Optica Nobel Laureates

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py-1"> <h1 class="pt-2 pb-1">Nobel Laureates</h1> </div> </section> <div class="container nobel-laureates"> <div class="row py-2 py-md-3"> <div class="col-lg-3"> </div> <div class="col-lg-8" id="BodyContent"> <h2>Nobel Laureates</h2> <p>Over the course of our history, 45 members have been awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry or Physiology/Medicine. </p> <p> </p> <h3>Physics</h3> <div class="row"> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about/newsroom/news_releases/2023/october/three_optica_fellows_awarded_2023_nobel_prize_in_physics_for_experimental_methods_enabling_attosecon/"> Pierre Agostini (2023)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/files/headshots/a/agostini_pierre.jpg?ext=.jpg" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Frenec Krausz and Anne L’Huillier) “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about/newsroom/news_releases/2023/october/three_optica_fellows_awarded_2023_nobel_prize_in_physics_for_experimental_methods_enabling_attosecon/"> Ferenc Krausz (2023)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/files/headshots/k/krausz_ferenc_220x320.jpg?ext=.jpg" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Pierre Agostini and Anne L’Huillier) “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about/newsroom/news_releases/2023/october/three_optica_fellows_awarded_2023_nobel_prize_in_physics_for_experimental_methods_enabling_attosecon/"> Anne L’Huillier (2023)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/osa.media/fellow%20lecturer%20features/anne_l_huillier_1.jpg?t=637486316981481419" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Pierre Agostini and Ferenc Krausz) “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about/newsroom/news_releases/2022/october/aspect_clauser_zeilinger_awarded_2022_nobel_prize/"> Alain Aspect (2022)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/aspect.jpg?t=638264086376938945" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <style type="text/css"> </style> <p><em>(jointly with John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger) "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about/newsroom/news_releases/2022/october/aspect_clauser_zeilinger_awarded_2022_nobel_prize/?ext=."> John F. Clauser (2022)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Emeritus</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/clauser.jpg?t=638264086402265659" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger)  "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about/newsroom/news_releases/2022/october/aspect_clauser_zeilinger_awarded_2022_nobel_prize/?ext=."> Anton Zeilinger (2022)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/zeilinger.jpg?t=638264086607688506" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Alain Aspect and John F. Clauser) "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about_osa/newsroom/news_releases/2018/arthur_ashkin_gerard_mourou_and_donna_strickland_a/"> Arthur Ashkin (2018)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/ashkin.jpg?t=638264107471320314" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize) "the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about_osa/newsroom/news_releases/2018/arthur_ashkin_gerard_mourou_and_donna_strickland_a/"> Gérard Mourou (2018)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/mourou.jpg?t=638264086503744925" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Donna Strickland) "their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about_osa/newsroom/news_releases/2018/arthur_ashkin_gerard_mourou_and_donna_strickland_a/"> Donna Strickland (2018)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/strickland.jpg?t=638264086571097185" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with G茅rard Mourou) "their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Barry C. Barish (2017)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/barish.jpg?t=638264086378970002" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>(jointly with Thorne and Weiss) "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves."</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Kip S. Thorne (2017)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/thorne.jpg?t=638264086580472287" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>(jointly with Barish and Weiss) "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves."</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Rainer Weiss (2017)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/weiss.jpg?t=638264086590942034" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Barish and Thorne) "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Isamu Akasaki (2014)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/akasaki.jpg?t=638264086364907442" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura) "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about_osa/newsroom/news_releases/2014/the_optical_society_congratulates_osa_member_hiros/"> Hiroshi Amano (2014)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/amano.jpg?t=638264086371938573" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Isamu Akasaki and Shuji Nakamura) "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Shuji Nakamura (2014)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/nakamura.jpg?t=638264086506557966" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano)  "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about_osa/newsroom/news_releases/2012/osa_congratulates_physics_nobel_prize_winners/"> David J. Wineland (2012)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/wineland.jpg?t=638264086600657029" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Charles K. Kao (2009)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/kao.jpg?t=638264086472963080" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize) "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Willard S. Boyle (2009)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/boyle.jpg?t=638264086393970873" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with George E. Smith) "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>George E. Smith (2009)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/smith.jpg?t=638264086561253177" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Willard S. Boyle) "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>John C. Mather (2006)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/mather.jpg?t=638264086494682188" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with George F. Smoot) "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>George F. Smoot (2006)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/smoot.jpg?t=638264086563284336" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with John C. Mather) "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Roy J. Glauber (2005)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/glauber.jpg?t=638264086444799419" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize) "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Theodor W. Haensch (2005)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/haensch.jpg?t=638264086446857227" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with John L. Hall) "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>John L. Hall (2005)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/hall.jpg?t=638264086448889040" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Theodor W. Haensch) "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Eric Cornell (2001)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/cornell.jpg?t=638264086406640737" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman) "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Wolfgang Ketterle (2001)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/ketterle.jpg?t=638264086477338158" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Eric A. Cornell and Carl E. Wieman) "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Carl Wieman (2001)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/wieman.jpg?t=638264086595640040" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Eric A. Cornell and Wolfgang Ketterle) "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Zhores I. Alferov (2000)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/alferov.jpg?t=638264086369282488" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Herbert Kroemer) "for basic work on information and communication technology"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Herbert Kroemer (2000)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/kroemer.jpg?t=638264086479369438" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Zhores I. Alferov) "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Steven Chu (1997)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/chu.jpg?t=638264086400234469" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <style type="text/css"> </style> <p><em>(jointly with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips) "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (1997)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/cohen.jpg?t=638264086404609847" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <style type="text/css"> </style> <p><em>(jointly with Steven Chu and William D. Phillips) "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>William D. Phillips (1997)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/phillips.jpg?t=638264086518901470" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <style type="text/css"> </style> <p><em>(jointly with Steven Chu and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji) "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Hans G. Dehmelt (1989)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/dehmelt.jpg?t=638264086414140927" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Wolfgang Paul) "for the development of the ion trap technique.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Wolfgang Paul (1989)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/paul.jpg?t=638264086511245115" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Hans G. Dehmelt) "for the development of the ion trap technique.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Norman F. Ramsey (1989)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/ramsey.jpg?t=638264086537183157" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>(one half of the prize) "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks."</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Gerd Binnig (1986)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/binnig.jpg?t=638264086385532810" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>( one half of the prize, jointly with Heinrich Rohrer) "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Heinrich Rohrer (1986)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/rohrer.jpg?t=638264086539370692" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>( one half of the prize, jointly with Gerd Binnig) "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Kai M. Siegbahn (1981)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/siegbahn.jpg?t=638264086559065615" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half the prize) "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Nicolaas Bloembergen (1981)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/bloembergen.jpg?t=638264086387407685" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p>(one half of the prize, jointly with Arthur Leonard Schawlow) "<em>for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy</em>"</p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Arthur L. Schawlow (1981)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/schawlow.jpg?t=638264086543589469" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Nicolaas Bloembergen) "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Arno Penzias (1978)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/penzias.jpg?t=638264086513432633" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Robert Woodrow Wilson) "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Robert W. Wilson (1978)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/wilson.jpg?t=638264086598000740" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Arno Allan Penzias) "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>James Rainwater (1975)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/rainwater.jpg?t=638264086532808032" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <style type="text/css"> </style> <p><em>(jointly with Aage Niels Bohr and Ben Roy Mottelson) "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Dennis Gabor (1971)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/gabor.jpg?t=638264086442767729" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his invention and development of the holographic method"</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Alfred Kastler (1966)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/kastler.jpg?t=638264086475150501" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Richard P. Feynman (1965)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/feynman.jpg?t=638264086438522958" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Julian Schwinger) "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Julian Schwinger (1965)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/schwinger.jpg?t=638264086554534295" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Richard P. Feynman) "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (1965)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/tomonaga.jpg?t=638264086582659891" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman) "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov (1964)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/basov.jpg?t=638264086381157505" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <style type="text/css"> </style> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov) "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov (1964)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/prokharov.jpg?t=638264086528432867" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov) "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Charles H. Townes (1964)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/townes.jpg?t=638264086584691151" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of prize) "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Polykarp Kusch (1955)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/kusch.jpg?t=638264086481557054" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <style type="text/css"> </style> <p><em>(one half of the prize) "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Willis Eugene Lamb (1955)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/lamb.jpg?t=638264086483588291" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize) "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Max Born (1954)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/born.jpg?t=638264086391939252" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize) "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Frederik Zernike (1953)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/zernike.jpg?t=638264086609876102" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Isidor Isaac Rabi (1944)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/rabi.jpg?t=638264086530620722" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.”</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1933)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/dirac.jpg?t=638264086419453529" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Erwin Schr枚dinger) "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Erwin Schrödinger (1933)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/schrodinger.jpg?t=638264086549058389" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac) "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Werner Heisenberg (1932)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/heisenberg.jpg?t=638264086456556488" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>“for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.”</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1930)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/raman.jpg?t=638264086534995652" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Robert Andrews Millikan (1923)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/millikan.jpg?t=638264086499213649" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Niels Bohr (1922)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/bohr.jpg?t=638264086389907721" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them.”</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Albert Einstein (1921)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/einstein.jpg?t=638264086432429739" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.”</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Johannes Stark (1919)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/stark.jpg?t=638264086565628276" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields.”</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Max Planck (1918)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/planck.jpg?t=638264086524214832" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta."</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Sir William Henry Bragg (1915)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/wh-bragg.jpg?t=638264086593608266" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with William Lawrence Bragg) “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Sir William Lawrence Bragg (1915)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/wl-bragg.jpg?t=638264086603157064" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Sir William Henry Bragg) “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Max von Laue (1914)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/laue.jpg?t=638264086485931991" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.”</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Guglielmo Marconi (1909)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/marconi.jpg?t=638264086492650948" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Karl Ferdinand Braun</em><em>) "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Karl Ferdinand Braun (1909)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/braun.jpg?t=638264086396157715" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Guglielmo Marconi) "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Gabriel Lippmann (1908)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/lippmann.jpg?t=638264086487964231" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference.”</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Albert Abraham Michelson (1907)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/michelson.jpg?t=638264086497025958" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) (1904)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/strutt.jpg?t=638264086576253290" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies.”</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1902)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/lorentz.jpg?t=638264086490307842" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Pieter Zeeman) "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Pieter Zeeman (1902)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/zeeman.jpg?t=638264086605500688" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Hendrik Antoon Lorentz) "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1901)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/rontgen.jpg?t=638264086541558187" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him.”</em> </p> </div> </div> <h3>Chemistry</h3> <div class="row"> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about/newsroom/news_releases/2023/october/pioneers_in_quantum_dots_named_2023_nobel_laurates_in_chemistry/"> Moungi Bawendi (2023)</a> </strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/files/headshots/b/bawendi_moungi.jpg?ext=.jpg" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Louis Brus and Alexei Ekimov) “for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about/newsroom/news_releases/2023/october/pioneers_in_quantum_dots_named_2023_nobel_laurates_in_chemistry/"> Louis Brus (2023)</a> </strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/files/headshots/b/brus_louis.jpg?ext=.jpg" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Moungi Bawendi and Alexei Ekimov) “for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about/newsroom/news_releases/2023/october/pioneers_in_quantum_dots_named_2023_nobel_laurates_in_chemistry/"> Alexei Ekimov (2023)</a> </strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/files/headshots/e/ekimov_aleksey.jpg?ext=.jpg" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(Jointly with Moungi Bawendi and Louis Brus) “for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Jacques Dubochet (2017)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/dubochet.jpg?t=638264086424922383" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <style type="text/css"> </style> <p><em>(jointly with Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson ) "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Joachim Frank (2017)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/frank-joachim.jpg?t=638264086440554344" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Jacques Dubochet and Richard Henderson ) "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Richard Henderson (2017)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/henderson.jpg?t=638264086464056639" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Jacques Dubochet and Joachim Frank) "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about_osa/newsroom/news_releases/2014/two_more_osa_members_win_nobel_prize/?ext=."> Eric Betzig (2014)</a> </strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/betzig.jpg?t=638264086383345354" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Stefan W. Hell and W. E. Moerner) "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about_osa/newsroom/news_releases/2014/two_more_osa_members_win_nobel_prize/"> Stefan W. Hell (2014)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/hell.jpg?t=638264086462025375" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Eric Betzig and W. E. Moerner) "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong> <a href="https://www.optica.org/about_osa/newsroom/news_releases/2014/two_more_osa_members_win_nobel_prize/"> W. E. Moerner (2014)</a> </strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/moerner.jpg?t=638264086501401142" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <style type="text/css"> </style> <p><em>(jointly with Eric Betzig and Stefan W. Hell) "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Martin Chalfie (2008)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/chalfie.jpg?t=638264086398359491" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsien) "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Osamu Shimomura (2008)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/shimomura.jpg?t=638264086556878036" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien) "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Roger Y. Tsien (2008)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/tsien.jpg?t=638264086586722412" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Osamu Shimomura and Martin Chalfie) "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Gerhard Ertl (2007)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/ertl.jpg?t=638264086434616629" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.”</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Koichi Tanaka (2002)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/tanaka.jpg?t=638264086578441058" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with John B. Fenn, one-half of the prize) "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>John B. Fenn (2002)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/fenn.jpg?t=638264086436491693" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Koichi Tanaka, one-half of the prize) "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules."</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Ahmed H. Zewail (1999)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/zewail.jpg?t=638264086612219679" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy."</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Robert F. Curl, Jr. (1996)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Fellow</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/curl.jpg?t=638264086408828298" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>"for their discovery of fullerenes"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Gerhard Herzberg (1971)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/herzberg.jpg?t=638264086466712949" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <em>"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"</em> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1967)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/norrish.jpg?t=638264086508901226" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>( one half of the prize, jointly with George Porter) "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>George Porter (1967)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/porter.jpg?t=638264086526402295" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(one half of the prize, jointly with Ronald George Wreyford Norrish) "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy.”</em></p> </p> </div> </div> <h3>Physiology/Medicine</h3> <div class="row"> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Haldan Keffer Hartline (1967)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/hartline.jpg?t=638264086450919706" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Ragnar Granit and George Wald) "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>George Wald (1967)</strong> <br /> <em>Optica Honorary Member</em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/wald.jpg?t=638264086588753726" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <style type="text/css"> </style> <p><em>(jointly with Ragnar Granit and Haldan Keffer Hartline) "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Sir John Carew Eccles (1963)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/eccles.jpg?t=638264086430391182" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley) "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1963)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/hodgkin.jpg?t=638264086468744234" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Sir John Carew Eccles and Andrew Fielding Huxley) "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.”</em></p> </p> </div> <div class="nobel-laureate col-6 border-top"> <p> <strong>Andrew Fielding Huxley (1963)</strong> <br /> <em></em> <br /> <img alt="" src="https://optica-org-web-afd-f9abf4byhbacgfgk.z02.azurefd.net/optica/media/optica/history/nobel/huxley.jpg?t=638264086470931788" style="padding: 5px; float:left;" /> <p><em>(jointly with Sir John Carew Eccles and Alan Lloyd Hodgkin) "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.”</em></p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="footer bg-black pb-3"> <div class="container py-2"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4 py-1 py-lg-2"> <svg class="my-2" viewBox="0 0 778.66 208.72" fill="currentColor" style="max-width: 255px;"> <path 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