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Vokiečių kalba – Vikipedija

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heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vokiečių kalba</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> kalba </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Kalba" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Kalba</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Specialus:Prisijungimas&amp;returnto=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Stebėti</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Keisti</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) --> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lt" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <table class="" cellspacing="5" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) solid; width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; width:280px;; background: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: lawngreen">Vokiečių kalba<br><i><b>Deutsch</b></i></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="">Kalbama</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrija">Austrijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgija">Belgijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italija">Italijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lichten%C5%A1teinas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lichtenšteinas">Lichtenšteine</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liuksemburgas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liuksemburgas">Liuksemburge</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namibija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namibija">Namibijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0veicarija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šveicarija">Šveicarijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vengrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vengrija">Vengrijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietija">Vokietijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JAV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JAV">JAV</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanada">Kanadoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentina">Argentinoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australija">Australijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazilija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazilija">Brazilijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PAR?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PAR">PAR</a> ir kitur</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="">Kalbančiųjų skaičius</th> <td class="" style="">apie 120 mln. (gimtoji),<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-natgeo2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br> apie 80 mln. (negimtoji)<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-natgeo2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="">Vieta pagal kalbančiųjų skaičių</th> <td class="" style="">10</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="">Kilmė</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indoeuropie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_prokalb%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indoeuropiečių prokalbė">Indoeuropiečių prokalbė</a><br> &nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German%C5%B3_prokalb%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanų prokalbė">Germanų prokalbė</a><br> &nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanų kalbos">Germanų kalbos</a><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_german%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vakarų germanų kalbos">Vakarų germanų kalbos</a><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_auk%C5%A1tai%C4%8Di%C5%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vokiečių aukštaičių">vokiečių aukštaičių</a><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>vokiečių</b></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color: lawngreen">Oficialus statusas</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="">Oficiali kalba</th> <td class="" style=""><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrijos vėliava"><img alt="Austrijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrija">Austrija</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgijos vėliava"><img alt="Belgijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%2528civil%2529.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium_%2528civil%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%2528civil%2529.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium_%2528civil%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgija">Belgija</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italijos vėliava"><img alt="Italijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italija">Italija</a> (tik <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Tirolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pietų Tirolis">Pietų Tirolyje</a>) <br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lichten%C5%A1teinas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lichtenšteino vėliava"><img alt="Lichtenšteino vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/22px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/33px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/44px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lichten%C5%A1teinas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lichtenšteinas">Lichtenšteinas</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liuksemburgas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liuksemburgo vėliava"><img alt="Liuksemburgo vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/22px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/33px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/44px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liuksemburgas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liuksemburgas">Liuksemburgas</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0veicarija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šveicarijos vėliava"><img alt="Šveicarijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%2528Pantone%2529.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%2528Pantone%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%2528Pantone%2529.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%2528Pantone%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0veicarija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šveicarija">Šveicarija</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietijos vėliava"><img alt="Vokietijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietija">Vokietija</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europos_S%C4%85junga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europos Sąjungos vėliava"><img alt="Europos Sąjungos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europos_S%C4%85junga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europos Sąjunga">Europos Sąjunga</a> (oficiali ir darbo kalba)<br> <hr><p><b>Taip pat oficiali kalba:</b><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prancūzijos vėliava"><img alt="Prancūzijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prancūzija">Prancūzija</a> <small>(„Regioninė kalba“ <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elzasas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elzasas">Elzaso</a> regione ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mozelis_(departamentas)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mozelis (departamentas)">Mozelio departamente</a>),</small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namibija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namibijos vėliava"><img alt="Namibijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namibija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namibija">Namibija</a> <small>(„<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacionalin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacionalinė kalba">Nacionalinė kalba</a>“; iki <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1990">1990</a> m. buvo oficiali kalba),</small><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lenkija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lenkijos vėliava"><img alt="Lenkijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lenkija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lenkija">Lenkija</a> <small>(„Pagalbinė kalba“ daugelyje bendruomenių),</small><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovakija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovakijos vėliava"><img alt="Slovakijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovakija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovakija">Slovakija</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:KrahuleWappen.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KrahuleWappen.gif/23px-KrahuleWappen.gif" decoding="async" width="23" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KrahuleWappen.gif/35px-KrahuleWappen.gif 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KrahuleWappen.gif/46px-KrahuleWappen.gif 2x" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="178"></a></span> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krahul%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krahulė">Krahulėje</a> <small>(„Oficiali kalba“ savivaldybės mastu)</small><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vatikanas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vatikano vėliava"><img alt="Vatikano vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%25282023%25E2%2580%2593present%2529.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%25282023%25E2%2580%2593present%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%25282023%25E2%2580%2593present%2529.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%25282023%25E2%2580%2593present%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vatikanas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vatikanas">Vatikanas</a> <small>(Šveicarų sargybos kalba)</small><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venesuela?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venesuelos vėliava"><img alt="Venesuelos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/22px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/33px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/44px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venesuela?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venesuela">Venesuela</a> <small>(<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kolonija_Tovaras?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kolonija Tovaras">Kolonija Tovaras</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br></p> <hr><p><b>Pripažinta kaip tautinių mažumų kalba:</b><br></p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazilija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazilijos vėliava"><img alt="Brazilijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazilija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazilija">Brazilija</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rslei_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rslei-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Cekija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Čekijos vėliava"><img alt="Čekijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Cekija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Čekija">Čekija</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danijos vėliava"><img alt="Danijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danija">Danija</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazachstanas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazachstano vėliava"><img alt="Kazachstano vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazachstanas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazachstanas">Kazachstanas</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirgizija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirgizijos vėliava"><img alt="Kirgizijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirgizija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirgizija">Kirgizija</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italijos vėliava"><img alt="Italijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italija">Italija</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Afrikos_Respublika?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pietų Afrikos Respublikos vėliava"><img alt="Pietų Afrikos Respublikos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Afrikos_Respublika?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pietų Afrikos Respublika">Pietų Afrikos Respublika</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rumunija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rumunijos vėliava"><img alt="Rumunijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rumunija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rumunija">Rumunija</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusijos vėliava"><img alt="Rusijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusija">Rusija</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovakija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovakijos vėliava"><img alt="Slovakijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovakija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovakija">Slovakija</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vengrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vengrijos vėliava"><img alt="Vengrijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vengrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vengrija">Vengrija</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="">Prižiūrinčios institucijos</th> <td class="" style="">Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color: lawngreen">Kalbos kodai</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=""><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:ISO_639-1_kodai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sąrašas:ISO 639-1 kodai">ISO 639-1</a></th> <td class="" style="">de</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=""><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:ISO_639-2_kodai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sąrašas:ISO 639-2 kodai">ISO 639-2</a></th> <td class="" style="">ger (B), deu (T)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=""><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th> <td class="" style="">deu</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=""><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:SIL_kodai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sąrašas:SIL kodai (puslapis neegzistuoja)">SIL</a></th> <td class="" style="">GER</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color: lawngreen">Geografinis paplitimas</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/280px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/420px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/560px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="552"></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Vokiečių kalba</b> (vokiškai <span class="unicode"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:De-Deutsch.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apie šį garsą"><img alt="Apie šį garsą" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/De-Deutsch.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Deutsch.ogg"><i>Deutsch</i></a>&nbsp;<small>(<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:De-Deutsch.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vaizdas:De-Deutsch.ogg"><span style="cursor:help;">plačiau</span></a>)</small></span>, tariama: <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">[ˈdɔʏ̯tʃ]</span>; <i>deutsche Sprache</i>, tariama: <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">[ˈdɔʏ̯tʃə ˈʃpʀaːχə]</span>)&nbsp;– Vokietijos, Austrijos, Lichtenšteino valstybinė kalba, viena iš oficialių kalbų Šveicarijoje, Liuksemburge ir Belgijoje.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tai viena didžiausių pasaulio kalbų po kinų, arabų, hindi, anglų, ispanų, bengalų, portugalų, rusų ir japonų kalbų, taip pat ir viena įtakingiausių.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ES?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ES">Europos Sąjungoje</a> vokiečių kalba yra pirmoje vietoje pagal skaičių žmonių, kuriems ši kalba yra <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gimtoji_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gimtoji kalba">gimtoji</a> (daugiau nei 90 mln.). Daugiausia vartojama pačių vokiečių <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietija">Vokietijoje</a>, taip pat kitose vokiškai kalbančiose šalyse&nbsp;– <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrija">Austrijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lichten%C5%A1teinas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lichtenšteinas">Lichtenšteine</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liuksemburgas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liuksemburgas">Liuksemburge</a>, vokiškai kalbančiuose <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0veicarija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šveicarija">Šveicarijos</a> kantonuose, rytų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgija">Belgijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italija">Italijoje</a> (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Tirolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pietų Tirolis">Pietų Tirolyje</a>), <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elzasas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elzasas">Elzase</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotaringija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotaringija">Lotaringijoje</a>, šiaurės <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0l%C4%97zvigas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šlėzvigas">Šlėzvige</a>. Vokiškai kalbančių tautinių mažumų yra <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vidurio_Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vidurio Europa">Vidurio Europoje</a> bei kitose pasaulio šalyse. Vokiečių kalbą ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_literat%C5%ABra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vokiečių literatūra (puslapis neegzistuoja)">literatūrą</a> tiria vokiečių <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filologija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filologija">filologija</a>.</p> <p>Tai <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indoeuropie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indoeuropiečių kalbos">indoeuropiečių kalbų šeimos</a> germanų kalbų grupės <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_german%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vakarų germanų kalbos">vakarų germanų</a> šakos kalba, kilusi iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German%C5%B3_prokalb%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanų prokalbė">germanų prokalbės</a>. Raštas remiasi lotyniškąja abėcėle, kuri yra papildyta <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umliautas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umliautas">umliautais</a> (<i>ä, ö, ü</i>) bei <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligat%C5%ABra_(poligrafija)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligatūra (poligrafija)">ligatūra</a> escet (<i>ß</i>). Seniausi rašto paminklai iš VIII a.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="lt" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Turinys</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Istorija"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Istorija</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geografinis_paplitimas"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geografinis paplitimas</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos_paplitimas_pasaulyje"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Vokiečių kalbos paplitimas pasaulyje</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Europa"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Europa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kitur"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Kitur</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba_kaip_gimtoji"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vokiečių kalba kaip gimtoji</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kaip_u%C5%BEsienio_kalba"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Vokiečių kaip užsienio kalba</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kalbos_%C4%AFvairov%C4%97"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Kalbos įvairovė</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tarm%C4%97s"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tarmės</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mi%C5%A1riosios_kalbos"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mišriosios kalbos</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kreolin%C4%97s_kalbos"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Kreolinės kalbos</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bendrin%C4%97_kalba"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bendrinė kalba</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bendrin%C4%97s_kalbos_gramatika"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Bendrinės kalbos gramatika</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ab%C4%97c%C4%97l%C4%97"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Abėcėlė</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fonetika_ir_fonologija"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fonetika ir fonologija</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Balsiai"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Balsiai</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Priebalsiai"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Priebalsiai</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kir%C4%8Diavimas"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Kirčiavimas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kaitybos_ir_form%C5%B3_strukt%C5%ABra"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Kaitybos ir formų struktūra</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Morfologija"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Morfologija</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Artikelis"><span class="tocnumber">4.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Artikelis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Daiktavardis"><span class="tocnumber">4.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Daiktavardis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#B%C5%ABdvardis"><span class="tocnumber">4.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Būdvardis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C4%AEvardis"><span class="tocnumber">4.5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Įvardis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Skaitvardis"><span class="tocnumber">4.5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Skaitvardis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Veiksma%C5%BEodis"><span class="tocnumber">4.5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Veiksmažodis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prielinksnis"><span class="tocnumber">4.5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Prielinksnis</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sintaks%C4%97"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Sintaksė</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C5%BDod%C5%BEi%C5%B3_daryba"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Žodžių daryba</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C5%BDodynas"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Žodynas</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Taip_pat_skaitykite"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Taip pat skaitykite</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#I%C5%A1na%C5%A1os_ir_%C5%A1altiniai"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Išnašos ir šaltiniai</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literat%C5%ABra"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Literatūra</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nuorodos"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Nuorodos</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Istorija">Istorija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Istorija" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Sprachenkarte_Deutschland1880.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sprachenkarte_Deutschland1880.png/300px-Sprachenkarte_Deutschland1880.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="1166"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 231px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sprachenkarte_Deutschland1880.png/300px-Sprachenkarte_Deutschland1880.png" data-width="300" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sprachenkarte_Deutschland1880.png/450px-Sprachenkarte_Deutschland1880.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sprachenkarte_Deutschland1880.png/600px-Sprachenkarte_Deutschland1880.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Istorinis vokiečių kalbos paplitimas, neskaitant <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltijos_vokie%C4%8Diai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltijos vokiečiai">Baltijos vokiečių</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volgos_vokie%C4%8Diai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volgos vokiečiai">Volgos vokiečių</a> ir užjūryje gyvenančių vokiečių teritorijų, 1880&nbsp;m. <small>Šitame istoriniame žemėlapyje, pagal to meto <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietijos_imperija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietijos imperija">Vokietijos imperijoje</a> gyvavusią nacionalistinę dvasią,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vaizduojamos nevisiškai tiksliai kalbos ir tautos,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> o Nyderlandų ir šiaurės Belgijos gyventojai sulyginami su šiaurės vokiečiais (vok. „Niederdeutschen“). Daugiau apie tai:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Vokiečių kalba susidarė iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankai">frankų</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alemanai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemanai">alemanų</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bavarai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bavarai (puslapis neegzistuoja)">bavarų</a> ir iš dalies iš senovės <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksai">saksų</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fryzai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fryzai">fryzų</a> tarmių.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Iki <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VII_am%C5%BEius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VII amžius">VII a.</a> iškilo dvi tarmių grupės&nbsp;– vokiečių <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auk%C5%A1tutin%C4%97s_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aukštutinės vokiečių kalbos">aukštaičių</a> ir vokiečių <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_%C5%BEemai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečių žemaičių tarmė">žemaičių</a>. Skiriamos šios vokiečių žemaičių rašto kalbos: senoji (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIII_am%C5%BEius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIII amžius">VIII</a>–<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XII_am%C5%BEius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XII amžius">XII</a> a.) ir vidurinė (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIII_am%C5%BEius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIII amžius">XIII</a>–<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XV_am%C5%BEius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XV amžius">XV</a> a.) vokiečių žemaičių kalba (jos saksų žemaičių tarme <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IX_am%C5%BEius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IX amžius">IX</a>–<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XV_am%C5%BEius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XV amžius">XV</a> a. sukurta grožinės literatūros, o iš frankų žemaičių tarmės susidarė <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flamand%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flamandų kalba">flamandų</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oland%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olandų kalba">olandų</a> kalbos).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Vokiečių aukštaičių tarme grįsta <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literat%C5%ABrin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Literatūrinė kalba">bendrinė kalba</a>. Šios tarmės istorija paprastai skirstoma į keturis laikotarpius:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Senoji_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Senoji vokiečių kalba (puslapis neegzistuoja)">senoji</a> (<i>Althochdeutsch</i>; <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/750?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="750">750</a>–<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1050?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1050">1050</a>&nbsp;m.),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vidurin%C4%97_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vidurinė vokiečių kalba (puslapis neegzistuoja)">vidurinė</a> (<i>Mittelhochdeutsch</i>; <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1050?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1050">1050</a>–<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1350?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1350">1350</a>&nbsp;m.),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ankstyvoji_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ankstyvoji vokiečių kalba (puslapis neegzistuoja)">ankstyvoji</a> (<i>Frühneuhochdeutsch</i>; <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1350?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1350">1350</a>–<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1650?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1650">1650</a>&nbsp;m.),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ir</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Naujoji_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Naujoji vokiečių kalba (puslapis neegzistuoja)">naujoji</a> (<i>Neuhochdeutsch</i>; nuo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1650?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1650">1650</a>&nbsp;m.) vokiečių aukštaičių kalba.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <p>Senosios vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos rašto paminklų išliko labai nedaug, vidurine vokiečių kalba buvo sukurta <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riteris?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riteris">riterių</a> poezijos, ankstyvoji įsigalėjo raštvedyboje. Seniausi rašytiniai paminklai sukurti <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIII_am%C5%BEius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIII amžius">VIII a.</a> viduryje lotyniškais rašmenimis. Jos unifikaciją skatino spausdintinių knygų atsiradimas: <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1454_m.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1454 m.">1454</a> m. Vokietijoje <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Gutenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Gutenberg">J. Gutenbergas</a> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotyn%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotynų kalba">lotynų kalba</a> išleido pirmąją spausdintą <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblija">Bibliją</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jo patobulintos technologijos paspartino knygų leidybą. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformacija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reformacija">Reformacijos</a> pradininkas <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liuteris?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liuteris">M. Liuteris</a> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1522_m.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1522 m.">1522</a> m. į vokiečių aukštaičių tarmę <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblija">Bibliją</a> išvertė, ir šis nacionalinės reikšmės įvykis įtvirtino vokiečių aukštaičių kalbą, sustiprino jos prestižą.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vėlesniais laikais prie naujosios vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos įsigalėjimo prisidėjo atsiradusi periodinė spauda ir vokiečių klasikinė literatūra.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Geografinis_paplitimas">Geografinis paplitimas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Geografinis paplitimas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Vokiečių kalba kaip <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gimtoji_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gimtoji kalba">gimtoji</a> ir antroji kalba yra plačiai paplitusi visame pasaulyje.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Be trijų pagrindinių vokiškai kalbančių <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vakarų Europa">Vakarų Europos</a> šalių Vokietijos, Šveicarijos ir Austrijos, kaip mažumos kalba vokiečių kalba vartojama ir kitose valstybėse.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vokiečių kalba yra gimtoji ar bendravimo kalba vokiečių kilmės asmenims <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vidurio_Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vidurio Europa">Centrinėje</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rytų Europa">Rytų Europoje</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, daugiau nei dviem milijonams <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JAV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JAV">JAV</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanada">Kanados</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazilija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazilija">Brazilijos</a> gyventojų, plačiai vartojama <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australija">Australijoje</a> ir kaip kuriose buvusiose Vokietijos kolonijose Afrikoje.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vokiečių_kalbos_paplitimas_pasaulyje"><span id="Vokie.C4.8Di.C5.B3_kalbos_paplitimas_pasaulyje"></span>Vokiečių kalbos paplitimas pasaulyje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Vokiečių kalbos paplitimas pasaulyje" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="prettytable"> <tbody> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Orange: Amtssprache; gelb: Verkehrsprache"> <noscript> <img alt="Orange: Amtssprache; gelb: Verkehrsprache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/650px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="601"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 650px;height: 295px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/650px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png" data-alt="Orange: Amtssprache; gelb: Verkehrsprache" data-width="650" data-height="295" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/975px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/1300px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Orange: Amtssprache; gelb: Verkehrsprache"> <noscript> <img alt="Orange: Amtssprache; gelb: Verkehrsprache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/350px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="552"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 251px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/350px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="Orange: Amtssprache; gelb: Verkehrsprache" data-width="350" data-height="251" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/525px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/700px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><p><b>Žymėjimas:</b></p> <div class="legend"> <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ffcc00; color:black; font-size:90%; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valstybin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valstybinė kalba">Valstybinė kalba</a> ir daugumos gimtoji kalba </div> <div class="legend"> <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #d98575; color:black; font-size:90%; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Oficiali kalba, bet ne daugumos gimtoji kalba kalba </div> <div class="legend"> <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #7373d9; color:black; font-size:90%; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Vokiečių kalba ar jos variantas yra oficialiai pripažinta mažumos kalba (kvadratais pažymėta, kur nėra didelio geografinio paplitimo) </div> <div class="legend"> <span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #30efe3; color:black; font-size:90%; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Vokiečių kalba ar jos variantas yra gana paplitęs, bet nesudaro didelio gyventojų skaičiaus ir neturi oficialaus statuso </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Europa">Europa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Europa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:D-A-CH.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/D-A-CH.svg/220px-D-A-CH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="457"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 231px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/D-A-CH.svg/220px-D-A-CH.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/D-A-CH.svg/330px-D-A-CH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/D-A-CH.svg/440px-D-A-CH.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> DACH arba <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D-A-CH&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="D-A-CH (puslapis neegzistuoja)">D-A-CH</a> (Vokietija-Austrija-Šveicarija). Šalys, kuriose vokiečių kalba yra labiausiai paplitusi. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Vokiečių kalba labiausiai paplitusi <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europoje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ja šnekama nuo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liuksemburgas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liuksemburgas">Liuksemburge</a> gyvenančios <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rambru%C5%A1as?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rambrušas">Rambrušo</a> bendruomenės vakaruose iki už 850&nbsp;km nuo Rambrušo nutolusio <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrija">Austrijos</a> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi%C4%8D_Jarndorfas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doič Jarndorfas">Doič Jarndorfo</a> kaimo rytuose, nuo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietija">Vokietijos</a> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ziultas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziultas">Ziulto</a> saloje įsikūrusio <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Listas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Listas">Listo</a> šiaurėje iki beveik už 1 005&nbsp;km nuo jo esančio <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0veicarija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šveicarija">Šveicarijos</a> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cermatas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cermatas">Cermato</a> miestelio pietuose.</p> <p>Vokietijoje šie geografiniai taškai yra <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Listas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Listas">Listas</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oberstdorfas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oberstdorfas">Oberstdorfas</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zelfkantas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zelfkantas (puslapis neegzistuoja)">Zelfkantas</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giorlicas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giorlicas">Giorlicas</a>.</p> <p><b>Vokiečių kalba yra valstybinė:</b></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrija">Austrijoje</a>,</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lichten%C5%A1teinas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lichtenšteinas">Lichtenšteine</a>,</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liuksemburgas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liuksemburgas">Liuksemburge</a>,</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0veicarija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šveicarija">Šveicarijoje</a>,</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietija">Vokietijoje</a>.</li> </ul> <p><b>Vokiškai kalbančių bendruomenių yra:</b></p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Voki%C5%A1kas_u%C5%BEra%C5%A1as_ant_%C5%A0ilut%C4%97s_evangelik%C5%B3_liuteron%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Voki%C5%A1kas_u%C5%BEra%C5%A1as_ant_%C5%A0ilut%C4%97s_evangelik%C5%B3_liuteron%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios.JPG/150px-Voki%C5%A1kas_u%C5%BEra%C5%A1as_ant_%C5%A0ilut%C4%97s_evangelik%C5%B3_liuteron%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 267px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Voki%C5%A1kas_u%C5%BEra%C5%A1as_ant_%C5%A0ilut%C4%97s_evangelik%C5%B3_liuteron%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios.JPG/150px-Voki%C5%A1kas_u%C5%BEra%C5%A1as_ant_%C5%A0ilut%C4%97s_evangelik%C5%B3_liuteron%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios.JPG" data-width="150" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Voki%C5%A1kas_u%C5%BEra%C5%A1as_ant_%C5%A0ilut%C4%97s_evangelik%C5%B3_liuteron%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios.JPG/225px-Voki%C5%A1kas_u%C5%BEra%C5%A1as_ant_%C5%A0ilut%C4%97s_evangelik%C5%B3_liuteron%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Voki%C5%A1kas_u%C5%BEra%C5%A1as_ant_%C5%A0ilut%C4%97s_evangelik%C5%B3_liuteron%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios.JPG/300px-Voki%C5%A1kas_u%C5%BEra%C5%A1as_ant_%C5%A0ilut%C4%97s_evangelik%C5%B3_liuteron%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Vokiškas užrašas ant <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ilut%C4%97s_evangelik%C5%B3_liuteron%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šilutės evangelikų liuteronų bažnyčia">Šilutės evangelikų liuteronų bažnyčios.</a> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltijos_%C5%A1alys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltijos šalys">Baltijos šalyse</a> (iš viso čia gyvena apie 8 000 <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltijos_vokie%C4%8Diai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltijos vokiečiai">Baltijos vokiečių</a>, dalis jų priklauso <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rytpr%C5%ABsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rytprūsiai">Rytprūsių</a> vokiečiams; paprastai jiems gimtosios <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_auk%C5%A1tai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečių aukštaičių tarmė">vokiečių aukštaičių</a> arba <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_%C5%BEemai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečių žemaičių tarmė">vokiečių žemaičių</a> (Plattdeutsch) tarmės; <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estija">Estijoje</a> gyvena apie 2000 vokiečių (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2000">2000</a>&nbsp;m. buvo 1870), <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latvija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latvija">Latvijoje</a>&nbsp;– apie 3000 (2004&nbsp;m. buvo 3311) ir maždaug tiek pat (3000) <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lietuva?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lietuva">Lietuvoje;</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iš 3 243 <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lietuvos_vokie%C4%8Diai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lietuvos vokiečiai">Lietuvoje gyvenančių vokiečių</a>, vokiečių kalba kaip gimtąją tebešneka tik 804 gyventojai);</li> <li>Rytų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgija">Belgijoje</a> (apie 78 000 <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgai">belgų</a> vokiečių kalbą nurodo kaip gimtąją);</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Cekija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Čekija">Čekijoje</a> (vokiečių mažumą šalyje sudaro apie 41 200 arba 0,4&nbsp;% šalies gyventojų);</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danija">Danijos</a> pietuose (apie 20 tūkst.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gyventojų vokiečių kalba yra gimtoji; vokiečių kalba čia pripažinta regionine);<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italija">Italijoje</a> (iš 487 tūkst. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Tirolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pietų Tirolis">Pietų Tirolio</a> gyventojų (pagal 2006&nbsp;m. duomenis) 69&nbsp;% vokiečių kalbą nurodo kaip gimtąją);</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lenkija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lenkija">Lenkijoje</a> (pagal 2002&nbsp;m. Lenkijos gyventojų surašymą, šalyje gyveno 153 tūkst. vokiečių arba 0,381&nbsp;% šalies gyventojų);</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prancūzija">Prancūzijoje</a> (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elzasas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elzasas">Elzaso</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotaringija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotaringija">Lotaringijos</a> vokiečių tarmėmis kalba apie 1, 2 mln žmonių; šis skaičius nuolat mažėja, ypač Lotaringijoje ir Elzaso miestuose);</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rumunija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rumunija">Rumunijoje</a> (vokiečių kalba yra gimtoji nuo 40 tūkst. iki 50 tūkst. (0,2–0,3&nbsp;%) Rumunijos gyventojų; vokiečių pripažinta kaip mažumų kalba, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sibiu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> mieste leidžiamas savaitraštis <i>Hermannstädter Zeitung</i>);<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusija">Rusijoje</a> (pagal 2002&nbsp;m. Rusijos gyventojų surašymą, šalyje gyveno 597 212 vokiečių, tačiau tik dalis jų šneka vokiečių kalba kaip gimtąja; žr. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusijos_vokie%C4%8Diai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusijos vokiečiai">Rusijos vokiečiai</a>);</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vengrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vengrija">Vengrijoje</a> (oficialiai apie 200 tūkst. vokiečių, o iš jų tik apie 50 tūkst. vokiečių kalba yra gimtoji)</li> </ul> <p>ir daugumoje kitų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europos</a> šalių.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg/250px-NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="595"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg/250px-NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg/375px-NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg/500px-NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Namibijoje vokiečių kalba yra viena iš regioninių kalbų. Nuotraukose pavaizduoti užrašai anglų, vokiečių, afrikanų ir ošivambo kalbomis. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Kitur">Kitur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Kitur" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Neskaitant <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europos</a> šalių, vokiškai kalbančių bendruomenių yra <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazachstanas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazachstanas">Kazachstane</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanada">Kanadoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JAV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JAV">JAV</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazilija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazilija">Brazilijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paragvajus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paragvajus">Paragvajuje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentina">Argentinoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australija">Australijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PAR?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PAR">PAR</a> ir kitose šalyse. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namibija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namibija">Namibijoje</a> vokiečių yra viena iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacionalin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacionalinė kalba">nacionalinių</a> ir susižinojimo kalbų (nuo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1984?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1984">1984</a>&nbsp;m. iki <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1990">1990</a>&nbsp;m. buvo oficiali kalba). Namibijoje vokiečių kalba plačiai vartojama prekybos reikalams.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg/250px-NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="557"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg/250px-NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg/375px-NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg/500px-NamibiaDeutscheSprache.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Namibijoje vokiečių kalba vartojama kasdieniniame gyvenime. </figcaption> </figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Šalis</th> <th>Vokiečių kalbos paplitimas (už Europos ribų)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jungtin%C4%97s_Amerikos_Valstijos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jungtin%C4%97s_Amerikos_Valstijos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos">Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos</a></td> <td>5 000 000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazilija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazilijos vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Brazilijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" data-alt="Brazilijos vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazilija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazilija">Brazilija</a></td> <td>3 000 000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentinos vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Argentinos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" data-alt="Argentinos vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>500 000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanados vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Kanados vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="Kanados vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></td> <td>450 000<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;– 620 000<sup id="cite_ref-Statcan_51-0" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Statcan-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meksika?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meksikos vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Meksikos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" data-alt="Meksikos vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meksika?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meksika">Meksika</a></td> <td>200 000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australijos vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Australijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" data-alt="Australijos vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australija">Australija</a></td> <td>110 000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Afrikos_Respublika?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pietų Afrikos Respublikos vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Pietų Afrikos Respublikos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" data-alt="Pietų Afrikos Respublikos vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Afrikos_Respublika?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pietų Afrikos Respublika">Pietų Afrikos Respublika</a></td> <td>75 000 (tik Vokietijos piliečiai)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolivija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolivijos vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Bolivijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Bolivia_%28state%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Bolivia_%28state%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia_%28state%29.svg.png" data-alt="Bolivijos vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Bolivia_%28state%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bolivia_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Bolivia_%28state%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolivija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolivija">Bolivija</a></td> <td>60 000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Cil%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Čilės vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Čilės vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" data-alt="Čilės vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Cil%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Čilė">Čilė</a></td> <td>40 000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paragvajus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paragvajaus vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Paragvajaus vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/22px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/22px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" data-alt="Paragvajaus vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/33px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/44px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paragvajus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paragvajus">Paragvajus</a></td> <td>30 000&nbsp;– 40 000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namibija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namibijos vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Namibijos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" data-alt="Namibijos vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namibija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namibija">Namibija</a></td> <td>30 000 (tik Vokietijos piliečiai)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venesuela?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venesuelos vėliava"> <noscript> <img alt="Venesuelos vėliava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/22px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/22px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" data-alt="Venesuelos vėliava" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/33px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/44px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venesuela?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venesuela">Venesuela</a></td> <td>10 000</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795,_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="797"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 231px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Vokiški laikraščiai <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JAV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JAV">JAV</a> (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1922?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1922">1922</a>&nbsp;m.). </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vokiečių_kalba_kaip_gimtoji"><span id="Vokie.C4.8Di.C5.B3_kalba_kaip_gimtoji"></span>Vokiečių kalba kaip gimtoji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Vokiečių kalba kaip gimtoji" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Vokiečių kalba yra gimtoji etniniams Vokietijos, Austrijos, Lichtenšteino, daliai Šveicarijos, Liuksemburgo, Belgijos ir kai kurių gretimų šalių regionų gyventojams. Nuo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1990">1990</a>&nbsp;m. vidurio paprastai nurodoma, kad vokiečių kalba kaip gimtąja šneka apie 98 mln. žmonių.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kiti šaltiniai nurodo 90 mln. kalbančiųjų.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pagal dar kitus šaltinius, vokiškai šnekančiųjų yra 97 mln., įskaitant ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietija">Vokietijos</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrija">Austrijos</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0veicarija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šveicarija">Šveicarijos</a> imigrantus, kuriems vokiečių kalba dažniausiai yra naujai išmoktoji.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2005?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2005">2005</a>&nbsp;m. dviem tyrimais buvo nustatyta, kad tuometinėje <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ES?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ES">Europos Sąjungoje</a> (be <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rumunija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rumunija">Rumunijos</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarija">Bulgarijos</a> − 25 šalyse) vokiečių kalba yra gimtoji 18-ai&nbsp;% gyventojų,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> t. y. mažiausiai 82 milijonams žmonių, o su Šveicarijos ir Rumunijos vokiečių kalbos vartotojais − 87 milijonams.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vokiečių_kaip_užsienio_kalba"><span id="Vokie.C4.8Di.C5.B3_kaip_u.C5.BEsienio_kalba"></span>Vokiečių kaip užsienio kalba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Vokiečių kaip užsienio kalba" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Vokiečių kaip užsienio kalbos mokoma daugumoje šalių. Mokymo medžiagoje pateikiama bendrine Šveicarijos, Austrijos arba Vokietijos vokiečių kalba. Europoje vokiečių kaip užsienio kalbos dažniausiai mokomasi po anglų ir rusų kalbų. Ji ypač populiari Nyderlanduose, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flandrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flandrija">Flandrijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skandinavija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skandinavija">Skandinavijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusija">Rusijoje</a>, Baltijos šalyse, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slov%C4%97nija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovėnija">Slovėnijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kroatija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kroatija">Kroatijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lenkija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lenkija">Lenkijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bosnija_ir_Hercegovina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosnija ir Hercegovina">Bosnijoje ir Hercegovinoje</a>, prancūziškai ir itališkai kalbančiuose <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0veicarija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šveicarija">Šveicarijos</a> regionuose, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbija">Serbijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juodkalnija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juodkalnija">Juodkalnijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovakija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovakija">Slovakijoje</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vengrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vengrija">Vengrijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Cekija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Čekija">Čekijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Makedonija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Makedonija">Makedonijoje</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltarusija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baltarusija">Baltarusijoje</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarija">Bulgarijoje</a>. Kai kuriose iš šių šalių ar regionų vokiečių mokoma kaip pirmosios užsienio kalbos, ji lenkia net anglų kalbą. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japonija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japonija">Japonijoje</a> taip pat dažnai mokomasi vokiečių kalbos. Prancūzijoje (pagal Eurobarometrą, apie keturi milijonai žmonių moka vokiečių kalbą kaip užsienio) ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jungtin%C4%97s_Amerikos_Valstijos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos">JAV</a>, kur, pasak „Gallup“ tyrimo, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2001?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2001">2001</a>&nbsp;m. apie 7,5 milijono amerikiečių mokėjo vokiečių kaip užsienio kalbą.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vis dėlto vokiečių kalba pamažu nustelbiama ispanų kalbos. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_Azija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rytų Azija">Rytų Azijoje</a> (Japonijoje) <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX_a.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XIX a.">XIX a.</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XX_a.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XX a.">XX a.</a> vokiečių kalba (vietoje <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotyn%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotynų kalba">lotynų kalbos</a>) buvo vartojama kaip medicinos kalba.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_(2010).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/300px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="307" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="603"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 307px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/300px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="307" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/450px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/600px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Vokiečių kalbos žinios Europos Sąjungoje </figcaption> </figure> <p>Po anglų kalbos, vokiečių kalba vartojamiausia <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internetas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internetas">internete</a> (po jos eina prancūzų, japonų, ispanų ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kin%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kinų kalba">kinų kalbos</a>). Daugiau nei 8&nbsp;% visų interneto puslapių yra vokiečių kalba (internetinių puslapių skaičius anglų kalba siekia apie 50&nbsp;%).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Pasak nuolatinės darbo grupės <i>Vokiečių kaip užsienio kalba</i> (<i>vok. Deutsch als Fremdsprache</i>), Vokietijos užsienio reikalų ministerijos ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C4%97t%C4%97s_institutas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gėtės institutas">Gėtės instituto</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2000">2000</a>&nbsp;m. daugiausia besimokančių vokiečių kalbos buvo šiose šalyse:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusija">Rusijoje</a>: 4 657 500 (3,26&nbsp;%) (pagal spėjimus&nbsp;– apie 10 mln.)</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lenkija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lenkija">Lenkijoje</a>: 2 202 708 (5,70&nbsp;%) (pagal Eurobarometrą&nbsp;– apie 7 mln.)</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prancūzija">Prancūzijoje</a>: 1 603 813 (2,52&nbsp;%) (pagal Eurobarometrą&nbsp;– apie 4 mln.)</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Cekija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Čekija">Čekijoje</a>: 799 071 (7,80&nbsp;%) (pagal Eurobarometrą&nbsp;– apie 3 mln.)</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraina">Ukrainoje</a>: 629 742</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vengrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vengrija">Vengrijoje</a>: 629 472 (pagal Eurobarometrą&nbsp;– apie 3,5 mln.)</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazachstanas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazachstanas">Kazachstane</a>: 629 874</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nyderlandai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nyderlandai">Nyderlanduose</a>: 591 190 (pagal Eurobarometrą&nbsp;– apie 11 mln.)</li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JAV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JAV">JAV</a>: 551 274 (pagal „Gallup“ tyrimą&nbsp;– apie 7,5 mln.)</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2006">2006</a>&nbsp;m. Eurobarometro apklausos duomenimis, daugiau kaip vienas iš trijų europiečių kaip užsienio kalba gali susišnekėti angliškai (38&nbsp;%), ir vienas iš septynių&nbsp;– vokiškai (14&nbsp;%). Vokiečių kalbą ypač gerai moka Nyderlanduose (kur apie 87&nbsp;% gyventojų moka anglų ir 70&nbsp;% vokiečių kalbas), Slovakijoje, Vengrijoje, Čekijoje. Taip pat ji dažnai išmokstama Lenkijoje, Estijoje, Danijoje, Švedijoje, Kroatijoje ir Slovėnijoje. Kitose Europos Sąjungos šalyse ja kalba mažiau žmonių.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Kalbos_įvairovė"><span id="Kalbos_.C4.AFvairov.C4.97"></span>Kalbos įvairovė</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Kalbos įvairovė" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Vokiečių kalba yra daugiacentrė, nevienalytė. Vokiečių dialektologijos pagrindus padėjo XVIII–XIX a. kalbininkų tyrinėjimai. Iki XX a. pradžios jau buvo iki galo atskleista vakarų germanų tarmių tąsa. Tarpdialektinės kalbos formos yra nacionaliniai variantai, kurie susiformavo Vokietijoje (faktiškai <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bendrin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bendrinė kalba">bendrinė</a> vokiečių kalba), Austrijoje (austriškasis variantas) ir Šveicarijoje (šveicariškasis variantas). Kartu su šiomis kalbos formomis vokiečių kalbos pagrindu kūrėsi ir vystėsi pirmosios kontaktinės kalbos, kurių tyrimai pradėti gerokai vėliau. Kai kurie vokiečių kalbos variantai, atsiradę dėl kitų kalbų poveikio, vystosi iki XX a. pabaigos&nbsp;– XXI a. pradžios (pvz., <i>Belgranodeutsch</i>), kiti baigia visiškai išnykti veikiami vietinių kalbų ar sąmoningos asimiliacijos politikos (pvz., <i>Barossadeutsch</i> Australijoje).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tarmės"><span id="Tarm.C4.97s"></span>Tarmės</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Tarmės" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Deutsche_Dialekte.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Deutsche_Dialekte.PNG/330px-Deutsche_Dialekte.PNG" decoding="async" width="330" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13162" data-file-height="6779"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Deutsche_Dialekte.PNG/330px-Deutsche_Dialekte.PNG" data-width="330" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Deutsche_Dialekte.PNG/495px-Deutsche_Dialekte.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Deutsche_Dialekte.PNG/660px-Deutsche_Dialekte.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Vakarų germanų (vokiečių ir olandų kalbų) tarmės </figcaption> </figure> <p>Vokiečių kalbos tarmės priklauso žemyninių vakarų germanų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarmi%C5%B3_t%C4%99stinumas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarmių tęstinumas">tarmių tąsai</a>, į kurią įeina ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oland%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olandų kalba">olandų kalba</a>. Paprastai kalbantieji gretimomis tarmėmis tarpusavyje puikiai susikalba, o didesni skirtumai atsiranda tarp labiau viena nuo kitos nutolusių tarmių. Visos vokiškai kalbančios šalys turi savo bendrinę kalbą, kurioje esama tarmių ir regioninių skirtumų (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietija">Vokietijoje</a> bendrinė yra <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_auk%C5%A1tai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečių aukštaičių tarmė">vokiečių aukštaičių kalba</a>). Bendrinių vokiečių kalbos tarmių skirtumai nedideli, ir kalbantieji skirtingomis bendrinės kalbos tarmėmis gali lengvai vieni kitus suprasti.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Standardvariet%C3%A4ten_des_Deutschen.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Standardvariet%C3%A4ten_des_Deutschen.png/330px-Standardvariet%C3%A4ten_des_Deutschen.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="637"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 315px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Standardvariet%C3%A4ten_des_Deutschen.png/330px-Standardvariet%C3%A4ten_des_Deutschen.png" data-width="330" data-height="315" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Standardvariet%C3%A4ten_des_Deutschen.png/495px-Standardvariet%C3%A4ten_des_Deutschen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Standardvariet%C3%A4ten_des_Deutschen.png/660px-Standardvariet%C3%A4ten_des_Deutschen.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Nacionalinės ir regioninės bendrinės vokiečių kalbos tarmės. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Vokiečių kalbos skirstymas į tarmes grįstas <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX_a.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XIX a.">XIX a.</a> tyrimais. Tuo pat metu daugelyje vietovių tarmės pradėjo maišytis su bendrine kalba ir šitaip susidarė šnekamoji kalba. Nuo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XX_a.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XX a.">XX a.</a> vidurio, ypač dėl <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antrasis_pasaulinis_karas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antrasis pasaulinis karas">Antrojo pasaulinio karo</a> padarinių, šnekamosios kalbos užgožė iki tol vartotas tarmes. Tarmes labai suvienodino iš anksčiau vokiškai šnekėjusių kraštų atvykę pabėgėliai, radijo ir televizijos plitimas. Mokyklose buvo mokoma <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_auk%C5%A1tai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečių aukštaičių tarmė">vokiečių aukštaičių tarme</a>.</p> <p>Kelios iš plačiausiai naudojamų vokiečių kalbos tarmių:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_auk%C5%A1tai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečių aukštaičių tarmė">Vokiečių aukštaičių tarmė</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_%C5%BEemai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečių žemaičių tarmė">Vokiečių žemaičių tarmė</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavar%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavarų tarmė">Bavarų tarmė</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pfalco_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pfalco vokiečių tarmė">Pfalco vokiečių tarmė</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ripuar%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97s?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ripuarų tarmės">Ripuarų tarmės</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aleman%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97s?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemanų tarmės">Alemanų tarmės</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mišriosios_kalbos"><span id="Mi.C5.A1riosios_kalbos"></span>Mišriosios kalbos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Mišriosios kalbos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Sudėtinga klasifikuoti iš vokiečių aukštaičių ir vokiečių žemaičių tarmių susidariusią mišriąją kalbą (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mising%C5%A1as&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Misingšas (puslapis neegzistuoja)">misingšą;</a> vok. Missingsch). Panašiai yra ir su <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petu_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petu kalba">petu kalba</a> (vok. <i>Petuh</i>), kuri susidarė iš vokiečių aukštaičių, vokiečių žemaičių, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danai">danų</a> ir pietų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jutlandijos_pusiasalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jutlandijos pusiasalis">jutlandų</a> kalbų elementų. Pietų jutlandų kalba su stipria vokiečių žemaičių kalbos įtaka apskritai laikoma <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dan%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danų kalba">danų kalbos</a> tarme.</p> <p>Neskaitant misingšo ir petu kalbų, egzistuoja ir daug kitų vokiečių žemaičių kalba paremtų kalbų, daugiausia tai&nbsp;– mišrios vokiečių, olandų ir fryzų kalbos, kurios laikomos vokiečių žemaičių, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oland%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olandų kalba">olandų</a> ar <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fryz%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fryzų kalba">fryzų kalbos</a> tarmėmis.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Gillespie_County.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Gillespie_County.svg/220px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Gillespie_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1317"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Gillespie_County.svg/220px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Gillespie_County.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Gillespie_County.svg/330px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Gillespie_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Gillespie_County.svg/440px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Gillespie_County.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Džilespio apskrityje, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teksasas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teksasas">Teksase</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JAV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JAV">JAV</a> vis dar kalbama Teksaso vokiečių kalba </figcaption> </figure> <p>Kai kurios mišriosios kalbos, pavyzdžiui, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teksaso_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teksaso vokiečių kalba">Teksaso vokiečių kalba</a> (vok. Texasdeutsch), yra vokiečių aukštaičių ar vokiečių žemaičių tarmės arba pasižymi tarmiška tartimi. XIX a. į Teksasą atvykusių vokiečių imigrantų palikuonys Džilespio apskrityje vis dar kalba Teksaso vokiečių kalba.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Esama ne vien tik iš vokiečių ir kitų germanų kalbų susidariusių mišriųjų kalbų: sakykime, iš vokiečių ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BDemutini%C5%B3_sorb%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Žemutinių sorbų kalba">žemutinių sorbų</a> kalbų susidarė <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pona%C5%A1emu_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ponašemu kalba">ponašemu kalba</a> (<i>po našemu</i> 'mūsiškai; mūsų; [šneka] kaip mes'; vok. k. Ponaschemu), <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sileziečių kalba">sileziečių kalba</a> su vokiečių kalbos elementais laikoma <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lenk%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lenkų kalba">lenkų kalbos</a> tarme, iš dalies klasifikuojama kaip atskira kalba.</p> <p>Neaiškus <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vimisojeri%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vimisojerių kalba">vimisojerių kalbos</a> statusas. Ja tebešneka apie 100 senyvo amžiaus žmonių,</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kreolinės_kalbos"><span id="Kreolin.C4.97s_kalbos"></span>Kreolinės kalbos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Kreolinės kalbos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Pasaulyje egzistuoja keletas vokiečių kalba grįstų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kreol%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kreolų kalbos">kreolų kalbų</a>. Tos kalbos susidarė, yra ar buvo vartojamos buvusiose <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietijos_kolonijin%C4%97_imperija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietijos kolonijinė imperija">Vokietijos kolonijose</a> išeivių arba pasitelkiamos kaip <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_franca?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca.</a></p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Machzor.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Machzor.jpg/200px-Machzor.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Machzor.jpg/200px-Machzor.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Machzor.jpg/300px-Machzor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Machzor.jpg/400px-Machzor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Pats seniausias <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jidi%C5%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jidiš">jidiš</a> kalbos sakinio pavyzdys (1272&nbsp;m.). </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kolonializmas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kolonializmas">Kolonializmo</a> laikais dabartinėje <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papua_Naujoji_Gvin%C4%97ja?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papua Naujoji Gvinėja">Papua Naujojoje Gvinėjoje</a> iš vokiečių ir vietinių kalbų susidarė <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kreol%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kreolų kalbos">kreolinė</a> kalba, vadinama <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C5%ABs%C5%B3_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mūsų vokiečių kalba">mūsų vokiečių kalba</a>. Dabartinėje <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namibija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namibija">Namibijoje</a> susikūrė kita kreolinė kalba&nbsp;– vietinis <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pid%C5%BEinas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pidžinas">pidžinas</a>. Vadinamoji <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C5%ABs%C5%B3_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mūsų vokiečių kalba">mūsų vokiečių kalba</a> (vok. Unserdeutsch) beveik nebevartojama, nes dauguma kalbančiųjų šia kalba emigravo. Papua Naujojoje Gvinėjoje vartojamoje <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papua_pid%C5%BEin%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papua pidžinų kalba">Papua pidžinų kalboje</a> yra apie 150 vokiškos kilmės žodžių. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virtuv%C4%97s_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virtuvės vokiečių kalba">Virtuvės vokiečių kalba</a> (vok. Küchendeutsch) šiuo metu tebešneka apie 15 tūkst. kalbos vartotojų, tiesa, daugiausia tai&nbsp;– vyresni ir pagyvenę žmonės.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jidi%C5%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jidiš">Jidiš</a> kalba susidarė vidurio vokiečių aukštaičių (X–XIV a.) tarmės pagrindu, šioje kalboje yra apie 10−15% <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebraj%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebrajų kalba">hebrajiškų</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aram%C4%97j%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aramėjų kalba">aramėjiškų</a> žodžių. XX a. jidiš kalbėjo apie 11 milijonų žmonių, šiuo metu&nbsp;– apie 3 milijonus. Dažnai laikoma ne kreoline kalba, o vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos tarme.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tre%C4%8Diasis_Reichas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trečiasis Reichas">Trečiojo Reicho</a> koncentracijos stovyklose taip pat susikūrė kreolų kalbų. Jos paprastai susidarė iš paprastų žodžių ir papildomų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ne%C5%BEodinis_bendravimas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nežodinis bendravimas">neverbalinių</a> ženklų.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šioms kalboms apibrėžti <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1985?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1985">1985</a>&nbsp;m. Wolfas Oschlies pasiūlė jau koncentracijos stovyklose vartotą terminą <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Koncentracijos_stovyklos_vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Koncentracijos stovyklos vokiečių kalba (puslapis neegzistuoja)">koncentracijos stovyklos vokiečių kalba</a> (vok. Lagerszpracha).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Kaip ir kiti <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pid%C5%BEinas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pidžinas">pidžinai</a> bei <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kreol%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreolų kalba">kreolų kalbos</a>, <i>mūsų vokiečių</i> ir <i>virtuvės vokiečių</i> kalbos lingvistiniu požiūriu laikomos atskiromis kalbų sistemomis.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bendrinė_kalba"><span id="Bendrin.C4.97_kalba"></span>Bendrinė kalba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Bendrinė kalba" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Luther_1519.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Luther_1519.jpg/180px-Luther_1519.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2293"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Luther_1519.jpg/180px-Luther_1519.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Luther_1519.jpg/270px-Luther_1519.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Luther_1519.jpg/360px-Luther_1519.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Pirmasis <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martynas_Liuteris?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Martynas Liuteris">M.Liuterio</a> Biblijos leidinys po Leipcigo disputo. </figcaption> </figure> <p>1522&nbsp;m. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">M. Liuterio</a> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblija">Biblijos</a> vertimas labai prisidėjo prie vokiečių aukštaičių tarmės virtimo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bendrin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bendrinė kalba">bendrine kalba</a>. Vėliau, 1617&nbsp;m. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veimaras?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veimaras">Veimare</a>, buvo įkurta į literatūrą susitelkusi vokiečių kalbos norminimo ir propagavimo organizacija <i>Vaisingoji draugija</i> (vok. k. <i>Die Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft</i>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotyn%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotynų kalba">lot.</a> <i>Societas fructifera</i>). Ją sudarė didikai ir mokslininkai.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Ši draugija rūpinosi kalbos grynumu ir nacionalinės <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bendrin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bendrinė kalba">bendrinės kalbos</a> kūrimu: <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gottfried Leibniz">G. Leibnicas</a>, J. Gottšedas (Gottsched), J. Adelungas (J. Adelung) ir kiti sprendė rašybos ir gramatikos klausimus. Pasaulinio garso vokiečių literatūros klasikų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Schiller">F. Šilerio</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">J. Gėtės</a> kūrybos kalba sustiprino norminimo tendencijas.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XIX a. antrojoje pusėje − XX a. pradžioje T. Zybsas (T. Siebs) ir K. Dudenas (K. Duden) galutinai įtvirtino rašybos, sintaksės bei vartotinos leksikos normas. Vėliau būta kai kurių pokyčių, tačiau bendrinės kalbos pamatai jau buvo padėti.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Warken-Waarken.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Warken-Waarken.png/220px-Warken-Waarken.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="154"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 89px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Warken-Waarken.png/220px-Warken-Waarken.png" data-width="220" data-height="89" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Warken-Waarken.png/330px-Warken-Waarken.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Warken-Waarken.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Dvikalbis ženklas Liuksemburge. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Šiais laikais bendrinės vokiečių kalbos tarmės skiriamos į Vokietijos, Austrijos ir Šveicarijos vokiečių tarmes. Bendrinės, bet mažiau įtakos turinčios tarmės − tai Belgijos, Pietų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tirolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tirolis">Tirolio</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lichten%C5%A1teinas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lichtenšteinas">Lichtenšteino</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liuksemburgas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liuksemburgas">Liuksemburgo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vokietijoje, Austrijoje, Pietų Tirolyje ir vokiškai kalbančioje Belgijos dalyje bendrinė tų regionų vokiečių kalbos tarmė atlieka visas bendrinės kalbos funkcijas. Šveicarijoje bendrinė Šveicarijos vokiečių kalba paprastai vartojama raštijoje, o gyvai šnekama įvairiomis Šveicarijos vokiečių kalbos tarmėmis. Liuksemburge, šalia bendrinės Liuksemburgo vokiečių kalbos, egzistuoja ir atskira bendrinė tarmė, vadinama liuksemburgiečių kalba, kuri atlieka kai kurias bendrinės kalbos funkcijas.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Standartizuotas žodynas, toks pats visose septyniose vokiškai kalbančiose šalyse, vadinamas „Bendriniu vokiečių kalbos žodynu“ (vok. <i>Gemeindeutsch</i>). Šis neišsamus vokiečių kalbos žodynas nepriklauso kuriai nors vienai tarmei, jis sudaro kiekvienos iš septynių tarmių žodyno pamatą.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Tik <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrija">Austrijoje</a> vartojami žodžiai vadinami <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austriacizmas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austriacizmas">austriacizmais,</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0veicarija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šveicarija">Šveicarijoje</a>&nbsp;– <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helvetizmas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helvetizmas">helvetizmais,</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ir tik <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietija">Vokietijoje</a>&nbsp;– <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teutonizmas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teutonizmas">teutonizmais.</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Bendrinės_kalbos_gramatika"><span id="Bendrin.C4.97s_kalbos_gramatika"></span>Bendrinės kalbos gramatika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Bendrinės kalbos gramatika" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <dl> <dd> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Pagrindinis straipsnis – <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos_gramatika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vokiečių kalbos gramatika (puslapis neegzistuoja)">Vokiečių kalbos gramatika</a></i>. </div> </dd> </dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Duden.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Duden.jpg/220px-Duden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="442"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 291px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Duden.jpg/220px-Duden.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="291" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Duden.jpg/330px-Duden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Duden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Duden&nbsp;– vokiečių kalbos rašybos taisyklių rinkinys. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Abėcėlė"><span id="Ab.C4.97c.C4.97l.C4.97"></span>Abėcėlė</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Abėcėlė" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"> <i>Pagrindinis straipsnis – <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos_ab%C4%97c%C4%97l%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečių kalbos abėcėlė">Vokiečių kalbos abėcėlė</a></i>. </div> </dd> </dl> <p>Vokiečių kalbos abėcėlė − tai vokiečių kalbos rašybai skirtas <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotyn%C5%B3_ab%C4%97c%C4%97l%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotynų abėcėlė">lotyniškos abėcėlės</a> variantas. Dabartinėje bendrinėje kalboje vartojamos 26 lotyniškos <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raid%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raidė">raidės</a> ir trys su umliauto ženklu (Ä, Ö, Ü). Vokietijoje, Austrijoje ir Liuksemburge,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kaip ir vokiečių mažumų rytų Belgijoje,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Danijos pietuose<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bei Italijoje (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Tirolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pietų Tirolis">Pietų Tirolije</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dar turimas <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Escetas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Escetas">escetas</a> (ß), bet Šveicarijoje ir Lichtenšteine&nbsp;šios raidės atsisakyta.</p> <p>Kai kurios raidės yra bevardės giminės, su jomis vartojamas artikelis <i>das</i> („das A“, „das B“ ir t. t.).</p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <caption> Vokiečių kalbos raidės </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Didžiosios raidės</th> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C">C</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G">G</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/I?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J">J</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/O?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Q?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="U">U</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="V">V</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="W">W</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/X?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="X">X</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Z">Z</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ä">Ä</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ö (puslapis neegzistuoja)">Ö</a></td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%9C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ü (puslapis neegzistuoja)">Ü</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Mažosios raidės</th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>z</td> <td>ä</td> <td>ö</td> <td>ü</td> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ß">ß</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Istoriniuose dokumentuose, užrašant tarmių bei nevokiškus žodžius, vartojamos ir kitos raidės.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fonetika_ir_fonologija">Fonetika ir fonologija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Fonetika ir fonologija" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Balsiai">Balsiai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Balsiai" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Northern_Standard_German_vowel_chart.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Northern_Standard_German_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Northern_Standard_German_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Northern_Standard_German_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Northern_Standard_German_vowel_chart.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Northern_Standard_German_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Northern_Standard_German_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Northern_Standard_German_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Northern_Standard_German_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Bendrinės vokiečių kalbos balsiai. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <span> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="848" data-mwtitle="De-Faust_-_Der_Tragödie_erster_Teil-Prolog_und_Auf_dem_Theater-wikisource.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Vaizdas:De-Faust_-_Der_Trag%C3%B6die_erster_Teil-Prolog_und_Auf_dem_Theater-wikisource.ogg"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/De-Faust_-_Der_Trag%C3%B6die_erster_Teil-Prolog_und_Auf_dem_Theater-wikisource.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/De-Faust_-_Der_Trag%C3%B6die_erster_Teil-Prolog_und_Auf_dem_Theater-wikisource.ogg/De-Faust_-_Der_Trag%C3%B6die_erster_Teil-Prolog_und_Auf_dem_Theater-wikisource.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"> </audio></span> <figcaption> Klausytis: vokiečių kalba deklamuojamas <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">J. V. Goethe'ės</a> „<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faustas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faustas">Faustas</a>“ </figcaption> </figure> <p>Bendrinėje vokiečių kalboje yra 16 <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balsis">balsių</a> ir 3 dvibalsiai. Be įprastinių vokiečių kalbos balsių, svetimos kilmės žodžiuose kartais tariama /ʌ/ (<i>D<b>u</b>blin</i>), /æ/ (<i>C<b>a</b>nberra</i>), /ə:/ (<i>New J<b>er</b>sey</i>), /ɔ:/ (<i>H<b>a</b>ll</i>), /ɶ:/ (<i>Chef d'<b>ɶu</b>vre</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Noskov415_84-0" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Noskov415-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kai kurie kalbininkai balsį <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ə/</span> laiko nekirčiuotu balsio <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɛ/</span>, o balsį <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɐ/</span> − nekirčiuoto garsų junginio <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ər/</span> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alofonas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alofonas">alofonu</a>. Nesutariama ir dėl balsio <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɛː/</span> fonetinio įteisinimo, nes šis garsas dažnai tariamas kaip /eː/, be to, daugumoje bendrinės kalbos šnektų jis nevartojamas. Panašu, kad šis balsis traukiasi iš kalbos.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Balsiai gali būti trumpieji arba ilgieji (išskyrus dvibalsius):</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th>A</th> <th>Ä</th> <th>E</th> <th>I</th> <th>O</th> <th>Ö</th> <th>U</th> <th>Ü</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Trumpieji</th> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/a/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɛ/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɛ/, /ə/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɪ/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɔ/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/œ/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ʊ/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ʏ/</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Ilgieji</th> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/aː/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɛː/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/eː/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/iː/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/oː/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/øː/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/uː/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/yː/</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Nors tariami ilgieji ir trumpieji balsiai, paprastai pagal tarimą jie skirstomi į atviruosius ir uždaruosius: ilgieji /iː, yː, uː, eː, øː, oː/ yra uždarieji, o jų trumposios poros /ɪ, ʏ, ʊ, ɛ, œ, ɔ/ − atvirieji balsiai. Norint išlaikyti atvirųjų ir uždarųjų balsių dubletų sistemą, /a/ kartais laikomas atvirai tariama balsio /aː/ pora. Trumpieji balsiai /i, y, u, e, ø, o/ pasitaiko nekirčiuotuose <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skolinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skolinys">skolinių</a> skiemenyse, pvz., <i>Psychometrie</i> /psyçomeˈtʁiː/ ('psichometrija'). Paprastai jie laikomi alofonais uždarųjų balsių, kurie nekirčiuotuose skiemenyse nevartojami (nebent įeitų į sudurtinį žodį). Daugumoje bendrinės vokiečių kalbos šnektų prieš balsiu prasidedantį skiemenį ir tarp balsių ar dvibalsių tariamas <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glotalinis_sprogstamasis_priebalsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glotalinis sprogstamasis priebalsis">glotalinis sprogstamasis priebalsis</a> <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ʔ/</span>: atsiranda trumpa pauzė, kurios metu sulaikoma oro srovė, ir ankstesnio balsio tarimas nutraukiamas. Po to oro srovė staiga atidaro uždarumą, balso stygų virpėjimo pradžia esti stipri ir aiškiai tariama. Toks tarimo būdas vadinamas <b>naujuoju prataru</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> Balsiai </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="3"></th> <th colspan="4"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prie%C5%A1akin%C4%97s_eil%C4%97s_balsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priešakinės eilės balsiai">Priešakinės eilės</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vidurin%C4%97s_eil%C4%97s_balsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vidurinės eilės balsiai">Vidurinės eilės</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U%C5%BEpakalin%C4%97s_eil%C4%97s_balsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Užpakalinės eilės balsiai">Užpakalinės eilės</a></th> </tr> <tr class="small"> <th colspan="2">Nesulūpinti</th> <th colspan="2">Sulūpinti</th> <th colspan="2">Nesulūpinti</th> <th colspan="2">Sulūpinti</th> </tr> <tr class="small"> <th>Trumpieji</th> <th>Ilgieji</th> <th>Trumpieji</th> <th>Ilgieji</th> <th>Trumpieji</th> <th>Ilgieji</th> <th>Trumpieji</th> <th>Ilgieji</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auk%C5%A1tutinio_pakilimo_balsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aukštutinio pakilimo balsiai">Aukštutinio pakilimo</a></th> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ɪ</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">iː</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ʏ</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">yː</span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ʊ</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">uː</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vidurinio_pakilimo_balsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vidurinio pakilimo balsiai">Vidurio</a> aukštutinio pakilimo</th> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">eː</span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">øː</span></td> <td>(<span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ə</span>)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">oː</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Vidurio žemutinio pakilimo</th> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ɛ</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ɛː</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">œ</span></td> <td></td> <td>(<span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ɐ</span>)</td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ɔ</span></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BDemutinio_pakilimo_balsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Žemutinio pakilimo balsiai">Žemutinio pakilimo</a></th> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">a</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">aː</span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Vokiečių kalboje vartojami raidžių junginiai dvibalsiams pažymėti. Pabrėžtina, kad kai kurių dvibalsių tarimas (ei, äu, eu) labai skiriasi nuo tarimo raidžių, kuriomis jie žymimi:</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Dvibalsiai </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Rašyba</th> <td>ai, ei, ay, ey</td> <td>au</td> <td>äu, eu</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Tarimas</th> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/aɪ̯/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/aʊ̯/</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɔʏ̯/</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Be to, dviraidžiu junginiu <i>ie</i> paprastai žymimas ilgasis balsis <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/iː/</span>, o ne dvibalsis. Skiemens gale <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/r/</span> dažniausiai subalsinamas. Vis dėlto toks subalsintas <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/r/</span> eidamas po balsio dvibalsio nesudaro: <i>Bär</i> <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">[bɛːɐ̯]</span> 'lokys', <i>er</i> <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">[eːɐ̯]</span> 'jis', <i>wir</i> <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">[viːɐ̯]</span> 'mes', <i>Tor</i> <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">[toːɐ̯]</span> 'durys, vartai', <i>kurz</i> <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">[kʊɐ̯ts]</span> 'trumpas', <i>Wörter</i> <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">[vœɐ̯tɐ]</span> 'žodžiai'. Tačiau <i>balsis, dvibalsis</i> + <i>l, m, n</i> gali sudaryti mišriuosius dvigarsius arba trigarsius: <i>Viertel</i> 'ketvirtis', <i>Teil</i> 'dalis'.</p> <p>Jaustuke <i>pfui</i> [p͡fʊɪ̯] 'fui' tariamas dvibalsis /ʊɪ̯/; angliškas žodis <i>O.K.</i> 'gerai' gali būti ištartas su dvibalsiais /ɔʊ̯/ ir /ɛɪ̯/ − [ɔʊ̯ˈkɛɪ̯]. Svetimuose žodžiuose pasitaiko ir kitokių bendrinei vokiečių kalbai nebūdingų dvibalsių.</p> <p>Trijų balsių junginiai /aɪ̯ə, aʊ̯ə, ɔʏ̯ə/ bendrinėje vokiečių kalboje niekada nesuliejami į */aə̯, aə̯, ɔə̯/ ar */aː, aː, ɔː/. Kai kada jie vadinami <b>tribalsiais</b>, mat visi trys gali sudaryti vieną skiemenį, pvz, <i>sauer</i> 'sūrus'.</p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption> Vartosena </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Garsas</th> <th>Tarimo būdas</th> <th>Rašyba</th> <th>Pavyzdys</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/a/]</td> <td>nesulūpintas priešakinės eilės žemutinio pakilimo atviras trumpasis</td> <td><i>a</i></td> <td><i>M<b>a</b>nn</i> [m<b>a</b>n]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/a:/</td> <td>nesulūpintas priešakinės eilės žemutinio pakilimo atviras ilgasis</td> <td><i>a, aa, ah</i></td> <td><i>T<b>a</b>t</i> [t<b>a:</b>t]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ε/</td> <td>nesulūpintas priešakinės eilės vidurio žemutinio pakilimo atviras trumpasis</td> <td><i>e, ä</i></td> <td><i>H<b>e</b>ld</i> [h<b>ε</b>lt]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ε:/</td> <td>nesulūpintas priešakinės eilės vidurio žemutinio pakilimo atviras ilgasis</td> <td><i>ä, äh</i></td> <td><i>B<b>ä</b>r</i> [b<b>ε:</b>r]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ə/</td> <td>nusilpęs, redukuotas, neaiškios kokybės (<i>šva</i>)</td> <td><i>e</i></td> <td><i>leb<b>e</b>n</i> ['le: b<b>ə</b>n]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/e:/</td> <td>nesulūpintas priešakinės eilės vidurio aukštutinio pakilimo uždaras ilgasis</td> <td><i>e, ee, eh</i></td> <td><i>l<b>e</b>gen</i> ['l<b>e:</b>gən]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ɪ/</td> <td>neįtemptas, nesulūpintas priešakinės eilės aukštutinio pakilimo atviras trumpasis</td> <td><i>i</i></td> <td><i>W<b>i</b>nd</i> [v<b>ɪ</b>nt]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/i:/</td> <td>nesulūpintas priešakinės eilės aukštutinio pakilimo uždaras ilgasis</td> <td><i>i, ih, ie, ieh</i></td> <td><i>W<b>ie</b>n</i> [v<b>i:</b>n]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ɔ/</td> <td>sulūpintas užpakalinės eilės vidurio žemutinio pakilimo atviras trumpasis</td> <td><i>o</i></td> <td><i>w<b>o</b>llen</i> ['v<b>ɔ</b>lən]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/o:/</td> <td>sulūpintas užpakalinės eilės vidurio žemutinio pakilimo uždaras ilgasis</td> <td><i>o, oo, oh</i></td> <td><i>K<b>oh</b>l</i> [k<b>o:</b>l]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/œ/</td> <td>sulūpintas priešakinės eilės vidurio žemutinio pakilimo atviras trumpasis</td> <td><i>ö</i></td> <td><i>L<b>ö</b>ffel</i> ['l<b>œ</b>fəl]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ø:/</td> <td>sulūpintas priešakinės eilės vidurio aukštutinio pakilimo uždaras ilgasis</td> <td><i>ö, öh, oe</i></td> <td><i>H<b>öh</b>le</i> ['h<b>ø:</b>lə]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ʊ/</td> <td>neįtemptas sulūpintas priešakinės eilės aukštutinio pakilimo atviras trumpasis</td> <td><i>u</i></td> <td><i>H<b>u</b>nd</i> [h<b>ʊ</b>nt]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/u:/</td> <td>sulūpintas užpakalinės eilės aukštutinio pakilimo uždaras ilgasis</td> <td><i>u, uh</i></td> <td><i>g<b>u</b>t</i> [g<b>u:</b>t]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ʏ/</td> <td>neįtemptas sulūpintas priešakinės eilės aukštutinio pakilimo atviras trumpasis</td> <td><i>ü, y</i></td> <td><i>f<b>ü</b>nf</i> [f<b>ʏ</b>nf]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/y:/</td> <td>sulūpintas priešakinės eilės aukštutinio pakilimo uždaras ilgasis</td> <td><i>ü, üh, y</i></td> <td><i>f<b>üh</b>len</i> ['f<b>y:</b>lən]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/aɪ̯/</td> <td>dvibalsis</td> <td><i>ei, ey, ai, ay</i></td> <td><i>B<b>ay</b>ern</i> ['b<b>aɪ̯</b>ɐn]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/aʊ̯/</td> <td>dvibalsis</td> <td><i>au</i></td> <td><i>H<b>au</b>s</i> [h<b>aʊ̯</b>s]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ɔʏ̯/</td> <td>dvibalsis</td> <td><i>eu, äu</i></td> <td><i>L<b>eu</b>te</i> ['l<b>ɔʏ̯</b>tə]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Priebalsiai">Priebalsiai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Priebalsiai" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Bendrinė vokiečių kalba turi 22 <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priebalsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priebalsis">priebalsius</a> ir 3 <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrikata?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrikata">afrikatas</a> (dažnai garsų junginiai /kv/ ir /ks/ laikomi afrikatomis, tačiau <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarptautin%C4%97_fonetin%C4%97_ab%C4%97c%C4%97l%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarptautinė fonetinė abėcėlė">TFA</a> prie afrikatų jie nepriskiriami).<sup id="cite_ref-Noskov415_84-1" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Noskov415-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Svetimos kilmės žodžiuose kartais tariama /w/ (<i><b>W</b>aterproof</i>), /θ/ (<i>Commonweal<b>th</b></i>), /ð/ (<i>Ciu<b>d</b>a<b>d</b> Trujillo</i>), /ʤ/ (<i><b>G</b>in</i>).</p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> Priebalsiai </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abil%C5%ABpiniai_priebalsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abilūpiniai priebalsiai">Abilūpiniai</a></th> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C5%ABp%C5%B3_dantiniai_priebalsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lūpų dantiniai priebalsiai">Lūpų dantiniai</a></th> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alveoliniai_priebalsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alveoliniai priebalsiai">Alveoliniai</a></th> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postalveoliniai_priebalsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postalveoliniai priebalsiai">Postalveoliniai</a></th> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palatalizacija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palatalizacija">Palataliniai</a></th> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gomuriniai_priebalsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gomuriniai priebalsiai">Gomuriniai</a></th> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lie%C5%BEuv%C4%97liniai_priebalsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liežuvėliniai priebalsiai">Liežuvėliniai</a></th> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glotalizacija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glotalizacija">Glotaliniai</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sprogstamieji_priebalsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sprogstamieji priebalsiai">Sprogstamieji</a></th> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">p</span><sup>3</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">b</span><sup>4</sup></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">t</span><sup>3</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">d</span><sup>4</sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">k</span><sup>3</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ɡ</span><sup>4</sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrikata?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrikata">Afrikatos</a></th> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">pf</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ts</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">tʃ</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;(<span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">dʒ</span>)<sup>5</sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pu%C4%8Diamieji_priebalsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pučiamieji priebalsiai">Pučiamieji</a></th> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">f</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">v</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">s</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">z</span></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ʃ</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;(<span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ʒ</span>)<sup>5</sup></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">x</span><sup>1</sup></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">h</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nosiniai_priebalsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nosiniai priebalsiai">Nosiniai</a></th> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">m</span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">n</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">ŋ</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aproksimantai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aproksimantai">Aproksimantai</a></th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">l</span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">j</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virpamieji_priebalsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virpamieji priebalsiai">Virpamieji</a></th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">r</span><sup>2</sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">(ɐ~ʀ)</span><sup>2</sup></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li><sup>1</sup><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/x/</span> turi du <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alofonas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alofonas">alofonus</a>: <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/x/</span> po užpakalinių ir <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ç/</span> po priešakinių <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balsis">balsių</a>.</li> <li><sup>2</sup><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/r/</span> turi tris alofonus: <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/r/</span>, <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɐ/</span> ir <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ʀ/</span>. Skiemens pabaigoje alofonas <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɐ/</span> tariamas daugumoje tarmių.</li> <li><sup>3</sup> Duslieji sprogstamieji priebalsiai <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/p/</span>, <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/t/</span>, <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/k/</span> aspiruojami, po sprogimo tariami su juos paryškinančiu šnaresiu. Neaspiruojama, jei šie priebalsiai eina prieš šnypščiamuosius ir švilpiamuosius priebalsius.</li> <li><sup>4</sup> Žodžio pabaigoje skardieji priebalsiai <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/b/</span>, <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/d/</span>, <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ɡ/</span> suduslėja ir tariami kaip <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/p/</span>, <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/t/</span>, <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/k/</span>.</li> <li><sup>5</sup><span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/d͡ʒ/</span> ir <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ʒ/</span> pasitaiko tik svetimos (dažniausiai anglų ir prancūzų) kilmės žodžiuose.</li> <li>Kai kirčiuotas skiemuo prasideda <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balsis">balsiu</a>, prieš jį eina <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glotalinis_sprogstamasis_priebalsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glotalinis sprogstamasis priebalsis">/ʔ/</a>. Kadangi <span title="IPA tarimo transkripcija." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Doulos SIL', 'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family :inherit; text-decoration: none">/ʔ/</span> buvimas numanomas tik iš konteksto, jis nėra laikomas garsu.</li> </ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <caption> Vartosena </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Garsas</th> <th>Tarimo būdas</th> <th>Rašyba</th> <th>Pavyzdys</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/p/</td> <td>duslusis abilūpinis sprogstamasis</td> <td><i>p, pp, b</i></td> <td><i><b>P</b>ass</i> [<b>p</b>as]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/b/</td> <td>skardusis abilūpinis sprogstamasis</td> <td><i>b, bb</i></td> <td><i><b>b</b>aden</i> ['<b>b</b>a: dən]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/t/</td> <td>duslusis alveolinis sprogstamasis</td> <td><i>t, tt, th, d</i></td> <td><i>sa<b>tt</b></i> [za<b>t</b>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/d/</td> <td>skardusis alveolinis sprogstamasis</td> <td><i>d, dd</i></td> <td><i><b>d</b>ort</i> [<b>d</b>ɔrt]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/k/</td> <td>duslusis liežuvio užpakalinis sprogstamasis</td> <td><i>k, ck, ch, g</i></td> <td><i><b>K</b>ette</i> ['<b>k</b>εtə]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/g/</td> <td>skardusis liežuvio užpakalinis sprogstamasis</td> <td><i>g, gg</i></td> <td><i>Ro<b>gg</b>en</i> ['rɔ<b>g</b>ən]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/f/</td> <td>duslusis lūpinis dantinis pučiamasis</td> <td><i>f, ff, v, ph</i></td> <td><i><b>F</b>eder</i> ['<b>f</b>e: dər]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/v/</td> <td>skardusis lūpinis dantinis pučiamasis</td> <td><i>w, v</i></td> <td><i><b>W</b>elt</i> [<b>v</b>εlt]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/s/</td> <td>duslusis alveolinis pučiamasis</td> <td><i>s, ss, ß</i></td> <td><i>Flu<b>ss</b></i> [flʊ<b>s</b>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/z/</td> <td>skardusis alveolinis pučiamasis</td> <td><i>s</i></td> <td><i><b>s</b>agen</i> ['<b>z</b>a: gən]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ʃ/</td> <td>duslusis postalveolinis pučiamasis</td> <td><i>sch, s, ch</i></td> <td><i><b>sch</b>ön</i> [<b>ʃ</b>ø:n]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ʒ/</td> <td>skardusis postalveolinis pučiamasis</td> <td><i>g, j</i></td> <td><i><b>G</b>enie</i> [<b>ʒ</b>e’ni:]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/j/</td> <td>skardusis palatalinis aproksimantas</td> <td><i>j, y</i></td> <td><i><b>j</b>ung</i> [<b>j</b>ʊŋ]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ç/</td> <td>duslusis palatalinis pučiamasis</td> <td><i>ch, g</i></td> <td><i>Köni<b>g</b></i> ['kø:nɪ<b>ç</b>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/x/</td> <td>duslusis gomurio užpakalinis pučiamasis</td> <td><i>ch</i></td> <td><i>no<b>ch</b></i> [nɔ<b>x</b>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/h/</td> <td>duslusis ryklės pučiamasis</td> <td><i>h</i></td> <td><i>wo<b>h</b>er</i> [vo’<b>h</b>e:ɐ]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/r/</td> <td>skardusis alveolinis virpamasis <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sklandieji_priebalsiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sklandieji priebalsiai">pusbalsis</a></td> <td><i>r, rr, rh</i></td> <td><i><b>R</b>ose</i> ['<b>r</b>o: zə]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ɐ/</td> <td>neįtemptas vidurinės eilės žemutinio pakilimo balsis, subalsintas <i>r</i></td> <td><i>r, er</i></td> <td><i>hie<b>r</b></i> [hi:<b>ɐ</b>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/l/</td> <td>alveolinis šoninis pusbalsis</td> <td><i>l, ll</i></td> <td><i><b>L</b>iebe</i> ['<b>l</b>i: bə]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/m/</td> <td>abilūpinis nosinis pusbalsis</td> <td><i>m, mm</i></td> <td><i>ko<b>mm</b>en</i> ['kɔ<b>m</b>ən]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/n/</td> <td>liežuvio priešakinis nosinis pusbalsis</td> <td><i>n, nn</i></td> <td><i><b>N</b>ame</i> ['<b>n</b>a: mə]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ŋ/</td> <td>gomurio užpakalinis nosinis pusbalsis</td> <td><i>ng, n</i></td> <td><i>da<b>n</b>ken</i> ['da<b>ŋ</b>kən]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/p͡f/]</td> <td>duslioji lūpinė dantinė afrikata</td> <td><i>pf</i></td> <td><i><b>Pf</b>erd</i> [<b>p͡f</b>e: rt]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/t͡s/</td> <td>duslioji alveolinė afrikata</td> <td><i>z, tz, c, t</i></td> <td><i><b>Z</b>ahn</i> [<b>t͡s</b>a: n]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/t͡ʃ/</td> <td>duslioji postalveolinė afrikata</td> <td><i>tsch, tch</i></td> <td><i>Ma<b>tch</b></i> [mε<b>t͡ʃ</b>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/kv/</td> <td>garsų junginys</td> <td><i>qu</i></td> <td><i><b>Qu</b>elle</i> ['<b>kv</b>εlə]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">/ks/</td> <td>garsų junginys</td> <td><i>x, chs</i></td> <td><i>se<b>chs</b></i> [zε<b>ks</b>]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kirčiavimas"><span id="Kir.C4.8Diavimas"></span>Kirčiavimas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Kirčiavimas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Vokiečių kalbos žodžiuose kirtis fiksuotas ir beveik niekada žodyje nekeičia savo vietos. Šakniniuose žodžiuose dažniausiai kirčiuojamas pirmasis skiemuo, žodžiuose su <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prie%C5%A1d%C4%97lis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priešdėlis">priešdėliais</a> kirčiuojama arba priešdėlyje, arba šaknyje. Tokiu atveju priešdėliai skirtomi į kirčiuojamuosius (<i>un-, ur-, ab-, auf-, aus-, bei-, ein-, mit-, nach-, vor-, zu-</i>) ir nekirčiuojamuosius (<i>be-, ge-, ent-, emp-, er-, miss-, ver-, zer-</i>), dar vadinamus puspriešdėliais ir priešdėliais (kirčio vieta − vienas iš požymių, pagal kurį supriešinamos šios dvi afiksų rūšys). Dauguma vokiškų priesagų nekirčiuojamos, tačiau didelė priesagų grupė gali gauti kirtį (<i>-ist, -ent, -ant, -ee, -eur, -ion, -tät, -ur, -at, -it, -ot, -et</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Noskov415_84-2" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Noskov415-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dūriniai (sudurtiniai žodžiai) turi pagrindinį (paprastai kirčiuojamas pirmasis dėmuo) ir papildomą kirčius. Papildomą kirtį dažniausiai gauna antrasis dūrinio dėmuo (pvz., kaip žodyje <i>Zeít-verschiébung</i>), tačiau esama išimčių (pvz., kaip žodyje <i>Jáhr-húndert</i>), o santrumpose kirčiuojama paskutinė jų raidė (<i>die BRD [be:’ɛr’de:]</i>).</p> <p>Sakinyje kirčiuojami savarankiški žodžiai, vadinasi, pagalbiniai kirčio negauna. Kirčių, tono pokyčių, šnekėjimo spartumo ir pauzių derinys kuria intonaciją. Pagrindinis visos frazės kirtis vadinamas frazės kirčiu, jam būdingas aukštesnis arba žemesnis tonas: <i>Was "machen Sie?</i>. Prasminis (loginis) kirtis rodo kalbėtojo norą tą žodį pabrėžti: <i>“Er kommt heute&nbsp;– Er "kommt heute.</i></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kaitybos_ir_formų_struktūra"><span id="Kaitybos_ir_form.C5.B3_strukt.C5.ABra"></span>Kaitybos ir formų struktūra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Kaitybos ir formų struktūra" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Vokiečių kalba pagal <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaityba_(kalbotyra)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaityba (kalbotyra)">kaitybos</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BDod%C5%BEi%C5%B3_daryba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Žodžių daryba">darybos</a> sandarą priklauso mišriosioms kalboms, kur derinami <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleksin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleksinė kalba">fleksiniai</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analitin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Analitinė kalba">analitiniai</a> elementai. Fleksija, arba sintezė (kaitymas galūnėmis), ir analitiškumas (pagalbinių žodžių vartojimas) kalbos morfologijoje dominuoja<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <ul> <li><b>Fleksija</b></li> </ul> <p>Sintetiniu būdu asmenuojami esamojo (Präsens) ir būtojo laikų (Präteritum) veiksmažodžiai; sintetiniu būdu linksniuojamas pažyminiu einąs <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C5%ABdvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Būdvardis">būdvardis</a>; sudaiktavardėję būdvardžiai taip pat linksniuojami. Iš esmės visi <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%AEvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Įvardis">įvardžiai</a> linksniuojami sintetiškai, tačiau esama <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supletyvizmas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supletyvizmas">supletyvinių</a> (skirtingašaknių) formų, ypač būdingų asmeniniams įvardžiams: <i>ich&nbsp;– meiner&nbsp;– mir; er&nbsp;– ihm; wir&nbsp;– uns</i>. O daiktavardžių kaityba gana savotiška: nelygu kokiai linksniuotei jie priklauso (vokiečių kalboje jų yra keturios), jie linksniuojami arba mišriai, t. y. linksniuojamas ne tik daiktavardis, bet ir artikelis (stiprioji, silpnoji ir mišrioji linksniuotės), arba linksniuojamas tik artikelis, o daiktavardis visuose linksniuose nekinta, atskirų galūnių negauna (moteriškoji linksniuotė). Tiktai kelintiniai <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skaitvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skaitvardis">skaitvardžiai</a> linksniuojami, jie turi tas pačias galūnes kaip ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C5%ABdvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Būdvardis">būdvardžiai</a>.</p> <ul> <li><b>Analitiškumas</b></li> </ul> <p><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analitin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Analitinė kalba">Analitiškai</a> vokiečių kalboje sudaroma:</p> <ol> <li>keturi iš šešių veiksmažodžio laikų formų − tiek tiesioginės, tiek netiesioginės <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuosaka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuosaka">nuosakų</a> (Perfekt, Plusquamperfekt, Futurum I, Futurum II);</li> <li>visi neveikiamosios rūšies laikai;</li> <li>tariamoji nuosaka (Konditionalis I ir Konditionalis II);</li> <li>artikelis + daiktavardis taip pat yra analitinis darinys, nes prasminis (semantinis) dėmuo čia yra <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daiktavardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daiktavardis">daiktavardis</a>, o artikelis nurodo jo gramatinę kategoriją: <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gimin%C4%97_(gramatika)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giminė (gramatika)">giminę</a>, skaičių, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linksnis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linksnis">linksnį</a>, apibrėžtumą (žymimasis artikelis) ar neapibrėžtumą (nežymimasis artikelis).</li> </ol> <ul> <li><b>Inkorporavimas</b></li> </ul> <p>Nors <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inkorporacin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inkorporacinė kalba">inkorporavimas</a> nėra pagrindinis vokiečių kalbos morfologinis tipas, vis dėlto jis labai dažnas. Inkorporavimo pavyzdžiai:</p> <ol> <li>visi dūriniai: <i>Damenschuhabsatz</i>&nbsp;– 'moteriškų batelių kulniukas';</li> <li>prielinksnių ir artikelių suliejimas: <i>im</i> (<i>in + dem</i>), <i>ins</i> (<i>in + das</i>), <i>zum</i> (<i>zu + dem</i>), <i>zur</i> (<i>zu + der</i>), <i>vom</i> (<i>von + dem</i>), <i>am</i> (<i>an + dem</i>), <i>ums</i> (<i>um + das</i>) ir t.t;</li> <li>dalelės <i>zu</i> inkorporavimas tarp priešdėlio ir veiksmažodžio šaknies: <i>Wir haben keine Zeit, unsere Freunde an<b>zu</b>rufen</i>.</li> </ol> <ul> <li><b>Agliutinavimas</b></li> </ul> <p><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agliutinacin%C4%97_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agliutinacinė kalba">Agliutinavimas</a> vokiečių kalboje retokas. Agliutinavimo pavyzdys: <i>der Bär&nbsp;– die Bär<b>in</b>&nbsp;– die Bär<b>inn</b>en</i> (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daugiskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daugiskaita">dgs</a>. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vardininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vardininkas">vard.</a> 'lokės'). <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priesaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priesaga">Priesaga</a> <i>-in</i> (<i>-inn</i>) žymi tik moteriškąją <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gimin%C4%97_(gramatika)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giminė (gramatika)">giminę</a>, o priesaga <i>-en</i>&nbsp;– tik <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daugiskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daugiskaita">daugiskaitą</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Morfologija">Morfologija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Morfologija" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Artikelis">Artikelis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Artikelis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Vokiečių kalbos <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artikelis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artikelis">artikelis</a>&nbsp;– tarnybinis žodis, žymintis daiktavardžio <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gimin%C4%97_(gramatika)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giminė (gramatika)">giminę</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gramatinis_skai%C4%8Dius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gramatinis skaičius">skaičių</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linksnis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linksnis">linksnį</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artikelis gali būti žymimasis (<i>der, die, das, die</i>) ir nežymimasis (<i>ein, eine, ein</i>, nežymimasis artikelis <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daugiskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daugiskaita">daugiskaitos</a> neturi). Jie gali būti linksniuojami kaip parodomieji (<i>dieser, jener</i>), savybiniai (<i>mein, dein, sein</i>), klausiamieji (<i>welcher? was für ein?</i>) ir kaip nežymimieji (<i>jeder, mancher</i>) <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%AEvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Įvardis">įvardžiai</a>, neigiamasis įvardis <i>kein</i> ir daugiskaitiniai įvardžiai (<i>alle, viele, einige, mehrere</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> Artikelio linksniavimas </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Linksnis</th> <th>Vyriškoji g.</th> <th>Moteriškoji g.</th> <th>Bevardė g.</th> <th>Daugiskaita</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vardininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vardininkas">V.</a> <i>(Nominativ)</i></td> <td><i>der (ein)</i></td> <td><i>die (eine)</i></td> <td><i>das (ein)</i></td> <td><i>die</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">K.</a> <i>(Genitiv)</i></td> <td><i>des (eines)</i></td> <td><i>der (einer)</i></td> <td><i>des (eines)</i></td> <td><i>der</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">N.</a> <i>(Dativ)</i></td> <td><i>dem (einem)</i></td> <td><i>der (einer)</i></td> <td><i>dem (einem)</i></td> <td><i>den</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">G.</a> <i>(Akkusativ)</i></td> <td><i>den (einen)</i></td> <td><i>die (eine)</i></td> <td><i>das (ein)</i></td> <td><i>die</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Nežymimasis artikelis su daiktavardžiais vartojamas pirmą kartą juos paminint arba jeigu jie prastai žinomi. Žymimasis artikelis pasitelkiamas tuomet, kai dalykas jau žinomas, arba jis vartojamas su pažyminiu (daiktavardžio <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">kilmininku</a>, kelintiniais <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skaitvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skaitvardis">skaitvardžiais</a>, aukščiausiojo laipsnio (Superlativ) būdvardžiais). Artikelį galima praleisti, jei prieš daiktavardį eina įvardis arba kelintinis skaitvardis, jei daiktavardis&nbsp;– šalies arba miesto pavadinimas (bevardė giminė), abstrakti sąvoka arba ji reiškia nenurodyto kiekio medžiagą.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Daiktavardis">Daiktavardis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Daiktavardis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Vokiečių kalbos <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daiktavardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daiktavardis">daiktavardžiai</a> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vienaskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienaskaita">vienaskaitoje</a> turi keturias linksniuotes: <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gimin%C4%97_(gramatika)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giminė (gramatika)">vyriškosios</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gimin%C4%97_(gramatika)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giminė (gramatika)">bevardės</a> giminių stipriąją, vyriškosios giminės silpnąją, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gimin%C4%97_(gramatika)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giminė (gramatika)">moteriškosios</a> giminės daiktavardžių moteriškąją ir kai kurių vyriškosios ir bevardės giminės daiktavardžių mišriąją. Tikriniai daiktavardžiai turi galūnę <i>-s</i> tik <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">kilmininke</a>. Yra keturi <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linksnis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linksnis">linksniai</a>: <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vardininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vardininkas">vardininkas</a> (Nominativ), <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">kilmininkas</a> (Genitiv), <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">naudininkas</a> (Dativ) ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">galininkas</a> (Akkusativ).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bevardės giminės vardininkas ir galininkas paprastai sutampa. Vokiečių kalboje labai lengvai daiktavardėja kitos kalbos dalys, itin paplitę dūriniai, jie gali būti įspūdingai ilgi, iš daugybės dėmenų, pvz.: <i>Kinderbuchverlag</i> 'vaikiškų knygų leidykla', <i>Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft</i> (1. Donau 'Dunojus' + 2. Dampf 'garas' + 3. Schiff 'laivas' + 4. Fahrts 'vykimo, važiavimo' + 5. Gesellschaft 'bendrovė') 'Dunojaus garlaivių laivybos bendrovė' ir kt.</p> <p>Daiktavardžiai su mažybinėmis, malonybinėmis priesagomis (<i>-chen</i>, <i>-lein</i>) virsta bevardės giminės daiktavardžiais.</p> <p>Pažymėtina, kad <b>visi vokiečių kalbos daiktavardžiai visada rašomi didžiąja raide</b>.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Daiktavardžių linksniavimas vienaskaitoje </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Linksnis</th> <th>Stiprioji linksniuotė</th> <th>Silpnoji linksniuotė</th> <th>Moteriškoji linksniuotė</th> <th>Mišrioji linksniuotė</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vardininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vardininkas">V.</a></td> <td><i>der Berg</i>, <i>das Bild</i></td> <td><i>der Mensch</i></td> <td><i>die Frau</i></td> <td><i>der Name</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">K.</a></td> <td><i>des Berg(e)s</i>, <i>des Bild(e)s</i></td> <td><i>des Menschen</i></td> <td><i>der Frau</i></td> <td><i>des Namens</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">N.</a></td> <td><i>dem Berg(e)</i>, <i>dem Bild(e)</i></td> <td><i>dem Menschen</i></td> <td><i>der Frau</i></td> <td><i>dem Namen</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">G.</a></td> <td><i>den Berg</i>, <i>das Bild</i></td> <td><i>den Menschen</i></td> <td><i>die Frau</i></td> <td><i>den Namen</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Daiktavardžių <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daugiskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daugiskaita">daugiskaita</a> sudaroma penkiais būdais (1 tipas&nbsp;– su <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priesaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priesaga">priesaga</a> <i>-e</i>; 2 tipas&nbsp;– su priesaga <i>-(e)n</i> (visada be balsio kaitos); 3 tipas&nbsp;– su priesaga <i>-er</i> (dažnai su balsio kaita); 4 tipas&nbsp;– be priesagos (su balsio kaita ir be jos); 5 tipas&nbsp;– su priesaga <i>-s</i> (pasitelkiama sutrumpintiems bei iš trumpinių sudurtiems žodžiams, taip pat <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skolinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skolinys">skoliniams</a>; be balsio kaitos)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Daugiskaitai sudaryti taikoma balsių kaita, kuomet supriešakėja balsis ar <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dvibalsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvibalsis">dvibalsis</a>, vadinama <i><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umliautas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umliautas">umliautu</a></i>.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Daiktavardžių daugiskaita </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Tipas</th> <th>Skaičius</th> <th>Vyriškoji g.</th> <th>Moteriškoji g.</th> <th>Bevardė g.</th> </tr> <tr> <td><b>I</b></td> <td>Vienaskaita&nbsp;– daugiskaita</td> <td><i>der Platz&nbsp;— die Plätze</i></td> <td><i>die Stadt&nbsp;— die Städte</i></td> <td><i>das Jahr&nbsp;— die Jahre</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>II</b></td> <td>Vienaskaita&nbsp;– daugiskaita</td> <td><i>der Junge&nbsp;— die Jungen</i></td> <td><i>die Uhr&nbsp;— die Uhren</i></td> <td><i>das Bett&nbsp;— die Betten</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>III</b></td> <td>Vienaskaita&nbsp;– daugiskaita</td> <td><i>der Mann&nbsp;— die Männer</i></td> <td> <center> — </center></td> <td><i>das Bild&nbsp;— die Bilder</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>IV</b></td> <td>Vienaskaita&nbsp;– daugiskaita</td> <td><i>der Vogel&nbsp;— die Vögel</i></td> <td><i>die Tochter&nbsp;— die Töchter</i></td> <td><i>das Gebäude&nbsp;— die Gebäude</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>V</b></td> <td>Vienaskaita&nbsp;– daugiskaita</td> <td><i>der Park&nbsp;— die Parks</i></td> <td><i>die Mutti&nbsp;— die Muttis</i></td> <td><i>das Hotel&nbsp;— die Hotels</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Daugiskaitoje visi daiktavardžiai linksniuojami vienodai. Daugiskaitos naudininke pridedama <i>-n</i>, jeigu žodžio forma tokios galūnės (arba galūnės<i>-s</i>) dar neturi daugiskaitos vardininke.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Daiktavardžių linksniavimas daugiskaitoje </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Linksnis</th> <th>Vyriškoji g.</th> <th>Moteriškoji g.</th> <th>Bevardė g.</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vardininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vardininkas">V.</a></td> <td><i> die Männer</i></td> <td><i>die Frauen</i></td> <td><i>die Kinos</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">K.</a></td> <td><i>der Männer</i></td> <td><i>der Frauen</i></td> <td><i>der Kinos</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">N.</a></td> <td><i>den Männern</i></td> <td><i>den Frauen</i></td> <td><i>den Kinos</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">G.</a></td> <td><i>die Männer</i></td> <td><i>die Frauen</i></td> <td><i>die Kinos</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Gana daug svetimos kilmės žodžių daugiskaita gali būti netaisyklinga (sudaroma neįprastai, nereguliariai):</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Nereguliari daiktavardžių daugiskaita </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th>Vienaskaitos vardininkas</th> <th>Vienaskaitos kilmininkas</th> <th>Daugiskaitos vardininkas</th> <th>Reikšmė</th> </tr> <tr> <td>-s, -en</td> <td rowspan="2">das Thema</td> <td rowspan="2">des Themas</td> <td>die Themen</td> <td rowspan="2">tema</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-s, Dgs.</td> <td>die Themata</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-, -en</td> <td>der Kommunismus</td> <td>des Kommunismus</td> <td>(die Kommunismen)</td> <td>komunizmas</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-, Dgs.</td> <td>der Modus</td> <td>des Modus</td> <td>die Modi</td> <td>režimas; nuosaka</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Būdvardis"><span id="B.C5.ABdvardis"></span>Būdvardis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Būdvardis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Vokiečių kalboje <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C5%ABdvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Būdvardis">būdvardžiai</a> linksniuojami tik tada, kai eina <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daiktavardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daiktavardis">daiktavardžio</a> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C5%BEyminys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pažyminys">pažyminiu</a>. Yra trys linksniuotės:<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li><b>silpnoji</b>&nbsp;– būdvardis eina po žymimojo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artikelis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artikelis">artikelio</a> arba <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%AEvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Įvardis">įvardžių</a> <i>dieser, jener, jeder, welcher</i>; visuose vienaskaitos linksniuose, išskyrus <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vardininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vardininkas">vardininką</a>, turima galūnė <i>-en</i>; moteriškosios ir bevardės giminių giminės <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">galininkas</a> turi galūnę <i>-e</i>, o daugiskaitoje visi linksniai įgyja galūnę <i>-en</i>;</li> <li><b>stiprioji</b>&nbsp;– pagal ją linksniuojama, jei prieš būdvardį nėra pažymimojo žodžio, žymimojo artikelio, išskyrus vyriškosios ir bevardės giminių vienaskaitos <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">kilmininką</a>, kur vartojama silpnoji galūnė <i>-en</i>;</li> <li><b>mišrioji</b>&nbsp;– būdvardis eina po nežymimojo artikelio, savybinių įvardžių arba po neigiamojo įvardžio <i>kein</i>; stipriosios galūnės vardininke ir galininke, silpnosios − kilmininke ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">naudininke</a>.</li> </ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Silpnoji linksniuotė </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Linksnis</th> <th>Vyriškoji g.</th> <th>Moteriškoji g.</th> <th>Bevardė g.</th> <th>Daugiskaita</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vardininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vardininkas">V.</a></td> <td><i>der gute Mann</i></td> <td><i>die gute Frau</i></td> <td><i>das gute Kind</i></td> <td><i>die guten Leute</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">K.</a></td> <td><i>des guten Mannes</i></td> <td><i>der guten Frau</i></td> <td><i>des guten Kindes</i></td> <td><i>der guten Leute</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">N.</a></td> <td><i>dem guten Mann(e)</i></td> <td><i>der guten Frau</i></td> <td><i>dem guten Kind(e)</i></td> <td><i>den guten Leuten</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">G.</a></td> <td><i>den guten Mann</i></td> <td><i>die gute Frau</i></td> <td><i>das gute Kind</i></td> <td><i>die guten Leute</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Stiprioji linksniuotė </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Linksnis</th> <th>Vyriškoji g.</th> <th>Moteriškoji g.</th> <th>Bevardė g.</th> <th>Daugiskaita</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vardininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vardininkas">V.</a></td> <td><i>süßer Wein</i></td> <td><i>warme Milch</i></td> <td><i>frisches Gemüse</i></td> <td><i>gute Bücher</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">K.</a></td> <td><i>süßen Weines</i></td> <td><i>warmer Milch</i></td> <td><i>frischen Gemüses</i></td> <td><i>guter Bücher</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">N.</a></td> <td><i>süßem Wein(e)</i></td> <td><i>warmer Milch</i></td> <td><i>frischem Gemüse</i></td> <td><i>guten Büchern</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">G.</a></td> <td><i>süßen Wein</i></td> <td><i>warme Milch</i></td> <td><i>frisches Gemüse</i></td> <td><i>gute Bücher</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Mišrioji linksniuotė </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Linksnis</th> <th>Vyriškoji g.</th> <th>Moteriškoji g.</th> <th>Bevardė g.</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vardininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vardininkas">V.</a></td> <td><i>ein großer Platz</i></td> <td><i>eine große Stadt</i></td> <td><i>ein großes Land</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">K.</a></td> <td><i>eines großen Platzes</i></td> <td><i>einer großen Stadt</i></td> <td><i>eines großen Landes</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">N.</a></td> <td><i>einem großen Platz(e)</i></td> <td><i>einer großen Stadt</i></td> <td><i>einem großen Land(e)</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">G.</a></td> <td><i>einen großen Platz</i></td> <td><i>eine große Stadt</i></td> <td><i>ein großes Land</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Vokiečių kalbos <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C5%ABdvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Būdvardis">būdvardžiai</a> (ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prieveiksmis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prieveiksmis">prieveiksmiai</a>) gali būti trijų lyginimo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laipsnis_(gramatika)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laipsnis (gramatika)">laipsnių</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:</p> <ol> <li><b>nelyginamojo</b> (Positiv)&nbsp;– paprastas būdvardis arba prieveiksmis;</li> <li><b>aukštesniojo</b> (Komparativ)&nbsp;– prie būdvardžio arba prieveiksmio pridedama <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priesaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priesaga">priesaga</a> <i>-er</i>, šaknies balsiai <i>a, o</i> arba <i>u</i> gali pakisti, gauti <b><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umliautas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umliautas">umliautą</a></b>;</li> <li><b>aukščiausiojo</b> (Superlativ)&nbsp;– sudaroma su priesaga <i>-(e)st</i> ir paprastai gali būti keleto formų:</li> </ol> <ul> <li>nelinksniuojamosios formos su dalelyte <b>am</b> ir nekaitoma priesaga <b>-(e)sten</b>, kai eina aplinkybe arba <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarinys">tarinio</a> dalimi: <i>am schönsten</i>;</li> <li>linksniuojamosios formos, kai su žymimuoju artikeliu prieš daiktavardį eina pažyminiu <b>der/die/das -(e)ste</b>: <i>der/die/das interessanteste, …</i> ir</li> <li>ypatingosios kai kurių būdvardžių ir prieveiksmių su priesaga <b>-(e)ns</b> formos: <i>möglichst, schleunigst, …</i><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <p>Kai kurių būdvardžių ir prieveiksmių laipsniavimas − išskirtinis: <i>hoch&nbsp;– höher&nbsp;– höchste</i>, <i>gut&nbsp;– besser&nbsp;– beste</i> ir kt.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Įvardis"><span id=".C4.AEvardis"></span>Įvardis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Įvardis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Prireikus vokiečių kalbos <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%AEvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Įvardis">įvardis</a> pakeičia daiktavardį. Tokie yra asmeniniai (<i>ich</i> 'aš', du 'tu', <i>er</i> 'jis', <i>sie</i> 'ji', <i>es</i> 'tatai; jis, ji',<i> wir</i> 'mes', ihr 'jūs', <i>sie</i> 'jie', <i>Sie</i> 'Jūs'), klausiamieji (<i>wer?</i> 'kas? (su gyva)', <i>was?</i> 'kas? (su negyva)'), nežymimieji (<i>man</i> '-ma (pvz., yra sakoma)', <i>etwas</i> 'kažkas', <i>jemand</i> 'kažkuris, kažkoks', <i>alle</i> 'visas', <i>alles</i> 'visi', <i>viele</i> 'daug, daugybė', <i>einige</i> 'kai kas') ir žymimieji įvardžiai (<i>nichts</i> 'niekas', <i>niemand</i> 'nė vienas'), taip pat neasmeninis įvardis <i>es</i> 'tai' ir įvardiniai prieveiksmiai.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klausiamieji ir asmeniniai įvardžiai turi tris linksnius,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nes vietoj jų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">kilmininko</a> vartojami savybiniai įvardžiai.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Asmeninių įvardžių linksniavimas </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Linksnis</th> <th>Klausiamieji<br> įvardžiai</th> <th>1 asmuo,<br><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vienaskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienaskaita">vns.</a></th> <th>2 asmuo,<br><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vienaskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienaskaita">vns.</a></th> <th>3 asmuo,<br><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vienaskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienaskaita">vns.</a></th> <th>1 asmuo,<br><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daugiskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daugiskaita">dgs.</a></th> <th>2 asmuo,<br><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daugiskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daugiskaita">dgs.</a></th> <th>3 asmuo,<br><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daugiskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daugiskaita">dgs.</a></th> <th>Mandagumo<br> forma</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vardininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vardininkas">V.</a></td> <td><i>wer? was?</i></td> <td><i>ich</i></td> <td><i>du</i></td> <td><i>er, sie, es</i></td> <td><i>wir</i></td> <td><i>ihr</i></td> <td><i>sie</i></td> <td><i>Sie</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">N.</a></td> <td><i>wem?</i></td> <td><i>mir</i></td> <td><i>dir</i></td> <td><i>ihm, ihr, ihm</i></td> <td><i>uns</i></td> <td><i>euch</i></td> <td><i>ihnen</i></td> <td><i>Ihnen</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">G.</a></td> <td><i>wen? was?</i></td> <td><i>mich</i></td> <td><i>dich</i></td> <td><i>ihn, sie, es</i></td> <td><i>uns</i></td> <td><i>euch</i></td> <td><i>sie</i></td> <td><i>Sie</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Savybiniai įvardžiai atsako į klausimą <i>wessen?</i> 'kieno?'. Jie atitinka asmeninių įvardžių kilmininko formas, atmetus visų vienaskaitos ir daukislaitos 3 asmens kilmininko galūnę <i>-er:</i> <i>mein, dein, sein, ihr, sein, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr</i>. Kiekvienas savybinis įvardis derinamas su juo susijusio daiktavardžio gimine, skaičiumi ir linksniu (kaip <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lietuvi%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lietuvių kalba">liet.</a> 'manas kambarys, mana knyga, manam kambariui, manai knygai' ir t. t.) Vienaskaitoje linksniuojama kaip nežymimasis artikelis, o daugiskaitoje − kaip žymimasis<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Savybinių įvardžių linksniavimas </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Linksnis</th> <th>Vyriškoji g.</th> <th>Moteriškoji g.</th> <th>Bevardė g.</th> <th>Daugiskaita</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vardininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vardininkas">V.</a></td> <td><i>mein</i></td> <td><i>meine</i></td> <td><i>mein</i></td> <td><i>meine</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">K.</a></td> <td><i>meines</i></td> <td><i>meiner</i></td> <td><i>meines</i></td> <td><i>meiner</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">N.</a></td> <td><i>meinem</i></td> <td><i>meiner</i></td> <td><i>meinem</i></td> <td><i>meinen</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">G.</a></td> <td><i>meinen</i></td> <td><i>meine</i></td> <td><i>mein</i></td> <td><i>meine</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Nežymimasis asmeninis įvardis <i>man</i> vartojamas asmenį tik numanant, o į lietuvių kalbą jis neverčiamas, vertime keičiama beasmeniais ir neveikiamosios rūšies bevardės giminės sakiniais, pvz., <i>man sagt</i> 'sakoma'. Labai dažnai įvardis <i>man</i> vartojamas su modaliniais <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veiksma%C5%BEodis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veiksmažodis">veiksmažodžiais</a> (<i>man kann</i> 'galima', <i>man darf</i> 'leidžiama, galima' ir kt.)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_98-0" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated4-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neasmeninis įvardis <i>es</i> beasmeniuose sakiniuose vartojamas kaip <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veiksnys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veiksnys">veiksnys</a> (<i>Es regnet</i> 'Lyja' . <i>Es ist Sonntag</i> 'Sekmadienis'. <i>Wie geht es Ihnen?</i> 'Kaip Jums sekasi?' <i>Es ist etwas passiert?</i> 'Ar kas nors atsitiko?'). Įvardiniai prieveiksmiai vartojami negyviems daiktams nurodyti. Jie gali būti parodomieji (sudaromi iš parodomojo prieveiksmio <i>da</i> ir tam tikro prielinksnio: <i>dabei, dafür, damit, darüber, dazu</i> ir kt.) ir klausiamieji (klausiamasis prieveiksmis <i>wo</i> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prielinksnis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prielinksnis">prielinksnis</a>: <i>wobei, wofür, womit, worüber, wozu</i>). Kalbant apie gyvuosius dalykus, klausiamieji sakiniai sudaromi kitaip, pasitelkiami prielinksnio ir klausiamojo įvardžio <i>wer</i>, kuris turi atitinkamą linksnį, junginiai (<i>Um wen geht es?</i> 'Apie kokį žmogų šnekama?').</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Skaitvardis">Skaitvardis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Skaitvardis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Deutsches_numerale.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Deutsches_numerale.jpg/300px-Deutsches_numerale.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="410"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 262px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Deutsches_numerale.jpg/300px-Deutsches_numerale.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="262" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Deutsches_numerale.jpg/450px-Deutsches_numerale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Deutsches_numerale.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Vokiečių kalbos skaitvardžiai </figcaption> </figure> <p>Vokiečių kalbos <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skaitvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skaitvardis">skaitvardžiai</a> skirstomi į kiekinius (<i>eins, zwei, drei, vier, fünf, sechs</i> ir t. t.) ir kelintinius (<i>erste, zweite, dritte, vierte, fünfte, sechste</i>…). Sudaiktavardėję, neretai galintys eiti <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veiksnys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veiksnys">veiksniu</a> skaitvardžiai ne visada priskiriami skaitvardžių klasei.</p> <p>Kiekiniai skaitvardžiai atsako į klausimą <i>kiek?</i> Jie būna vientisiniai (1–12, 100, 1000), sudurtiniai (13–19; sudaromi iš vienetus reiškiančių skaitvardžių ir <i>zehn</i> '10') ir išvestiniai. Kiekiniai skaitvardžiai nuo 20 iki 99 rašomi vieno žodžio junginiu, kuris susideda iš vieneto, jungtuko <i>und</i> 'ir' bei dešimties pavadinimo (pvz., 35&nbsp;– <i>fünfunddreißig</i> = fünf 'penki' + und 'ir' + dreißig 'trisdšimt').<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šimtų ir tūkstančių pavadinimai sudaromi viename žodyje sujungiant tūkstančių, po to šimtų skaičių, tada kaip sudedamoji dalis nurodomos dešimtys arba vienetai. Milijonas ir didesni skaičiai rašomi atskirai, jų skaičius nurodomas prieš skaitvardinį žodžių junginį (pvz., 1 364 819&nbsp;– <i>eine Million dreihundertvierundsechzigtausendachthundertneunzehn</i> = eine Million 'vienas milijonas' drei 'trys' + hundert 'šimtas' + vier 'keturi' + und 'ir' + sechzig 'šešiasdešimt' + tausend 'tūkstantis' + acht 'aštuoni' + hundert 'šimtas' + neunzehn 'devyniolika)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Kelintiniai skaitvardžiai atsako į klausimus <i>kelintas? kelintà? keliñta? (bev. g.)</i> ir skirstomi į šias grupes:</p> <ul> <li>išimtys: <i>der/die/das erste (1.), dritte (3.), sieb(en)te (7.), achte (8.)</i><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>likusieji skaitvardžiai iki 19 (prie šių skaitvardžių pridedama <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priesaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priesaga">priesaga</a> <i>-t-</i> ir galūnė, pvz., <i>der/die/das fünfte (5.)</i>) ir</li> <li>nuo 20 ir didesni (prie jų jungiama priesaga <i>-st-</i> ir galūnė; <i>der/die/das einundzwanzigste (21.)</i>).</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trupmena?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trupmena">Trupmenos</a> sudaromos prie kiekinio skaitvardžio pridedant priesagą <i>-tel</i> (1/4&nbsp;– <i>Viertel</i>, 3/5&nbsp;– <i>drei Fünftel</i>). Dešimtainės trupmenos skaitomos įvardijant ir kablelį (0,348&nbsp;– <i>Null Komma dreihundertachtundvierzig</i> 'nulis kablelis trys šimtai keturiasdešimt aštuoni')<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Veiksmažodis"><span id="Veiksma.C5.BEodis"></span>Veiksmažodis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Veiksmažodis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Zeitformen_(Schritten).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Vokiečių kalbos veiksmažodžio laikų pakopos"> <noscript> <img alt="Vokiečių kalbos veiksmažodžio laikų pakopos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Zeitformen_%28Schritten%29.jpg/450px-Zeitformen_%28Schritten%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="344" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4769" data-file-height="3641"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 450px;height: 344px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Zeitformen_%28Schritten%29.jpg/450px-Zeitformen_%28Schritten%29.jpg" data-alt="Vokiečių kalbos veiksmažodžio laikų pakopos" data-width="450" data-height="344" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Zeitformen_%28Schritten%29.jpg/675px-Zeitformen_%28Schritten%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Zeitformen_%28Schritten%29.jpg/900px-Zeitformen_%28Schritten%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Vokiečių kalbos veiksmažodžio laikų pakopos </figcaption> </figure> <p>Vokiečių kalbos veiksmažodis turi penkias pagrindines kategorijas<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: asmenį (pirmąjį, antrąjį ir trečiąjį), skaičių (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vienaskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienaskaita">vienaskaitą</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daugiskaita?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daugiskaita">daugiskaitą</a>), laiką (esamąjį, būtąjį ir būsimąjį), rūšį (veikiamąją ir neveikiamąją) ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuosaka?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuosaka">nuosaką</a> (tiesioginę, liepiamąją ir tariamąją). Yra ne tik asmenuojamųjų formų, bet ir neasmenuojamųjų: Infinitiv I (I bendratis), Infinitiv II (II bendratis),<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partizip I (I dalyvis) ir Partizip II (II dalyvis).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pagal darybą skiriami silpnieji, stiprieji ir netaisyklingieji veiksmažodžiai.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pagal valdymą veiksmažodžiai skirstomi į galininkinius (tranzityvinius), reikalaujančius <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">galininko</a> linksnio, ir negalininkinius (intranzityvinius), kuriems papildinys nebūtinas. Veiksmažodžiai gali būti <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sangr%C4%85%C5%BEinis_veiksma%C5%BEodis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sangrąžinis veiksmažodis">sangrąžiniai</a> (reiškia į veiksmo atlikėją nukreiptą veiksmą) ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modalumas_(kalbotyra)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modalumas (kalbotyra)">modaliniai</a> (veiksmažodžiai <i>dürfen, können, mögen, müssen, sollen, wollen</i> ir <i>lassen</i>, nors šis dažnai prie modalinių nepriskiriamas).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Vokiečių kalboje yra šeši laikai:</p> <ul> <li><b>Präsens</b>&nbsp;– vientisinis esamasis laikas, sudaromas iš bendraties šaknies ir asmenų galūnių, pvz: <i>Ich <b>schreibe</b> einen Brief.</i><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Präteritum (Imperfekt)</b>&nbsp;– vientisinis būtasis laikas vien iš pagrindinio veiksmažodžio. Sudaromas iš antrosios (preterito) veiksmažodžio formos šaknies ir asmenų galūnių, pvz.: <i>Ich <b>machte</b> schon die Tür <b>auf</b></i>. Šio laiko veiksmažodžių asmenų galūnės panašios į Präsens (esamojo laiko), išskyrus vienaskaitos pirmąjį ir trečiąjį asmenis.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perfektas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perfektas">Perfekt</a></b>&nbsp;– sudėtinis esamasis atliktinis laikas. Sudarytas iš pagrindinio veiksmažodžio, o jis reiškiamas Partizip II (II dalyviu), ir pagalbinių veiksmažodžių <i>haben</i> 'turėti' arba <i>sein</i> 'būti' esamojo laiko (Präsens), pvz.: <i>Ich <b>habe</b> die Geschichte <b>erzählt</b>; Ich <b>bin</b> zu schnell <b>gefahren</b></i>. Pagalbiniai veiksmažodžiai asmenuojami, o katrą iš šiųdviejų rinktis lemia pagrindinio veiksmažodžio leksinė reikšmė.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pliuskvamperfektas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pliuskvamperfektas">Plusquamperfekt</a></b>&nbsp;– sudėtinis būtasis atliktinis laikas, sudarytas iš pagrindinio veiksmažodžio, reiškiamo Partizip II (II dalyviu), ir iš pagalbinių asmenuojamų veiksmažodžių <i>haben</i> arba <i>sein</i> vientisinio būtojo laiko (Präteritum), pvz.: <i>Er <b>hatte</b> den Regenschirm nicht <b>genommen.</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Futur I</b>&nbsp;– sudėtinis būsimasis laikas, sudarytas iš pagrindinio veiksmažodžio, reiškiamo Infinitiv I (I bendratimi), ir iš pagalbinio asmenuojamo veiksmažodžio <i>werden</i> 'tapti', pvz.: <i>Ich <b>werde</b> um jeden Preis <b>kommen.</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Futur II</b>&nbsp;– sudėtinis būsimasis laikas, sudarytas iš Infinitiv II (II bendratimi) reiškiamo pagrindinio žodžio ir asmenuojamo pagalbinio veiksmažodžio <i>werden</i>, pvz.: <i>Morgen um neun Uhr abend <b>werde</b> ich <b>gekommen sein.</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Tiesioginės nuosakos veikiamosios rūšies veiksmažodžių asmenavimas </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Präsens Aktiv</th> <th>Präteritum Aktiv</th> <th>Perfekt Aktiv</th> <th>Plusquamperfekt Aktiv</th> <th>Futur I Aktiv</th> </tr> <tr> <td><i>ich mache</i></td> <td><i>ich machte</i></td> <td><i>ich habe gemacht</i></td> <td><i>ich hatte gemacht</i></td> <td><i>ich werde machen</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>du machst</i></td> <td><i>du machtest</i></td> <td><i>du hast gemacht</i></td> <td><i>du hattest gemacht</i></td> <td><i>du wirst machen</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>er (sie, es) macht</i></td> <td><i>er (sie, es) machte</i></td> <td><i>er (sie, es) hat gemacht</i></td> <td><i>er (sie, es) hatte gemacht</i></td> <td><i>er (sie, es) wird machen</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>wir machen</i></td> <td><i>wir machten</i></td> <td><i>wir haben gemacht</i></td> <td><i>wir hatten gemacht</i></td> <td><i>wir werden machen</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>ihr macht</i></td> <td><i>ihr machtet</i></td> <td><i>ihr habt gemacht</i></td> <td><i>ihr hattet gemacht</i></td> <td><i>ihr werdet machen</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>sie (Sie) machen</i></td> <td><i>sie (Sie) machten</i></td> <td><i>sie (Sie) haben gemacht</i></td> <td><i>sie (Sie) hatten gemacht</i></td> <td><i>sie (Sie) werden machen</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Rūšis priklauso nuo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veiksnys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veiksnys">veiksnio</a> pobūdžio. Jis gali būti tiesiogiai veikiantis, aktyvus (Aktiv&nbsp;– veiksmas kyla iš veikėjo, kuris reiškiamas veiksniu; pvz., kaip <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lietuvi%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lietuvių kalba">liet.</a> 'Draugas stato namą') arba veikiantis netiesiogiai, pasyvus (Passiv&nbsp;– veiksmas nukreiptas į save; kaip liet. 'Namas yra statomas draugo'). Neveikiamosios rūšies veiksmažodžiai turi tuos pačius laikus kaip ir veikiamosios rūšies. Sudaroma pagal tą pačią schemą. Präsens Passiv (esamasis neveikiamosios rūšies laikas) sudaromas su pagalbiniu veiksmažodžiu <i>werden</i>, asmenuojamu Präsens (vientisiniame esamajame laike) ir su pagrindiniu veiksmažodžiu, reiškiamu Partizip II (II dalyviu). Präteritum Passiv&nbsp;– <i>werden</i> Präteritum laike (vientisiniame būtajame) ir Partizip II (II dalyviu). Perfekt ir Plusquamperfekt Passiv&nbsp;– <i>werden</i> atitinkamuose laikuose (ypatingoji forma − <i>worden</i>) ir Partizip II. Futur Passiv&nbsp;– <i>werden</i> Futur laike (būsimajame) ir Partizip II.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Tiesioginės nuosakos neveikiamosios rūšies veiksmažodžių asmenavimas </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Präsens Passiv</th> <th>Präteritum Passiv</th> <th>Perfekt Passiv</th> <th>Plusquamperfekt Passiv</th> <th>Futur I Passiv</th> </tr> <tr> <td><i>ich werde gefragt</i></td> <td><i>ich wurde gefragt</i></td> <td><i>ich bin gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>ich war gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>ich werde gefragt werden</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>du wirst gefragt</i></td> <td><i>du wurdest gefragt</i></td> <td><i>du bist gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>du warst gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>du wirst gefragt werden</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>er (sie, es) wird gefragt</i></td> <td><i>er (sie, es) wurde gefragt</i></td> <td><i>er (sie, es) ist gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>er (sie, es) war gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>er (sie, es) wird gefragt werden</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>wir werden gefragt</i></td> <td><i>wir wurden gefragt</i></td> <td><i>wir sind gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>wir waren gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>wir werden gefragt werden</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>ihr werdet gefragt</i></td> <td><i>ihr wurdet gefragt</i></td> <td><i>ihr seid gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>ihr wart gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>ihr werdet gefragt werden</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>sie (Sie) werden gefragt</i></td> <td><i>sie (Sie) wurden gefragt</i></td> <td><i>sie (Sie) sind gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>sie (Sie) waren gefragt worden</i></td> <td><i>sie (Sie) werden gefragt werden</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Statyvas</b> (būsenos neveikiamoji rūšis arba trumpoji neveikiamoji rūšis) reiškia ne veiksmą, o jo rezultatą. Jis sudaromas su pagalbinio veiksmažodžio <i>sein</i> atitinkamu laiku ir galininkinio veiksmažodžio, kuris čia pagrindinis, antruoju dalyviu.</p> <p><b>Tariamoji nuosaka</b> (Konjunktiv&nbsp;– reiškia norimą arba galimą veiksmą) turi tuos pačius laikus, kaip ir tiesioginė nuosaka (Indikativ).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<b>Präsens Konjunktiv</b> (vientisinis esamasis tariamosios nuosakos laikas) sudaromas su bendraties šaknimi, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Priesaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Priesaga">priesaga</a> <i>-e</i> ir asmens galūne, tačiau šaknies balsis lieka nepakitęs. Vienaskaitos 1 ir 3 asmenyse priesaga ir asmenų galūnės suliejamos, todėl priebalsis nesikartoja. Silpnųjų veiksmažodžių <b>Präteritum Konjunktiv</b> (vientisinis būtasis tariamosios nuosakos laikas) sutampa su tiesioginės nuosakos būtuoju vientisiniu laiku, o stipriųjų veiksmažodžių šis tariamosios nuosakos laikas sudaromas su jų būtojo vientisinio laiko šaknimi, pridėjus priesagą <i>-e</i> ir asmenų galūnes. Šaknų balsiai <i>a, o, u</i> gauna umliautą. Nemaža veiksmažodžių, sudarant vientisinį būtąjį tariamosios nuosakos laiką, nepaklūsta bendrosioms taisyklėms: tai − netaisyklingieji veiksmažodžiai <i>sein (wäre), tun (täte), gehen (ginge), stehen (stände)</i>; netaisyklingieji <i>haben (hätte), werden (würde), bringen (brächte)</i>; vientisinių esamojo-būtojojo laikų veiksmažodžiai (išskyrus <i>sollen</i> ir <i>wollen</i>): <i>dürfte, könnte, möchte, müsste, wüsste</i>. <b>Perfekt Konjunktiv</b> (sudėtinis būtasis tariamosios nuosakos laikas) sudaromas su pagalbinių veiksmažodžių <i>haben</i> arba <i>sein</i> vientisiniu esamuoju tariamosios nuosakos laiku (Präsens Konjunktiv) ir pagrindinio veiksmažodžio II dalyviu (Partizip II). <b>Plusquamperfekt Konjunktiv</b> (sudėtinis būtasis tariamosios nuosakos laikas, reiškiantis anksčiau už Perfekt Konjunktiv vykusį veiksmą) sudaromas su tais pačiais veiksmažodžiais, tik Präteritum Konjunktiv (vientisiniame būtajame tariamosios nuosakos) laike ir su pagrindinio veiksmažodžio Partizip II (II dalyviu). Futurum I (I būsimojo l.) ir Futurum II (II būsimojo laiko) tariamoji nuosaka sudaroma su pagalbiniu veiksmažodžiu <i>werden</i>, asmenuojamu Präsens Konjunktiv laike, ir atitinkamai su pagrindinio veiksmažodžio Infinitiv I (I bendratimi) ir Infinitiv II (II bendratimi). Be šių tariamosios nuosakos formų, yra dar dvi − tai <b>Konditionalis I</b> (I kondicionalis) ir <b>Konditionalis II</b> (II kondicionalis), kur vartojamas pagalbinio veiksmažodžio <i>werden</i> tariamosios nuosakos vientisinis būtasis laikas (Präteritum Konjunktiv) ir pagrindinio veiksmažodžio Infinitiv I ir Infinitiv II.</p> <p><b>Liepiamoji nuosaka</b> (Imperativ) turi keturias formas: Vienaskaitos 2 asmens (<i>arbeite, nimm</i>), daugiskaitos 1 asmens (<i>arbeiten wir/wollen wir arbeiten, nehmen wir/wollen wir nehmen</i>), daugiskaitos 2 asmens (<i>arbeitet, nehmt</i>) ir mandagiojo kreipimosi (<i>arbeiten Sie, nehmen Sie</i>). Taip pat liepimas gali būti reiškiamas bendratimi (<i>Nicht aus dem Fenster lehnen!</i>) arba antruoju dalyviu (<i>Hiergeblieben!</i>). Vokiečių kalboje raginimas, skatinimas gali būti reiškiamas tam tikrais dariniais su bendratimi (pvz., haben/sein + zu + Infinitiv, modalinis veiksmažodis + Infinitiv).</p> <p><b>Bendratis</b> (Infinitiv) ir <b>dalyvis</b> (Partizip) pasitelkiami įvairioms gramatinėms konstrukcijoms ir laikų formoms sudaryti.</p> <p>Su bendratimi sudaromos neasmenuojamosios gramatinės grupės ir konstrukcijoss taikant prielinksnį <i>zu</i> (pvz., neasmenuojamieji dariniai <i>um zu, ohne zu, (an)statt zu</i>; konstrukcijos <i>haben/sein + zu + bendratis</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ir be šio prielinksnio (su modaliniais, slinkties ir kitais išimtiniais veiksmažodžiais). Sintaksėje bendratis atlieka įvairią paskirtį: gali eiti <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veiksnys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veiksnys">veiksniu</a> (<i>Es ist eine Vergnügen, zu reiten</i>), <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarinys">tariniu</a> (<i>Vielleicht haben Sie die Absicht, auch unsere Vororte mit ihren schönen Palästen und Parks zu besuchen</i>), <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papildinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papildinys">papildiniu</a> (<i>Marion war von Herzen froh (darüber), in diesem schrecklichen halbzerstörten Haus nicht allein zu sein</i>) ir sudaryti <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aplinkyb%C4%97s?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aplinkybės">aplinkybes</a> (<i>Er fährt nach Vilnius, um seine Eltern zu besuchen</i>).</p> <p>Vokiečių kalboje yra dviejų rūšių <b><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalyvis_(gramatika)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalyvis (gramatika)">dalyviai</a></b>: Partizip I (I dalyvis; veiksmažodžių esamojo laiko šaknis su priesaga <i>-(e)nd</i>) ir Partizip II (II dalyvis; veiksmažodžio šaknis, priešdėlis <i>ge-</i> ir priesaga <i>-(e)t</i> (su silpnaisiais veiksmažodžiais) arba <i>-en</i> (su stipriaisiais)).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pirmasis dalyvis dažnai eina <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daiktavardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daiktavardis">daiktavardžio</a> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C5%BEyminys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pažyminys">pažyminiu</a> (<i>Das zu <b>lesende</b> Buch</i> 'viena iš skaitomiausiųjų knygų; populiari knyga') ir aplinkybėmis (<i>Aus dem Kino zurückgehend, besprachen die Leute den Film</i> 'Eidami iš kino teatro žmonės aptarinėjo filmą'). Antrasis dalyvis vartojamas Perfekt ir Plusquamperfekt laikams sudaryti (<i>Mein Freund hat das Institut <b>absolviert</b></i> 'Mano draugas yra baigęs universitetą'),<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taip pat visuose neveikiamosios rūšies laikuose (<i>Der Text wird/wurde nacherzählt, nachdem er zweimal vorgelesen worden ist/worden war</i> 'Tekstas yra/ buvo perpasakotas, po to jis yra/ buvo du kartus perskaitytas') ir kaip dalyvinis daiktavardžio pažyminys (<i>Die von mir gekaufte Zeitung liegt auf dem Tisch</i> 'Mano nupirktas laikraštis guli ant stalo').</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Prielinksnis">Prielinksnis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Prielinksnis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Vokiečių kalboje <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prielinksnis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prielinksnis">prielinksniai</a> vartojami prieš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daiktavardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daiktavardis">daiktavardžius</a> ir asmeninius <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%AEvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Įvardis">įvardžius</a> ir šitaip lemia jų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linksnis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linksnis">linksnį</a>, tad išskiriamos trys prielinksnių grupės: valdančios <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">naudininką</a> (<i>mit, aus, nach, zu, bei, von, außer, seit, gegenüber, entgegen</i>), <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">galininką</a> (<i>für, gegen, durch, ohne, um, bis, entlang</i>) arba <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilmininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilmininkas">kilmininką</a> (<i>während, trotz, wegen, (an)statt, unweit</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Dvejopas linksnių valdymas būdingas prielinksniams <i>in, an, auf, vor, hinter, über, unter, neben, zwischen</i>, jie gali būti vartojami su naudininku ir su galininku. Šiuo atveju atsižvelgtina į <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarinys">tarinio</a> reikšmę sakinyje, pavyzdžiui: <i>Sie hängt ein Bild über die Couch</i> (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galininkas">gal.</a>)&nbsp;– <i>Das Bild hängt über der Couch</i> (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naudininkas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naudininkas">naud.</a>). Čia linksnio pasirinkimą lemia tai, kokį su šiais prielinksniais galima iškelti klausimą&nbsp;– <i>wohin?</i> 'kurlink?' (kryptis&nbsp;– gal.) ar <i>wo?</i> 'kame?' (vieta&nbsp;– naud.)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_98-1" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated4-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sintaksė"><span id="Sintaks.C4.97"></span>Sintaksė</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Sintaksė" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Vokiečių kalbos <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sintaks%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sintaksė">sintaksės</a> raida truko nuo pat kalbos gyvavimo pradžios, tačiau sintaksė galutinai buvo sunorminta tik XIX–XX amžiuose. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viduram%C5%BEiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viduramžiai">Viduramžių</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naujieji_laikai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Naujieji laikai">naujųjų laikų</a> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skyryba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skyryba">skyryboje</a> nebuvo daugybės skiriamųjų ženklų, todėl <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sakinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sakinys">sakiniai</a> būdavo vientisiniai, bet, ėmus rašyti kablelį, ankstyvuoju naujosios vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laikotarpiu įvyko reikšmingas sakinio plėtotės lūžis, nulėmęs dabartinę jo sandarą.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Vokiečių kalbos sakiniai gali būti vientisiniai ir sudėtiniai. Vientisiniai sakiniai paprastai sudaromi iš dviejų žodžių&nbsp;– <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veiksnys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veiksnys">veiksnio</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarinys">tarinio</a> (neišplėstinis sakinys), tačiau gali būti įtrauktos ir antrinės sakinio dalys (išplėstinis sakinys). Sudėtiniai sakiniai sudaryti iš dviejų arba daugiau vientisinių sakinių, tad jie gali būti sujungiamieji (bejungtukiai ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jungtukas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jungtukas">jungtukiniai</a>), formuojami iš dviejų savarankiškų sakinių, ir prijungiamieji, susidedantys iš pagrindinio ir vieno ar keleto šalutinių sakinių.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Sudėtiniai sujungiamieji sakiniai jungiami sujungiamaisiais <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jungtukas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jungtukas">jungtukais</a> <i>und, aber, oder, denn, deshalb, darum, doch, dann, so, also</i>, taip pat sudedamaisiais jungtukais <i>bald… bald, nicht nur… sondern auch, sowohl… als auch, entweder… oder</i>. Šalutinis sakinys sudėtiniame prijungiamajame sakinyje jungiamas prijungiamaisiais jungtukais (<i>dass, wenn, als, weil</i>), santykiniais <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%AEvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Įvardis">įvardžiais</a> (<i>der, die, das, die</i>), klausiamaisiais įvardžiais (<i>wer, was, welcher</i>), <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prieveiksmis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prieveiksmis">prieveiksmiais</a> (<i>wo, wann</i>), klausiamaisiais įvardiniais prieveiksmiais (<i>woran, wovon, worüber</i>) ir kt. Jų pasirinkimą lemia šalutinio sakinio rūšis. Šie sakiniai būna: <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papildinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papildinys">papildinio</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C5%BEyminys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pažyminys">pažyminio</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aplinkyb%C4%97s?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aplinkybės">aplinkybių</a> (vietos, laiko, būdo, sąlygos, nuolaidos, priežasties, tikslo) ir prijungiamieji.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Žodžių tvarka sakinyje tiesiogiai priklauso nuo jo pobūdžio. Tiesioginiame vientisiniame sakinyje žodžių tvarka gali būti įprastinė arba sukeistoji. Pirmuoju atveju visos sakinio dalys griežtai sudėliotos į savo vietas: pirma <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veiksnys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veiksnys">veiksnys</a>, po jo − <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarinys">tarinys</a> ir antrinės sakinio dalys. Pavyzdys: <i>Der Lehrer kommt bald</i>. Antruoju atveju žodžiai sukeičiami: <i>Bald kommt der Lehrer</i>. Sudėtinio arba suvestinio tarinio kaitomoji dalis yra savo vietoje, o nekaitomoji nukeliama į pabaigą: <i>Ich stimme zu</i>.</p> <p>Klausiamuosiuose sakiniuose be klausiamojo žodžio tarinys iškeliamas į sakinio pradžią: <i>Hat er das gemacht?</i> Klausiamuosiuose sakiniuose su klausiamuoju žodžiu (<i>wer? was? wann? wo? wohin? woher? wie? warum? wozu?</i> ir kt.) pirmiausia eina klausiamasis žodis, o tarinys − po jo: <i>Was hat er gemacht?</i><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Neigiamuosiuose sakiniuose dažniausiai pasitelkiama neigiamoji dalelė <i>nicht</i>, kuri paprastai eina prieš neigiamąjį žodį: <i>Nicht alle verstehen das</i>. Bet jeigu norima nuneigti tarinį, neigiamoji dalelė nukeliama į sakinio pabaigą prieš nekaitomąją sakinio dalį: <i>Das weiß ich nicht</i>. Jeigu nuneigiamas daiktavardis, prieš jį vartojamas neigiamasis įvardis <i>kein</i>, atstojantis nežymimąjį artikelį ir su daiktavardžiu derinamas gimine, skaičiumi ir linksniu: <i>Ich habe keine Zeit</i>. Dvigubas neiginys vokiečių kalboje negalimas, t. y. dariniai „nieko/niekada ne…” verčiami tik vienu neiginiu (šiuo atveju <i>nichts</i> arba <i>niemand</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Žodžių_daryba"><span id=".C5.BDod.C5.BEi.C5.B3_daryba"></span>Žodžių daryba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Žodžių daryba" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Vokiečių kalba pasižymi ypač lanksčia žodžių daryba. Gausybė tiek vokiškų, tiek <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skolinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skolinys">skolintų</a> žodžio elementų leidžia sudaryti įvairiausius žodžius. 1999 metais Vokietijos <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietijos_%C5%BEem%C4%97s?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietijos žemės">Meklenburgo–Pomeranijos žemės</a> parlamentas svarstė įstatymą, kuris vadinasi „<i>Rinderkennzeichnungs- und Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz”</i> („Jautienos žymėjimo kontrolės pareigų perdavimo įstatymas”). Šis pavadinimas oficialiai pripažintas visų ilgiausiuoju vokiečių kalbos žodžiu (63 raidės, 7 dėmenys). Internete nurodomas žodis iš 79 raidžių&nbsp;– <i>„Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft”</i> („Statybų priežiūros tarnybos jaunesniosios darbuotojų grandies bendrija prie vyriausiosios <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dunojus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dunojus">Dunojaus</a> laivybos elektros paslaugų teikimo valdybos”).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Šiame žodyje pagal naująsias rašybos taisykles pridedama dar viena raidė (<i>…schi<b>fff</b>ahrt…</i>). Panašių sudurtinių žodžių vokiečių kalboje labai daug.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Kalbos sistemoje vokiečių kalbos žodžių darybos vieta vis dar iki galo nenustatyta. Paprastai ji nagrinėjama kaip <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leksikologija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leksikologija">leksikologijos</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arba gramatikos dalis, bet kadangi ji susijusi ir su gramatika, ir su leksika, žodžių daryba turi tik jai būdingų ypatybių.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Žodžių daryba gali būti nagrinėjama tiek diachroniniu (skirtingų laikotarpių), tiek sinchroniniu (to paties laikotarpio) atžvilgiais − tai svarbu, norint suprasti žodžio darybos istorinę raidą, tiksliai nustatyti darybos procesus ir dabartinę žodžio sandarą. Su sinchroniniais ir diachroniniais tyrimais glaudžiai susiję procesiniai ir statistiniai aspektai (darybos tendencijos ir esamoji padėtis).</p> <p>Mažiausioji žodžio dalis vadinama <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morfema?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morfema">morfema</a>, o jos savo ruožtu gali būti gramatinės ir leksinės. Žodžio darybą galima nagrinėti morfemomis (skaidyti į smulkiausius reikšminius vienetus: <i>be-auf-trag-en</i>) ir tiesiogiai žodį sudarančiomis jo sudėtinėmis dalimis (<i>Erfrischung → erfrischen + -ung → er- + frisch</i>). Vokiečių kalboje pagal darybą žodžiai skirstomi į paprastuosius ir dūrinių (sudurtinius) vedinius. Žodžių modeliai klasifikuojami pagal jų darybą, kur skiriami aštuoni lygiai: šakninis modelis, žodžių darybos modelis be afiksų, priešdėlinis modelis, priesaginis modelis, priešdėlinis ir priesaginis modeliai, šakninis modelis su puspriešdėliais bei puspriesagėmis ir apibrėžiamojo dūrinio modelis (pirmasis dūrinio dėmuo apibrėžia, aiškina, tikslina arba sukonkretina antrąjį dūrinio dėmenį).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Modelis</th> <th>Aprašas</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Šakninis</td> <td>Šakniniai žodžiai neskaidomi į morfemas, jie nemotyvuoti. Paprastai vokieičų kalbos šakniniai žodžiai sudaryti iš vieno ar dviejų skiemenų (<i>Tisch, klug, Abend</i>), tačiau pasitaiko ir triskiemenių (<i>Ameise</i>); šakniniai <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skolinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skolinys">skoliniai</a> gali turėti daugiau kaip du skiemenis. Prie šakninių žodžių priskiriami ir ištiktukai (<i>paff, piep, miau</i>) bei santrumpos.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Be afiksų (implikacinis)</td> <td>Viena kalbos dalis virsta kita kalbos dalimi, tos pačios šaknies reikšmė priklauso nuo vartosenos (<i>grünen (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veiksma%C5%BEodis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veiksmažodis">vksm.</a>), grün (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C5%ABdvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Būdvardis">bdv.</a>), Grün (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daiktavardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daiktavardis">dkt.</a>)</i>). Darybinio afikso nėra, nes kaip žodžio darybos priemonė taikoma vidinė fleksija, t. y. šaknies balsio kaita (<i>binden&nbsp;— Band, krank&nbsp;— kränken</i>).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Priešdėlinis</td> <td>Darybinė morfema eina prieš šaknį, kuri yra žodžio pamatas (<i>entlaufen, missgelaunt, Unruhe</i>). Priešdėlis suteikia žodžiui tam tikrą kategorijos požymį (pvz., priešdėlis <i>be-</i> veiksmažodžiams <i>besetzen</i> 'užimti'<i>, besticken</i> 'išsiuvinėti' suteikia pilnumo, pripildymo reikšmę).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Priesaginis</td> <td>Darybinė morfema eina po šaknies, kuri yra žodžio pamatas (<i>Schönheit, nächtlich</i>). Priesaga tampa tam tikru platesnės semantinės kategorijos leksiniu vienetu. Pavyzdžiui, moteriškosios giminės daiktavardžių priesaga <i>-ung</i> reiškia vyksmą, atskirus veiksmus, veiklą (<i>Abdankung, Beaufsichtigung</i>), reiškinius (<i>Lösung</i>), technikos įrenginius (<i>Abdichtung</i>), negyvuosius daiktus, kartais − visumą (<i>Besegelung, Kleidung</i>).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Priešdėlinis−priesaginis</td> <td>Žodžio pamatą sudarantis žodis turi ir priešdėlį, ir priesagą (<i>Gefrage, befrackt</i>).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Su puspriešdėliais</td> <td>Dauguma puspriešdėlių atitinka <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prielinksnis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prielinksnis">prielinksnius</a> (<i>ab-, an-, mit-, vor-, zu-</i>). Dažniausiai puspriešdėliai yra atskiriamieji, bet esama ir išimčių (<i>über-, um-</i>); puspriešdėliai grupuojami į semantines kategorijas (sustiprinamieji&nbsp;– <i>hoch-, allzu-, blitz-</i>; neigiamos reikšmės&nbsp;— <i>teufels-, sau-</i>).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Šaknų su puspriesagėmis</td> <td>Nuo priesagų skiriasi savo semantinių kategorijų ribotumu (turėjimas, gausa&nbsp;— <i>-voll, -reich</i>; kryptis&nbsp;– <i>-weg, -seits</i>; galėjimas, vertingumas&nbsp;– <i>-fertig, -fächig</i>).</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dūrinių</td> <td>Gali būti apibrėžiamieji ir neapibrėžiamieji. Pirmuoju atveju − tai dviejų šaknų junginys (<i>Freiheitsliebe, Braunkohle</i>), antruoju − „liepiamieji žodžiai” (<i>Vergissmeinnicht</i> „nepamiršk manęs”, t. y. '<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neu%C5%BEmir%C5%A1tuol%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neužmirštuolė">neužmirštuolė</a>'), prijungiamieji dūriniai (<i>Freundfeind</i>) ir kai kurios kitos sudurtinių žodžių rūšys.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Žodynas"><span id=".C5.BDodynas"></span>Žodynas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Žodynas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Denglish.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Denglish.jpg/170px-Denglish.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="804"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 301px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Denglish.jpg/170px-Denglish.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="301" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Denglish.jpg/255px-Denglish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Denglish.jpg/340px-Denglish.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Vokiečių kalba <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXI_a.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XXI a.">XXI</a> amžiuje. Mišinys iš vokiečių, anglų ir prancūzų kalbų. Iškaba prekybos centre. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Saviems vokiečių kalbos žodžiams priklauso iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German%C5%B3_prokalb%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanų prokalbė">germanų prokalbės</a> paveldėti žodžiai, mat vokiečių kalba susidarė iš įvairių germanų tarmių.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savi žodžiai sudaro žodyno daugumą, germanų prokalbė juos paveldėjo iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indoeuropie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_prokalb%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indoeuropiečių prokalbė">indoeuropiečių prokalbės</a>, pavyzdžiui: <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%AEvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Įvardis">įvardžiai</a> <i>ich</i> (germanų prok. <i>*ek</i>), <i>du</i> (<i>*þū</i>), <i>mein</i> (<i>*mīnaz</i>) ir kt.; <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skaitvardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skaitvardis">skaitvardžiai</a> <i>ein</i> (germanų prok. <i>*ainaz</i>), <i>zwei</i> (<i>*twai</i>), <i>hundert</i> (<i>*hundaradą</i>) ir kt.; <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daiktavardis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daiktavardis">daiktavardžiai</a> <i>Vieh</i> (germanų prok. <i>*fehu</i>), <i>Haus</i> (<i>*hūsą</i>), <i>Feuer</i> (<i>*fōr</i>) ir kt; <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veiksma%C5%BEodis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veiksmažodis">veiksmažodžiai</a> <i>gehen</i> (germanų prok. <i>*gāną</i>), <i>stehen</i> (<i>*stāną</i>), <i>sehen</i> (<i>*sehwaną</i>) ir kt.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Dauguma vokiečių kalbos <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skolinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skolinys">skolinių</a> gauta iš kitų <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indoeuropie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indoeuropiečių kalbos">indoeuropiečių kalbų</a>, nes su jomis būta glaudžiausių kultūrinių, politinių ir ekonominių ryšių. Neretai skoliniai iš dalies išsaugo savo pirminį tarimą ir rašybą.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tačiau yra (gautų per tarpininkus) skolinių ir iš neindoeuropiečių: <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiurk%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiurkų kalbos">tiurkų</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Finougr%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Finougrų kalbos">finougrų</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaj%C5%B3-polinezie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malajų-polineziečių kalbos">malajų-polineziečių</a>, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrika?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrika">Afrikos</a> ir kitų kalbų.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viduram%C5%BEiai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viduramžiai">Viduramžiais</a> ir iki jų vokiečių kalbai didžiausią įtaką darė <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotyn%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotynų kalba">lotynų kalba</a>. Iš lotynų kalbos kilę daug kasdienių bei architektūros ir religijos sričių žodžių (pvz., <i>dominieren</i>&nbsp;'dominuoti', <i>Fenster</i> 'langas', <i>Keller</i>&nbsp;'rūsys', <i>Kloster</i>&nbsp;'vienuolynas'). Iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graik%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graikų kalba">graikų kalbos</a> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skolinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skolinys">pasiskolinta</a> nemaža religijos, mokslo ir filosofijos terminų: <i>Demokratie</i>, <i>Krypta</i>, <i>Philosophie</i>, <i>Physik</i> ir kt. Iš šios kalbos skolinių buvo sudaryta vedinių, pvz., <i>Arzt</i>, <i>Mediziner</i> 'gydytojas' ir šnekamojoje kalboje vartojamas <i>Doktor</i> („daktaras”), jie nustelbė senesniuosius žodžius <i>Laachi</i> (<i>Lachi</i>) ir <i>Bader</i>.</p> <p>Vėliau didžiausią įtaką padarė <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABz%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prancūzų kalba">prancūzų kalba</a>. Po <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trisde%C5%A1imtmetis_karas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trisdešimtmetis karas">Trisdešimtmečio karo</a> daugelyje dvarų buvo kalbama prancūziškai, ir net <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C5%ABsija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prūsija">Prūsijos</a> karaliai prancūzų kalbą mokėjo geriau nei vokiečių. Į vokiečių kalbą pateko prancūziški žodžiai <i>Boulevard</i> 'bulvaras', <i>Konfitüre</i>&nbsp;'uogienė', <i>Trottoir</i>&nbsp;'šaligatvis' ir daug kitų.</p> <p>Kai kurie žodžiai gauti iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slav%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slavų kalbos">slavų kalbų</a> (pvz., <i>Grenze</i>&nbsp;'pasienis, muitinė', <i>Gurke</i>&nbsp;'agurkas', <i>Pistole</i>&nbsp;'pistoletas'), <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jidi%C5%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jidiš">jidiš</a> bei rotvelšo (Rotwelsch, vagių slaptakalbė), pavyzdžiui: <i>Kaff</i> 'sąvartynas', <i>Zoff</i> 'problema'. Tačiau šių kalbų įtaka, palyginti su anksčiau minėtosiomis, buvo labai menka.</p> <p>Įvairiose srityse nemažą įtaką padarė <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arab%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabų kalba">arabų kalba</a>: prekyboje (<i>Magazin</i>&nbsp;'žurnalas', <i>Tarif</i>&nbsp;'tarifas', <i>Tara</i> 'tara'), botanikoje (<i>Orange</i>&nbsp;'apelsinas', <i>Kaffee</i>&nbsp;'kava', <i>Ingwer</i>&nbsp;'imbieras'), medicinoje (<i>Elixier</i> 'eliksyras', <i>Balsam</i>&nbsp;'balzamas'), matematikoje (<i>Algebra</i>, <i>Algorithmus</i>&nbsp;'algoritmas', <i>Ziffer</i>&nbsp;'dalis'), chemijoje (<i>alkalisch</i>&nbsp;'šarminis', <i>Alkohol</i>&nbsp;'alkoholis') ir astronomijoje (<i>Almanach</i> 'almanachas', <i>Zenit</i>&nbsp;'zenitas'). Kasdienėje kalboje vartojami arabiški <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skolinys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skolinys">skoliniai</a> <i>Koffer</i> 'lagaminas', <i>Benzin</i>&nbsp;'benzinas', <i>Limonade</i> 'limonadas'.</p> <p>Atskirą skolinių grupę sudaro tautinius ir kultūrinius dalykus nusakantys kitų kalbų žodžiai (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egzotizmas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egzotizmas">egzotizmai</a>), pavyzdžiui, iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kin%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kinų kalba">kinų kalbos</a> pasiskolinta <i>Feng Shui</i> (風水), <i>Mahjong</i> (麻將), <i>Kungfu</i> (功夫), <i>Ketchup</i> (茄汁), <i>Tee</i> (茶),<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japon%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japonų kalba">japonų</a>&nbsp;– <i>Kamikaze</i> (神風), <i>Ninja</i> (忍者), <i>Aikido</i> (合気道), <i>Origami</i> (折り紙), <i>Karaoke</i> (カラオケ), <i>Tsunami</i> (津波),<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rus%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusų kalba">rusų kalbos</a>&nbsp;– <i>Sputnik</i> (<i>спутник</i>), <i>Sowjet</i> (<i>совет</i>), <i>Pogrom</i> (<i>погром</i>), <i>Datsche</i> (<i>дача</i>), <i>Kosaken</i> (<i>казак</i>) ir kt.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Nuo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XX_am%C5%BEius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XX amžius">XX a.</a> vidurio vokiečių kalbai didžiausią įtaką daro <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angl%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglų kalba">anglų kalba</a>. Ekspertai šią įtaką dažnai kritikuoja: net esant pakankamai daug vokiškų sinonimų vis tiek vartojamas angliškas žodis.</p> <p><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prancūzija">Prancūzijoje</a> ir <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islandija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islandija">Islandijoje</a> taikoma <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalbos_politika?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalbos politika">kalbos politika</a>, kuria siekiama rasti atitikmenų angliškiems žodžiams, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokietija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokietija">Vokietijoje</a> nebepalaikoma nuo <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XX_a.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="XX a.">XX a.</a> vidurio.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Taip_pat_skaitykite">Taip pat skaitykite</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Taip pat skaitykite" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top"> <ul> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Diai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečiai">Vokiečiai</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanų kalbos">Germanų kalbos</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_german%C5%B3_kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vakarų germanų kalbos">Vakarų germanų kalbos</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_auk%C5%A1tai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečių aukštaičių tarmė">Vokiečių aukštaičių tarmė</a></li> </ul></td> <td valign="top"> <ul> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Escetas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Escetas">Escetas</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C4%97t%C4%97s_institutas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gėtės institutas">Gėtės institutas</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos_kaip_u%C5%BEsienio_kalbos_testas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečių kalbos kaip užsienio kalbos testas">Vokiečių kalbos kaip užsienio kalbos testas</a></li> <li><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos_egzaminas_DSH?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vokiečių kalbos egzaminas DSH">Vokiečių kalbos egzaminas DSH</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Išnašos_ir_šaltiniai"><span id="I.C5.A1na.C5.A1os_ir_.C5.A1altiniai"></span>Išnašos ir šaltiniai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Išnašos ir šaltiniai" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:4; column-count:4; -webkit-column-count:4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-natgeo2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-natgeo2006_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-natgeo2006_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7182515">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>National Geographic Collegiate Atlas of the World</i>. Willard, Ohio: R.R Donnelley &amp; Sons Company. 2006 m. balandžio mėn. pp.&nbsp;257–270. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/Regular:0-7922-3662-9,_978-0-7922-3662-7._Deluxe:0-7922-7976-X,_978-0-7922-7976-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/Regular:0-7922-3662-9, 978-0-7922-3662-7. Deluxe:0-7922-7976-X, 978-0-7922-7976-1"><bdi>Regular:0-7922-3662-9, 978-0-7922-3662-7. Deluxe:0-7922-7976-X, 978-0-7922-7976-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Collegiate+Atlas+of+the+World&amp;rft.place=Willard%2C+Ohio&amp;rft.pages=257-270&amp;rft.pub=R.R+Donnelley+%26+Sons+Company&amp;rft.date=2006-04&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Patikrinkite <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> reikšmę: invalid character (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pagalba:CS1_klaidos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pagalba:CS1 klaidos (puslapis neegzistuoja)">pagalba</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">SIL Ethnologue (2006). 95 million speakers of Standard German; 105 million including Middle and Upper German dialects; 120 million including Low Saxon and Yiddish.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=ftp://trf.education.gouv.fr/pub/edutel/bo/2003/hs2/alsace_mosellans2.pdf">V - Langue regionale d’Alsace et des pays Mosellans </a><sup><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipedija:I%C5%A1orin%C4%97s_nuorodos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikipedija:Išorinės nuorodos">[neveikianti nuoroda]</a></sup>; tikrinta 2016-08-13</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Engelberg und Doris Stolberg: <i>Sprachwissenschaft und kolonialzeitlicher Sprachkontakt</i>, ebenda.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.ostpreussen-info.de/land/minderheit.htm">Zur Lage der deutschen Minderheit in Polen seit 1989</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-13</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.lt/books?id%3D6SGkAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127%26lpg%3DPA127%26dq%3DEuromosaik-Studie:%2BDeutsch%2Bin%2Bder%2BSlowakei%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D9a5Vng8_0f%26sig%3D31KFMjmpUlSqmwY_cXrYx2MLHu4%26hl%3Dlt%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwi4iNzprMXOAhVLCpoKHYV5A_EQ6AEILTAD%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DEuromosaik-Studie%253A%2520Deutsch%2520in%2520der%2520Slowakei%26f%3Dfalse">Minderheitenpolitik in Ostmitteleuropa im Prozess der EU-Erweiterung</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.vds-ev.de/verein/aha/aha.php">Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. - Prominente Mitglieder und Ehrenmitglieder</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704082636/http://www.vds-ev.de/verein/aha/aha.php">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2009-07-04 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.. Letzter Zugriff am 13. November 2009</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code%3Dgct">Ethnologue report for Alemán Coloniero</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo%3D735">O povo pomerano no ES</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183002/http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo%3D735">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2012-12-21 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.revistajuridica.com.br/noticia_integra_new.asp?id%3D187110">ALEES - PEC que trata do patrimônio cultural retorna ao Plenário</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214070838/http://www.revistajuridica.com.br/noticia_integra_new.asp?id%3D187110">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2013-12-14 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-rslei-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rslei_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.al.rs.gov.br/legis/M010/M0100018.asp?Hid_IdNorma%3D58094">LEI 14.061 - DECLARA INTEGRANTE DO PATRIMÔNIO HISTÓRICO E CULTURAL DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL A “LÍNGUA HUNSRIK”, DE ORIGEM GERMÂNICA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330024004/http://www.al.rs.gov.br/legis/M010/M0100018.asp?Hid_IdNorma%3D58094">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2019-03-30 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cz1_de.html">Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europäischen Union - Euromosaik-Studie&nbsp;: Deutsch in der Tschechischen Republik</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124105857/http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cz1_de.html">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2009-11-24 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto. Letzter Zugriff am 13. November 2009</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/da1_en.html">Support from the European Commission for measures to promote and safeguard regional or minority languages and cultures - The Euromosaic sutdy: German in Denmark</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124105901/http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/da1_en.html">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2009-11-24 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto. (engl.). Letzter Zugriff am 13. November 2009</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.laenderkontakte.de/region/asien/kasachstan/deutsche_vereinigungen_deutsche_minderheiten/index.html">Deutsche Vereinigungen / Deutsche Minderheiten (Kasachstan)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719054010/http://www.laenderkontakte.de/region/asien/kasachstan/deutsche_vereinigungen_deutsche_minderheiten/index.html">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2011-07-19 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.; tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Kirgisistan/Bilateral_node.html">Beziehungen zu Deutschland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910053847/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Kirgisistan/Bilateral_node.html">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2016-09-10 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.; tikrinta 2016-08-18</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~siebenh/kurse/SS08/v_sprachliche_variation_08/10_sprachliche_variation.pdf">Deutsche Sprache in Europa</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.constitutionalcourt.org.za/site/constitution/english-web/ch1.html">Pietų Afrikos Respublikos konstitucija <i>(anglų k.)</i></a>; tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.siebenbuerger.de/zeitung/artikel/alteartikel/223-deutsche-minderheit-in-rumaenien.html">Rumunijos vokiečių tautinė mažuma: "Kambarinis augalas ar rūpinimosi objektas" <i>(vokiečių k.)</i></a>; tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.rusdeutsch.eu/Russlanddeutsche">"Rusijos vokiečiai" <i>(vokiečių k.)</i></a>; tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.lt/books?id%3D6SGkAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127%26lpg%3DPA127%26dq%3DEuromosaik-Studie:%2BDeutsch%2Bin%2Bder%2BSlowakei%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D9a5Vng8_0f%26sig%3D31KFMjmpUlSqmwY_cXrYx2MLHu4%26hl%3Dlt%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwi4iNzprMXOAhVLCpoKHYV5A_EQ6AEILTAD%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DEuromosaik-Studie%253A%2520Deutsch%2520in%2520der%2520Slowakei%26f%3Dfalse">Minderheitenpolitik in Ostmitteleuropa im Prozess der EU-Erweiterung</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.coe.int/lt/web/conventions/search-on-treaties/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations">Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.budapest.diplo.de/Vertretung/budapest/de/04_20Pol/Deutsche_20Minderheit/0-Ungarndeutsche.html">Die deutsche Minderheit in Ungarn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505041026/http://www.budapest.diplo.de/Vertretung/budapest/de/04_20Pol/Deutsche_20Minderheit/0-Ungarndeutsche.html">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2015-05-05 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.; tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.mfa.gov.hu/NR/rdonlyres/9F2D180E-538E-4363-AA5E-3D103B522E3B/0/etniang.pdf">The national and ethnic minorities in Hungary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528172449/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/NR/rdonlyres/9F2D180E-538E-4363-AA5E-3D103B522E3B/0/etniang.pdf">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2013-05-28 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.; tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Немецкий язык // Языкознание. Большой энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В. Н. Ярцева.&nbsp;– 2-е изд..&nbsp;– М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 1998.&nbsp;– С. 329.&nbsp;– <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/5852703079?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-85270-307-9</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://docslide.us/documents/top-languages-the-worlds-10-most-influential-languages-by-george-weber-1997.html">10 įtakingiausių pasaulio kalbų <i>(anglų k.)</i></a>; tikrinta 2016-08-15</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/NEMETSKI_YAZIK.html?page%3D0,0">Немецкий язык</a>. Энциклопедия Кругосвет. Tikrinta 2011-11-06.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. zu selbigem mit Bezug auf die Perzipierung des Niederländischen: Ulrike Kloos: <i>Niederlandbild und deutsche Germanistik 1800–1933: Ein Beitrag zur komparatistischen Imagologie</i> (Studia imagologica; 04), Rodopi, Amsterdam [u.&nbsp;a.] 1992, S. 12–13, 98 ff., 128 ff.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. hierzu Ulrike Kloss, op. cit., S. 77.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> In der ersten Ausgabe von Karl Bernhardis <i>Sprachkarte von Deutschland</i> von 1844, deren Inhalt vergleichbar ist, wurde die <i>deutsche Sprache</i> hingegen in Übereinstimmung mit dem Sprachgebrauch <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob_Grimm?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimms</a> (Vgl. zu diesem Ulrike Kloss, op. cit., S. 18 ff.) als Bezeichnung für die Germanischen Sprachen insgesamt verwendet und in den <i>hochdeutschen Sprachstamm</i>, den <i>niederdeutschen Sprachstamm</i> und den <i>nordischen Sprachstamm</i> unterschieden. In Heinrich Kieperts <i>Völker[-] und Sprachen-Karte von Deutschland und den Nachbarländern</i> von 1872 wurden Völker statt Sprachen abgebildet und die Deutschen in <i>oberdeutsche</i>, <i>mitteldeutsche</i> und <i>niederdeutsche Stämme</i> unterteilt, parallel dazu wurde jedoch das Gebiet mit <i>nur hochdeutscher Schriftsprache</i> von dem des zu den <i>niederdeutschen Stämmen</i> gezählten <i>flämisch-holländischen</i> [Stamm] <i>mit Dialect-Schriftsprache</i> auch farblich abgesetzt. (Vgl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/maps/kiepert/G6081-E1-1872-K5.html"><i>The Maps of Heinrich Kiepert</i>, Ethnology, Germany, 1872</a>; Heinrich Kieperts ältere <i>Nationaliäts-Karte von Deutschland</i> von 1848 ist bei Morgane Labbé: <i>Die Grenzen der deutschen Nation. Raum der Karte, Statistik, Erzählung.</i> In: <i>Die Grenze als Raum, Erfahrung und Konstruktion: Deutschland, Frankreich und Polen vom 17. bis 20. Jahrhundert</i>. Hg. von Etienne François u.&nbsp;a., Campus, Frankfurt am Main [u.&nbsp;a.] 2007, S. 293–320, zwar im Anhang nach S. 320 auch mit abgedruckt, aber zu undeutlich, als dass die Beschriftung lesbar wäre.) In der hier abgebildeten Karte von 1880 sind nur noch die Staatennamen <i>Niederlande</i> und <i>Belgien</i> und ein kleinerer Schriftzug <i>Vlämingen</i> im Norden Belgiens vorhanden, jeder Hinweis auf eine sprachliche Eigenständigkeit dieser Gebiete wurde getilgt.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFLebek1993" class="citation book cs1">Lebek, S. (1993). <i>Frankų kilmė. V-XI amžiai. T. I</i>. Maskva: Skarabej. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/5-86507-001-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/5-86507-001-0"><bdi>5-86507-001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Frank%C5%B3+kilm%C4%97.+V-XI+am%C5%BEiai.+T.+I&amp;rft.place=Maskva&amp;rft.pub=Skarabej&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=5-86507-001-0&amp;rft.aulast=Lebek&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><i>(rusų k.)</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stellmacher D. Niederdeutsche Sprache. Berlin, 2000.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFHaubrichs2005" class="citation book cs1">Haubrichs, W. (2005). <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (Theodiscus)</i>. Berlin, New York. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/3-11-018385-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/3-11-018385-4"><bdi>3-11-018385-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde+%28Theodiscus%29&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=3-11-018385-4&amp;rft.aulast=Haubrichs&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFSonderegger1987" class="citation book cs1">Sonderegger, S. (1987). <i>Althochdeutsche Sprache und Literatur: eine Einführung in das älteste Deutsch. Darstellung und Grammatik</i>. Berlin. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/3-11-004559-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/3-11-004559-1"><bdi>3-11-004559-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Althochdeutsche+Sprache+und+Literatur%3A+eine+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+das+%C3%A4lteste+Deutsch.+Darstellung+und+Grammatik&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=3-11-004559-1&amp;rft.aulast=Sonderegger&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.linguist.de/Deutsch/gds1.htm">Allgemeiner Längsschnitt vom Indogermanischen zum Neuhochdeutschen</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-22</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lernhelfer.de/schuelerlexikon/deutsch/artikel/fruehneuhochdeutsch">Frühneuhochdeutsch</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-22</span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lernhelfer.de/schuelerlexikon/deutsch/artikel/neuhochdeutsch">Neuhochdeutsch</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-22</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.gutenberg-bible.com/history.html">History Of The Gutenberg Bible</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820225127/http://www.gutenberg-bible.com/history.html">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2016-08-20 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.; tikrinta 2016-08-22</span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bible.ca/history/philip-schaff/7_ch04.htm%23_ednref15">Philip Schaff „History of the Christian Church“ (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910), t. VII, ch. IV, §62</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-22</span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schäuble W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bkge.de/download/1-310_Aussiedlerpolitik.pdf">Zwei Jahrzehnte Politik für Aussiedler und nationale Minderheiten</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191550/http://www.bkge.de/download/1-310_Aussiedlerpolitik.pdf">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2015-09-23 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto. (vok.) // Aussiedler- und Minderheitenpolitik in Deutschland: Bilanz und Perspektiven.&nbsp;– 2009.&nbsp;– Bd. 38.&nbsp;– S. 17—22.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_de.pdf">Spezial-Eurobarometer 243: Die Europäer und ihre Sprachen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128095746/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_237.en.pdf">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2007-01-28 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto. (vok.). Europa.eu. Tikrinta 2014-11-13.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nossol A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bkge.de/download/1-310_Aussiedlerpolitik.pdf">Kulturelle Identität und Konfessionalität</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191550/http://www.bkge.de/download/1-310_Aussiedlerpolitik.pdf">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2015-09-23 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto. (vok.) // Aussiedler- und Minderheitenpolitik in Deutschland. Bilanz und Perspektiven.&nbsp;– 2009.&nbsp;– S. 101–102.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenberg P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bkge.de/download/1-310_Aussiedlerpolitik.pdf">Die Entwicklung der europäischen Sprachenvielfalt und die Rolle der Minderheiten&nbsp;– der linguistische Befund</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191550/http://www.bkge.de/download/1-310_Aussiedlerpolitik.pdf">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2015-09-23 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto. (vok.) // Aussiedler- und Minderheitenpolitik in Deutschland. Bilanz und Perspektiven.&nbsp;– 2009.&nbsp;– S. 135–149.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bkge.de/download/1-310_Aussiedlerpolitik.pdf">Deutsche Minderheiten in der europäischen Siedlungsgeschichte</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191550/http://www.bkge.de/download/1-310_Aussiedlerpolitik.pdf">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2015-09-23 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto. (vok.) // Aussiedler- und Minderheitenpolitik in Deutschland: Bilanz und Perspektiven.&nbsp;– 2009.&nbsp;– Bd. 38.&nbsp;– S. 42—43.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://docslide.us/documents/top-languages-the-worlds-10-most-influential-languages-by-george-weber-1997.html">10 įtakingiausių pasaulio kalbų <i>(anglų k.)</i></a>; tikrinta 2016-08-15</span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/pages/view/?id%3D1763%26PHPSESSID%3D756a5976f2c9cff73b1a04144e501d58">STATISTICS LITHUANIA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.today/20120924000000/http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/pages/view/?id%3D1763%26PHPSESSID%3D756a5976f2c9cff73b1a04144e501d58">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2012-09-24 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archive.today?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>; žiūreta 2016-08-15</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.bpb.de/">Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-15</span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/alemany/an/i2/i2.html">Euromosaic&nbsp;– German in Denmark</a> (engl.). Letzter Zugriff am 13. November 2009</span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.recensamant.ro/">Rumänische Regierung</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424065630/http://www.recensamant.ro/">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2006-04-24 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/handwoerterbuch-politisches-system/">Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</a>; tikrinta 2018-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/handwoerterbuch-politisches-system/">Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</a>; tikrinta 2018-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Statcan-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Statcan_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225074451/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D837928%2520%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D89189%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D88971,97154%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D70%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D">„Statistics Canada 2006“</a>. 2.statcan.ca. 2010-01-06. Suarchyvuotas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL%3D3%26APATH%3D3%26CATNO%3D%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D%26DS%3D99%26FL%3D0%26FREE%3D0%26GAL%3D0%26GC%3D99%26GK%3DNA%26GRP%3D1%26IPS%3D%26METH%3D0%26ORDER%3D1%26PID%3D89189%26PTYPE%3D88971%26RL%3D0%26S%3D1%26ShowAll%3DNo%26StartRow%3D1%26SUB%3D705%26Temporal%3D2006%26Theme%3D70%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26GID%3D837928">originalas</a> 2018-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Statistics+Canada+2006&amp;rft.pub=2.statcan.ca&amp;rft.date=2010-01-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus06%2Fdata%2Ftopics%2FRetrieveProductTable.cfm%3FALEVEL%3D3%26APATH%3D3%26CATNO%3D%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D%26DS%3D99%26FL%3D0%26FREE%3D0%26GAL%3D0%26GC%3D99%26GK%3DNA%26GRP%3D1%26IPS%3D%26METH%3D0%26ORDER%3D1%26PID%3D89189%26PTYPE%3D88971%26RL%3D0%26S%3D1%26ShowAll%3DNo%26StartRow%3D1%26SUB%3D705%26Temporal%3D2006%26Theme%3D70%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26GID%3D837928&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/handwoerterbuch-politisches-system/">Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</a>; tikrinta 2018-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/handwoerterbuch-politisches-system/">Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</a>; tikrinta 2018-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jacques Leclerc, Quebec 2001</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/deu">Ethnologue: German, Standard</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Thomas Marten, Fritz Joachim Sauer (Hrsg.): Länderkunde Deutschland, Österreich und Schweiz (mit Liechtenstein) im Querschnitt. Inform-Verlag, Berlin 2005, <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/3980584313?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-9805843-1-3</a>, S. 7.</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">gefolgt von Englisch und Italienisch mit je 13 Prozent sowie Französisch mit 12 Prozent</span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Erhebung November bis Dezember 2005:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_de.pdf">Spezial-Eurobarometer 243 “Die Europäer und ihre Sprachen”, S. 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128095746/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_237.en.pdf">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2007-01-28 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto. PDF-Datei (591 kB), tikrinta 2016-08-16, und Erhebung Mai-Juni 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_237.en.pdf">Europeans and Languages</a> PDF-Datei, tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diskussionsrunde anlässlich des slowakischen Germanistentages 2010 zum Thema „Die Bedeutung der deutschen Sprache in der Slowakei und in der Welt“ mit Ludwig M. Eichinger (IDS Mannheim), Oskar Reichmann (Univ. Heidelberg), Hans Golombek (DAAD), Helena Hanuljaková (SUNG), Josef Aregger (Botschafter der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft), Ladislav Šimon (Univ. Košice) und Michael Huprich (Leiter des Österreich-Instituts Bratislava) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.rozhlas.sk/inetportal/uploaded_sounds/m3u_ondemand_soundID106314.m3u">Slowakischer Rundfunk</a> Sendung vom 2. September 2010</span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1825/About-One-Four-Americans-Can-Hold-Conversation-Second-Language.aspx/">Maždaug ketvirtadalis amerikiečių gali palaikyti pokalbį antąja (užsienio) kalba</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-13</span></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Ebbertz2002" class="citation web cs1">Martin Ebbertz (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.netz-tipp.de/sprachen.html">„Das Internet spricht Englisch ... und neuerdings auch Deutsch: Sprachen und ihre Verbreitung im World-Wide-Web“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2011-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Das+Internet+spricht+Englisch+...+und+neuerdings+auch+Deutsch%3A+Sprachen+und+ihre+Verbreitung+im+World-Wide-Web&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.au=Martin+Ebbertz&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netz-tipp.de%2Fsprachen.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFBoas2009" class="citation book cs1">Boas, Hans C. (2009). <i>The Life and Death of Texas German</i>. Publication of the American Dialect Society. Duke University Press. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/9780822367161?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/9780822367161"><bdi>9780822367161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Texas+German&amp;rft.series=Publication+of+the+American+Dialect+Society&amp;rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9780822367161&amp;rft.aulast=Boas&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://ling.ulstu.ru/linguistics/resourses/mega_deutsch/DeutscheSprache/Kreolsprachen.html">Kreolsprachen auf deutscher Grundlage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911022002/http://ling.ulstu.ru/linguistics/resourses/mega_deutsch/DeutscheSprache/Kreolsprachen.html">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2016-09-11 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.; tikrinta 2016-08-22</span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFהירשע־דוד1993" class="citation book cs1">הירשע־דוד, קאַץ (1993). <i>תקני תקנות, פראַגן פון יידישער סטיליסטיק, פאַרלאַג</i>. אָקספאָרד: אָקספאָרדער יידיש. pp.&nbsp;161–228. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/9781897744000?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/9781897744000"><bdi>9781897744000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA%2C+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%92%D7%9F+%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8+%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%2C+%D7%A4%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%92&amp;rft.place=%D7%90%D6%B8%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90%D6%B8%D7%A8%D7%93&amp;rft.pages=161-228&amp;rft.pub=%D7%90%D6%B8%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90%D6%B8%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8+%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=9781897744000&amp;rft.aulast=%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%A2%D6%BE%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93&amp;rft.aufirst=%D7%A7%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%A5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Lustig, selbst Überlebender, hat 1982 eine Sammlung solcher Begriffe veröffentlicht. <br> Oliver Lustig: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://isurvived.org/Lustig_Oliver-CCDictionary/CCD-06_HI.html%23B2"><i> Camp Dictionary, online-Version</i></a> (2005, <i>Concentration Camp Dictionary,</i> 1982; mehrsprachig: ungar., de, eng., portug. und Italienisch. Bei <i>isurvived.org</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/de/sprachen_im_kz_bunamonowitz">Sprache/n im KZ Buna/Monowitz auf wollheim-memorial.de</a> (u. a. nach Primo Levi u. Leonardo Debenedetti)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. Wolf Oschlies: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/holocaust/konzentrations-und-vernichtungslager/230.html"><i>Sprache in nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager. Theorie und Empirie der „Lagerszpracha“</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719120013/http://zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/holocaust/konzentrations-und-vernichtungslager/230.html">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2011-07-19 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.. Auf: shoa.de, abgerufen am 20. April 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. Conermann: Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft. Band 1: „Kurtzer Bericht“ im Gesellschaftsbuch Fürst Ludwigs v. Anhalt-Köthen (1646).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Keller R. E.</i> Die Deutsche Sprache und ihre historische Entwicklung // Bearb. und übertr. aus dem Engl., mit e. Begleitw. sowie e. Glossar vers. von Karl-Heinz Mulagk.&nbsp;– Hamburg: Buskem 1986.&nbsp;– 641 S.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305170304/https://portal.d-nb.de/opac.htm?query%3DWoe%253D118765183%26method%3DsimpleSearch">„Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Literatur von und über Theodor Siebs“</a>. Deutsche Nationalbibliothek]]. Suarchyvuotas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://portal.d-nb.de/opac.htm?query%3DWoe%253D118765183%26method%3DsimpleSearch">originalas</a> 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Katalog+der+Deutschen+Nationalbibliothek%3A+Literatur+von+und+%C3%BCber+Theodor+Siebs&amp;rft.pub=Deutsche+Nationalbibliothek%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.d-nb.de%2Fopac.htm%3Fquery%3DWoe%253D118765183%26method%3DsimpleSearch&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFJoachim_Scharloth.2004" class="citation web cs1">Joachim Scharloth. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.inst.at/trans/15Nr/06_1/scharloth15.htm">„Zwischen Fremdsprache und nationaler Varietät. Untersuchungen zum Plurizentrizitätsbewusstsein der Deutschschweizer“</a>. Universität Zürich, Switzerland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Zwischen+Fremdsprache+und+nationaler+Variet%C3%A4t.+Untersuchungen+zum+Plurizentrizit%C3%A4tsbewusstsein+der+Deutschschweizer&amp;rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t+Z%C3%BCrich%2C+Switzerland&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.au=Joachim+Scharloth.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inst.at%2Ftrans%2F15Nr%2F06_1%2Fscharloth15.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFAmmon1995" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, U (1995). <i>Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: Das Problem der nationalen Varietäten</i>. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Die+deutsche+Sprache+in+Deutschland%2C+%C3%96sterreich+und+der+Schweiz%3A+Das+Problem+der+nationalen+Variet%C3%A4ten&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2FNew+York&amp;rft.pub=de+Gruyter&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.aulast=Ammon&amp;rft.aufirst=U&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFSiebenhaar_B.,_Wyler_A.1997" class="citation web cs1">Siebenhaar B., Wyler A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~siebenh/pdf/Siebenhaar_Wyler_97.pdf">„Dialekt und Hochsprache in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dialekt+und+Hochsprache+in+der+deutschsprachigen+Schweiz&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.au=Siebenhaar+B.%2C+Wyler+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-leipzig.de%2F~siebenh%2Fpdf%2FSiebenhaar_Wyler_97.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFBickel_H.2012" class="citation book cs1">Bickel H., Landolt Ch. (2012). <i>Schweizerhochdeutsch. Wörterbuch der Standardsprache in der deutschen Schweiz</i>. Mannheim, Zürich: Dudenverlag. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/978-3-411-70417-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/978-3-411-70417-0"><bdi>978-3-411-70417-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Schweizerhochdeutsch.+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+Standardsprache+in+der+deutschen+Schweiz&amp;rft.place=Mannheim%2C+Z%C3%BCrich&amp;rft.pub=Dudenverlag&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-411-70417-0&amp;rft.aulast=Bickel+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=Landolt+Ch.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Das österreichische Deutsch</i>. Wien: Ueberreuter. 2004. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/3-8000-7075-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/3-8000-7075-8"><bdi>3-8000-7075-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Das+%C3%B6sterreichische+Deutsch&amp;rft.place=Wien&amp;rft.pub=Ueberreuter&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=3-8000-7075-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> nėra <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pagalba:CS1_klaidos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pagalba:CS1 klaidos (puslapis neegzistuoja)">pagalba</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFPollak1992" class="citation book cs1">Pollak, W. (1992). <i>Was halten die Österreicher von ihrem Deutsch? Eine sprachpolitische und soziosemiotische Analyse der sprachlichen Identität der Österreicher</i>. Wien: Österreichische Gesellschaft für Semiotik/Institut für Soziosemiotische Studien.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Was+halten+die+%C3%96sterreicher+von+ihrem+Deutsch%3F+Eine+sprachpolitische+und+soziosemiotische+Analyse+der+sprachlichen+Identit%C3%A4t+der+%C3%96sterreicher&amp;rft.place=Wien&amp;rft.pub=%C3%96sterreichische+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Semiotik%2FInstitut+f%C3%BCr+Soziosemiotische+Studien&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.aulast=Pollak&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.a/a961538.htm">Austriazismus</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-22</span></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christa Dürscheid: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/startseite/articleesi0e-1.97312">Ist Standarddeutsch in der Schweiz eine Randerscheinung?</a></i>; tikrinta 2016-08-22</span></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://german.stackexchange.com/questions/5387/was-genau-ist-ein-teutonismus."><i>Was genau ist ein “Teutonismus”?</i></a>; tikrinta 2016-08-22</span></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministerin für Erziehung und Berufsausbildung, Mady Delvaux-Stehres: <i>Communiqué&nbsp;– Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung im luxemburgischen Schulsystem.</i> 3. August 2005 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/communiques/2005/08/03delvaux_rechtschreibung/index.html">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017055548/http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/communiques/2005/08/03delvaux_rechtschreibung/index.html">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2011-10-17 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.dglive.be/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-506//739_read-986/">Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft in Belgien: Zuständigkeiten</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.nordschleswiger.dk/SEEEMS/2.asp">Website der deutschsprachigen Tageszeitung „Der Nordschleswiger“ (Dänemark)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217084053/http://www.nordschleswiger.dk/SEEEMS/2.asp">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2007-12-17 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.provinz.bz.it/landmaus/de/landmaus-online/landmaus-herunterladen.asp?redas%3Dyes%26somepubl9_action%3D300%26somepubl9_image_id%3D154911">Landmaus Nr 12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024231824/http://www.provinz.bz.it/landmaus/de/landmaus-online/landmaus-herunterladen.asp?redas%3Dyes%26somepubl9_action%3D300%26somepubl9_image_id%3D154911">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2016-10-24 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Noskov415-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Noskov415_84-0">84,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Noskov415_84-1">84,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Noskov415_84-2">84,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFNoskov2002" class="citation book cs1">Noskov, S. A. (2002). <i>Vokiečių kalba stosiantiesiems į aukštąsias mokyklas</i>. Minskas: Minsko Aukštoji mokykla. p.&nbsp;415. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/985-06-0819-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/985-06-0819-6"><bdi>985-06-0819-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba+stosiantiesiems+%C4%AF+auk%C5%A1t%C4%85sias+mokyklas&amp;rft.place=Minskas&amp;rft.pages=415&amp;rft.pub=Minsko+Auk%C5%A1toji+mokykla&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=985-06-0819-6&amp;rft.aulast=Noskov&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><i>(rusų k.)</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.fi/books?id%3D0RrHcVfn5VcC%26pg%3DPA175%26lpg%3DPA175%26dq%3D%25C3%25A4hre%2Behre%2Bpronunciation%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DbI1vfcTR8T%26sig%3Dl-OkWfnaISGHH722o2C7t0T8Nk4%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DGEBLUPKqBoiA4gT2wYDICA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%25C3%25A4hre%26f%3Dfalse/von">Polentz, 2000, 151,175</a>(interaktyvu)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.biblioteka.vpu.lt/elvpu/14780.pdf">S. Smagurauskas, G. Povilaitis, A. Martinkėnas Vokiečių kalbos tarties pratybos. Balsiai ir dvibalsiai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516202915/http://www.biblioteka.vpu.lt/elvpu/14780.pdf">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2018-05-16 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.; tikrinta 2016-08-16</span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130182302/http://wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Deutsch.pdf">„Germanische Sprachen: Deutsch“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Suarchyvuotas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Deutsch.pdf">originalas</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> 2012-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Germanische+Sprachen%3A+Deutsch&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwg.uni-klu.ac.at%2Feeo%2FDeutsch.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://lernendeutsch.ru/?page_id%3D351">„Vokiečių kalba visiems: Der Artikel. Артикль“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba+visiems%3A+Der+Artikel.+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flernendeutsch.ru%2F%3Fpage_id%3D351&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFHeinz1979" class="citation book cs1">Heinz, V. (1979). <i>Das System der Artikelformen im gegenwärtigen Deutsch</i>. Tübingen. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/3-484-10359-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/3-484-10359-0"><bdi>3-484-10359-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Das+System+der+Artikelformen+im+gegenw%C3%A4rtigen+Deutsch&amp;rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.isbn=3-484-10359-0&amp;rft.aulast=Heinz&amp;rft.aufirst=V.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.studygerman.ru/online/manual/substantiv3.html">„Study German. Vokiečių kalbos gramatika (žinynas): Daiktavardis(Substantiv)“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Study+German.+Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+gramatika+%28%C5%BEinynas%29%3A+Daiktavardis%28Substantiv%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studygerman.ru%2Fonline%2Fmanual%2Fsubstantiv3.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFSmirnova2005" class="citation book cs1">Smirnova, Т. N. (2005). <i>Deutsch Intensiv. Pradinis etapas</i>. Maskva. p.&nbsp;352. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/5-329-01422-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/5-329-01422-0"><bdi>5-329-01422-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsch+Intensiv.+Pradinis+etapas&amp;rft.place=Maskva&amp;rft.pages=352&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=5-329-01422-0&amp;rft.aulast=Smirnova&amp;rft.aufirst=%D0%A2.+N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://lernendeutsch.ru/?page_id%3D312">„Būdvardis (Das Adjektiv). Būdvardžių linksniavimas“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=B%C5%ABdvardis+%28Das+Adjektiv%29.+B%C5%ABdvard%C5%BEi%C5%B3+linksniavimas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flernendeutsch.ru%2F%3Fpage_id%3D312&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117224257/http://deutsch-lernen-mit.narod.ru/adjektiv_sr.html">„Būdvardžių ir prieveiksmių laipsniavimas (Die Komparationsstufen der Adjektive)“</a>. Suarchyvuotas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://deutsch-lernen-mit.narod.ru/adjektiv_sr.html">originalas</a> 2012-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=B%C5%ABdvard%C5%BEi%C5%B3+ir+prieveiksmi%C5%B3+laipsniavimas+%28Die+Komparationsstufen+der+Adjektive%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeutsch-lernen-mit.narod.ru%2Fadjektiv_sr.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113638/http://www.all-de.com/service/de_einsteiger/403-stepeni-sravneniya-prilagatelnyh-i-narechiy.html">„Vokiečių kalba: nuo A iki Z: Būdvardžių ir prieveiksmių laipsniavimas“</a>. Suarchyvuotas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.all-de.com/service/de_einsteiger/403-stepeni-sravneniya-prilagatelnyh-i-narechiy.html">originalas</a> 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba%3A+nuo+A+iki+Z%3A+B%C5%ABdvard%C5%BEi%C5%B3+ir+prieveiksmi%C5%B3+laipsniavimas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.all-de.com%2Fservice%2Fde_einsteiger%2F403-stepeni-sravneniya-prilagatelnyh-i-narechiy.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.studygerman.ru/online/manual/pronomen2.html">„Study German.Vokiečių kalbos gramatika (žinynas): Įvardis (Pronomen)“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Study+German.Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+gramatika+%28%C5%BEinynas%29%3A+%C4%AEvardis+%28Pronomen%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studygerman.ru%2Fonline%2Fmanual%2Fpronomen2.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://deutsch.lingolia.com/de/grammatik/pronomen/personalpronomen">Vokiečių kalbos įvardžiai</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-15.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803082933/http://www.lingvotech.com/pritmestoim">„Lingvotek. Savybiniai įvardžiai (Possesivpronomen)“</a>. Suarchyvuotas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.lingvotech.com/pritmestoim">originalas</a> 2012-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Lingvotek.+Savybiniai+%C4%AFvard%C5%BEiai+%28Possesivpronomen%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingvotech.com%2Fpritmestoim&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated4_98-0">98,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated4_98-1">98,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFMichalenko2010" class="citation book cs1">Michalenko, А. О. (2010). <i>Deutsche Sprache; morfologijos sk</i>. Krasnojarskas: Valstybinis Sibiro universitetas, Federalinis Sibiro universitetas. pp.&nbsp;12–76. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/978-5-699-20204-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/978-5-699-20204-1"><bdi>978-5-699-20204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsche+Sprache%3B+morfologijos+sk.&amp;rft.place=Krasnojarskas&amp;rft.pages=12-76&amp;rft.pub=Valstybinis+Sibiro+universitetas%2C+Federalinis+Sibiro+universitetas&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-5-699-20204-1&amp;rft.aulast=Michalenko&amp;rft.aufirst=%D0%90.+%D0%9E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><i>(rusų k.).</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.trilinguis.ru/linguistic/chisl/nemec-chislitelnie.aspx">„Trilinguis: Kalbų portalas. Vokiečių kalbos skaitvardžiai“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Trilinguis%3A+Kalb%C5%B3+portalas.+Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+skaitvard%C5%BEiai&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trilinguis.ru%2Flinguistic%2Fchisl%2Fnemec-chislitelnie.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://ru.funnygerman.com/2009/03/zahlwort.html">„FunnyGerman.com. Skaitvardis (Zahlwort)“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=FunnyGerman.com.+Skaitvardis+%28Zahlwort%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fru.funnygerman.com%2F2009%2F03%2Fzahlwort.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102193726/http://deutsch.passivhaus-info.org/index.php?go%3DPages%26in%3Dview%26id%3D9">„Vokiečių kalbos skaitvardžiai“</a>. Suarchyvuotas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://deutsch.passivhaus-info.org/index.php?go%3DPages%26in%3Dview%26id%3D9">originalas</a> 2011-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+skaitvard%C5%BEiai&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeutsch.passivhaus-info.org%2Findex.php%3Fgo%3DPages%26in%3Dview%26id%3D9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116105732/http://www.all-de.com/service/de_kinder/748-opornye-tablicy-i-shemy-poryadkovye-chislitelnye.html">„Vokiečių kalbaк: nuo А iki Z: Parankinės lentelės ir schemos:Kelintinia skaitvardžiai“</a>. Suarchyvuotas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.all-de.com/service/de_kinder/748-opornye-tablicy-i-shemy-poryadkovye-chislitelnye.html">originalas</a> 2014-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba%D0%BA%3A+nuo+%D0%90+iki+Z%3A+Parankin%C4%97s+lentel%C4%97s+ir+schemos%3AKelintinia+skaitvard%C5%BEiai&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.all-de.com%2Fservice%2Fde_kinder%2F748-opornye-tablicy-i-shemy-poryadkovye-chislitelnye.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://subscribe.ru/archive/job.lang.deutlang/200907/19000947.html">„Vokiečių kalba - nesunku. Skaitvardis(Zahlwort)“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba+-+nesunku.+Skaitvardis%28Zahlwort%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsubscribe.ru%2Farchive%2Fjob.lang.deutlang%2F200907%2F19000947.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFMyškovaja2007" class="citation book cs1">Myškovaja, I. B. (2007). <i>Vokiečių kalbos veiksmažodžio laikai</i>. Sankt Peterburgas: Viktorija plius. p.&nbsp;96. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/978-5-91281-007-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/978-5-91281-007-7"><bdi>978-5-91281-007-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+veiksma%C5%BEod%C5%BEio+laikai&amp;rft.place=Sankt+Peterburgas&amp;rft.pages=96&amp;rft.pub=Viktorija+plius&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-5-91281-007-7&amp;rft.aulast=My%C5%A1kovaja&amp;rft.aufirst=I.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFMichalenko2010" class="citation book cs1">Michalenko, А. О. (2010). <i>Deutsche Sprache; morfologijos sk</i>. Krasnojarskas: Valstybinis Sibiro universitetas, Federalinis Sibiro universitetas. pp.&nbsp;12–76. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/978-5-699-20204-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/978-5-699-20204-1"><bdi>978-5-699-20204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsche+Sprache%3B+morfologijos+sk.&amp;rft.place=Krasnojarskas&amp;rft.pages=12-76&amp;rft.pub=Valstybinis+Sibiro+universitetas%2C+Federalinis+Sibiro+universitetas&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-5-699-20204-1&amp;rft.aulast=Michalenko&amp;rft.aufirst=%D0%90.+%D0%9E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><i>(rusų k.)</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016115355/http://www.edwardo.info/glagol_11.php">„Vokiečių kalbos dalyvis (Partizip)“</a>. Suarchyvuotas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.edwardo.info/glagol_11.php">originalas</a> 2012-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+dalyvis+%28Partizip%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edwardo.info%2Fglagol_11.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701230148/http://grammade.ru/grammar/verb3grf.shtml">„Audio-class.ru. Vokiečių kalbos stiprieji veiksmažodžiai“</a>. Suarchyvuotas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://grammade.ru/grammar/verb3grf.shtml">originalas</a> 2012-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Audio-class.ru.+Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+stiprieji+veiksma%C5%BEod%C5%BEiai&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrammade.ru%2Fgrammar%2Fverb3grf.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.studygerman.ru/online/manual/verb7.html">„Study German.Vokiečių kalbos gramatika: Modaliniai veiksmažodžiai“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Study+German.Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+gramatika%3A+Modaliniai+veiksma%C5%BEod%C5%BEiai&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studygerman.ru%2Fonline%2Fmanual%2Fverb7.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://deutsch.lingo4u.de/grammatik/zeiten/praesens">„Deutsch.lingo4u.de. 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Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsch.lingo4u.de.+Perfekt+%28vollendete+Gegenwart%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeutsch.lingo4u.de%2Fgrammatik%2Fzeiten%2Fperfekt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://deutsch.lingo4u.de/grammatik/zeiten/plusquamperfekt">„Deutsch.lingo4u.de. 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Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsch.lingo4u.de.+Plusquamperfekt+%28Vorvergangenheit%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeutsch.lingo4u.de%2Fgrammatik%2Fzeiten%2Fplusquamperfekt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://deutsch.lingo4u.de/grammatik/zeiten/futur-1">„Deutsch.lingo4u.de. Futur I (Zukunft)“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsch.lingo4u.de.+Futur+I+%28Zukunft%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeutsch.lingo4u.de%2Fgrammatik%2Fzeiten%2Ffutur-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://deutsch.lingo4u.de/grammatik/zeiten/futur-2">„Deutsch.lingo4u.de. Futur II (vollendete Zukunft)“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsch.lingo4u.de.+Futur+II+%28vollendete+Zukunft%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeutsch.lingo4u.de%2Fgrammatik%2Fzeiten%2Ffutur-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFMyškovaja2007" class="citation book cs1">Myškovaja, I. B. (2007). <i>Vokiečių kalbos veiksmažodžio laikai</i>. Sankt Peterburgas: Viktorija plius. p.&nbsp;96. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/978-5-91281-007-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/978-5-91281-007-7"><bdi>978-5-91281-007-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+veiksma%C5%BEod%C5%BEio+laikai&amp;rft.place=Sankt+Peterburgas&amp;rft.pages=96&amp;rft.pub=Viktorija+plius&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-5-91281-007-7&amp;rft.aulast=My%C5%A1kovaja&amp;rft.aufirst=I.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://deutsch.lingo4u.de/grammatik/verben/konjunktiv">„Deutsch.lingo4u.de. Konjunktiv“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsch.lingo4u.de.+Konjunktiv&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeutsch.lingo4u.de%2Fgrammatik%2Fverben%2Fkonjunktiv&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.webcitation.org/68rD87n0K?url%3Dhttp://eustudy.ru/infinitiv_mit_zu.php">„Konstrukcija "zu + bendratis"“</a>. Suarchyvuotas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://eustudy.ru/infinitiv_mit_zu.php">originalas</a> 2012-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Konstrukcija+%22zu+%2B+bendratis%22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feustudy.ru%2Finfinitiv_mit_zu.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFMyškovaja_I._B." class="citation web cs1">Myškovaja I. B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.modernlib.ru/books/mishkovaya_irina/vremena_nemeckogo_glagola/read_5/">„Vokiečių kalbos veiksmažodžio laikai. 8 skyrius. Vokiečių kalbos dalyviai“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+veiksma%C5%BEod%C5%BEio+laikai.+8+skyrius.+Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+dalyviai&amp;rft.au=My%C5%A1kovaja+I.+B.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernlib.ru%2Fbooks%2Fmishkovaya_irina%2Fvremena_nemeckogo_glagola%2Fread_5%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.de-online.ru/index/prichastija_nastojashhego_i_proshedshego_vremeni_partizip_1_partizip_2/0-84">„Deutsch-Online.Esamojo ir būtojo laikų dalyviai (Partizip 1, Partizip 2)“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsch-Online.Esamojo+ir+b%C5%ABtojo+laik%C5%B3+dalyviai+%28Partizip+1%2C+Partizip+2%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.de-online.ru%2Findex%2Fprichastija_nastojashhego_i_proshedshego_vremeni_partizip_1_partizip_2%2F0-84&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.studygerman.ru/online/manual/preposition.html">„Study German. Vokiečių kalbos gramatika (žinynas): Prielinksnis (Preposition)“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Study+German.+Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+gramatika+%28%C5%BEinynas%29%3A+Prielinksnis+%28Preposition%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studygerman.ru%2Fonline%2Fmanual%2Fpreposition.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFBehaghel1928" class="citation book cs1">Behaghel, O. (1928). <i>Deutsche Syntax</i>. Winter, Heidelberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsche+Syntax&amp;rft.place=Winter%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.date=1928&amp;rft.aulast=Behaghel&amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Eisenberg, P. (2004). <i>Das Wort (Bd. 1), Der Satz (Bd. 2) — Grundriß der deutschen Grammatik</i>. Stuttgart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Das+Wort+%28Bd.+1%29%2C+Der+Satz+%28Bd.+2%29+%E2%80%94+Grundri%C3%9F+der+deutschen+Grammatik&amp;rft.place=Stuttgart&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Eisenberg&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFSnegiriova2004" class="citation book cs1">Snegiriova, N. S (2004). <i>Vokiečių kalbos sintaksė</i>. Omskas: Valstybinis Omsko F. M. Dostojevskio universitetas. p.&nbsp;149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+sintaks%C4%97&amp;rft.place=Omskas&amp;rft.pages=149&amp;rft.pub=Valstybinis+Omsko+F.+M.+Dostojevskio+universitetas&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Snegiriova&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+S&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><i>(rusų k.)</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFNoskov2002" class="citation book cs1">Noskov, S. A. (2002). <i>Vokiečių kalba stosiantiesiems į aukštąsias mokyklas. § 3. Žodžių tvarka klausiamajame sakinyje</i>. Minskas. pp.&nbsp;268–269. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/985-06-0819-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/985-06-0819-6"><bdi>985-06-0819-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba+stosiantiesiems+%C4%AF+auk%C5%A1t%C4%85sias+mokyklas.+%C2%A7+3.+%C5%BDod%C5%BEi%C5%B3+tvarka+klausiamajame+sakinyje&amp;rft.place=Minskas&amp;rft.pages=268-269&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=985-06-0819-6&amp;rft.aulast=Noskov&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span><i>(rusų k.)</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFNoskov2002" class="citation book cs1">Noskov, S. A. (2002). <i>Vokiečių kalba stosiantiesiems į aukštąsias mokyklas. § 5. Žodžių tvarka sakiniuose su neiginiu</i>. Minskas. pp.&nbsp;270–273. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/985-06-0819-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/985-06-0819-6"><bdi>985-06-0819-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba+stosiantiesiems+%C4%AF+auk%C5%A1t%C4%85sias+mokyklas.+%C2%A7+5.+%C5%BDod%C5%BEi%C5%B3+tvarka+sakiniuose+su+neiginiu&amp;rft.place=Minskas&amp;rft.pages=270-273&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=985-06-0819-6&amp;rft.aulast=Noskov&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span><i>(rusų k.)</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.gutefrage.net/frage/wie-ist-das-laengste-deutsche-wort-ohne-gedankenstriche">„Wie ist das längste deutsche Wort (ohne Gedankenstriche)?“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Wie+ist+das+l%C3%A4ngste+deutsche+Wort+%28ohne+Gedankenstriche%29%3F&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutefrage.net%2Ffrage%2Fwie-ist-das-laengste-deutsche-wort-ohne-gedankenstriche&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFRainer_Perkuhn." class="citation web cs1">Rainer Perkuhn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://pub.ids-mannheim.de/laufend/sprachreport/pdf/sr10-2a.pdf">„Das längste deutsche Wort? Ein fiktives Gespräch mit wahrem Hintergrund“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">2016-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Das+l%C3%A4ngste+deutsche+Wort%3F+Ein+fiktives+Gespr%C3%A4ch+mit+wahrem+Hintergrund&amp;rft.au=Rainer+Perkuhn.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpub.ids-mannheim.de%2Flaufend%2Fsprachreport%2Fpdf%2Fsr10-2a.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1972" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, W. (1972). <i>Deutsche Sprachkunde. 7. Aufl</i>. Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsche+Sprachkunde.+7.+Aufl&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.aulast=Schmidt&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFJung1996" class="citation book cs1">Jung, W. (1996). <i>Grammatik der deutschen Gegenwartssprache</i>. Leipzig.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Grammatik+der+deutschen+Gegenwartssprache&amp;rft.place=Leipzig&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.aulast=Jung&amp;rft.aufirst=W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFZueva_A._N.1979" class="citation book cs1">Zueva A. N., Molčanova I. D. ir kt. (1979). <i>Vokiečių kalbos žodžių darybos elementų žodynas</i>. Maskva. p.&nbsp;536.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalbos+%C5%BEod%C5%BEi%C5%B3+darybos+element%C5%B3+%C5%BEodynas&amp;rft.place=Maskva&amp;rft.pages=536&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.aulast=Zueva+A.+N.&amp;rft.aufirst=Mol%C4%8Danova+I.+D.+ir+kt.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span><i>(rusų k.)</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFWiese2010" class="citation book cs1">Wiese, H. (2010). <i>Eine Zeitreise zu den Ursprüngen unserer Sprache. Wie die Indogermanistik unsere Wörter erklärt</i>. Berlin: Logos Verlag. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/978-3-8325-1601-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/978-3-8325-1601-7"><bdi>978-3-8325-1601-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Eine+Zeitreise+zu+den+Urspr%C3%BCngen+unserer+Sprache.+Wie+die+Indogermanistik+unsere+W%C3%B6rter+erkl%C3%A4rt&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Logos+Verlag&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-8325-1601-7&amp;rft.aulast=Wiese&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">žr.straipsnius knygoje <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFKluge2001" class="citation book cs1">Kluge, F. (2001). <i>Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache; bearbeitet von Elmar Seebold</i>. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/978-3-11-017473-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/978-3-11-017473-1"><bdi>978-3-11-017473-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+deutschen+Sprache%3B+bearbeitet+von+Elmar+Seebold&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-11-017473-1&amp;rft.aulast=Kluge&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm. 16 Bände in 32 Teilbänden</i>. Leipzig. 1854–1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Deutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+von+Jacob+und+Wilhelm+Grimm.+16+B%C3%A4nde+in+32+Teilb%C3%A4nden&amp;rft.place=Leipzig&amp;rft.date=1854%2F1961&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/dwds/uebersicht/">Skaitmeninis vokiečių kalbos žodynas</a>; tikrinta 2016-08-13</span></li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFSchildt1976" class="citation book cs1">Schildt, J. (1976). <i>Abriss der Geschichte der deutschen Sprache</i>. Berlin. p.&nbsp;29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Abriss+der+Geschichte+der+deutschen+Sprache&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pages=29&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.aulast=Schildt&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0ablonas:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šablonas:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher (<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_prie%C5%BEi%C5%ABra:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategorija:CS1 priežiūra: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFBest_K.-H2013" class="citation journal cs1">Best K.-H (2013). „Iranismen im Deutschen“. <i>Glottometrics</i>. <b>26</b>: 1–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Glottometrics&amp;rft.atitle=Iranismen+im+Deutschen&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.pages=1-8&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Best+K.-H&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.examen-europaeum.com/EEE/EEE2003/08FremdundLehnwoerter.htm">Svetimžodžiai ir skoliniai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706155445/http://www.examen-europaeum.com/EEE/EEE2003/08FremdundLehnwoerter.htm">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2016-07-06 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.; tikrinta 2016-08-15</span></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Eisenberg, P. (2011). <i>Das Fremdwort im Deutschen</i>. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/978-3-11-023564-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/978-3-11-023564-7"><bdi>978-3-11-023564-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Das+Fremdwort+im+Deutschen&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=de+Gruyter&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-11-023564-7&amp;rft.aulast=Eisenberg&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFBest_K.-H2008" class="citation journal cs1">Best K.-H (2008). „Sinismen im Deutschen und Englischen“. <i>Glottometrics</i>. <b>17</b>: 87–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Glottometrics&amp;rft.atitle=Sinismen+im+Deutschen+und+Englischen&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.pages=87-93&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Best+K.-H&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFBest_K.-H2009" class="citation journal cs1">Best K.-H (2009). „Zur Entwicklung der Entlehnungen aus dem Japanischen ins Deutsche“. <i>Glottometrics</i>. <b>19</b>: 80–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Glottometrics&amp;rft.atitle=Zur+Entwicklung+der+Entlehnungen+aus+dem+Japanischen+ins+Deutsche&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.pages=80-84&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=Best+K.-H&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515"><cite id="CITEREFBest_K.-H2003" class="citation journal cs1">Best K.-H (2003). „Slawische Entlehnungen im Deutschen“. <i>Rusistika - Slavistika - Lingvistika. Festschrift für Werner Lehfeldt</i>: 464–473.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Rusistika+-+Slavistika+-+Lingvistika.+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Werner+Lehfeldt&amp;rft.atitle=Slawische+Entlehnungen+im+Deutschen&amp;rft.pages=464-473&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.au=Best+K.-H&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3+kalba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Literatūra"><span id="Literat.C5.ABra"></span>Literatūra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Literatūra" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><i>Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis. Überarbeitete Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de/aktuell/"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de/aktuell/">Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung<i></i></a><i>, München und Mannheim, Februar 2006 (vokiečių kalbos taisyklės).</i></li> <li>Wolfgang Krischke: <i>Was heißt hier Deutsch?&nbsp;– Kleine Geschichte der deutschen Sprache</i>. C. H. Beck, München 2009. <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/9783406592430?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-59243-0</a>. Allgemeinverständliche Darstellung (vokiečių kalbos istorija).</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Nuorodos">Nuorodos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Nuorodos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redaguoti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; background: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 1ex; font-size: 90%;"> <div style="float: left;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Portal.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"> <noscript> <img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/36px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 36px;height: 32px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/36px-Portal.svg.png" data-alt="Portal" data-width="36" data-height="32" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/54px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/72px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div style="float: left; padding:1ex;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> <b>Vikisritis: <i><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikisritis:Vokietija?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikisritis:Vokietija">Vokietija</a></i></b> </div> </div> </div> <div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; background: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; padding: 1ex; font-size: 90%;"> <div style="float: left;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Portal.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"> <noscript> <img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/36px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="32" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 36px;height: 32px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/36px-Portal.svg.png" data-alt="Portal" data-width="36" data-height="32" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/54px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/72px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div style="float: left; padding:1ex;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> <b>Vikisritis: <i><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikisritis:Kalbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikisritis:Kalbos">Kalbos</a></i></b> </div> </div> </div> <table border="0" align="right" width="250" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit"> <tbody> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DCategory%253AGerman%2Blanguage%26uselang%3Dlt"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="54" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 54px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="54" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/80px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></td> <td> <div class="plainlinks"> <b><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:German_language?%26uselang%3Dlt">Vikiteka: Vokiečių kalba</a></b> – vaizdinė ir garsinė medžiaga </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.dwelle.de/popups/popup_livestream/0,,2417_type_liveaudio_struct_265,00.html">Pasiklausyti vokiečių kalbos, per (Deutsche Welle) radijo stotį</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214213735/http://dwelle.de/popups/popup_livestream/0,,2417_type_liveaudio_struct_265,00.html">Archyvuota kopija</a> 2010-12-14 iš <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> projekto.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/lib/public/full_screen.html?http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/maps/kiepert/G6081-E1-1872-K5/">Heinricho Kieperto 1872&nbsp;m. vokiečių, olandų ir fryzų kalbų paplitimo žemėlapis (šios kalbos nuspalvintos rausva spalva)</a>, <i>vokiečių k.</i></li> <li><span class="showhidden"><code><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deu">deu</a>&nbsp;</code></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code%3Ddeu">Duomenys apie kodu „deu“ žymimą kalbą svetainėje <i>ethnologue.com</i></a></li> </ul> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Wikipedia-logo.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"> <noscript> <img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png/45px-Wikipedia-logo.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png/45px-Wikipedia-logo.png" data-alt="Wikipedia" data-width="45" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png/68px-Wikipedia-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png/90px-Wikipedia-logo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Wikipedia </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div style="margin-left: 70px;"> Vikipedija <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="de:">Vokiečių kalba</a></b></i> </div> </div> <div id="Vorlage_Lesenswert"> <table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="background-color: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; border-color: var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); border-width: 1px; width: 100%; font-size: 95%; border-top-style: solid; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; position:relative;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 24px; vertical-align: top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Wikimedia_alt_gold.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wikimedia_alt_gold.svg/35px-Wikimedia_alt_gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="49" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="729"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 35px;height: 49px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wikimedia_alt_gold.svg/35px-Wikimedia_alt_gold.svg.png" data-width="35" data-height="49" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wikimedia_alt_gold.svg/53px-Wikimedia_alt_gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wikimedia_alt_gold.svg/70px-Wikimedia_alt_gold.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></td> <td>Šis straipsnis yra tapęs savaitės straipsniu.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p><br></p> <div id="Vorlage_Lesenswert"> <table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="background-color: #f0f0f0; border-color: #aaaaaa; border-width: 1px; width: 100%; font-size: 95%; border-top-style: solid; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; position:relative;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 24px; vertical-align: top"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaizdas:Cscr-featured.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavyzdinis straipsnis"> <noscript> <img alt="Pavyzdinis straipsnis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/50px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 48px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/50px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" data-alt="Pavyzdinis straipsnis" data-width="50" data-height="48" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/75px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/100px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></td> <td><i>Straipsnis „<b>Vokiečių kalba</b>“ yra paskelbtas <a href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipedija:Pavyzdiniai_straipsniai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikipedija:Pavyzdiniai straipsniai">pavyzdiniu</a>, taigi pripažintas vienu geriausių lietuviškosios Vikipedijos straipsnių. Jei matote, kaip pagerinti straipsnį nekenkiant prieš tai darytam darbui, visada prašome prisidėti.</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐vftvc Cached time: 20241123123128 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.032 seconds Real time usage: 1.304 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10447/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 296130/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 97517/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 234085/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.359/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4265698/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 845.826 1 -total 59.12% 500.057 1 Šablonas:Reflist 29.10% 246.146 30 Šablonas:Cite_book 17.12% 144.775 37 Šablonas:Flag 14.81% 125.241 34 Šablonas:Cite_web 13.09% 110.723 1 Šablonas:Kalba 12.36% 104.570 1 Šablonas:Infolentelė 4.15% 35.075 27 Šablonas:Webarchive 4.02% 34.025 2 Šablonas:Navbox 3.63% 30.733 1 Šablonas:Germanų_kalbos --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key ltwiki:pcache:idhash:6895-0!canonical and timestamp 20241123123128 and revision id 7423549. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.063 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Rodomas puslapis "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DVokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba%26oldid%3D7423549">https://lt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vokiečių_kalba&amp;oldid=7423549</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://lt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Ed1974LT" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730311018"> <span>Paskutinį kartą keista 30 spalio 2024 19:56</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Kalbos</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B1%25D1%258B%25D0%25B7%25D1%2588%25D3%2599%25D0%25B0" title="Агерман бызшәа – abchazų" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Агерман бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abchazų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Jeureuman" title="Bahsa Jeureuman – ačinezų" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Jeureuman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="ačinezų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D" title="Германыбзэ – adygėjų" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Германыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adygėjų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – afrikanų" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – Šveicarijos vokiečių" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Šveicarijos vokiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%2580%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258A%259B" title="ጀርመንኛ – amharų" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="pavyzdinis straipsnis"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%25C3%25A1n" title="Idioma alemán – aragonesų" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259E%25C4%2593odsc_spr%25C7%25A3c" title="Þēodsc sprǣc – senoji anglų" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēodsc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="senoji anglų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – angikų" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="اللغة الألمانية – arabų" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الألمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A0%25DC%25AB%25DC%25A2%25DC%2590_%25DC%2593%25DC%25AA%25DC%25A1%25DC%25A2%25DC%259D%25DC%2590" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ – aramaikų" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaikų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="لألمانية – Maroko arabų" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لألمانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Maroko arabų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2589" title="لغه المانى – Egipto arabų" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه المانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egipto arabų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="জাৰ্মান ভাষা – asamų" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%25C3%25A1n" title="Idioma alemán – asturianų" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturianų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D3%2580" title="Герман мацӀ – avarikų" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Герман мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarikų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliman_aru" title="Aliman aru – aimarų" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aliman aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimarų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_dili" title="Alman dili – azerbaidžaniečių" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alman dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžaniečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="آلمان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5" title="Немец теле – baškirų" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Немец теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – baliečių" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitsche_Sproch" title="Deitsche Sproch – bavarų" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitsche Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%25C4%25ABtiu_kalba" title="Vuokītiu kalba – žemaičių" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaičių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – batak toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="batak toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Aleman" title="Tataramon na Aleman – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Aleman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="pavyzdinis straipsnis"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Нямецкая мова – baltarusių" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltarusių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Нямецкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Немски език – bulgarų" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Немски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="জার্মান ভাষা – bengalų" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BD%2587%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BE%2590%25E0%25BD%2591%25E0%25BC%258D" title="འཇར་མན་སྐད། – tibetiečių" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamaneg" title="Alamaneg – bretonų" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – bosnių" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Jerman" title="Saro Jerman – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2585%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Герман хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Герман хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemany" title="Alemany – katalonų" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A1ik-ng%25E1%25B9%25B3%25CC%2584" title="Dáik-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%2582" title="Девтойн мотт – čečėnų" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Девтойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečėnų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaleman" title="Inaleman – sebuanų" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inaleman" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuanų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25A0%25E1%258F%2582%25E1%258F%259B%25E1%258F%25A5_%25E1%258E%25A6%25E1%258F%25AC%25E1%258F%2582%25E1%258E%25AF%25E1%258F%258D%25E1%258F%2597" title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – čerokių" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="čerokių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%2527%25C4%2597ho%25C3%25A9seotse" title="Ma'ėhoéseotse – čajenų" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'ėhoéseotse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="čajenų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A6%25DB%2595%25DA%25B5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="زمانی ئەڵمانی – soranių kurdų" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئەڵمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranių kurdų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tedesca" title="Lingua tedesca – korsikiečių" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_tili" title="Alman tili – Krymo turkų" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alman tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krymo turkų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%259Bm%25C4%258Dina" title="Němčina – čekų" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Němčina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čekų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemiecczi_j%25C3%25A3z%25C3%25ABk" title="Niemiecczi jãzëk – kašubų" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemiecczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kašubų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%25A3%25D0%25BC%25D1%258C%25D1%2587%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A_%25D1%25A9%25EA%2599%2581%25EA%2599%2591%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A" title="Нѣмьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – bažnytinė slavų" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="bažnytinė slavų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25C4%2595%25C3%25A7_%25D1%2587%25C4%2595%25D0%25BB%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8" title="Нимĕç чĕлхи – čiuvašų" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нимĕç чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čiuvašų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaeneg" title="Almaeneg – valų" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Almaeneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="rekomenduojamas straipsnis"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_(sprog)" title="Tysk (sprog) – danų" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaamani" title="Jaamani – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Jaamani" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – vokiečių" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vokiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanki" title="Almanki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587ina" title="Nimšćina – žemutinių sorbų" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="žemutinių sorbų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2587%25DE%25A6%25DE%258D%25DE%25B0%25DE%2589%25DE%25A7%25DE%2582%25DE%25A9" title="އަލްމާނީ – divehų" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަލްމާނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BB%25CF%258E%25CF%2583%25CF%2583%25CE%25B1" title="Γερμανική γλώσσα – graikų" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="graikų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%25C3%25A8sch" title="Tedèsch – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tedèsch" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language – anglų" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_lingvo" title="Germana lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%25C3%25A1n" title="Idioma alemán – ispanų" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispanų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_keel" title="Saksa keel – estų" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleman" title="Aleman – baskų" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_alemana" title="Lengua alemana – ispanų kalbos Ekstremadūros tarmė" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua alemana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="ispanų kalbos Ekstremadūros tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="زبان آلمانی – persų" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آلمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almankoore" title="Almankoore – fulahų" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almankoore" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulahų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kieli" title="Saksan kieli – suomių" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="suomių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%2527aksa_kiil" title="S'aksa kiil – veru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksa kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="veru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25BDskt_m%25C3%25A1l" title="Týskt mál – farerų" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farerų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemand" title="Allemand – prancūzų" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prancūzų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemand" title="Alemand – arpitano" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemand" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="arpitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%25C3%25BCsch" title="Tjüsch – šiaurinių fryzų" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüsch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="šiaurinių fryzų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_todescje" title="Lenghe todescje – friulių" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe todescje" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BAtsk" title="Dútsk – vakarų fryzų" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vakarų fryzų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%25C3%25A1inis" title="An Ghearmáinis – airių" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="airių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E8%25AA%259E" title="德語 – kinų kalbos dziangsi tarmė" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos dziangsi tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlman" title="Anlman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Anlman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearmailtis" title="Gearmailtis – škotų (gėlų)" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gearmailtis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotų (gėlų)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_alem%25C3%25A1" title="Lingua alemá – galisų" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua alemá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A_%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588%25D8%25A4%25D9%2586" title="آلماني زوؤن – gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلماني زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a%25C3%25B1e%2527%25E1%25BA%25BD" title="Alemañañe'ẽ – gvaranių" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemañañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25B8%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258C%25BF%25F0%2590%258C%25B3%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258D%2583%25F0%2590%258C%25BA%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258D%2582%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25B6%25F0%2590%258C%25B3%25F0%2590%258C%25B0" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – gotų" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%259C%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25AE%25E0%25AA%25A8_%25E0%25AA%25AD%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25B7%25E0%25AA%25BE" title="જર્મન ભાષા – gudžaratų" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મન ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanish" title="Germaanish – meniečių" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Germaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="meniečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language – hausų" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-ng%25C3%25AE" title="Tet-ngî – kinų kalbos hakų tarmė" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos hakų tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CA%25BB%25C5%258Clelo_Kelem%25C4%2581nia" title="ʻŌlelo Kelemānia – havajiečių" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="havajiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="גרמנית – hebrajų" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_bhasa" title="German bhasa – Fidžio hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="German bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidžio hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – kroatų" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%259Bm%25C4%258Dina" title="Němčina – aukštutinių sorbų" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němčina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="aukštutinių sorbų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_alman" title="Lang alman – Haičio" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang alman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haičio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A9met_nyelv" title="Német nyelv – vengrų" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="vengrų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6" title="Գերմաներեն – armėnų" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմաներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armėnų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25A7%25D5%25B6" title="Գերմաներէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմաներէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_german" title="Lingua german – tarpinė" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua german" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="tarpinė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Jereman" title="Jaku Jereman – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – indoneziečių" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/German" title="German – interkalba" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="German" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interkalba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Aleman" title="Pagsasao nga Aleman – ilokų" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Aleman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%2582" title="Немций мотт – ingušų" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingušų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniana_linguo" title="Germaniana linguo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germaniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259E%25C3%25BDska" title="Þýska – islandų" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tedesca" title="Lingua tedesca – italų" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%2584%25E8%25AA%259E" title="ドイツ語 – japonų" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joerman" title="Joerman – Jamaikos kreolų anglų" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joerman" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaikos kreolų anglų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotybau" title="dotybau – loiban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotybau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="loiban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – javiečių" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="გერმანული ენა – gruzinų" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzinų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili – karakalpakų" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nemis tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Talmant" title="Tutlayt Talmant – kebailų" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt Talmant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kebailų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B6%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D" title="Джэрмэныбзэ – kabardinų" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэныбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardinų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama_k%25CA%258An%25CA%258A%25C5%258B" title="Caama kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidoitce" title="Kidoitce – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kidoitce" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D1%2581_%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596" title="Неміс тілі – kazachų" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неміс тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2597%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%25A2%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259E%25BA%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%258B" title="ភាសាអាល្លឺម៉ង់ – khmerų" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmerų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%25AD%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B7%25E0%25B3%2586" title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ – kanadų" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanadų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258F%2585%25EC%259D%25BC%25EC%2596%25B4" title="독일어 – korėjiečių" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korėjiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25B2" title="Немеч кыв – komių-permių" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немеч кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komių-permių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB" title="Немец тил – karačiajų balkarijos" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Немец тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karačiajų balkarijos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%258E%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%258E%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B2%25D9%258E%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="جَرمَن زَبان – kašmyrų" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَن زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmyrų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BCtsche_Sprooch" title="Dütsche Sprooch – kolognų" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütsche Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kolognų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%25C3%25AA_alman%25C3%25AE" title="Zimanê almanî – kurdų" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê almanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25B2" title="Немеч кыв – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Немеч кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaynek" title="Almaynek – kornų" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almaynek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8" title="Немис тили – kirgizų" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Немис тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="pavyzdinis straipsnis"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Theodisca" title="Lingua Theodisca – lotynų" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Theodisca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotynų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_almana" title="Lingua almana – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua almana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A4itsch" title="Däitsch – liuksemburgiečių" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="liuksemburgiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7" title="Немец маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Немец маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586_%25D1%2587%25D3%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="Немец чӀал – lezginų" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Немец чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutx_(lingua)" title="Deutx (lingua) – naujoji frankų kalba" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutx (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="naujoji frankų kalba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – limburgiečių" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tedesca" title="Lengua tedesca – ligūrų" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligūrų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_tud%25C3%25ABsch" title="Lingaz tudësch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz tudësch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_todesca" title="Lengua todesca – lombardų" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua todesca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lial%25C3%25A9mani" title="Lialémani – ngalų" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lialémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="ngalų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259E%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%25A2%25E0%25BA%258D%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2599" title="ພາສາເຢຍລະມັນ – laosiečių" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoc%25C4%25AB%25C5%25A1u_vol%25C5%25ABda" title="Vuocīšu volūda – latgalių" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuocīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgalių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C4%2581cu_valoda" title="Vācu valoda – latvių" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C" title="Дойчень кяль – mokša" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчень кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokša" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_alem%25C3%25A0na" title="Fiteny alemàna – malagasų" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny alemàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D1%2587_%25D0%25B9%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5" title="Немыч йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Tiamana" title="Reo Tiamana – maorių" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maorių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Jerman" title="Bahaso Jerman – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Германски јазик – makedonų" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%25BB_%25E0%25B4%25AD%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B7" title="ജർമ്മൻ ഭാഷ – malajalių" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2585%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB" title="Герман хэл – mongolų" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2596%25EA%25AF%2594%25EA%25AF%2583%25EA%25AF%259F_%25EA%25AF%2582%25EA%25AF%25A3%25EA%25AF%259F" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – manipurių" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – maratų" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – malajiečių" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_%25C4%25A0ermani%25C5%25BCa" title="Lingwa Ġermaniża – maltiečių" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Ġermaniża" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%25C3%25A9ngua_almana" title="Lhéngua almana – mirandezų" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua almana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandezų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8" title="ဂျာမန်ဘာသာစကား – birmiečių" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမန်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C" title="Немецень кель – erzyjų" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Немецень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzyjų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="آلمانی – mazenderanių" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazenderanių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_germanese" title="Lengua germanese – neapoliečių" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua germanese" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapoliečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtsche_Spraak" title="Düütsche Spraak – Žemutinės Vokietijos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Žemutinės Vokietijos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – Žemutinės Saksonijos (Nyderlandai)" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Žemutinės Saksonijos (Nyderlandai)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="जर्मनेली भाषा – nepaliečių" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनेली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaliečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – olandų" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk – naujoji norvegų" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="naujoji norvegų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk – norvegų bukmolas" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegų bukmolas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanum" title="Germanum – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germanum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemaund" title="Allemaund – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemaund" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – šiaurės Soto" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="šiaurės Soto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A9%25C3%25A9sh_Bich%25CA%25BCahii_Bizaad" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bizaad – navajų" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemand" title="Alemand – očitarų" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="očitarų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanien_kieli" title="Germuanien kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3_%25C3%25A6%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3" title="Немыцаг æвзаг – osetinų" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Немыцаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetinų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25A8_%25E0%25A8%25AD%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25BE" title="ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – pendžabų" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendžabų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Alemano" title="Salitan Alemano – pangasinanų" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Alemano" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinanų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%25C3%25A1n" title="Alemán – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alemán" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemant" title="Alemant – pikardų" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemant" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schtandard-Deitsch" title="Schtandard-Deitsch – Pensilvanijos vokiečių" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schtandard-Deitsch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pensilvanijos vokiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – vokiečių kalbos Pfalco tarmė" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="vokiečių kalbos Pfalco tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirman" title="Jirman – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jirman" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C4%2599zyk_niemiecki" title="Język niemiecki – lenkų" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język niemiecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="lenkų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ted%25C3%25ABsca" title="Lenga tedësca – italų kalbos Pjemonto tarmė" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga tedësca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="italų kalbos Pjemonto tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="جرمن بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A_%25DA%2598%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587" title="جرمني ژبه – puštūnų" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštūnų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25ADngua_alem%25C3%25A3" title="Língua alemã – portugalų" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua alemã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliman_simi" title="Aliman simi – kečujų" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aliman simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečujų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tudestga" title="Lingua tudestga – retoromanų" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua tudestga" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="retoromanų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermanikani_chib" title="Jermanikani chib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermanikani chib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_german%25C4%2583" title="Limba germană – rumunų" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba germană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_gherm%25C3%25A3nesc%25C3%25A3" title="Limba ghermãnescã – aromanių" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba ghermãnescã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25A8nga_tedesche" title="Lènga tedesche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga tedesche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="vertingas straipsnis"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Немецкий язык – rusų" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немецкий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2597%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Нїмецькый язык – rusinų" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikidage" title="Ikidage – kinjaruandų" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikidage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinjaruandų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="जर्मनभाषा – sanskritas" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जर्मनभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%258C%25D0%25B8%25D1%258D%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D%25D1%2581_%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Ньиэмэс тыла – jakutų" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ньиэмэс тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A1%25E1%25B1%259A%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A2%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B1_%25E1%25B1%25AF%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B9%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A5%25E1%25B1%25A4" title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santalių" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tedesca" title="Limba tedesca – sardiniečių" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba tedesca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tidesca" title="Lingua tidesca – siciliečių" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua tidesca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_leid" title="German leid – škotų" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="German leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D9%25BB%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%258A" title="جرمن ٻولي – sindų" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمن ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiskkagiella" title="Duiskkagiella – šiaurės samių" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiskkagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="šiaurės samių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – serbų-kroatų" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbų-kroatų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Talimant" title="Tutlayt Talimant – tachelhitų" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Talimant" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhitų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2594_%25E0%25B6%25B7%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2582%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2580" title="ජර්මානු භාෂාව – sinhalų" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මානු භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%25C4%258Dina" title="Nemčina – slovakų" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Dina" title="Nemščina – slovėnų" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovėnų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%25CA%25BBa_Siamani" title="Faʻa Siamani – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksakiel%25C3%25A2" title="Saksakielâ – Inario samių" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksakielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inario samių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chijerumani" title="Chijerumani – šonų" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chijerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_gjermane" title="Gjuha gjermane – albanų" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha gjermane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Немачки језик – serbų" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysritongo" title="Doysritongo – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysritongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25ADJalim%25C3%25A1ne" title="SíJalimáne – svatų" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="SíJalimáne" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="svatų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – pietų Soto" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="pietų Soto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtsk" title="Düütsk – Saterlendo fryzų" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterlendo fryzų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_J%25C3%25A9rman" title="Basa Jérman – sundų" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="rekomenduojamas straipsnis"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyska" title="Tyska – švedų" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijerumani" title="Kijerumani – suahilių" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kijerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahilių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymjecko_godka" title="Mjymjecko godka – sileziečių" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymjecko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="sileziečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2587%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581_%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258A%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="இடாய்ச்சு மொழி – tamilų" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடாய்ச்சு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%25AD%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B7%25E0%25B3%2586" title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ – tulų" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%259C%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B1%258D_%25E0%25B0%25AD%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B7" title="జర్మన్ భాష – telugų" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మన్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-alemaun" title="Lia-alemaun – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-alemaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D3%25A3" title="Забони олмонӣ – tadžikų" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони олмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžikų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599" title="ภาษาเยอรมัน – tajų" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเยอรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_dili" title="Alman dili – turkmėnų" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alman dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmėnų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Aleman" title="Wikang Aleman – tagalogų" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Aleman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almani_zyvon" title="Almani zyvon – talyšų" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almani zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talyšų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – tsvanų" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="tsvanų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Jeman" title="Tok Jeman – Papua pidžinų" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Jeman" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Papua pidžinų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanca" title="Almanca – turkų" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_tele" title="Alman tele – totorių" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Alman tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="totorių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Heremani" title="Reo Heremani – taitiečių" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="taitiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586_%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB" title="Немец дыл – tuvių" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Немец дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB" title="Немец кыл – udmurtų" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Немец кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25DB%2590%25D9%2585%25D9%2589%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2589%25D9%2584%25D9%2589" title="نېمىس تىلى – uigūrų" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نېمىس تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigūrų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Німецька мова – ukrainiečių" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="جرمن زبان – urdų" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمن زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili – uzbekų" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nemis tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%2581%25C3%25A9ngua_todesca" title="Łéngua todesca – venetų" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua todesca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kel%2527" title="Saksan kel' – vepsų" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%25E1%25BA%25BFng_%25C4%2590%25E1%25BB%25A9c" title="Tiếng Đức – vietnamiečių" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – vakarų flamandų" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vakarų flamandų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%25C3%25A4nap%25C3%25BCk" title="Deutänapük – volapiuko" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapiuko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almand_(lingaedje)" title="Almand (lingaedje) – valonų" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almand (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaleman" title="Inaleman – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inaleman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E8%25AF%25AD" title="德语 – kinų kalbos vu tarmė" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos vu tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2588%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BD" title="Немшин келн – kalmukų" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Немшин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmukų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiJamani" title="IsiJamani – kosų" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="kosų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="გერმანული ნინა – megrelų" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%25A9" title="דייטש – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2588d%25C3%25A8_Germany" title="Èdè Germany – jorubų" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Germany" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Dwzgoz" title="Vah Dwzgoz – chuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="chuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – zelandų" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%25A2%25E2%25B5%259C_%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%258E%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258F%25E2%25B5%259C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ – standartinė Maroko tamazigtų" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standartinė Maroko tamazigtų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E8%25AF%25AD" title="德语 – kinų" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E8%25AA%259E" title="德語 – klasikinė kinų" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klasikinė kinų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-g%25C3%25AD" title="Tek-gí – kinų kalbos pietų minų tarmė" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos pietų minų tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E6%2596%2587" title="德文 – kinų kalbos Kantono tarmė" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos Kantono tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiJalimani" title="IsiJalimani – zulų" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiJalimani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-lt.svg" alt="Vikipedija" width="120" height="22" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.375em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Šis puslapis paskutinį kartą keistas 30 spalio 2024 19:56.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Turinys pateikiamas pagal <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.lt">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> jei nėra nurodyta kitaip.</li> </ul> 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