtropical pine forests</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_furcatus" title="Pandanus furcatus">Himalayan screw pine</a> trees occur above 4,000 m (13,000 ft) and <a href="/wiki/Alder_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Alder tree">Alder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> are found on terrains with higher gradient. Temperate forest occur at altitudes between 1,400–3,400 m (4,600–11,200 ft) while moving from south-east to north-west towards higher latitude. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests" title="Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests" title="Western Himalayan broadleaf forests">Western Himalayan broadleaf forests</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Sal_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal tree">sal trees</a> dominate the ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-Plant-116">[114]</a> At higher altitudes, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a> consisting of various <a href="/wiki/Conifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifers">conifers</a> occur. <a href="/wiki/Chir_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chir pine">Chir pine</a> is the dominant species which occurs at elevations from 800–900 m (2,600–3,000 ft). Other species include <a href="/wiki/Deodar_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Deodar cedar">Deodar cedar</a>, which grows at altitudes of 1,900–2,700 m (6,200–8,900 ft), <a href="/wiki/Blue_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue pine">blue pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morinda_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Morinda spruce">morinda spruce</a> between 2,200–3,000 m (7,200–9,800 ft). At higher altitudes, alpine shrubs and meadows occur above the trees. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a> extend between 3,200–4,200 m (10,500–13,800 ft) and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a> occur at altitudes of 3,600–4,500 m (11,800–14,800 ft). Major vegetation include <a href="/wiki/Juniperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniperus">Juniperus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">Rhododendron</a> on rocky terrain facing the Sun, various flowering plants at high elevations, and <a href="/wiki/Mosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosses">mosses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lichens" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichens">lichens</a> in humid, shaded areas.<a href="#cite_note-Plant-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Interspersed <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">Grasslands</a> occur at certain regions, with thorns and semi-desert vegetation at low precipitation areas in the Western Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-Plant-116">[114]</a> The high altitude mountainous areas are mostly barren or, at the most, sparsely sprinkled with stunted bushes.<a href="#cite_note-ONeill-76">[74]</a> The Himalayas are home to various medicinal plants such as <a href="/wiki/Abies_pindrow" title="Abies pindrow">Abies pindrow</a> used to treat <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrachne" title="Andrachne">Andrachne cordifolia</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Snake_bites" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake bites">snake bites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Callicarpa" title="Callicarpa">Callicarpa arborea</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Skin_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin diseases">skin diseases</a>. Nearly a fifth of the plant species in the Himalayas are used for medicinal purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Medical-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Healing-119">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a>, illegal <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, and introduction of non native species have had an effect on the flora of the range. The increase in temperature has resulted in shifting of various species to higher elevations, and early flowering and fruiting.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fauna">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_(MOT)_India_9_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_9_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_9_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_9_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_9_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_9_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Snow_Leopards_-_Ghost_of_the_Mountains_for_Ministry_of_Tourism_%28MOT%29_India_9_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg/220px-Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg/330px-Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg/440px-Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr</a></figcaption></figure> Many of the animal species are from the tropics, which have adapted to the various conditions across the Himalayan range. Some of the species of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">Eastern Himalayas</a> are similar to those found in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>, while the animals of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayas" title="Western Himalayas">Western Himalayas</a> has characteristics of species from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> region. Fossils of species such as <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a> have been found in the foothills, suggesting the presence of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> species some time ago. Large <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a> are confined to the densely forested moist ecosystems in the Eastern and Central Himalayas. Many of the animal species found in the region are unique and endemic or nearly endemic to the region.<a href="#cite_note-Animal-121">[119]</a> Other large animal species found in the Himalayas include <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_black_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic black bear">Asiatic black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">clouded leopard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivores">herbivores</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">bharal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">takin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_serow" title="Himalayan serow">Himalayan serow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_musk_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayan musk deer">Himalayan musk deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral</a>. Animals found at higher altitudes include <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a>, and the elusive <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a>, which mainly feed on bharal. The <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">red panda</a> is found in the mixed deciduous and conifer forests of the Eastern Himalayas and the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_water_shrew" title="Himalayan water shrew">Himalayan water shrew</a> are found on the river banks. The forests of the foothills are inhabited by several different primates, including the endangered <a href="/wiki/Gee%27s_golden_langur" title="Gee's golden langur">Gee's golden langur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_gray_langur" title="Kashmir gray langur">Kashmir gray langur</a>, within highly restricted ranges in the east and west of the Himalayas, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Yaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaks">yaks</a> are large domesticated cattle found in the region.<a href="#cite_note-ONeill-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Animal-121">[119]</a> More than 800 species of birds have been recorded with a large number of species restricted to the Eastern Himalayas. Amongst the bird species found include <a href="/wiki/Magpies" class="mw-redirect" title="Magpies">magpies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Black-rumped_magpie" title="Black-rumped magpie">black-rumped magpie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_magpie" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue magpie">blue magpie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titmice" class="mw-redirect" title="Titmice">titmice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choughs" class="mw-redirect" title="Choughs">choughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whistling_thrush" title="Whistling thrush">whistling thrushes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Redstart" title="Redstart">redstarts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raptor_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor (bird)">Raptors</a> include <a href="/wiki/Bearded_vulture" title="Bearded vulture">bearded vulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-eared_kite" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-eared kite">black-eared kite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_griffon" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayan griffon">Himalayan griffon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Snow_partridge" title="Snow partridge">Snow partridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_chough" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish chough">Cornish chough</a> are found at altitudes above 5,700 m (18,700 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Animal-121">[119]</a> The Himalayan lakes also serve as breeding grounds for species such as <a href="/wiki/Black-necked_crane" title="Black-necked crane">black-necked crane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bar-headed_goose" title="Bar-headed goose">bar-headed goose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lake-69">[67]</a> There are multiple species of <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a> including <a href="/wiki/Japalura" title="Japalura">Japalura</a> lizards, <a href="/wiki/Typhlops" title="Typhlops">blind snakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresh water fish">fresh water fish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Glyptothorax" title="Glyptothorax">Glyptothorax</a> are found in the Himalayan waters. The extremes of high altitude favor the presence of <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophile</a> organisms, which include various species of insects such as <a href="/wiki/Spiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiders">spiders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mites" class="mw-redirect" title="Mites">mites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Animal-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas in India">Protected areas in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas in Nepal">Protected areas in Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas in Pakistan">Protected areas in Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas in Bhutan">Protected areas in Bhutan</a></div> The Himalayan fauna include endemic plants and animals and <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> or endangered species such as Indian elephant, Indian rhinoceros, musk deer and <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Animal-121">[119]</a> There are more than 7,000 endemic plants and 1.9% of global endemic vertebrates in the region. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 575 protected areas established by the nations in the Himalayan-Hindu Kush region, which account for 40% of the land area and 8.5% of the global protected area. There are also four <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions">ecoregions</a>, 348 key biodiversity areas, and six <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> The Himalayan region with the associated <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a> is home to more than a billion people.<a href="#cite_note-WWF-93">[91]</a> In 2011, the population in the Himalayan region was estimated to be about 52.8 million with the combined <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the Himalayan rivers home to nearly 600 million.<a href="#cite_note-Pop-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Of this, 7.96 million (15.1% of the total Himalayan population) live in Eastern Himalayas, 19.22 million in Central Himalayas (36.4%), and 25.59 million reside in Western Himalayas (48.5%). The population of the Himalayas has grown considerably over the last five decades from 19.9 million in 1961 with the annual growth rate (3.31%) more than three times higher than the world average (1.1%) during the same period.<a href="#cite_note-Pop-125">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_Road_in_the_I_century_AD_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Silk_Road_in_the_I_century_AD_-_en.svg/220px-Silk_Road_in_the_I_century_AD_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Silk_Road_in_the_I_century_AD_-_en.svg/330px-Silk_Road_in_the_I_century_AD_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Silk_Road_in_the_I_century_AD_-_en.svg/440px-Silk_Road_in_the_I_century_AD_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and connecting routes in the 1st century CE.</figcaption></figure> The earliest tribes in the Himalayas might have originated from <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidian people</a> from the south of the Indian subcontinent as evidenced by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>. The major human migration towards the Himalayan region occurred in 2000 BCE when <a href="/wiki/Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryans">Aryans</a> came from Central Asia and progressively settled along the plains to the south. Information on the Aryan culture in the region is found in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu literature">Hindu literature</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>. Since the second century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> in China was connected to the Indian subcontinent by various routes running along the Himalayan region. The northern side of the Himalayas was under the influence of various Tibetan kingdoms across history. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ages">middle ages</a>, the southern side came under the influence of various <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> kings and later under the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal rule">Mughal rule</a>. Nepal was ruled by various kingdoms from both the Indian and Tibetan regions, until it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkha kingdom">Gurkha kingdom</a> in the early 18th century. Most of the southern region came under the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British influence</a> in the 18th century till the independence of the constituent states in the mid 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200670-71-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_languages">Ethnicity and languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ethnicity and languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asian_Language_Families.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/220px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/330px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/South_Asian_Language_Families.png/440px-South_Asian_Language_Families.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Language_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.</figcaption></figure> The long history along with various outside influences have resulted in the mixture of various traditions and existence of wide range of ethnicity in the region. People speak various languages belonging to four principal language families–<a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>, with the majority of the languages belonging to the first two categories. The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Himalayas">Tibetan Himalayas</a> are inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a>, who speak Tibeto-Burman languages. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a> are mostly inhabited by nomadic groups and tribes, with most of the population in <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Himalayas">Lesser Himalayas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shivalik_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivalik Hills">Shivalik Hills</a>. People towards the Great Himalayas in the north parts mostly speak Tibeto-Burman, while populations in the lower ranges on the southern slopes speak Indo-European languages.<a href="#cite_note-People-128">[126]</a> The inhabitants of the Western Himalayas include the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri people">Kashmiri people</a>, who speak <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale of Kashmir">Vale of Kashmir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gujjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujjar">Gujjar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaddi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaddi people">Gaddi people</a>, who speak <a href="/wiki/Gujari" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujari">Gujari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a> respectively in the lower altitudes of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu region">Jammu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> in India. The last two are <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> people, who own flocks of cattle and migrate across the slopes based on seasons. Various ethnic people such as <a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladakhi people">Ladakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dard_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dard people">Dard</a> live on the north of the Great Himalayas along the <a href="/wiki/Indus_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus basin">Indus basin</a> in the Kashmir and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> regions spread across India, Pakistan, and China. The Dard speak <a href="/wiki/Dard_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dard people">Dard</a>, which is part of Indo-European languages, while the Balti and Lakadkhi people speak <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a>, which are part of Tibeto-Burman. In the <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon region">Kumaon region</a> in Himachal Pradesh and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> in India, Indo-European speakers such as the <a href="/wiki/Kanet" title="Kanet">Kanet</a> and Khasi reside in the lower altitudes along with descendants of migrants from Tibet, who speak Tibeto-Burman languages, in the <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa district">Kalpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahul-Spiti</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-People-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200676-78-129">[127]</a> In the Central Himalayas in Nepal, the <a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Nepal)" title="Pahari people (Nepal)">Pahari people</a>, who speak an Indo-European language <a href="/wiki/Pahari_language" title="Pahari language">Pahari</a>, form the majority. People of various ethnicity such as <a href="/wiki/Newar" class="mw-redirect" title="Newar">Newar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung">Gurung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Magar people">Magar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirat">Kirat</a>, who speak Tibeto-Burman languages, are spread across the mountainous regions of Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of <a href="/wiki/North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North East India">North East India</a>. The Newar and Kirat peoples are largely from the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathmandu valley">Kathmandu valley</a>, and the Magars and Tamangs are spread across the region. The Gurung and Sherpa peoples live along the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Everest</a> respectively. The Lepcha people reside in Sikkim and western Bhutan while the Bhutia are found in eastern Bhutan. The Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> along the eastern edge is home to various Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Galo_tribe" title="Galo tribe">Abor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aka_people" title="Aka people">Aka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apatani_people" title="Apatani people">Apatani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyishi">Dafla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khamti_people" title="Khamti people">Khamti people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khowa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowa people">Khowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishmi_people" title="Mishmi people">Mishmi</a>, Momba, <a href="/wiki/Hill_Miri_people" title="Hill Miri people">Miri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singpho_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Singpho people">Singpho</a>, who mostly practice <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-People-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200676-78-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_religion">Culture and religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture and religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harmukh_Mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Harmukh_Mountain.jpg/220px-Harmukh_Mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Harmukh_Mountain.jpg/330px-Harmukh_Mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Harmukh_Mountain.jpg/440px-Harmukh_Mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Harmukh" title="Harmukh">Harmukh</a> mountain, north of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir valley">Kashmir valley</a>, is sacred in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.</figcaption></figure> Himalayas have had a profound impact on the culture of the people in the region. The Himalayan region is occupied by people of various religions and several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in, <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> form the majority of the low highlands and plains in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a> and Nepal. People in high altitude region of <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, Bhutan, and <a href="/wiki/North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North East India">North East India</a> follow Buddhism while Islam is dominant in the western region of the Himalayas and the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir valley">Kashmir valley</a>. Tibetan religions are followed in the northern Himalayas and various ethnicities in North East India follow indigenous religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200676-78-129">[127]</a> For the Hindus, Himalaya is a personification <a href="/wiki/Himavat" title="Himavat">Himavat</a>, the king of all mountains and the father of goddess <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> It is also considered to be the birthplace of goddess <a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a>, the personification of river <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> It is considered as one of the 68 places hosting a <a href="/wiki/Svayambhu" title="Svayambhu">Svayambhu</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. Himalaya is mentioned as the source of medicinal plants in <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>, and is the name of the one of the 84 <a href="/wiki/Asanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Asanas">asanas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siddha_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddha yoga">Siddha yoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wisdom-132">[130]</a> Major Hindu pilgrimage centers include the <a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Chota Char Dham</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Thousands trek to the <a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sind_Valley" title="Sind Valley">Sind Valley</a>, where an ice <a href="/wiki/Stalagmite" title="Stalagmite">stalagmite</a> formation in the <a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Peak" title="Amarnath Peak">Amarnath Peak</a> is revered as a form of Shiva.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pashupatinath_Temple" title="Pashupatinath Temple">Pashupatinath</a> is a sacred site in <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muktinath" title="Muktinath">Muktinath</a> is considered sacred to both Hindus and Buddhists and is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Char_Dham,_Nepal" title="Char Dham, Nepal">Char Dham of Nepal</a>. It houses <a href="/wiki/Saligrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Saligrama">saligrama</a> stones, considered to be an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> by Hindus and Gawo Jagpa by Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taktshang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taktshang.jpg/220px-Taktshang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taktshang.jpg/330px-Taktshang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taktshang.jpg/440px-Taktshang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paro_Taktsang" title="Paro Taktsang">Taktsang</a> monastery in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></figcaption></figure> For the Buddhists, <a href="/wiki/Paro_Taktsang" title="Paro Taktsang">Paro Taktsang</a> is a religious site where <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> is said to have established Buddhism in Bhutan.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana Buddhist</a> sites and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">monasteries</a> are situated in the Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> In Jainism, Mount Ashtapada of the Himalayan mountain range is a sacred place where <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>, the first Jain <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a>, attained <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a>. It is believed that after Rishabhanatha attained <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Jainism)" title="Bharata (Jainism)">Bharata</a> constructed three stupas and 24 shrines of the <a href="/wiki/Tirthankaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankaras">Tirthankaras</a> with their idols in the Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The Himalayan people's diversity shows through their architecture, their languages, and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, and clothing. The shapes and materials of the people's homes reflect their practical needs and beliefs. The handwoven textiles of the region display colors and patterns unique to their ethnic backgrounds. Some Himalayan ethnicities give great importance to jewelry such as the <a href="/wiki/Rai_people" title="Rai people">Rai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a>, where women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewelry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200679-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_(Nepal;_Asian_Network_for_Sustainable_Agriculture_and_Bioresrouces)_(39396634355).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Nepal%3B_Asian_Network_for_Sustainable_Agriculture_and_Bioresrouces%29_%2839396634355%29.jpg/220px-USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Nepal%3B_Asian_Network_for_Sustainable_Agriculture_and_Bioresrouces%29_%2839396634355%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Nepal%3B_Asian_Network_for_Sustainable_Agriculture_and_Bioresrouces%29_%2839396634355%29.jpg/330px-USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Nepal%3B_Asian_Network_for_Sustainable_Agriculture_and_Bioresrouces%29_%2839396634355%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Nepal%3B_Asian_Network_for_Sustainable_Agriculture_and_Bioresrouces%29_%2839396634355%29.jpg/440px-USAID_Measuring_Impact_Conservation_Enterprise_Retrospective_%28Nepal%3B_Asian_Network_for_Sustainable_Agriculture_and_Bioresrouces%29_%2839396634355%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terrace_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace farming">Terrace farming</a> in the foothills.</figcaption></figure> The Himalayas contributes to the economy of the hilly region and the plains below. As the range stretches across various ecological zones, the economy of various regions of the Himalayas depends on the availability of resources. The Himalayan mountain range and its associated forests have extensive natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-147">[145]</a> The fertile <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> deposited by the Himalayan rivers have contributed to some the most fertile and arable lands. <a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">Fruits</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a> are grown in fertile river valleys and lake beds. The climate also supports extensive cultivation of nuts such as <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a> are grown on the hills of Eastern Himalayas, which has the conducive climate and soil. The forests provide various natural resources, which form the livelihood of various ethnic tribes in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medical-118">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nainital_overview.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nainital_overview.JPG/220px-Nainital_overview.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nainital_overview.JPG/330px-Nainital_overview.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nainital_overview.JPG/440px-Nainital_overview.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill station</a> in the Lower Himalayas.</figcaption></figure> Due to the higher rate of flow of the Himalayan rivers, they have been dammed at multiple places for development of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> facilities and generation of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>. Many of the nomadic and pastoral tribes rear <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> along the ranges of the Himalayas. They migrate to higher altitudes for <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> during the post spring season, when new pastures form and return to lower altitudes during the winters. The region is also rich in minerals, thought access has been an issue. In the Western Himalays, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> is found in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu region">Jammu region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir valley">Kashmir valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semi_precious_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi precious stones">semi precious stones</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zanskar_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanskar range">Zanskar range</a>. The Eastern Himalayas consist of deposits of <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, and various metal ores.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-147">[145]</a> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Hill_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill stations">hill stations</a> and religious centers on the lower ranges of the Himalayas and hence <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> is an important economic activity in the region.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Due to the presence of major peaks, <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> has become a major source of income and employment in the Central Himalayan region. However, the increased inflow of tourists and the associated infrastructure projects have resulted in pressure on the fragile ecosystem and depletion of the natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Sustainable tourism</a> has been mooted as an alternative in the recent years.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> The increasing growth of population has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">reduction in forest cover</a> for agriculture, and other requirements such as <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Highway_1D_India.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/National_Highway_1D_India.JPG/220px-National_Highway_1D_India.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/National_Highway_1D_India.JPG/330px-National_Highway_1D_India.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/National_Highway_1D_India.JPG/440px-National_Highway_1D_India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_1_(India)" title="National Highway 1 (India)">Srinagar-Leh highway</a> (NH1) connects the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale of Kashmir">Vale of Kashmir</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> in India.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg/220px-KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg/330px-KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg/440px-KSR_Steam_special_at_Taradevi_05-02-13_56.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalka-Shimla Railway">Kalka-Shimla Railway</a> is one of the two <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Railways of India">Mountain Railways of India</a> operating in the Himalayan region.</figcaption></figure> Mountain trails with crossovers at mountain passes were the earlier means of travel and communication within the Himalayas. Since the late 20th century, road construction began in the region, which enabled transportation with the mountain valleys from both the sides of the Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-147">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a> connects the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_administered_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan administered Kashmir">Pakistan administered Kashmir</a> with <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang region</a> in China in the northwestern part of the Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hindustan-Tibet_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustan-Tibet Road">Hindustan-Tibet Road</a> (NH 5) stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistan border">Indo-Pakistan border</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/India-China_border" class="mw-redirect" title="India-China border">India-China border</a> in the east, before crossing over to Tibet at <a href="/wiki/Shipka_Pass" title="Shipka Pass">Shipka Pass</a>. Other major roads in the western Himalayas include the <a href="/wiki/Manali-Leh_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Manali-Leh Highway">Manali-Leh Highway</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_1_(India)" title="National Highway 1 (India)">Srinagar-Leh highway</a> (NH1) connecting the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale of Kashmir">Vale of Kashmir</a> with Ladakh through <a href="/wiki/Khardung_La" title="Khardung La">Khardung pass</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Srinagar_National_Highway" title="Jammu–Srinagar National Highway">Jammu–Srinagar Highway</a> (NH 44) connecting <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> with rest of India through the <a href="/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Range" title="Pir Panjal Range">Pir Panjal Range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200685-88-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> In the eastern part in Nepal, the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Highway">East-West Highway</a> runs along the entire country in the east-west direction along the lower Himalayas. The <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu%E2%80%93Terai_Expressway" title="Kathmandu–Terai Expressway">Kathmandu–Terai Expressway</a> connects the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathmandu valley">Kathmandu valley</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arniko_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Arniko Highway">Arniko Highway</a> connects <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> with China through the <a href="/wiki/Kodari" title="Kodari">Kodari pass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_Highway" title="Tribhuvan Highway">Tribhuvan Highway</a> links Kathmandu with the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_28_(India)" title="National Highway 28 (India)">NH 28</a> on the Indian side.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200685-88-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> The Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> is connected to Tiber via through mountain passes at <a href="/wiki/Jelep_La" title="Jelep La">Jelep La</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La" title="Nathu La">Nathu La</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Several motorable highways connect the <a href="/wiki/North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North East India">North East Indian</a> states with the rest of India.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco200685-88-157">[155]</a> The majority of the railway lines in the region are on the Indian side, operated by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> There are two <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">narrow gauge railway</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Railways of India">mountain railway lines</a>‐<a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> opened in 1881, and <a href="/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalka-Shimla Railway">Kalka-Shimla Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> operating since 1903.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> There is a narrow gauge railway line between <a href="/wiki/Raxaul" title="Raxaul">Raxaul</a> in Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amlekhganj" title="Amlekhganj">Amlekhganj</a> in Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Other railway lines include <a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Baramulla_line" title="Jammu–Baramulla line">Jammu–Baramulla line</a> in the Indian Kashmir region and <a href="/wiki/Kangra_Valley_Railway" title="Kangra Valley Railway">Kangra Valley Railway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon region">Kumaon region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-147">[145]</a> Multiple airstrips have been constructed on both the sides of the Himalayas for both civilian and military purposes. The major international airports in the Himalayas are the <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_International_Airport" title="Tribhuvan International Airport">Kathmandu airport</a> in the Kathmandu valley and <a href="/wiki/Srinagar_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Srinagar airport">Srinagar airport</a> in the Vale of Kashmir. There are several other airports and airstrips, which support regional and limited international flights.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-147">[145]</a> These include some of the world's highest and dangerous airports such as <a href="/wiki/Tenzing-Hillary_Airport" title="Tenzing-Hillary Airport">Tenzing-Hillary Airport</a> in Nepal, and <a href="/wiki/Paro_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paro Airport">Paro Airport</a> in Bhutan.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daulat_Beg_Oldi" title="Daulat Beg Oldi">Daulat Beg Oldi</a> in Ladakh is the oldest airstrip in the world.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Himalaya">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Himalaya">Western Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region" title="Indian Himalayan Region">Indian Himalayan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Himalayan_peaks_and_passes" title="List of Himalayan peaks and passes">List of Himalayan peaks and passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Himalayan_topics" title="List of Himalayan topics">List of Himalayan topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">List of mountains in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Pakistan" title="List of mountains in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Bhutan" title="Mountains of Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal" title="List of mountains in Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_China" title="List of mountains in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_the_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of the Himalayas">List of Ultras of the Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trekking_peak" title="Trekking peak">Trekking peak</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kashmir-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Kashmir_3-0">^</a> Sovereignty over the range is contested in several places, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir region">Kashmir region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brit-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco20068-12-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Sanskrit: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ɦɪmaːlɐjɐ]</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> himá 'snow, frost' and ā-laya 'dwelling, abode'),<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brit-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBishopChatterjee" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Bishop_(mountaineer)" title="Barry Bishop (mountaineer)">Bishop, Barry</a>; Chatterjee, Shiba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas">"Himalayas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429164638/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266037/Himalayas">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Himalayas&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Chatterjee%2C+Shiba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHimalayas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco20068-12-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurickPacheco20068-12_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZurickPacheco2006">Zurick & Pacheco 2006</a>, p. 8-12. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Himalayan" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Himalayan">"Himalayan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Retrieved 1 June 2021. <q>Etymology: < Himālaya (Sanskrit < hima snow + ālaya dwelling, abode) + -an suffix)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Himalayan&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DHimalayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=BEN&page=1115-a">"BEN Cologne Scan"</a>. Sanskrit-lexicon. p. 1115. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327134842/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=BEN&page=1115-a">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanskrit-lexicon&rft.atitle=BEN+Cologne+Scan&rft.pages=1115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2Fcsl-apidev%2Fservepdf.php%3Fdict%3DBEN%26page%3D1115-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.H._Wilson1832" class="citation web cs1">H.H. Wilson (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=976">"WIL Cologne Scan"</a>. Sanskrit-lexicon. p. 976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327134842/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=976">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanskrit-lexicon&rft.atitle=WIL+Cologne+Scan&rft.pages=976&rft.date=1832&rft.au=H.H.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2Fcsl-apidev%2Fservepdf.php%3Fdict%3DWIL%26page%3D976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=1299">"Himālay"</a>. Sanskrit-lexicon. p. 1299. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanskrit-lexicon&rft.atitle=Him%C4%81lay&rft.pages=1299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2Fcsl-apidev%2Fservepdf.php%3Fdict%3DMW%26page%3D1299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=1298">"Him"</a>. Sanskrit-lexicon. p. 1298. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanskrit-lexicon&rft.atitle=Him&rft.pages=1298&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2Fcsl-apidev%2Fservepdf.php%3Fdict%3DMW%26page%3D1298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.H._Wilson1832" class="citation web cs1">H.H. Wilson (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=121">"Alaya, a dictionary in Sanskrit and English"</a>. Sanskrit-lexicon. p. 121. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006020210/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=121">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanskrit-lexicon&rft.atitle=Alaya%2C+a+dictionary+in+Sanskrit+and+English&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1832&rft.au=H.H.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2Fcsl-apidev%2Fservepdf.php%3Fdict%3DWIL%26page%3D121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roshen_Dalal" title="Roshen Dalal">Roshen Dalal</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=himavan">Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-184-75277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-184-75277-9"><bdi>978-8-184-75277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8-184-75277-9&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrk0AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhimavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languages.nepalresearch.org/nep-eng.pdf">"Nepali-English Dictionary"</a> (PDF). Nepal Research. p. 56. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nepal+Research&rft.atitle=Nepali-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=56&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flanguages.nepalresearch.org%2Fnep-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glosbe.com/bo/en/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1">"Translation of ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ into English"</a>. Glosbe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241111081847/https://glosbe.com/bo/en/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glosbe&rft.atitle=Translation+of+%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1+into+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglosbe.com%2Fbo%2Fen%2F%25E0%25BD%25A7%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/c0kkkxwgy1go">"Himaliya death zone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (in Urdu). 26 June 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240626134000/https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/c0kkkxwgy1go">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Himaliya+death+zone&rft.date=2024-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Furdu%2Farticles%2Fc0kkkxwgy1go&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-bangla.com/bntoen/index/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F">"হিমালয় in English"</a>. English-Bangla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241111081853/https://www.english-bangla.com/bntoen/index/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English-Bangla&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-bangla.com%2Fbntoen%2Findex%2F%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%259F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://context.reverso.net/translation/chinese-english/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85">"Ximalaya"</a>. Reverso. 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N. (1931). "The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny". <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a>. 65 (2): 189–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Survey+of+India&rft.atitle=The+syntaxis+of+the+northwest+Himalaya%3A+its+rocks%2C+tectonics+and+orogeny&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-220&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Wadia&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.B.RoyRitesh_Purohit2018" class="citation book cs1">A.B.Roy; Ritesh Purohit (2018). "The Himalayas: Evolution Through Collision". Indian Shield: Precambrian Evolution and Phanerozoic Reconstitution. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 311–327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-128-09839-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-128-09839-4"><bdi>978-0-128-09839-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Himalayas%3A+Evolution+Through+Collision&rft.btitle=Indian+Shield%3A+Precambrian+Evolution+and+Phanerozoic+Reconstitution&rft.pages=311-327&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-128-09839-4&rft.au=A.B.Roy&rft.au=Ritesh+Purohit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-eight-thousanders-of-the-himalayas-and-the-karakoram.html">"The Eight-Thousanders Of The Himalayas And The Karakoram"</a>. World Atlas. 16 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418004355/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-eight-thousanders-of-the-himalayas-and-the-karakoram.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas&rft.atitle=The+Eight-Thousanders+Of+The+Himalayas+And+The+Karakoram&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-eight-thousanders-of-the-himalayas-and-the-karakoram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._SathyakumarMansi_MungeeRanjana_Pal2020" class="citation book cs1">S. Sathyakumar; Mansi Mungee; Ranjana Pal (2020). "Biogeography of the Mountain Ranges of South Asia". Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 543–554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-124-09548-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-124-09548-9"><bdi>978-0-124-09548-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biogeography+of+the+Mountain+Ranges+of+South+Asia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Biomes&rft.pages=543-554&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-124-09548-9&rft.au=S.+Sathyakumar&rft.au=Mansi+Mungee&rft.au=Ranjana+Pal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Physio-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Physio_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Physio_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas/Physiography">"Physiography of Himalayas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913073008/https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas/Physiography">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physiography+of+Himalayas&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHimalayas%2FPhysiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199240-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199240_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199240_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199240_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNagSengupta1992">Nag & Sengupta 1992</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Siwalik-Range">"Siwalik"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240623175239/https://www.britannica.com/place/Siwalik-Range">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siwalik&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSiwalik-Range&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lesser-Himalayas">"Lesser Himalayas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. Retrieved 10 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lesser+Himalayas&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLesser-Himalayas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Himalayas">"Great Himalayas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. 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Understanding an Orogenic Belt. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Geology</a>. pp. 345–352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05588-6"><bdi>978-3-319-05588-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tethys+Himalaya&rft.btitle=Understanding+an+Orogenic+Belt&rft.pages=345-352&rft.pub=Springer+Geology&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-319-05588-6&rft.au=Dubey%2C+A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199242-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199242_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagSengupta199242_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNagSengupta1992">Nag & Sengupta 1992</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Western-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Western_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/western-Himalayas">"Western Himalayas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228233852/https://www.britannica.com/place/western-Himalayas">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017. 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Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCERT&rft.atitle=Geographical+Divisions+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncert.nic.in%2Ftextbook%2Fpdf%2Fiess102.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Central-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Central_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kumaun-Himalayas">"Western Himalayas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617120123/http://www.britannica.com/place/Kumaun-Himalayas">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016. 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The Island Arc. 14 (4): 297–310. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005IsArc..14..297S">2005IsArc..14..297S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1738.2005.00499.x">10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00499.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1038-4871">1038-4871</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140603614">140603614</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309001214/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00499.x">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2023. 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Airport-technology. 30 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612225610/https://www.airport-technology.com/features/the-top-10-highest-altitude-airports-in-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airport-technology&rft.atitle=The+top+10+highest+altitude+airports+in+the+world&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airport-technology.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-top-10-highest-altitude-airports-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnant_Bewoor2020" class="citation report cs1">Anant Bewoor (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepeninsula.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/daulet-beg-oldi-operating-from-the-worlds-highest-airfield-2.pdf">Daulat Beg Oldi: Operating from the World's Highest Airfield</a> (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Daulat+Beg+Oldi%3A+Operating+from+the+World%27s+Highest+Airfield&rft.date=2020-07&rft.au=Anant+Bewoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepeninsula.org.in%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F07%2Fdaulet-beg-oldi-operating-from-the-worlds-highest-airfield-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2008" class="citation book cs1">Barry, Roger E (2008). Mountain Weather and Climate (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86295-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86295-0"><bdi>978-0-521-86295-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountain+Weather+and+Climate&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86295-0&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Roger+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti2016" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarti, B. K. (2016). Geology of the Himalayan Belt: Deformation, Metamorphism, Stratigraphy. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-128-02021-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-128-02021-0"><bdi>978-0-128-02021-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geology+of+the+Himalayan+Belt%3A+Deformation%2C+Metamorphism%2C+Stratigraphy&rft.place=Amsterdam+and+Boston&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-128-02021-0&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=B.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliftPlumb2008" class="citation book cs1">Clift, Peter D.; Plumb, R. Alan (2008). The Asian Monsoon: Causes, History and Effects. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84799-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84799-5"><bdi>978-0-521-84799-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asian+Monsoon%3A+Causes%2C+History+and+Effects&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84799-5&rft.aulast=Clift&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rft.au=Plumb%2C+R.+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2022" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Geoffrey F. (2022). Stories from the Deep Earth: How Scientists Figured Out What Drives Tectonic Plates and Mountain Building. <a href="/wiki/Cham,_Switzerland" title="Cham, Switzerland">Cham</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-91359-5">10.1007/978-3-030-91359-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-91358-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-91358-8"><bdi>978-3-030-91358-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245636487">245636487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+from+the+Deep+Earth%3A+How+Scientists+Figured+Out+What+Drives+Tectonic+Plates+and+Mountain+Building&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245636487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-91359-5&rft.isbn=978-3-030-91358-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagSengupta1992" class="citation book cs1">Nag, Prithvish; Sengupta, Smita (1992). Geography of India. Concept Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-170-22384-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-170-22384-9"><bdi>978-8-170-22384-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+India&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-8-170-22384-9&rft.aulast=Nag&rft.aufirst=Prithvish&rft.au=Sengupta%2C+Smita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrischMeschedeBlakey2011" class="citation book cs1">Frisch, Wolfgang; Meschede, Martin; Blakey, Ronald (2011). Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain Building. <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science">Springer Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-76504-2">10.1007/978-3-540-76504-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-76503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-76503-5"><bdi>978-3-540-76503-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plate+Tectonics%3A+Continental+Drift+and+Mountain+Building&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Science&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-76504-2&rft.isbn=978-3-540-76503-5&rft.aulast=Frisch&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Meschede%2C+Martin&rft.au=Blakey%2C+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurickPacheco2006" class="citation book cs1">Zurick, David; Pacheco, Julsun (2006). Illustrated Atlas of the Himalayas. Basanta Shrestha and Birendra Bajracharya. <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-12388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-12388-2"><bdi>978-0-813-12388-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1102237054">1102237054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Atlas+of+the+Himalayas&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1102237054&rft.isbn=978-0-813-12388-2&rft.aulast=Zurick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Pacheco%2C+Julsun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHimalayas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_McKay_Aitken" class="mw-redirect" title="William McKay Aitken">Aitken, Bill</a>, Footloose in the Himalaya, Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7824-052-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7824-052-1">81-7824-052-1</a>.</li> <li>Berreman, Gerald Duane, Hindus of the Himalayas: Ethnography and Change, 2nd rev. ed., Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997.</li> <li>Edmundson, Henry, Tales from the Himalaya, Vajra Books, Kathmandu, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9937-9330-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9937-9330-3-2">978-9937-9330-3-2</a>.</li> <li>Fisher, James F., Sherpas: Reflections on Change in Himalayan Nepal, 1990. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06941-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06941-2">0-520-06941-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Gansser-Biaggi" title="Augusto Gansser-Biaggi">Gansser, Augusto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gruschke" title="Andreas Gruschke">Gruschke, Andreas</a>, Olschak, Blanche C., Himalayas. Growing Mountains, Living Myths, Migrating Peoples, New York, Oxford: Facts On File, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1994-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-1994-0">0-8160-1994-0</a> and New Delhi: Bookwise, 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt" title="John Hunt, Baron Hunt">Hunt, John</a>, Ascent of Everest, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1956. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89886-361-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89886-361-9">0-89886-361-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Isserman" title="Maurice Isserman">Isserman, Maurice</a> and Weaver, Stewart, Fallen Giants: The History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes. Yale University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11501-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11501-7">978-0-300-11501-7</a>.</li> <li>Ives, Jack D. and Messerli, Bruno, The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation. London / New York, Routledge, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-01157-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-01157-4">0-415-01157-4</a>.</li> <li>Lall, J.S. (ed.) in association with Moddie, A.D., The Himalaya, Aspects of Change. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-561254-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-561254-X">0-19-561254-X</a>.</li> <li>Nandy, S.N., Dhyani, P.P. and Samal, P.K., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/ENVIS%20Monograph/ENVIS%20Monograph%203.pdf">Resource Information Database of the Indian Himalaya</a>, Almora, GBPIHED, 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sundaranand" title="Swami Sundaranand">Swami Sundaranand</a>, Himalaya: Through the Lens of a Sadhu. Published by Tapovan Kuti Prakashan (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-901326-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-901326-0-1">81-901326-0-1</a>.</li> <li>Swami <a href="/wiki/Tapovan_Maharaj" title="Tapovan Maharaj">Tapovan Maharaj</a>, Wanderings in the Himalayas, English Edition, Madras, Chinmaya Publication Trust, 1960. Translated by T.N. Kesava Pillai.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilman" title="Bill Tilman">Tilman, H. W.</a>, Mount Everest, 1938, Cambridge University Press, 1948.</li> <li>Turner, Bethan, et al. Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010: Himalaya and Vicinity. Denver, United States Geological Survey, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Himalayas at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" class="extiw" title="c:Himalayas">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Himalayas" class="extiw" title="q:Himalayas">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Himalayas" class="extiw" title="voy:Himalayas">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118002451/http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/">The Digital Himalaya research project at Cambridge and Yale</a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/wittke/Tibet/Himalaya.html">Geology of the Himalayan mountains</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616162641/http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/wittke/Tibet/Himalaya.html">Archived</a> 16 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/earth/birth.html">Birth of the Himalaya</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319033748/http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/asia/south-asias-troubled-waters">South Asia's Troubled Waters</a> Journalistic project at the Pulitzer Centre for Crisis Reporting (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Biological_diversity_in_the_Himalayas">Biological diversity in the Himalayas</a> Encyclopedia of Earth</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Himalayas" title="Template:Himalayas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Himalayas" title="Template talk:Himalayas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Himalayas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Himalayas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Himalayas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Himalayas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-ranges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range" title="Lower Himalayan Range">Lesser Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Himalayas">Tibetan Himalayas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalayas" title="Geology of the Himalayas">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Boundary_Thrust" title="Main Boundary Thrust">Main Boundary Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Frontal_Thrust" title="Main Frontal Thrust">Main Frontal Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Himalayan_Thrust" title="Main Himalayan Thrust">Main Himalayan Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Central_Thrust" title="Main Central Thrust">Main Central Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tibetan_Detachment" title="South Tibetan Detachment">South Tibetan Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Himalayas" title="Category:Mountain ranges of the Himalayas">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Himalaya" title="Assam Himalaya">Assam Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountains_(Bhutan)" title="Black Mountains (Bhutan)">Black Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundwa_Range" title="Dundwa Range">Dundwa Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Himal" title="Ganesh Himal">Ganesh Himal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurans_Himal" title="Gurans Himal">Gurans Himal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalangur_Himal" title="Mahalangur Himal">Mahalangur Himal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishmi_Hills" title="Mishmi Hills">Mishmi Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalakankar_Himal" title="Nalakankar Himal">Nalakankar Himal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayas" title="Western Himalayas">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhauladhar" title="Dhauladhar">Dhauladhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudhatoli" title="Dudhatoli">Dudhatoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Garhwal Range">Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwar_Himalaya" title="Kishtwar Himalaya">Kishtwar Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon region">Kumaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margalla_Hills" title="Margalla Hills">Margalla Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Range" title="Ladakh Range">Ladakh Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Panjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Panjal">Pir Panjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanskar_Range" title="Zanskar Range">Zanskar Range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan_Yoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Yoma">Arakan Yoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_Hills" title="Garo Hills">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaintia_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaintia Hills">Jaintia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_Hills" title="Khasi Hills">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushai_Hills" title="Lushai Hills">Lushai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Hills" title="Naga Hills">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvanchal_Range" title="Purvanchal Range">Purvanchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhimalaya" title="Transhimalaya">Transhimalaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Himalayan_peaks_and_passes" title="List of Himalayan peaks and passes">Peaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Eight-thousander</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapurna I">Annapurna I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cho_Oyu" title="Cho Oyu">Cho Oyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaulagiri I">Dhaulagiri I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchenjunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishapangma" title="Shishapangma">Shishapangma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ultras_of_the_Himalayas" title="List of ultras of the Himalayas">Ultras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_Dablam" title="Ama Dablam">Ama Dablam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandarpunch" title="Bandarpunch">Bandarpunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorje_Lakpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorje Lakpa">Dorje Lakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangkhar_Puensum" title="Gangkhar Puensum">Gangkhar Puensum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurla_Mandhata" title="Gurla Mandhata">Gurla Mandhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyachung_Kang" title="Gyachung Kang">Gyachung Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyala_Peri" title="Gyala Peri">Gyala Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomolhari" title="Jomolhari">Jomolhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamet" title="Kamet">Kamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangtega" title="Kangtega">Kangtega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangto" title="Kangto">Kangto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_(mountain)" title="Kedarnath (mountain)">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_Kangri" title="Kula Kangri">Kula Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labuche_Kang" title="Labuche Kang">Labuche Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langtang_Lirung" title="Langtang Lirung">Langtang Lirung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machapuchare" title="Machapuchare">Machapuchare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_Peak" title="Mana Peak">Mana Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi" title="Nanda Devi">Nanda Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noijin_Kangsang" title="Noijin Kangsang">Noijin Kangsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuptse" title="Nuptse">Nuptse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongshanjiabu" title="Tongshanjiabu">Tongshanjiabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangra" title="Yangra">Yangra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Himalayan_peaks_and_passes" title="List of Himalayan peaks and passes">Passes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banihal_Pass" title="Banihal Pass">Banihal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara-lacha_la" title="Bara-lacha la">Bara-lacha la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changla_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Changla Pass">Changla Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelep_La" title="Jelep La">Jelep La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khardung_La" title="Khardung La">Khardung La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_La" class="mw-redirect" title="Kora La">Kora La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunzum_Pass" title="Kunzum Pass">Kunzum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipulekh_Pass" title="Lipulekh Pass">Lipulekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_Pass" title="Mana Pass">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Pass" title="Mohan Pass">Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathu_La" title="Nathu La">Nathu La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohtang_Pass" title="Rohtang Pass">Rohtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sela_Pass" title="Sela Pass">Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipki_La" title="Shipki La">Shipki La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorong_La" title="Thorong La">Thorong La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umling_La" title="Umling La">Umling La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoji_La" title="Zoji La">Zoji La</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Valleys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenab_Valley" title="Chenab Valley">Chenab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doon_Valley" title="Doon Valley">Doon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolwaling_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolwaling Valley">Rolwaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Glaciers_of_the_Himalayas" title="Category:Glaciers of the Himalayas">Glaciers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambulapcha_Glacier" title="Ambulapcha Glacier">Ambulapcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angsi_Glacier" title="Angsi Glacier">Angsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara_Shigri_Glacier" title="Bara Shigri Glacier">Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhota_Shigri" title="Chhota Shigri">Chhota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumik_Glacier" title="Chumik Glacier">Chumik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshini_Nanda_Devi_Glacier" title="Dakshini Nanda Devi Glacier">Dakshini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drang-Drung_Glacier" title="Drang-Drung Glacier">Drang-Drung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri_Glacier" title="Gangotri Glacier">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukh" title="Gomukh">Gomukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunku_Glacier" title="Hunku Glacier">Hunku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imja_Glacier" title="Imja Glacier">Imja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafni_Glacier" title="Kafni Glacier">Kafni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabaland_Glacier" title="Kalabaland Glacier">Kalabaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangshung_Glacier" title="Kangshung Glacier">Kangshung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Glacier" title="Kedarnath Glacier">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatling_Glacier" title="Khatling Glacier">Khatling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumbu_Glacier" title="Khumbu Glacier">Khumbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumbu_Icefall" title="Khumbu Icefall">Khumbu Icefall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langtang_Glacier" title="Langtang Glacier">Langtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse_Shar_Glacier" title="Lhotse Shar Glacier">Lhotse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonak_Glacier" title="Lonak Glacier">Lonak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machoi_Glacier" title="Machoi Glacier">Machoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meola_Glacier" title="Meola Glacier">Meola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milam_Glacier" title="Milam Glacier">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namik_Glacier" title="Namik Glacier">Namik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_Glacier" title="Nanda Devi Glacier">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangpai_Gosum_Glacier" title="Nangpai Gosum Glacier">Nangpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngozumpa_glacier" title="Ngozumpa glacier">Ngozumpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupchu_Glacier" title="Nupchu Glacier">Nupchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchchuli_Glacier" title="Panchchuli Glacier">Panchchuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindari_Glacier" title="Pindari Glacier">Pindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralam_Glacier" title="Ralam Glacier">Ralam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathong_Glacier" title="Rathong Glacier">Rathong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satopanth_Glacier" title="Satopanth Glacier">Satopanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafat_Glacier" title="Shafat Glacier">Shafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_Glacier" title="Sona Glacier">Sona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_Khangtse_Glacier" title="Teesta Khangtse Glacier">Teesta Khangtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulagi_glacier" title="Thulagi glacier">Thulagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamatari_Glacier" title="Yamatari Glacier">Yamatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemu_Glacier" title="Zemu Glacier">Zemu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baspa_River" title="Baspa River">Baspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati_River_(Himachal_Pradesh)" title="Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiti_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiti River">Spiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marusudar_River" title="Marusudar River">Marusudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawi_River" title="Tawi River">Tawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lidder_River" title="Lidder River">Lidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelum_River" title="Neelum River">Neelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch_River" title="Poonch River">Poonch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_River" title="Sind River">Sind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyok_River" title="Shyok River">Shyok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nubra_River" title="Nubra River">Nubra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru_River_(Indus)" title="Suru River (Indus)">Suru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dras_River" title="Dras River">Dras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingo_River" title="Shingo River">Shingo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapola_River" title="Yapola River">Yapola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanskar_River" title="Zanskar River">Zanskar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Markha_River_(India)" title="Markha River (India)">Markha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarap_River" title="Tsarap River">Tsarap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doda_River" title="Doda River">Doda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beki_River" title="Beki River">Beki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibang_River" title="Dibang River">Dibang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihing_River" title="Dihing River">Dihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kameng_River" title="Kameng River">Kameng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolong River">Kolong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohit_River" title="Lohit River">Lohit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_River" title="Manas River">Manas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid%C4%81k_River" title="Raidāk River">Raidak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankosh_River" title="Sankosh River">Sankosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subansiri_River" title="Subansiri River">Subansiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaknanda_River" title="Alaknanda River">Alaknanda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandakini_River" title="Mandakini River">Mandakini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar_River" title="Pindar River">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandakini" title="Nandakini">Nandakini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauliganga_River" title="Dhauliganga River">Dhauliganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishiganga" title="Rishiganga">Rishiganga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagmati_River" title="Bagmati River">Bagmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagirathi_River" title="Bhagirathi River">Bhagirathi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhilangna_River" title="Bhilangna River">Bhilangna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahnavi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahnavi River">Jahanavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Ghaghara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gori_Ganga" title="Gori Ganga">Gori Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohni_River" title="Rohni River">Rohni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarju" title="Sarju">Sarju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharda_River" title="Sharda River">Sharda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomti_River" title="Gomti River">Gomti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosi_River" title="Kosi River">Kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramganga" title="Ramganga">Ramganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchar_Lake" title="Anchar Lake">Anchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimtal_Lake" title="Bhimtal Lake">Bhimtal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrigu_Lake" title="Bhrigu Lake">Bhrigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhullatal" title="Bhullatal">Bhullatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brari_Nambal" title="Brari Nambal">Brari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chander_Naun" title="Chander Naun">Chander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Taal" title="Chandra Taal">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_Lake" title="Dal Lake">Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashair_Lake" title="Dashair Lake">Dashair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehnasar_Lake" title="Dehnasar Lake">Dehnasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoria_Tal" title="Deoria Tal">Deoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhankar_Lake" title="Dhankar Lake">Dhankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodital" title="Dodital">Dodital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsar_Lake" title="Gadsar Lake">Gadsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangabal_Lake" title="Gangabal Lake">Gangabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangapurna_Lake" title="Gangapurna Lake">Gangapurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadhasaru_Lake" title="Ghadhasaru Lake">Ghadhasaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Sar" title="Gil Sar">Gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokyo_Lakes" title="Gokyo Lakes">Gokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurudongmar_Lake" title="Gurudongmar Lake">Gurudongmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokersar" title="Hokersar">Hokersar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homkund" title="Homkund">Homkund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imja_Tsho" title="Imja Tsho">Imja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamrunag_Lake" title="Kamrunag Lake">Kamrunag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kareri_Lake" title="Kareri Lake">Kareri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausar_Nag" title="Kausar Nag">Kausar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedartal" title="Kedartal">Kedartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khajjiar_Lake" title="Khajjiar Lake">Khajjiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanpursar" title="Khanpursar">Khanpursar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Sar" title="Khushal Sar">Khushal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishansar_Lake" title="Krishansar Lake">Krishansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Menmecho" title="Lake Menmecho">Menmecho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_Dal" title="Lama Dal">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchial_Lake" title="Macchial Lake">Macchial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakali_Lake" title="Mahakali Lake">Mahakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasbal_Lake" title="Manasbal Lake">Manasbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimahesh_Lake" title="Manimahesh Lake">Manimahesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansar_Lake" title="Mansar Lake">Mansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsar_Lake" title="Marsar Lake">Marsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital_Lake" title="Nainital Lake">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nako_Lake" title="Nako Lake">Nako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandan_Sar_Lake" title="Nandan Sar Lake">Nandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanbagh_Lake" title="Narayanbagh Lake">Narayanbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukuchiatal" title="Naukuchiatal">Naukuchiatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeen_Lake" title="Nigeen Lake">Nigeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilnag_Lake" title="Nilnag Lake">Nilnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nundkol_Lake" title="Nundkol Lake">Nundkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandoh_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandoh Lake">Pandoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangong_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangong Lake">Pangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannatal" title="Pannatal">Panna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoksundo_Lake" title="Phoksundo Lake">Phoksundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashar_Lake" title="Prashar Lake">Prashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rara_Lake" title="Rara Lake">Rara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renuka_Lake" title="Renuka Lake">Renuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewalsar_Lake" title="Rewalsar Lake">Rewalsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roopkund" title="Roopkund">Roopkund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmani_Kund" title="Rukmani Kund">Rukmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiti_Lake" title="Samiti Lake">Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satopanth_Tal" title="Satopanth Tal">Satopanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsar_Lake" title="Satsar Lake">Satsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattal" title="Sattal">Sattal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seruvalsar_Lake" title="Seruvalsar Lake">Seruvalsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheshnag_Lake" title="Sheshnag Lake">Sheshnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lhonak_Lake" title="South Lhonak Lake">South Lhonak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suraj_Tal" title="Suraj Tal">Suraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinsar_Lake" title="Surinsar Lake">Surinsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsar_Lake" title="Tarsar Lake">Tarsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilicho_Lake" title="Tilicho Lake">Tilicho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsho_Rolpa" title="Tsho Rolpa">Tsho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_Kar" title="Tso Kar">Tso Kar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_Lhamo_Lake" title="Tso Lhamo Lake">Tso Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_Moriri" title="Tso Moriri">Tso Moriri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsomgo_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsomgo Lake">Tsomgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulian_lake" title="Tulian lake">Tulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishansar_Lake" title="Vishansar Lake">Vishansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waskura_Lake" title="Waskura Lake">Waskura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wular_Lake" title="Wular Lake">Wular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_Himalayas" title="Ecology of the Himalayas">Ecoregions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests" title="Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests">Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_broadleaf_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests">Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical pine forests">Himalayan subtropical pine forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests" title="Western Himalayan broadleaf forests">Western Himalayan broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullu" title="Kullu">Kullu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Manali, Himachal Pradesh">Manali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussoorie" title="Mussoorie">Mussoorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arniko_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Arniko Highway">Arniko Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-West_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Highway">East-West Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan-Tibet_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustan-Tibet Road">Hindustan-Tibet Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Srinagar_National_Highway" title="Jammu–Srinagar National Highway">Jammu–Srinagar Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu%E2%80%93Terai_Expressway" title="Kathmandu–Terai Expressway">Kathmandu–Terai Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manali-Leh_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Manali-Leh Highway">Manali-Leh Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimmu%E2%80%93Padum%E2%80%93Darcha_road" title="Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road">Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_of_the_Mani" title="Path of the Mani">Path of the Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_1_(India)" title="National Highway 1 (India)">Srinagar-Leh highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_Highway" title="Tribhuvan Highway">Tribhuvan Highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Baramulla_line" title="Jammu–Baramulla line">Jammu–Baramulla line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalka-Shimla Railway">Kalka-Shimla Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangra_Valley_Railway" title="Kangra Valley Railway">Kangra Valley Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raxaul" title="Raxaul">Raxaul</a>–<a href="/wiki/Amlekhganj" title="Amlekhganj">Amlekhganj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinyalisaur_Airport" title="Chinyalisaur Airport">Chinyalisaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daporijo_Airport" title="Daporijo Airport">Daporijo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daulat_Beg_Oldi" title="Daulat Beg Oldi">Daulat Beg Oldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun_Airport" title="Dehradun Airport">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathmandu Airport">Kathmandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullu_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kullu Airport">Kullu-Manali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leh_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Leh Airport">Leh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzing-Hillary_Airport" title="Tenzing-Hillary Airport">Lukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakyong_Airport" title="Pakyong Airport">Pakyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paro_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paro Airport">Paro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithoragarh Airport">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla_Airport" title="Shimla Airport">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar_Airport" title="Srinagar Airport">Srinagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountaineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalaya_Trail" title="Great Himalaya Trail">Great Himalaya Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Mountaineering_Institute" title="Himalayan Mountaineering Institute">Himalayan Mountaineering Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountaineering_expeditions_to_the_Himalayas" title="Category:Mountaineering expeditions to the Himalayas">Mountaineering expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowman_Trek" title="Snowman Trek">Snowman Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trekking_peak" title="Trekking peak">Trekking peak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_people" title="Aka people">Aka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatani_people" title="Apatani people">Apatani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dard people">Dard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galo_tribe" title="Galo tribe">Abor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujjar">Gujjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Miri_people" title="Hill Miri people">Miri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanet" title="Kanet">Kanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri people">Kashmiri people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_people" title="Khamti people">Khamti people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowa people">Khowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirat">Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladakhi people">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Magar people">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishmi_people" title="Mishmi people">Mishmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar" class="mw-redirect" title="Newar">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyishi">Dafla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Nepal)" title="Pahari people (Nepal)">Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singpho_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Singpho people">Singpho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchi_Gompa" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchi Gompa">Alchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagri_Monastery" title="Chagri Monastery">Changri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Chota Char Dham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmukh" title="Harmukh">Harmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemis_Monastery" title="Hemis Monastery">Hemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himavat" title="Himavat">Himavat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardang_Monastery" title="Kardang Monastery">Kardang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Monastery" title="Key Monastery">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktinath" title="Muktinath">Muktinath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paro_Taktsang" title="Paro Taktsang">Paro Taktsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupatinath_Temple" title="Pashupatinath Temple">Pashupatinath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spituk_Monastery" title="Spituk Monastery">Spituk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thikse_Monastery" title="Thikse Monastery">Thikse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Himalayan_Database" title="The Himalayan Database">Himalayan Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Rim" title="Himalayan Rim">Himalayan Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region" title="Indian Himalayan Region">Indian Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Integrated_Mountain_Development" title="International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development">International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_the_Himalayas" title="Category:Works about the Himalayas">Works about the Himalayas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_South_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template talk:GeoSouthAsia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GeoSouthAsia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Himalayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalayas" title="Eastern Himalayas">Eastern Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountains_(Bhutan)" title="Black Mountains (Bhutan)">Black Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundwa_Range" title="Dundwa Range">Dundwa Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Eight-thousander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range" title="Lower Himalayan Range">Lesser Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Himalayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Himalayas">Tibetan Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayas" title="Western Himalayas">Western Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Garhwal Range">Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwar_Himalaya" title="Kishtwar Himalaya">Kishtwar Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margalla_Hills" title="Margalla Hills">Margalla Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Range" title="Ladakh Range">Ladakh Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanskar_Range" title="Zanskar Range">Zanskar Range</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains" title="Sulaiman Mountains">Sulaiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Kakar_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba Kakar Range">Toba Kakar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambanad_Hills" title="Ambanad Hills">Ambanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaimalai_Hills" title="Anaimalai Hills">Anaimalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biligiriranga_Hills" title="Biligiriranga Hills">Biligiriranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Hills" title="Cardamom Hills">Cardamom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satmala_Range" title="Satmala Range">Satmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selbari_Range" title="Selbari Range">Selbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palani_Hills" title="Palani Hills">Palani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_in_the_Western_Ghats" title="List of peaks in the Western Ghats">Peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumoorthy_hills" title="Thirumoorthy hills">Thirumoorthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Range" title="Trimbakeshwar Range">Trimbakeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biligiriranga_Hills" title="Biligiriranga Hills">Bilgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhamalai" title="Bodhamalai">Bodhamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitteri_Hills" title="Chitteri Hills">Chitteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erramala" title="Erramala">Erramala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhamardan_Hills" title="Gandhamardan Hills">Gandhamardan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhjat_Hills" title="Garhjat Hills">Garhjat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javadi_Hills" title="Javadi Hills">Javadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalrayan_Hills" title="Kalrayan Hills">Kalrayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolli_Hills" title="Kolli Hills">Kolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nallamala_Hills" title="Nallamala Hills">Nallamalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyamgiri" title="Niyamgiri">Niyamgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachaimalai_Hills" title="Pachaimalai Hills">Pachaimalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palkonda_Hills" title="Palkonda Hills">Palkonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshachalam_Hills" title="Seshachalam Hills">Seshachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simhachalam_Hill_Range" title="Simhachalam Hill Range">Simhachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servarayan_Hills" title="Servarayan Hills">Servarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirumalai_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirumalai Hills">Sirumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velikonda_Range" title="Velikonda Range">Velikonda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Range" title="Aravalli Range">Aravalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_Hills" title="Garo Hills">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaintia_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaintia Hills">Jaintia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_Hills" title="Khasi Hills">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushai_Hills" title="Lushai Hills">Lushai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Hills" title="Naga Hills">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvanchal_Range" title="Purvanchal Range">Purvanchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpura_Range" title="Satpura Range">Satpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plateaus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore Plateau">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deserts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thal_Desert" title="Thal Desert">Thal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges-Brahmaputra_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta">Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Plain" title="Punjab Plain">Punjab Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Basin" title="Indus Basin">Indus Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Delta">Indus Delta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coastal India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coast of India">East Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Plains" title="Utkal Plains">Utkal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast of India">West Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water-bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majuli" title="Majuli">Majuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamban_Island" title="Pamban Island">Pamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atolls_of_the_Maldives" title="Atolls of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan" title="Geography of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Maldives" title="Geography of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central South Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_South_Asia" title="Littoral South Asia">Littoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island South Asia">Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern South Asia">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern South Asia">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_India" title="Template talk:Geography of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">Geological Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landforms_of_India" title="Landforms of India">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_India" title="Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_rivers_of_India" title="List of major rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_India" title="List of waterfalls in India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Geographical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Circars" title="Northern Circars">Circars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Plains" title="Utkal Plains">Utkal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Himalaya">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Himalaya">Himachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Himadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Coast">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divisions_in_India" title="List of divisions in India">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of India">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected Areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_forests_of_India" title="Communal forests of India">Communal forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_areas_of_India" title="Conservation areas of India">Conservation areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserves_and_community_reserves_of_India" title="Conservation reserves and community reserves of India">Conservation and community reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant#Elephant_reserves" title="Project Elephant">Elephant reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_forests_and_protected_forests_of_India" title="Reserved forests and protected forests of India">Reserved and protected forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_reserves_of_India" title="Tiger reserves of India">Tiger reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuaries of India">Wildlife sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nepal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepal_topics" title="Template talk:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nepal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya (mother of Buddha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalamber">Yalamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Lichchhavi rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manadeva" title="Manadeva">Manadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amshuverma" title="Amshuverma">Amshuverma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrikuti" title="Bhrikuti">Bhrikuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Medieval and modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arimalla" title="Arimalla">Arimalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa kingdom">Khasa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubisi Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala"> Newa kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Early Shah rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Pande" title="Kalu Pande">Kalu Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal" title="List of monarchs of Nepal">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Tibetan War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamjang_and_Kaski" title="Lamjang and Kaski">Lamjang and Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">Tribhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923" title="Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923">Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Rana and <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-party democracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Royal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">2005 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan II</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 earthquake - <a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April</a> - <a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal" title="List of mountains in Nepal">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nepal" title="List of rivers of Nepal">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_River,_China-Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun River, China-Nepal">Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali (Ghaghara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi (Kosi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Narayani (Gandaki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Nepal" title="Environmental issues in Nepal">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nepal" title="Deforestation in Nepal">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Nepal" title="List of protected areas of Nepal">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nepal" title="Wildlife of Nepal">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal" title="Foreign relations of Nepal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Nepal)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Assembly (Nepal)">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nepal" title="List of heads of state of Nepal">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nepal" title="Vice President of Nepal">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Nepal" title="List of prime ministers of Nepal">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal" title="Chief Justice of Nepal">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nepal" title="Administrative divisions of Nepal">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nepal" title="Municipalities of Nepal">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunpalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunpalika">Rural Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Nepal" title="Bharatpur, Nepal">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar" title="Biratnagar">Biratnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgunj" title="Birgunj">Birgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damak" class="mw-redirect" title="Damak">Damak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetauda" title="Hetauda">Hetauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itahari" title="Itahari">Itahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpurdham" class="mw-redirect" title="Janakpurdham">Janakpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu (capital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nepal" title="Agriculture in Nepal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nepal" title="Child labour in Nepal">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Nepal" title="List of companies of Nepal">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Rupee (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Nepal" title="Squatting in Nepal">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nepal" title="Tourism in Nepal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal" title="Labour in Nepal">Workforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nepal" title="Demographics of Nepal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas/Gorkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Nepal" title="International rankings of Nepal">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nepal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Nepal Academy of Fine Arts">Nepal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nepal" title="Public holidays in Nepal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Nepal" title="Sports in Nepal">Sport</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nepal" title="List of festivals in Nepal">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohani" title="Mohani">Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)"> Swonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankha_Yatra" title="Dipankha Yatra">Dipankha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari_punhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomari punhi">Yomari Punhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanti">Buddha Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhauli" title="Udhauli">Udhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubhauli" title="Ubhauli">Ubhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar" title="Gyalpo Lhosar">Gyalpo Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar" title="Tamu Lhosar">Tamu Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar" title="Sonam Lhosar">Sonam Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasok_Tangnam" title="Chasok Tangnam">Chasok Tangnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhechu" title="Chhechu">Chhechu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Nepal)">Jatra</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celebrations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Celebrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nwaran" title="Nwaran">Nwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasni_(celebration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasni (celebration)">Pasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Bratabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihi" title="Ihi">Ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_ceremony" title="Bahra ceremony"> Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Shraddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts in Nepal">Witch-hunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal" title="Capital punishment in Nepal">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nepal" title="Health in Nepal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Nepal" title="Intersex rights in Nepal">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Nepal" title="Women's rights in Nepal">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal" title="Human trafficking in Nepal">Human trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nepal" title="Bibliography of Nepal">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepal" title="Category:Nepal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mountain_ranges_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Template:Mountain ranges of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Template talk:Mountain ranges of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountain ranges of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountain_ranges_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">Mountain ranges of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungarian_Alatau" title="Dzungarian Alatau">Dzungarian Alatau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borohoro_Mountains" title="Borohoro Mountains">Borohoro Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbagatai_Mountains" title="Tarbagatai Mountains">Tarbagatai Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altyn-Tagh" title="Altyn-Tagh">Altyn-Tagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helan_Mountains" title="Helan Mountains">Helan Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Liupan" title="Mount Liupan">Liupan Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet Plateau">Qinghai-Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhimalaya" title="Transhimalaya">Transhimalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argu_Tagh" title="Argu Tagh">Argu Tagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yengisogat" title="Yengisogat">Yengisogat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoh_Xil" title="Hoh Xil">Hoh Xil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Har_Mountains" title="Bayan Har Mountains">Bayan Har Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amne_Machin" title="Amne Machin">Amne Machin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyenchen_Tanglha_Mountains" title="Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains">Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengduan_Mountains" title="Hengduan Mountains">Hengduan Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaoligong_Mountains" title="Gaoligong Mountains">Gaoligong Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunling_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunling Mountains">Yunling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailao_Mountains" title="Ailao Mountains">Ailao Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qionglai_Mountains" title="Qionglai Mountains">Qionglai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxue_Mountains" title="Daxue Mountains">Daxue Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Mountains" title="Min Mountains">Min Mountains</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Khingan" title="Lesser Khingan">Lesser Khingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changbai_Mountains" title="Changbai Mountains">Changbai Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_Mountains" title="Wanda Mountains">Wanda Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Mountains" title="Qian Mountains">Qian Mountains</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Mountains" title="Yin Mountains">Yin Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lang_Mountains" title="Lang Mountains">Lang Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang_Mountains" title="Lüliang Mountains">Lüliang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taihang_Mountains" title="Taihang Mountains">Taihang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongtiao_Mountains" title="Zhongtiao Mountains">Zhongtiao Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianmu_Mountain" title="Tianmu Mountain">Tianmu Mountain</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yandang_Mountains" title="Yandang Mountains">Yandang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyi_Mountains" title="Wuyi Mountains">Wuyi Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinling" title="Qinling">Qinling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_Mountains" title="Daba Mountains">Daba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabie_Mountains" title="Dabie Mountains">Dabie Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingshan_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingshan Mountains">Jingshan Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoxiao_Mountains" title="Luoxiao Mountains">Luoxiao Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiuling_Mountains" title="Jiuling Mountains">Jiuling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufu_Mountains" title="Mufu Mountains">Mufu Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugong_Mountains" title="Wugong Mountains">Wugong Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan" title="Huangshan">Huangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuling_Mountains" title="Wuling Mountains">Wuling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Mountains" title="Xuefeng Mountains">Xuefeng Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cang_Mountain" title="Cang Mountain">Cang Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daliang_Mountains" title="Daliang Mountains">Daliang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalou_Mountains" title="Dalou Mountains">Dalou Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiuyi_Mountains" title="Jiuyi Mountains">Jiuyi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuecheng_Mountains" title="Yuecheng Mountains">Yuecheng Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmen_Mountains" title="Longmen Mountains">Longmen Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mountains" title="Western Mountains">Western Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_China" title="Category:Landforms of China">Landforms of China</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5451#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5451#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5451#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkD7VgHVHmqXfWxTj6xjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4024923-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85060851">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119795732">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119795732">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629046">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134213&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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