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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabaret" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabaret"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Cabaret</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabaret-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Radio and television</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of the Netherlands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwylliant_yr_Iseldiroedd" title="Diwylliant yr Iseldiroedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diwylliant yr Iseldiroedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_los_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos" title="Cultura de los Países Bajos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de los Países Bajos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="فرهنگ هلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ هلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_des_Pays-Bas" title="Culture des Pays-Bas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture des Pays-Bas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Նիդերլանդների մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիդերլանդների մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Belanda" title="Budaya Belanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandia_kult%C3%BAr%C3%A1ja" title="Hollandia kultúrája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hollandia kultúrája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur_van_Nederland" title="Cultuur van Nederland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cultuur van Nederland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Cultura dos Países Baixos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura dos Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Культура Нидерландов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура Нидерландов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="荷兰文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荷兰文化" data-language-autonym="中文" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hollande04.jpg/600px-Hollande04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>Some symbols and works of Dutch culture.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Netherlands" title="Category:Netherlands">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:125%;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Culture of the Netherlands</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in the Netherlands">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of the Netherlands">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch folklore">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public holidays in the Netherlands">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Netherlands">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Netherlands">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Comics</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in the Netherlands">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in the Netherlands">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Netherlands" title="Television in the Netherlands">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Netherlands">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of the Netherlands">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Culture of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Culture of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>culture of the Netherlands</b> is diverse, reflecting regional differences as well as the foreign influences built up by centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch people</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">explorative</a> spirit. The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and its people have long played an important role as centre of cultural liberalism and tolerance. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> is popularly regarded as its zenith. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialects">Dutch dialects</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutcharea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dutcharea.png/220px-Dutcharea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dutcharea.png/330px-Dutcharea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dutcharea.png/440px-Dutcharea.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>A map illustrating the area in which Dutch is spoken.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Netherlands is Dutch, spoken by almost all people in the Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> is also spoken and official in <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> language that originated in the Early Middle Ages (c. 470) and was standardized in the 16th century. <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language"> Frisian</a> is also a recognized language and it is used by the government in the province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>. Several dialects of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a> (<i>Nedersaksisch</i> in Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east and are recognized by the Netherlands as regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Another Dutch dialect granted the status of regional language is <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a>, which is spoken in the south-eastern province of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>. However, both <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a> spread across the Dutch-German border and belong to a common Dutch-<a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. </p><p>There is a tradition of learning foreign languages in the Netherlands: about 89% of the total population have a good knowledge of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, 70% of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, 29% of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and 5% of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Servaas_20080913_choir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St_Servaas_20080913_choir.jpg/220px-St_Servaas_20080913_choir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St_Servaas_20080913_choir.jpg/330px-St_Servaas_20080913_choir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St_Servaas_20080913_choir.jpg/440px-St_Servaas_20080913_choir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Servatius" title="Basilica of Saint Servatius">Basilica of Saint Servatius</a> (built 570) in Maastricht is the oldest church in the Netherlands.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nederlandgodsdienst1849-en.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nederlandgodsdienst1849-en.PNG/220px-Nederlandgodsdienst1849-en.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nederlandgodsdienst1849-en.PNG/330px-Nederlandgodsdienst1849-en.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nederlandgodsdienst1849-en.PNG/440px-Nederlandgodsdienst1849-en.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>Dutch religion in 1849</figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Orangered; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 54.975465219277px; border-left-color:Forestgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Forestgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Forestgreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:36.812455268468px 92.977648588825px 0 0; border-top-color:Skyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Skyblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 0px 100px 0; border-right-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Beliefs in the Netherlands (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> (25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Skyblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">Agnostic</a> (31%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Forestgreen; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a> (27%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orangered; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a> (17%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Turquoise; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 833.67445855041px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 190.31049331139px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 107.83906208398px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 29.052685673192px; border-left-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:89.940525156637px 43.711576665093px 0 0; border-top-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religions in the Netherlands (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-BerntsA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerntsA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> (67.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> (11.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (8.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> Other Christian denominations (4.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Islam</a> (5.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Turquoise; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (2.0%)</div> </div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>Between the Celtic and Germanic peoples and later the Roman conquerors a cultural exchange took place. An adaptation of polytheistic religions and each other's myths took place among the various tribes, coming from the Germanic, Celtic and later Roman mythology. From the 4th to the 6th century AD <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">The Great Migration</a> took place, in which the small Celtic-Germanic-Roman tribes in the Low Countries were gradually supplanted by three major Germanic tribes: the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>. Around 500 the Franks, initially residing between the Rhine and the <a href="/wiki/Somme_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Somme river">Somme</a> embraced <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> under the auspices of King <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>. However, it would take at least until AD 1000 before all the pagans were actually Christianized and the Frisian and Saxon religions became extinct, although elements were incorporated into the local <a href="/wiki/Christian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian religion">Christian religion</a>. The following centuries Catholic Christianity was the only mainstream religion in the Netherlands. The rebellious Netherlands that had united in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> (1579) declared their independence from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in 1581, during the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>; Spain finally accepted this in 1648. The Dutch revolt was partially religiously motivated: during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> many of the Dutch had adopted <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. These religious movements were suppressed by the Spanish, who supported the <a href="/wiki/Counter_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Reformation">Counter Reformation</a>. After independence the Netherlands adopted <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> as a quasi-<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> (although never formally), but practiced a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Calvinists. </p><p>Until late into the 20th century, the predominant religion in the Netherlands was Christianity. Although religious diversity remains, there has been a decline in religious adherence. In 2006, 34% of the Dutch population identified as Christian,<sup id="cite_ref-nos.nl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nos.nl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decreasing till in 2015 almost 25% of the population adhered to one of the Christian faiths (11.7% Roman Catholic, 8.6% <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">PKN</a>, 4.2% other small Christian denominations), 5% is Muslim and 2% adheres to Hinduism or Buddhism, based on independent in-depth interviewing by <a href="/wiki/Radboud_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Radboud University">Radboud University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BerntsA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerntsA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 67.8% of the population in 2015 has <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religious affiliation</a>, up from 61% in 2006, 53% in 1996, 43% 1979 and 33% in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-BerntsA_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerntsA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau (Social and Cultural Planning Agency, SCP) expects the number of non-affiliated Dutch to be at 72% in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large majority of the Dutch population believes that religion should not have a determining role to play in politics and education. Religion is also decreasingly seen as a social binder,<sup id="cite_ref-nos.nl_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nos.nl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is generally considered a personal matter which should not be propagated in public.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch constitution guarantees freedom of education, which means that all schools that adhere to general quality criteria receive the same government funding. This includes schools based on religious principles by religious groups (especially Roman Catholic and various Protestant). Three political parties in the Dutch parliament, (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">CDA</a>, and two small parties, <a href="/wiki/ChristianUnion" class="mw-redirect" title="ChristianUnion">ChristianUnion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">SGP</a>) are based upon the Christian belief. Several Christian religious holidays are national holidays (<a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century atheism began to rise as secularism, <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">liberalism and socialism</a> grew; in the 1960s and 1970s Protestantism and Catholicism notably began to decline. There is one major exception: Islam, which grew considerably as the result of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands#Im-_and_Emigration" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">immigration</a>. Since the year 2000, there has been raised awareness of religion, mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Muslim_extremism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim extremism">Muslim extremism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam is not part of the Dutch identity, culture or tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 a Catholic became <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">Queen consort</a>. </p><p>From a December 2014 survey by the VU University Amsterdam it was concluded that for the first time there are more atheists (25%) than theists (17%) in the Netherlands. The majority of the population being agnostic (31%) or ietsists (27%).<sup id="cite_ref-trouw.nl_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trouw.nl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_atheism" title="Christian atheism">Christian atheism</a> are on the rise and are widely accepted and considered to be non-controversial. Among those who adhere to Christianity, there are high percentages of atheists, agnostics and <a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">ietsism</a>, since affiliation with a Christian denomination is also used in a way of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identification</a> in the different parts of the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-KnippenbergA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KnippenbergA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, a vast majority of the inhabitants of the Netherlands (82%) said they had never or almost never visited a church, and 59% stated that they had never been to a church of any kind. Of all the people questioned, 24% saw themselves as atheist, which is an increase of 11% compared to the previous study done in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-BerntsA_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerntsA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expected rise of spirituality (ietsism) has come to a halt according to research in 2015. In 2006 40% of respondents considered themselves spiritual, in 2015 this has dropped to 31%. The number who believed in the existence of a higher power fell from 36% to 28% over the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-nos.nl_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nos.nl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity is currently the largest religion in the Netherlands. The provinces of <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a> have historically been strongly Roman Catholic, and some of their people might still consider the Catholic Church as a base for their <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Christian">cultural identity</a>. Protestantism in the Netherlands consists of a number of churches within various traditions. The largest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (PKN), a <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United</a> church which is <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> in orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was formed in 2004 as a merger of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands">a smaller Lutheran Church</a>. Several orthodox Reformed and liberal churches did not merge into the PKN. Although in the Netherlands as a whole Christianity has become a minority, the Netherlands contains a <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt_(Netherlands)" title="Bible Belt (Netherlands)">Bible Belt</a> from <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> to the northern parts of the province <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>, in which Protestant (particularly Reformed) beliefs remain strong, and even has majorities in municipal councils. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the second-largest religion in the state. In 2012, there were about 825,000 <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Muslims</a> in the Netherlands (5% of the population).<sup id="cite_ref-CBS2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim numbers increased from the 1960s as a consequence of large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands#Im-_and_Emigration" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">migrant workers</a>. These included migrants from former <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colonies</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, but mainly migrant workers from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. During the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim refugees">Muslim refugees</a> arrived from countries like <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other religions account for some 6% of the Dutch people. Hinduism is a minority religion in the Netherlands, with around 215,000 adherents (slightly over 1% of the population). Most of these are <a href="/wiki/Indo-Surinamese" title="Indo-Surinamese">Indo-Surinamese</a>. There are also sizable populations of Hindu immigrants from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and some Western adherents of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">Hinduism-oriented new religious movements</a> such as <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Hare Krishnas</a>. The Netherlands has an estimated 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Buddhism in the Netherlands">Buddhists</a> or people strongly attracted to this religion, mainly ethnic Dutch people. There are about 45,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Jews</a> in the Netherlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_media">Art and media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Art and media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Dutch art</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vermeer-view-of-delft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vermeer-view-of-delft.jpg/210px-Vermeer-view-of-delft.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vermeer-view-of-delft.jpg/315px-Vermeer-view-of-delft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vermeer-view-of-delft.jpg/420px-Vermeer-view-of-delft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>, <i>View of Delft</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mauritshuis" title="Mauritshuis">Mauritshuis</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>) 1660-1661</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a> was among the most acclaimed in the world at the time, during the 17th century. There was an enormous output of painting, so much so that prices declined seriously during the period. From the 1620s, Dutch painting broke decisively from the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style typified by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a> in neighbouring Flanders into a more realistic style of depiction, very much concerned with the real world. Types of paintings included historical paintings, portraiture, landscapes and cityscapes, <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still lifes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genre_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Genre works">genre paintings</a>. In the last four of these categories, Dutch painters established styles upon which art in Europe depended for the next two centuries. Paintings often had a moralistic subtext. The Golden Age never really recovered from the French invasion of 1672, although there was a twilight period lasting until about 1710.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dutch painters, especially in the northern provinces, tried to evoke emotions in the spectator by letting him/her be a bystander to a scene of profound intimacy. Portrait painting thrived in the Netherlands in the 17th century. A great many portraits were commissioned by wealthy individuals. Group portraits similarly were often ordered by prominent members of a city's civilian guard, by boards of trustees and regents, and the like. Often group portraits were paid for by each portrayed person individually. The key example to this is <a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watch" title="The Night Watch">The Night Watch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>. The amount paid determined each person's place in the picture, either head to toe in full regalia in the foreground or face only in the back of the group. Sometimes all group members paid an equal sum, which was likely to lead to quarrels when some members gained a more prominent place in the picture than others. Allegories, in which painted objects conveyed symbolic meaning about the subject, were often applied. Many genre paintings, which seemingly only depicted everyday life, actually illustrated Dutch proverbs and sayings, or conveyed a moralistic message, the meaning of which is not always easy to decipher nowadays. Favourite topics in Dutch landscapes were the dunes along the western seacoast, rivers with their broad adjoining meadows where cattle grazed, often a silhouette of a city in the distance. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/210px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/315px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/420px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="23756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">Starry Night</a></i>, 1889, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>, New York City</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hague_School" title="Hague School">Hague School</a> were around at the start of the 19th century. They showed all that is gravest or brightest in the landscape of Holland, all that is heaviest or clearest in its atmosphere. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam Impressionism</a> was current during the middle of the Nineteenth century at about the same time as <a href="/wiki/French_Impressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="French Impressionism">French Impressionism</a>. The painters put their impressions onto canvas with rapid, visible strokes of the brush. They focused on depicting the everyday life of the city. Late nineteenth-century Amsterdam was a bustling centre of art and literature. <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">post-Impressionist</a> painter whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art. In the 20th century, the Netherlands produced many fine painters and artists including (but not limited to): <a href="/wiki/Roelof_Frankot" title="Roelof Frankot">Roelof Frankot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Garf" title="Salomon Garf">Salomon Garf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyke_Koch" title="Pyke Koch">Pyke Koch</a> and many more. Around 1905-1910 pointillism was flourishing. Between 1911 and 1914 all the latest art movements arrived in the Netherlands one after another including <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">futurism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionism</a>. After World War I, <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> (<i>the style</i>) was led by <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a> and promoted a pure art, consisting only of vertical and horizontal lines, and the use of primary colours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Architecture of the Netherlands</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch Baroque architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg/210px-Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg/315px-Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg/420px-Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><i>Koninklijk Paleis</i> (Royale Palace) by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Campen" title="Jacob van Campen">Jacob van Campen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> roughly spanned the 17th century. Due to the thriving economy, cities expanded greatly. New town halls and storehouses were built, and many new canals were dug out in and around various cities such as <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> for defence and transport purposes. Many wealthy merchants had a new house built along these canals. These houses were generally very narrow and had ornamented façades that befitted their new status. The reason they were narrow was because a house was taxed on the width of the façade. The architecture of the first republic in Northern Europe was marked by sobriety and restraint, and was meant to reflect democratic values by quoting extensively from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. In general, architecture in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, both in the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">south</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>-dominated north, remained strongly invested in northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a> forms that predated the <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">High Baroque</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Borromini" class="mw-redirect" title="Borromini">Borromini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a>. Instead, the more austere form practiced in the Dutch Republic was well suited to major building patterns: palaces for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Orange">House of Orange</a> and new civic buildings, uninfluenced by the Counter-Reformation style that made some headway in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. At the end of the 19th century there was a remarkable <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">neo-Gothic</a> stream or <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> both in church and in public architecture, notably by the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cuypers" title="Pierre Cuypers">Pierre Cuypers</a>, who was inspired by the Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Viollet_le_Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Viollet le Duc">Viollet le Duc</a>. The Amsterdam <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> (1876–1885) and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Centraal" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Centraal">Amsterdam Centraal</a> Station (1881–1889) belong to his main buildings. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HilversumCityHall-front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HilversumCityHall-front.jpg/210px-HilversumCityHall-front.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HilversumCityHall-front.jpg/315px-HilversumCityHall-front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HilversumCityHall-front.jpg/420px-HilversumCityHall-front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Hilversum City Hall by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Marinus_Dudok" title="Willem Marinus Dudok">Willem Marinus Dudok</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 20th century Dutch architects played a leading role in the development of modern architecture. Out of the early 20th century rationalist architecture of <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Petrus_Berlage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Petrus Berlage">Berlage</a>, architect of the <a href="/wiki/Beurs_van_Berlage" title="Beurs van Berlage">Beurs van Berlage</a>, three separate groups developed during the 1920s, each with their own view on which direction modern architecture should take. Expressionist architects like M. de Klerk and P.J. Kramer in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (<i>See <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_School" title="Amsterdam School">Amsterdam School</a></i>). Functionalist architects (<i><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Zakelijkheid" title="Nieuwe Zakelijkheid">Nieuwe Zakelijkheid</a></i> or <i>Nieuwe Bouwen</i>) like <a href="/wiki/Mart_Stam" title="Mart Stam">Mart Stam</a>, L. C. van der Vlugt, <a href="/wiki/Willem_Marinus_Dudok" title="Willem Marinus Dudok">Willem Marinus Dudok</a> and Johannes Duiker had good ties with the international modernist group <a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_International_d%27Architecture_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne">CIAM</a>. A third group came out of the <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> movement, among them J. J. P. Oud and <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a>. Both architects later built in a functionalist style. During the 1950s and 1960s a new generation of architects like <a href="/wiki/Aldo_van_Eyck" title="Aldo van Eyck">Aldo van Eyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.B._Bakema" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Bakema">J.B. Bakema</a> and Herman Hertzberger, known as the ‘Forum generation’ (named after a magazine titled <i>Forum</i>) formed a connection with international groups like <a href="/wiki/Team_10" title="Team 10">Team 10</a>. From the '80s to the present <a href="/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Metropolitan_Architecture" title="Office for Metropolitan Architecture">Office for Metropolitan Architecture</a> (OMA) became one of the leading world architects. With him, formed a new generation of Dutch architects working in a modernist tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Dutch literature</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_Douwes_Dekker_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Eduard_Douwes_Dekker_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Eduard Douwes Dekker, also known as <a href="/wiki/Multatuli" title="Multatuli">Multatuli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the most important and internationally awarded writers are: </p><p>16th century: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li></ul> <p>17th century: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Baruch de Spinoza">Baruch de Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Corneliszoon_Hooft" title="Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft">Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel" title="Joost van den Vondel">Joost van den Vondel</a></li></ul> <p>19th century: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multatuli" title="Multatuli">Multatuli</a></li></ul> <p>20th century: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperus" title="Louis Couperus">Louis Couperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff" title="Martinus Nijhoff">Martinus Nijhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Vestdijk" title="Simon Vestdijk">Simon Vestdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Frederik_Hermans" title="Willem Frederik Hermans">Willem Frederik Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Reve" title="Gerard Reve">Gerard Reve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hella_Haasse" title="Hella Haasse">Hella Haasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Mulisch" title="Harry Mulisch">Harry Mulisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Wolkers" title="Jan Wolkers">Jan Wolkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cees_Nooteboom" title="Cees Nooteboom">Cees Nooteboom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comic_strips">Comic strips</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comic strips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Dutch comics</a></div> <p>The Dutch have a distinct <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comic book</a> tradition as well. Although there is an abundance of Flemish, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Belgian comics">Franco-Belgian</a>, and US comics, they also created their own. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Agent_327" title="Agent 327">Secret agent 327</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storm_(Don_Lawrence)" title="Storm (Don Lawrence)">Storm</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lodewijk" title="Martin Lodewijk">Martin Lodewijk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack,_Jacky_and_the_Juniors" title="Jack, Jacky and the Juniors">Jack, Jacky and the Juniors</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kruis" title="Jan Kruis">Jan Kruis</a>, as well as cartoons with a more literary style, like <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Eric_de_Noorman" title="Eric de Noorman">Eric de Noorman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_G._Kresse" title="Hans G. Kresse">Hans G. Kresse</a> and <i>Tom Poes & Heer Bommel</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Puss" title="Tom Puss">Tom Puss</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oliver_B._Bumble" title="Oliver B. Bumble">Oliver B. Bumble</a>) created by <a href="/wiki/Marten_Toonder" title="Marten Toonder">Marten Toonder</a>. The nations love of football also translated into comics, like <a href="/wiki/Roel_Dijkstra" title="Roel Dijkstra">Roel Dijkstra</a> and <i>F.C. Knudde</i>. </p><p>Children's comic book series <a href="/wiki/Miffy" title="Miffy">Miffy</a> (Dutch: <i>Nijntje</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Bruna" title="Dick Bruna">Dick Bruna</a> has been published in over 50 languages,<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and predates the similarly drawn <a href="/wiki/Hello_Kitty" title="Hello Kitty">Hello Kitty</a> by over ten years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music and dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music of the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba_and_the_Netherlands_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles">Music of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Netherlands" title="Dance in the Netherlands">Dance in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>The Netherlands has diverse <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a> traditions, ranging from folk and dance to classical music and ballet. Traditional Dutch music is a genre known as <a href="/wiki/Levenslied" title="Levenslied">levenslied</a>, meaning 'song of life', to an extent comparable to French <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chanson</a> or German <a href="/wiki/Schlager_music" title="Schlager music">schlager</a>. These songs typically have a simple melody and rhythm, and a straightforward structure of couplets and refrains. Themes can be light, but are often sentimental and include <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a>. Traditional musical instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">barrel organ</a> are a staple of levenslied music, though in recent years, many artists also use synthesizers and guitars. Artists in this genre include <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smit_(singer)" title="Jan Smit (singer)">Jan Smit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans_Bauer" title="Frans Bauer">Frans Bauer</a> and the late <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Hazes" title="André Hazes">André Hazes</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anouk_at_fesival_mundial_2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Anouk_at_fesival_mundial_2008.JPG/220px-Anouk_at_fesival_mundial_2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Anouk_at_fesival_mundial_2008.JPG/330px-Anouk_at_fesival_mundial_2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Anouk_at_fesival_mundial_2008.JPG/440px-Anouk_at_fesival_mundial_2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Rock singer <a href="/wiki/Anouk_(singer)" title="Anouk (singer)">Anouk</a> at Festival Mundial in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>More than most other non-English speaking European countries, the Netherlands has remained closely in tune with US and British trends since the 1950s. Contemporary Dutch <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nederpop" title="Nederpop">Nederpop</a>) originated in the 1960s, heavily influenced by popular music from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>. In the 1960s and 1970s, the lyrics were mostly in English, and some tracks were instrumental. Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Shocking_Blue" title="Shocking Blue">Shocking Blue</a>, (the) <a href="/wiki/Golden_Earring" title="Golden Earring">Golden Earring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Focus_(band)" title="Focus (band)">Focus</a> enjoyed international success. As of the 1980s, more and more pop musicians started working in the Dutch language, partly inspired by the huge success of the band <a href="/wiki/Doe_Maar" title="Doe Maar">Doe Maar</a>. Today, Dutch rock and pop music thrives in both languages, with some artists recording in both.<br /> Current <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_metal" title="Symphonic metal">symphonic metal</a> bands <a href="/wiki/Epica_(band)" title="Epica (band)">Epica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Within_Temptation" title="Within Temptation">Within Temptation</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>/pop singer <a href="/wiki/Caro_Emerald" title="Caro Emerald">Caro Emerald</a> are having some international success. Contemporary local icons include rock singer <a href="/wiki/Anouk_(singer)" title="Anouk (singer)">Anouk</a>, country pop singer <a href="/wiki/Ilse_DeLange" title="Ilse DeLange">Ilse DeLange</a>, rock band <a href="/wiki/Kane_(Dutch_band)" title="Kane (Dutch band)">Kane</a> and Dutch-language duo <a href="/wiki/Nick_%26_Simon" title="Nick & Simon">Nick & Simon</a>. </p><p>Early 1990s Dutch and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> came together in <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a> project <a href="/wiki/2_Unlimited" title="2 Unlimited">2 Unlimited</a>. Selling 18 million records,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two singers in the band are the most successful Dutch music artists to this day. Tracks like "<a href="/wiki/Get_Ready_for_This" title="Get Ready for This">Get Ready for This</a>" are still popular themes of U.S. sports events, like the <a href="/wiki/NHL" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL">NHL</a>. In the mid 1990s Dutch language <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">rap and hip hop</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dutch_hip_hop" title="Dutch hip hop">Nederhop</a></i>) also came to maturation and has become popular in the Netherlands and Belgium. In the 21st century, artists with North African, Caribbean and Middle Eastern origins have profoundly influenced this genre. </p><p>Since the 1990s, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> (EDM) has conquered the world in many forms, from <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber">gabber</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hardstyle" title="Hardstyle">hardstyle</a>. Some of the world's best dance music DJs hail from the Netherlands, including <a href="/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren" title="Armin van Buuren">Armin van Buuren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto" title="Tiësto">Tiësto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardwell" title="Hardwell">Hardwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Garrix" title="Martin Garrix">Martin Garrix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrojack" title="Afrojack">Afrojack</a>; the first four of which have been ranked as best in the world by <a href="/wiki/DJ_Mag_Top_100_DJs" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ Mag Top 100 DJs">DJ Mag Top 100 DJs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_dance_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam dance event">Amsterdam dance event</a> (ADE) is the world's leading electronic music conference and the biggest club festival for the many electronic subgenres on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These artists also contribute significantly to the mainstream pop music played over the airwaves all around the world, as they frequently collaborate and produce for many notable artists. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Sweelinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Sweelinck">Jan Sweelinck</a> ranks as the Netherlands' most famous composer, with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a> amongst the best-known living Dutch classical composers. Celebrated Dutch conductors, past and present, include <a href="/wiki/Willem_Mengelberg" title="Willem Mengelberg">Willem Mengelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_van_Beinum" title="Eduard van Beinum">Eduard van Beinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jac_van_Steen" title="Jac van Steen">Jac van Steen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaap_van_Zweden" title="Jaap van Zweden">Jaap van Zweden</a>. Notable violinists are <a href="/wiki/Janine_Jansen" title="Janine Jansen">Janine Jansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rieu" title="André Rieu">André Rieu</a>. The latter, together with his Johann Strauss Orchestra, has taken classical and <a href="/wiki/Waltz_(music)" title="Waltz (music)">waltz music</a> on worldwide concert tours, the size and revenue of which are otherwise only seen from the world's biggest rock and pop music acts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acclaimed harpist <a href="/wiki/Lavinia_Meijer" title="Lavinia Meijer">Lavinia Meijer</a> in 2012 released an album of works by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> that she transcribed for harp, with the approval of the composer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam" title="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam">Concertgebouw</a> (completed in 1888) in Amsterdam is home to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra</a>, considered one of the world's finest orchestras and on occasion voted the best of all.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> and the five main islands of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> are part of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> island chain. Their music is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">native</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African music">African</a> and Dutch elements, and is closely connected with trends from neighbouring islands like <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, as well as the mainland former Dutch possession of <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, which has exported <a href="/wiki/Kaseko" title="Kaseko">kaseko</a> music to great success on the islands. Curaçao and Bonaire likely have the most active and well-known music scenes. Curaçao is known for a kind of music called <a href="/wiki/Tumba_(music)" title="Tumba (music)">tumba</a>, which is named after the conga drums that accompany it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabaret">Cabaret</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cabaret"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dutch also have their own distinct version of <a href="/wiki/Cabaret#Dutch_cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a>, with overarching themes and aimed at provoking thought, and sometimes sentiment, as well as laughs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is exemplified in performers such as <a href="/wiki/Wim_Kan" title="Wim Kan">Wim Kan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toon_Hermans" title="Toon Hermans">Toon Hermans</a> in the 1960s and 1970s and later diversified into a rich culture with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Youp_van_%27t_Hek" title="Youp van 't Hek">Youp van 't Hek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freek_de_Jonge" title="Freek de Jonge">Freek de Jonge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_van_Veen" title="Herman van Veen">Herman van Veen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theo_Maassen" title="Theo Maassen">Theo Maassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_de_Breij" title="Claudia de Breij">Claudia de Breij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolf_Jansen" title="Dolf Jansen">Dolf Jansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Kaandorp" title="Brigitte Kaandorp">Brigitte Kaandorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Teeuwen" title="Hans Teeuwen">Hans Teeuwen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Finkers" title="Herman Finkers">Herman Finkers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema of the Netherlands</a></div> <p>Some Dutch films – mainly by director <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven" title="Paul Verhoeven">Paul Verhoeven</a> – have received international distribution and recognition, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Delight_(1973_film)" title="Turkish Delight (1973 film)">Turkish Delight</a></i> ("<i>Turks Fruit</i>") (1973), <i><a href="/wiki/Soldier_of_Orange" title="Soldier of Orange">Soldier of Orange</a></i> ("<i>Soldaat van Oranje</i>") (1975), <i><a href="/wiki/Spetters" title="Spetters">Spetters</a></i> (1980) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Man_(1983_film)" title="The Fourth Man (1983 film)">The Fourth Man</a></i> ("<i>De Vierde Man</i>") (1983). Verhoeven then went on to direct big <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> films like <i><a href="/wiki/RoboCop" title="RoboCop">RoboCop</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Instinct" title="Basic Instinct">Basic Instinct</a></i>, and returned with Dutch film <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Book_(film)" title="Black Book (film)">Black Book</a></i> in 2006. </p><p>Other well-known Dutch film directors are <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Bont" title="Jan de Bont">Jan de Bont</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Speed_(1994_film)" title="Speed (1994 film)">Speed</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Dick_Maas" title="Dick Maas">Dick Maas</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_Lift" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lift">De Lift</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Fons_Rademakers" title="Fons Rademakers">Fons Rademakers</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Assault_(1986_film)" title="The Assault (1986 film)">The Assault</a></i>), documentary maker <a href="/wiki/Bert_Haanstra" title="Bert Haanstra">Bert Haanstra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a>. Film director <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(film_director)" title="Theo van Gogh (film director)">Theo van Gogh</a> achieved international notoriety in 2004 when he was murdered in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. </p><p>Internationally successful Dutch actors include <a href="/wiki/Famke_Janssen" title="Famke Janssen">Famke Janssen</a> (<a href="/wiki/X-Men_(film_series)" title="X-Men (film series)">X-Men films</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carice_van_Houten" title="Carice van Houten">Carice van Houten</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Rutger_Hauer" title="Rutger Hauer">Rutger Hauer</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Jeroen_Krabb%C3%A9" title="Jeroen Krabbé">Jeroen Krabbé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derek_de_Lint" title="Derek de Lint">Derek de Lint</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_and_television">Radio and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Radio and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Netherlands" title="Television in the Netherlands">Television in the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Radio stations in the Netherlands">Category:Radio stations in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>The Netherlands has a well-developed radio and television market, with both multiple commercial and non-commercial broadcasters. Imported TV programmes, as well as interviews with responses in a foreign language, are virtually always shown with the original sound, and subtitled. The only exception are shows for children. </p><p>TV exports from the Netherlands mostly take the form of specific formats and franchises, most notably through internationally active TV production conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Endemol" title="Endemol">Endemol</a>, founded by Dutch <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">tycoons</a> <a href="/wiki/John_de_Mol,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John de Mol, Jr.">John de Mol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joop_van_den_Ende" title="Joop van den Ende">Joop van den Ende</a>. Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Endemol has around 90 companies in over 30 countries. Endemol and its subsidiaries create and run reality, talent, and game show franchises worldwide, including <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Brother (TV series)">Big Brother</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deal_or_No_Deal" title="Deal or No Deal">Deal or No Deal</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_vs._100" class="mw-redirect" title="1 vs. 100">1 vs. 100</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Voice (TV series)">The Voice</a>.</i> </p><p>Two of the biggest annual Dutch radio events are <a href="/wiki/3FM_Serious_Request" class="mw-redirect" title="3FM Serious Request">3FM Serious Request</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Top_2000" title="Top 2000">Top 2000</a> — both multi-day round-the-clock national broadcasting events in the month of December, supported by other media. They both have over half of the population of the Netherlands listening to the broadcasts each year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Serious_Request" title="Serious Request">Serious Request</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> fundraiser, held the week before Christmas on pop music station <a href="/wiki/3FM" class="mw-redirect" title="3FM">3FM</a>, and has grown to become an international franchise adopted by eight other countries. </p><p>The <i>Top 2000</i> is an integral broadcast of the 2,000 most popular songs of all time on station <a href="/wiki/Radio_2_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio 2 (Netherlands)">Radio 2</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from noon 25 December <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a> through midnight of <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spatial_management">Spatial management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spatial management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Netherlands is densely populated and just under one-third of its territory lies below sea level and has to be defended from nature. This has led to a rational and collective approach to <a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">spatial planning</a>, and particularly to <a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">water management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, this is seen in: </p> <ul><li>the retention in some cities of the public ownership of most land through the <a href="/wiki/Ground_rent#Netherlands" title="Ground rent">ground rent</a> (<i>erfpacht</i>) system, which facilitates comprehensive development and socialises increases in land prices;</li> <li>the widespread provision of <a href="/wiki/Public_housing#Netherlands" title="Public housing">social housing</a> through <a href="/wiki/Housing_association" title="Housing association">housing associations</a>, mixed with private ownership;</li> <li>rational mobility, including a dense <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">railway</a> network and, since the 1970s, the world's best <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">cycling infrastructure</a>. Almost everybody cycles as a matter of course, and cycling has a <a href="/wiki/Modal_share" title="Modal share">modal share</a> of 27% of all trips (urban and rural) nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Dutch also minimise ostentatious displays of status and wealth difference, and have a low <a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">power distance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They accept the need to follow rules, but combine this with tolerance of difference and respect for privacy. </p><p>As the country's watery <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the European Netherlands">geography</a> dictates, the Netherlands has a strong nautical culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_festivities" title="Dutch festivities">Dutch festivities</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(10-365)_Arrival_of_Sinterklaas_(5172747925).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%2810-365%29_Arrival_of_Sinterklaas_%285172747925%29.jpg/200px-%2810-365%29_Arrival_of_Sinterklaas_%285172747925%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%2810-365%29_Arrival_of_Sinterklaas_%285172747925%29.jpg/300px-%2810-365%29_Arrival_of_Sinterklaas_%285172747925%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%2810-365%29_Arrival_of_Sinterklaas_%285172747925%29.jpg/400px-%2810-365%29_Arrival_of_Sinterklaas_%285172747925%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>The Dutch St. Nicholas</figcaption></figure> <p>A prime traditional festivity in the Netherlands is <a href="/wiki/Sint_Nicolaas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sint Nicolaas">Sint Nicolaas</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></i>. It is celebrated on the evening before Sinterklaas' birthday on 5 December, especially in families with little children. Sinterklaas has a companion known as <a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a>, which in recent years has come under scrutiny in light of accusations of racist caricatures. In the United States the original figure of Dutch <i>Sinterklaas</i> has merged with <i>Father Christmas</i> into <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>. In the Netherlands, gift-bringing at Christmas has in recent decades gained some popularity too, although Sinterklaas is much more popular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The national holiday is celebrated on 27 April with <a href="/wiki/Koningsdag" title="Koningsdag">King's Day</a> (<i>Koningsdag</i>) in honour of the King's birthday. The day is moved up to Saturday if it would otherwise happen on a Sunday. The day is known for its nationwide <i>vrijmarkt</i> ("free market"), at which many Dutch sell their secondhand items. It is also an opportunity for "orange madness" or <i><a href="/wiki/Oranjegekte" title="Oranjegekte">oranjegekte</a></i>, for the national colour, when the normally strait-laced Dutch let down their hair,<sup id="cite_ref-plan_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often dyed orange for the occasion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a> has been observed since 1929,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily by the children of the Netherlands. It is as well known as <a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muisjes_op_beschuit-1525084222.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Muisjes_op_beschuit-1525084222.jpeg/220px-Muisjes_op_beschuit-1525084222.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Muisjes_op_beschuit-1525084222.jpeg/330px-Muisjes_op_beschuit-1525084222.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Muisjes_op_beschuit-1525084222.jpeg/440px-Muisjes_op_beschuit-1525084222.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><i>Beschuit</i> with <i>muisjes</i> topping, <a href="/wiki/Blue#Gender" title="Blue">blue for a boy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A widespread tradition is that of serving <i><a href="/wiki/Beschuit_met_muisjes" class="mw-redirect" title="Beschuit met muisjes">beschuit met muisjes</a></i> when people come to visit a new-born baby and its mother. <i>Beschuit</i> is a typical Dutch type of biscuit, <i>muisjes</i> are sugared <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a> seeds. Blue <i>muisjes</i> are used for a baby boy, and pink <i>muisjes</i> are used for a baby girl. </p><p>More regional traditions include the huge <a href="/wiki/Easter_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Fire">Easter Fires</a> or celebrating <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Day" title="St. Martin's Day">Sint Maarten</a> on the evening of 11 November when children go door to door with <a href="/wiki/Paper_lantern" title="Paper lantern">paper lanterns</a> and candles, and sing songs in return for a treat. This holiday is celebrated in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a> and the southern and middle part of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a> and to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>. This celebration marks the beginning of the dark period before Christmas and the long days of winter.<sup id="cite_ref-fenvlaanderen.be_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenvlaanderen.be-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same thing happens on 6 January with <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> in some areas in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a> south of the Netherlands. In the past, home-made lanterns were used, made from a hollowed out <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>. In <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a> and some other parts of the Netherlands people celebrate <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_the_Netherlands" title="Carnival in the Netherlands">Carnaval</a> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> of the German <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and Belgium <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch cuisine</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stroopwafels_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stroopwafels_01.jpg/110px-Stroopwafels_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stroopwafels_01.jpg/165px-Stroopwafels_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stroopwafels_01.jpg/220px-Stroopwafels_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><i><a href="/wiki/Stroopwafel" title="Stroopwafel">Stroopwafels</a></i> (syrup waffles) are a treat consisting of waffles with caramel-like syrup filling in the middle.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poffertjes-Melkhuis_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Poffertjes-Melkhuis_%28cropped%29.jpg/174px-Poffertjes-Melkhuis_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Poffertjes-Melkhuis_%28cropped%29.jpg/261px-Poffertjes-Melkhuis_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Poffertjes-Melkhuis_%28cropped%29.jpg/348px-Poffertjes-Melkhuis_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3136" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><i><a href="/wiki/Poffertjes" title="Poffertjes">Poffertjes</a></i> are made in a special, so-called, <i><a href="/wiki/Skillet" class="mw-redirect" title="Skillet">poffertjespan</a></i>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:13-06-27-gouda-by-RalfR-125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/13-06-27-gouda-by-RalfR-125.jpg/171px-13-06-27-gouda-by-RalfR-125.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/13-06-27-gouda-by-RalfR-125.jpg/257px-13-06-27-gouda-by-RalfR-125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/13-06-27-gouda-by-RalfR-125.jpg/342px-13-06-27-gouda-by-RalfR-125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda</a> cheese market.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bitterballen_mosterd_mayo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bitterballen_mosterd_mayo.jpg/113px-Bitterballen_mosterd_mayo.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bitterballen_mosterd_mayo.jpg/170px-Bitterballen_mosterd_mayo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bitterballen_mosterd_mayo.jpg/226px-Bitterballen_mosterd_mayo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><i><a href="/wiki/Bitterballen" title="Bitterballen">Bitterballen</a></i> are usually served with <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">mustard</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Dutch cuisine is characterized by its somewhat limited diversity; however, it varies greatly from region to region. The southern regions of the Netherlands, for example, share dishes with Flanders and vice versa. The Southern Dutch cuisine is the only Dutch culinary region which developed an <a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a>, as it is influenced by both <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a>, and it forms the base of most traditional Dutch restaurants. Dutch food is traditionally characterized by the high consumption of vegetables when compared to the consumption of meat. Dairy products are also eaten to great extent, Dutch cheeses are world-renowned with famous cheeses such as <a href="/wiki/Gouda_cheese" title="Gouda cheese">Gouda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edam_cheese" title="Edam cheese">Edam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leyden_cheese" title="Leyden cheese">Leiden</a>. Dutch pastry is extremely rich and is eaten in great quantities. When it comes to alcoholic beverages wine has long been absent in Dutch cuisine (but this is changing during the last decades); traditionally there are many brands of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and strong alcoholic spirits such as <a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">jenever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandewijn</a>. The Dutch have all sorts of pastry and cookies (the word "<i><a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">cookie</a></i>" is in fact derived from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>), many of them filled with marzipan, almond and chocolate. A truly huge amount of different <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">cakes</a> can be found, most notably in the southern provinces, especially the so-called Limburgish <i>vlaai</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport in the Netherlands</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in the Netherlands. Notable Dutch football teams and clubs include: <a href="/wiki/AFC_Ajax" title="AFC Ajax">Amsterdamsche Football club Ajax</a> in 1900, <a href="/wiki/Feyenoord" title="Feyenoord">Feyenoord Rotterdam</a> in 1908 and <a href="/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven" title="PSV Eindhoven">PSV Eindhoven</a> in 1913. </p><p>Another almost national sport is <a href="/wiki/Speedskating" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedskating">speedskating</a>. It is common for Northern Dutch children to learn how to skate at an early age. Long distance skating and all-round tournaments are the most popular and most successful areas for the Dutch. In the history of the world championships the champion of the 10 km has always been a Dutchman. Notable athletes are <a href="/wiki/Sven_Kramer" title="Sven Kramer">Sven Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rintje_Ritsma" title="Rintje Ritsma">Rintje Ritsma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ard_Schenk" title="Ard Schenk">Ard Schenk</a>. </p><p> Also popular are swimming, field hockey, judo and cycling. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team" title="Netherlands national football team">Netherlands national football team</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Netherlands women's national football team">Netherlands women's national football team</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup" title="Netherlands at the FIFA World Cup">Netherlands at the FIFA World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Netherlands" title="Football in the Netherlands">Football in the Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>A typical Dutch sport is "<a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">korfball</a>", a mixed sport played by girls and boys. It's invented in the Netherlands, but now it's also played in countries such as Belgium, Germany and Japan. At the <a href="/wiki/IKF_Korfball_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="IKF Korfball World Championship">IKF Korfball World Championship</a> the Dutch team has won in all cases except once. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Dutch customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HowNutsAreTheDutch" title="HowNutsAreTheDutch">HowNutsAreTheDutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_people" title="List of Dutch people">List of Dutch people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5091/Religie/article/detail/3830831/2015/01/16/Ongelovigen-halen-de-gelovigen-in.dhtml">"Ongelovigen halen de gelovigen in"</a>. <i>Trouw</i>. 16 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Algemeen+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Serious+Request+bereikt+12%2C1+miljoen+mensen&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fad%2Fnl%2F5601%2FTV-Radio%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F3373217%2F2013%2F01%2F07%2FSerious-Request-bereikt-12-1-miljoen-mensen.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBijsterveld2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karin_Bijsterveld" title="Karin Bijsterveld">Bijsterveld, Karin</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ribkrdRrkkEC&q=%22Top+2000%22+Netherlands&pg=PA117"><i>Sound Souvenirs: Audio Technologies, Memory and Cultural Practices</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 116–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9089641328" title="Special:BookSources/978-9089641328"><bdi>978-9089641328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Souvenirs%3A+Audio+Technologies%2C+Memory+and+Cultural+Practices&rft.pages=116-118&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9089641328&rft.aulast=Bijsterveld&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DribkrdRrkkEC%26q%3D%2522Top%2B2000%2522%2BNetherlands%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dijck2007" class="citation book cs1">van Dijck, José (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MpPEQdlIaigC&q=%22Top+2000%22+Netherlands&pg=PA95"><i>Mediated Memories in the Digital Age</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 93–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804756242" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804756242"><bdi>978-0804756242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediated+Memories+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.pages=93-97&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0804756242&rft.aulast=van+Dijck&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMpPEQdlIaigC%26q%3D%2522Top%2B2000%2522%2BNetherlands%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartvannederland.nl/nederland/2012/radio-2-weer-van-start-met-top-2000/">"Radio 2 weer van start met Top 2000"</a>. HVNL<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+2+weer+van+start+met+Top+2000&rft.pub=HVNL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartvannederland.nl%2Fnederland%2F2012%2Fradio-2-weer-van-start-met-top-2000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.government.nl/topics/water-management">"Water management - Government.nl"</a>. 15 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+management+-+Government.nl&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.nl%2Ftopics%2Fwater-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514191625/http://www.fietsberaad.nl/library/repository/bestanden/CyclingintheNetherlands2009.pdf">"Cycling in the Netherlands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). The Netherlands: Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management. Fietsberaad (Expertise Centre for Cycling Policy). 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fietsberaad.nl/library/repository/bestanden/CyclingintheNetherlands2009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cycling+in+the+Netherlands&rft.place=The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Transport%2C+Public+Works+and+Water+Management&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fietsberaad.nl%2Flibrary%2Frepository%2Fbestanden%2FCyclingintheNetherlands2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstede1997" class="citation book cs1">Hofstede, Geert H. (1997). <i>Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind</i> (second ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-707474-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-707474-6"><bdi>978-0-07-707474-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+and+Organizations%3A+Software+of+the+Mind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-07-707474-6&rft.aulast=Hofstede&rft.aufirst=Geert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in 1991 as <i>Cultures and organizations: software of the mind: intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plan-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plan_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2011" class="citation news cs1">Chadwick, Nicola (27 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430040355/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/planning-perfect-queens-day">"Planning the perfect Queen's Day"</a>. Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/planning-perfect-queens-day">the original</a> on 30 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Planning+the+perfect+Queen%27s+Day&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnw.nl%2Fenglish%2Farticle%2Fplanning-perfect-queens-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMDA03:000113249:mpeg21:a0007">"Wereld-Dierendag"</a> [World Animal Day]. <i>Provinciale Drentsche en Asser courant</i> (in Dutch). 4 October 1929<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Provinciale+Drentsche+en+Asser+courant&rft.atitle=Wereld-Dierendag&rft.date=1929-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMDA03%3A000113249%3Ampeg21%3Aa0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorien_Pels1995" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dorien Pels (18 November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010826168:mpeg21:a0686">"De traditie als moneymaker"</a> [The commercialization of tradition]. <i>Trouw</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trouw&rft.atitle=De+traditie+als+moneymaker&rft.date=1995-11-18&rft.au=Dorien+Pels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DABCDDD%3A010826168%3Ampeg21%3Aa0686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fenvlaanderen.be-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fenvlaanderen.be_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fenvlaanderen.be/carnaval/wat-carnaval">"Wat is carnaval? - Fen Vlaanderen"</a>. <i>Fenvlaanderen.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fenvlaanderen.be&rft.atitle=Wat+is+carnaval%3F+-+Fen+Vlaanderen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fenvlaanderen.be%2Fcarnaval%2Fwat-carnaval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Architecture: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050423214556/http://www.archined.nl/archined/2.1.html?taal=en">ArchiNed</a></li> <li>Cabaret: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netherlandsbynumbers.com/2015/02/25/dutch-cabaret-in-8-steps/">Dutch cabaret in 8 steps</a> article on 'The Netherlands by numbers' (2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122203703/http://www.nlplanet.com/nlguides/dutch-culture">NL Planet - Dutch Culture</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Netherlands_topics" title="Template talk:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Netherlands_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_centers_in_the_Low_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="History of urban centers in the Low Countries">Development urban centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian Freedom">Frisian Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Netherlands)" title="Incorporation (Netherlands)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Nazi invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Dutch Liberation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the Netherlands">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of birds of the Netherlands">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of earthquakes in the Netherlands">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of extreme points of the Netherlands">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of islands of the Netherlands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of lakes of the Netherlands">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of mammals of the Netherlands">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of mountains and hills in the Netherlands">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of regions of the Netherlands">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of rivers of the Netherlands">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of volcanoes in the Netherlands">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Netherlands" title="Climate change in the Netherlands">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the Netherlands">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_Netherlands" title="Homelessness in the Netherlands">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the Netherlands">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_firms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law firms of the Netherlands">Law Firms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AEX_index" title="AEX index">AEX index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Tourism in the Netherlands">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands" title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public transport in the Netherlands">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Road transport in the Netherlands">Road transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Architecture of the Netherlands">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cannabis in the Netherlands">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch customs and etiquette">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorations_and_medals_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorations and medals of the Netherlands">Decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Irreligion in the Netherlands">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Netherlands">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_knighthood_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of knighthood in the Netherlands">Orders of knighthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_Netherlands" title="Pornography in the Netherlands">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Netherlands" title="Public holidays in the Netherlands">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the Netherlands">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Netherlands">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus" title="Wilhelmus">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic_Lion" title="Dutch Republic Lion">Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Terminology of the Low Countries">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Netherlands" title="Outline of the Netherlands">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Netherlands" title="Category:Netherlands">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andorra" title="Culture of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Culture of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Culture of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guernsey" title="Culture of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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