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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_marine_voyages_to_India_(16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_marine_voyages_to_India_(16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Initial marine voyages to India (16th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_marine_voyages_to_India_(16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_factory_in_India_(1668)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_factory_in_India_(1668)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>First factory in India (1668)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_factory_in_India_(1668)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_expansion_in_India_(1669-1672)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_expansion_in_India_(1669-1672)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>French expansion in India (1669-1672)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_expansion_in_India_(1669-1672)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_colony_at_Pondichéry_(1673)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_colony_at_Pondichéry_(1673)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Establishment of colony at Pondichéry (1673)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_colony_at_Pondichéry_(1673)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_colonies_at_Yanon_(1723)_and_Karaikal_(1739)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_colonies_at_Yanon_(1723)_and_Karaikal_(1739)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Establishment of colonies at Yanon (1723) and Karaikal (1739)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_colonies_at_Yanon_(1723)_and_Karaikal_(1739)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambition_of_establishment_of_French_territorial_empire_in_India_and_defeat_(1741–1754)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambition_of_establishment_of_French_territorial_empire_in_India_and_defeat_(1741–1754)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ambition of establishment of French territorial empire in India and defeat (1741–1754)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambition_of_establishment_of_French_territorial_empire_in_India_and_defeat_(1741–1754)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_vs_British_intrigues_(1754–1871)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_vs_British_intrigues_(1754–1871)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>French vs British intrigues (1754–1871)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_vs_British_intrigues_(1754–1871)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_movement_(18th–20th_century)_and_merger_with_India_(1954)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_movement_(18th–20th_century)_and_merger_with_India_(1954)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Independence movement (18th–20th century) and merger with India (1954)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_movement_(18th–20th_century)_and_merger_with_India_(1954)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_myth_of_"our_immense_empire_in_India"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_myth_of_"our_immense_empire_in_India""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>The myth of "our immense empire in India"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_myth_of_"our_immense_empire_in_India"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_French_settlements_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_French_settlements_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of French settlements in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_French_settlements_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_chief_governing_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_chief_governing_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of chief governing officers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_chief_governing_officers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of chief governing officers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_chief_governing_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commissioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Commissioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Governors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commissioners_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioners_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Commissioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioners_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Commissioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Commissioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>High Commissioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Commissioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">French India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الهند الفرنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهند الفرنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="ফৰাচী ভাৰত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফৰাচী ভাৰত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_francesa" title="India francesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="India francesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="فرانسه هیندی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسه هیندی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="ফরাসি ভারত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফরাসি ভারত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Френска Индия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Френска Индия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia_Francesa" title="Índia Francesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Índia Francesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francouzsk%C3%A1_Indie" title="Francouzská Indie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francouzská Indie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sisch-Indien" title="Französisch-Indien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Französisch-Indien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_francesa" title="India francesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="India francesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Hindio" title="Franca Hindio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franca Hindio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziar_India" title="Frantziar India – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantziar India" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="هند فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هند فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inde_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Inde française – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inde française" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4%EB%A0%B9_%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84" title="프랑스령 인도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스령 인도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ֆրանսիական Հնդկաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիական Հնդկաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="फ्रांसीसी भारत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांसीसी भारत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Prancis" title="India Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="India Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insediamenti_francesi_in_India" title="Insediamenti francesi in India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Insediamenti francesi in India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הודו הצרפתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הודו הצרפתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_India" title="Francia India – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francia India" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ഫ്രഞ്ച് ഇന്ത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രഞ്ച് ഇന്ത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="फ्रेंच भारत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रेंच भारत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans-Indi%C3%AB" title="Frans-Indië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frans-Indië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%A0%98%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="フランス領インド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス領インド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فرانسیسی ہند – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانسیسی ہند" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_Francuskie" title="Indie Francuskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indie Francuskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia_Francesa" title="Índia Francesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Índia Francesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Французская Индия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Французская Индия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskan_Intia" title="Ranskan Intia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranskan Intia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பிரெஞ்சு இந்தியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரெஞ்சு இந்தியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="ఫ్రెంచి భారతదేశం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రెంచి భారతదేశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C4%B1z_Hindistan%C4%B1" title="Fransız Hindistanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransız Hindistanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_French_India&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="History of French India">History of French India</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former French colony</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">French Settlements in India</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Établissements français dans l'Inde</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1664–1954</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of French India"><img alt="Flag of French India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/125px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/188px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/250px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/125px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/188px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/250px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_French_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of French India">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:French_India_1815.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="French India (shaded in white) after 1815"><img alt="French India (shaded in white) after 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/French_India_1815.gif/250px-French_India_1815.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/French_India_1815.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="371" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">French India (shaded in white) after 1815</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Colony of France (1664–1946)<br /><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">Overseas Territory of France</a> (1946–1954)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondichéry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian French">French</a> <i>(de jure)</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Colonial administration</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1668–1673 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Caron" title="François Caron">François Caron</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1954 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Georges Escaragueil<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Representative_Assembly_of_French_India" title="Representative Assembly of French India">Representative Assembly of French India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• First <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a> Commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1664</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a> transfer </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1954</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1936</th><td class="infobox-data">510 km<sup>2</sup> (200 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">298,861</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Indian_rupee" title="French Indian rupee">French Indian rupee</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Drapeau_du_r%C3%A9giment_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_en_1756.png/20px-Drapeau_du_r%C3%A9giment_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_en_1756.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Drapeau_du_r%C3%A9giment_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_en_1756.png/30px-Drapeau_du_r%C3%A9giment_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_en_1756.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Drapeau_du_r%C3%A9giment_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_en_1756.png/40px-Drapeau_du_r%C3%A9giment_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_en_1756.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry (union territory)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_by_British_Information_Services,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colonial India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/250px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/375px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/500px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6118" data-file-height="9000" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Map of colonial <i>India</i>, distributed by the British Information Services (1942)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian India">Austrian India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1778–1785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1731–1813</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1605–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1620–1869</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1668–1954</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1505–1961)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">Casa da Índia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1434–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company" title="Portuguese East India Company">Portuguese East India Company</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1628–1633</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1600–1947)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">EIC in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1600–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1757–1858</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Portuguese_India" title="British rule in Portuguese India">British rule in Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1797–1813</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1858–1947</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule in Burma</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1824–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1721–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1947</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonial_India" title="Template:Colonial India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonial_India" title="Template talk:Colonial India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>French India</b>, formally the <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Établissements français dans l'Inde</i></span></b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (English: <span lang="en">French Settlements in India</span>), was a <a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">French colony</a> comprising five geographically separated enclaves on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> that had initially been <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a>. They were <i>de facto</i> incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a> in 1950 and 1954. The enclaves were <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondichéry</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karikal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanam" title="Yanam">Yanam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandernagor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. The French also possessed several <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">loges</i></span> ('lodges', tiny subsidiary trading stations) inside other towns, but after 1816, the British denied all French claims to these, which were not reoccupied. </p><p>By 1950, the total area measured 510 km<sup>2</sup> (200 sq mi), of which 293 km<sup>2</sup> (113 sq mi) belonged to the territory of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Pondichéry</a></span></span>. In 1936, the population of the colony totalled 298,851 inhabitants, of which 63% (187,870) lived in the territory of Pondichéry.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Indian_alliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Indian alliances">Franco-Indian alliances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_History_of_Yanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial History of Yanam">Colonial History of Yanam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Puducherry" title="History of Puducherry">History of Puducherry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1751_map_of_India_from_%22Historical_Atlas_of_India%22,_by_Charles_Joppen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1751_map_of_India_from_%22Historical_Atlas_of_India%22%2C_by_Charles_Joppen.jpg/220px-1751_map_of_India_from_%22Historical_Atlas_of_India%22%2C_by_Charles_Joppen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1751_map_of_India_from_%22Historical_Atlas_of_India%22%2C_by_Charles_Joppen.jpg/330px-1751_map_of_India_from_%22Historical_Atlas_of_India%22%2C_by_Charles_Joppen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1751_map_of_India_from_%22Historical_Atlas_of_India%22%2C_by_Charles_Joppen.jpg/440px-1751_map_of_India_from_%22Historical_Atlas_of_India%22%2C_by_Charles_Joppen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>India at the height of French influence (1751)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananda_Ranga_Pillai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ananda_Ranga_Pillai.JPG/220px-Ananda_Ranga_Pillai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ananda_Ranga_Pillai.JPG/330px-Ananda_Ranga_Pillai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Ananda_Ranga_Pillai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Ranga_Pillai" title="Ananda Ranga Pillai">Ananda Ranga Pillai</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yanaon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Yanaon.jpg/300px-Yanaon.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Yanaon.jpg/450px-Yanaon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Yanaon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Colonial <a href="/wiki/Yanaon" title="Yanaon">Yanaon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magasins_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%C3%A0_Pondich%C3%A9ry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Magasins_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%C3%A0_Pondich%C3%A9ry.jpg/220px-Magasins_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%C3%A0_Pondich%C3%A9ry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Magasins_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%C3%A0_Pondich%C3%A9ry.jpg/330px-Magasins_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%C3%A0_Pondich%C3%A9ry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Magasins_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%C3%A0_Pondich%C3%A9ry.jpg/440px-Magasins_de_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%C3%A0_Pondich%C3%A9ry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a> in the late 18th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patna_French_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Patna_French_factory.jpg/220px-Patna_French_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Patna_French_factory.jpg/330px-Patna_French_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Patna_French_factory.jpg/440px-Patna_French_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>French factory (trading post) at <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> on the Ganges</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trellis_arcade_supporting_a_vine_in_the_Governor%27s_Garden_at_Pondicherry_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Trellis_arcade_supporting_a_vine_in_the_Governor%27s_Garden_at_Pondicherry_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/220px-Trellis_arcade_supporting_a_vine_in_the_Governor%27s_Garden_at_Pondicherry_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Trellis_arcade_supporting_a_vine_in_the_Governor%27s_Garden_at_Pondicherry_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/330px-Trellis_arcade_supporting_a_vine_in_the_Governor%27s_Garden_at_Pondicherry_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Trellis_arcade_supporting_a_vine_in_the_Governor%27s_Garden_at_Pondicherry_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/440px-Trellis_arcade_supporting_a_vine_in_the_Governor%27s_Garden_at_Pondicherry_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Governor's Garden at Pondicherry, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_du_palais_du_gouverneur_de_Pondichery_vers_1850.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vue_du_palais_du_gouverneur_de_Pondichery_vers_1850.jpeg/220px-Vue_du_palais_du_gouverneur_de_Pondichery_vers_1850.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vue_du_palais_du_gouverneur_de_Pondichery_vers_1850.jpeg/330px-Vue_du_palais_du_gouverneur_de_Pondichery_vers_1850.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vue_du_palais_du_gouverneur_de_Pondichery_vers_1850.jpeg/440px-Vue_du_palais_du_gouverneur_de_Pondichery_vers_1850.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>View of the Palace of the Governor of Pondicherry in 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>France was the last of the major European maritime powers of the 17th century to enter the East India trade. Six decades after the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India</a> companies (in 1600 and 1602 respectively), and at a time when both companies were multiplying <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factories</a> (trading posts) on the shores of India, the French still did not have a viable trading company or a single permanent establishment in the East. </p><p>Seeking to explain France's late entrance in the East India trade, historians cite geopolitical circumstances such as the inland position of the French capital, France's numerous internal customs barriers, and parochial perspectives of merchants on France's Atlantic coast, who had little appetite for the large-scale investment required to develop a viable trading enterprise with the distant East Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_marine_voyages_to_India_(16th_century)"><span id="Initial_marine_voyages_to_India_.2816th_century.29"></span>Initial marine voyages to India (16th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial marine voyages to India (16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first French commercial venture to India is believed to have taken place in the first half of the 16th century, in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">King Francis I</a>, when two ships were fitted out by some merchants of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> to trade in eastern seas; they sailed from <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> and were never heard of again. In 1604, a company was granted <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">King Henry IV</a>, but the project failed. Fresh letters patent were issued in 1615, and two ships went to India, only one returning.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>La Compagnie française des Indes orientales</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a>) was formed under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> (1642) and reconstructed under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> (1664) when he sent an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_factory_in_India_(1668)"><span id="First_factory_in_India_.281668.29"></span>First factory in India (1668)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First factory in India (1668)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1667, the French India Company sent out another expedition, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Caron" title="François Caron">François Caron</a> (who was accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> named Marcara), which reached <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> in 1668 and established the first French factory in India.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_expansion_in_India_(1669-1672)"><span id="French_expansion_in_India_.281669-1672.29"></span>French expansion in India (1669-1672)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French expansion in India (1669-1672)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1669, Marcara succeeded in establishing another French factory at <a href="/wiki/Masulipatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Masulipatam">Masulipatam</a>. In 1672, the French captured Fort Saint Thomas, but they were driven out by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> after a long and costly siege. <a href="/wiki/Chandernagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandernagore">Chandernagore</a> (present-day Chandannagar) was established in 1692, with the permission of <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> Shaista Khan, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> governor of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. In 1673, the French acquired the area of Pondicherry from the <a href="/wiki/Qiladar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiladar">qiladar</a> of Valikondapuram under the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur</a>, and thus the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry (city)">Pondichéry</a> was laid. By 1720, the French had lost their factories at Surat, Masulipatam and <a href="/wiki/Bantam_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantam (city)">Bantam</a> to the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_colony_at_Pondichéry_(1673)"><span id="Establishment_of_colony_at_Pondich.C3.A9ry_.281673.29"></span>Establishment of colony at Pondichéry (1673)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Establishment of colony at Pondichéry (1673)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 4 February 1673, Bellanger de l'Espinay, a French officer, took up residence in the Danish Lodge in Pondichéry, thereby commencing the French administration of Pondichéry. In 1674, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Martin_(Pondicherry)" title="François Martin (Pondicherry)">François Martin</a>, the first Governor, initiated ambitious projects to transform Pondichéry from a small fishing village into a flourishing port-town. However, the French found themselves in continual conflict with the Dutch and the English. In 1693, the Dutch captured Pondichéry and augmented the fortifications. The French regained the town in 1699 through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a>, signed on 20 September 1697. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_colonies_at_Yanon_(1723)_and_Karaikal_(1739)"><span id="Establishment_of_colonies_at_Yanon_.281723.29_and_Karaikal_.281739.29"></span>Establishment of colonies at Yanon (1723) and Karaikal (1739)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Establishment of colonies at Yanon (1723) and Karaikal (1739)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From their arrival until 1741, the objectives of the French, like those of the British, were purely commercial. During this period, the French East India Company peacefully acquired <a href="/wiki/Yanaon_(Inde_fran%C3%A7aise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanaon (Inde française)">Yanam</a> (about 840 kilometres or 520 miles north-east of Pondichéry on Andhra Coast) in 1723, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahe</a> on Malabar Coast in 1725 and <a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a> (about 150 kilometres or 93 miles south of Pondichéry) in 1739. In the early 18th century, the town of Pondichéry was laid out on a grid pattern and grew considerably. Able governors like <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Christophe_Le_Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Christophe Le Noir">Pierre Christophe Le Noir</a> (1726–1735) and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beno%C3%AEt_Dumas" title="Pierre Benoît Dumas">Pierre Benoît Dumas</a> (1735–1741) expanded the Pondichéry area and made it a large and rich town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambition_of_establishment_of_French_territorial_empire_in_India_and_defeat_(1741–1754)"><span id="Ambition_of_establishment_of_French_territorial_empire_in_India_and_defeat_.281741.E2.80.931754.29"></span>Ambition of establishment of French territorial empire in India and defeat (1741–1754)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ambition of establishment of French territorial empire in India and defeat (1741–1754)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after his arrival in 1741, the most famous governor of French India, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dupleix" title="Joseph François Dupleix">Joseph François Dupleix</a>, began to hold the ambition of a French territorial empire in India in spite of the pronounced uninterested attitude of his distant superiors and of the French government, which didn't want to provoke the British. Dupleix's ambition clashed with British interests in India and a period of military skirmishes and political intrigues began and continued even in rare periods when France and Great Britain were officially at peace. Under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Bussy-Castelnau" title="Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau">Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau</a>, Dupleix's army successfully controlled the area between <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Comorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Comorin">Cape Comorin</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a>, a British officer, arrived in India in 1744, and dashed the hopes of Dupleix to create a French empire in India. </p><p>After a defeat and failed peace talks, Dupleix was summarily dismissed and recalled to France in 1754. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_vs_British_intrigues_(1754–1871)"><span id="French_vs_British_intrigues_.281754.E2.80.931871.29"></span>French vs British intrigues (1754–1871)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: French vs British intrigues (1754–1871)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In spite of a treaty between the British and French agreeing not to interfere in regional Indian affairs, their colonial intrigues continued. The French expanded their influence at the court of the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a> and increased their trading activity in Bengal. In 1756, the French encouraged the Nawab (<a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a>) to attack and take the British <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William (India)">Fort William</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757, where the British decisively defeated the Nawab and his French allies, resulting in the extension of British power over the entire province of Bengal. </p><p>Subsequently, France sent <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arthur,_comte_de_Lally" title="Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally">Lally-Tollendal</a> to recover the lost French possessions and drive the British out of India. Lally arrived in Pondichéry in 1758, had some initial success and razed Fort St. David in <a href="/wiki/Cuddalore" title="Cuddalore">Cuddalore</a> District to the ground in 1758, but strategic mistakes by Lally led to the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a> region, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wandiwash" title="Battle of Wandiwash">Battle of Wandiwash</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pondicherry_(1760)" title="Siege of Pondicherry (1760)">siege of Pondicherry</a> in 1760. In 1761, the British razed Pondichéry to the ground in revenge for the French depredations; it lay in ruins for four years. The French had lost their hold now in South India too. </p><p>In 1765, Pondichéry was returned to France in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">a 1763 peace treaty</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a>. Governor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Law_de_Lauriston" title="Jean Law de Lauriston">Jean Law de Lauriston</a> set to rebuild the town on its former layout and after five months 200 European and 2000 <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> houses had been erected. In 1769, the French East India Company, unable to support itself financially, was abolished by the French Crown, which assumed administration of the French possessions in India. During the next 50 years, Pondichéry changed hands between France and Britain with the regularity of their wars and peace treaties. </p><p>In 1816, after the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the five establishments of Pondichéry, <a href="/wiki/Chandernagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandernagore">Chandernagore</a>, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam and the lodges at <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> and Surat were returned to France. Pondichéry had lost much of its former glory, and Chandernagore dwindled into an insignificant outpost to the north of the rapidly growing British metropolis of Calcutta. Successive governors tried, with mixed results, to improve infrastructure, industry, law and education over the next 138 years. </p><p>By a decree of 25 January 1871, French India was to have an elective general council (<i>conseil général</i>) and elective local councils (<i>conseil local</i>). The results of this measure were not very satisfactory, and the qualifications for and the classes of the franchise were modified. The governor resided at Pondichéry and was assisted by a council. There were two <i><a href="/wiki/Tribunal_d%27instance" title="Tribunal d'instance">Tribunaux d'instance</a></i> (Tribunals of first instance) (at Pondichéry and Karikal) one <i>Cour d'appel</i> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal (France)">Court of Appeal</a>) (at Pondichéry) and five <i>Juges de paix</i> (<a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">Justices of the Peace</a>). Agricultural production consisted of rice, peanuts, tobacco, betel nuts and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px"><div style="position:relative;width:500px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="French India"><img alt="French India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/500px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="538" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/750px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/1000px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.735%;left:40.039%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pondichéry"><img alt="Pondichéry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/18px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/24px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><b>Pondichéry</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.746%;left:40.1%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Karikal"><img alt="Karikal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/18px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/24px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><b>Karikal</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.631%;left:44.156%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Masulipatam"><img alt="Masulipatam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Masulipatam</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.381%;left:26.677%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mahé"><img alt="Mahé" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div style="background-color:white"><b>Mahé</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.769%;left:27.406%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Calicut"><img alt="Calicut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Calicut</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.015%;left:66.812%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chandernagore"><img alt="Chandernagore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/18px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/24px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div><b>Chandernagore</b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.169%;left:66.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cassimbazar"><img alt="Cassimbazar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Cassimbazar</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.918%;left:66.978%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jugdia"><img alt="Jugdia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Jugdia</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.462%;left:73.021%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dacca"><img alt="Dacca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div style="background-color:white">Dacca</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.262%;left:62.281%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Balasore"><img alt="Balasore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Balasore</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.615%;left:56.562%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Patna"><img alt="Patna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Patna</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.245%;left:18.222%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Surat"><img alt="Surat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gold_pog.svg/8px-Gold_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gold_pog.svg/12px-Gold_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gold_pog.svg/16px-Gold_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div style="background-color:white">Surat</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.897%;left:47.552%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yanaon"><img alt="Yanaon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/12px-Black_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/18px-Black_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_pog.svg/24px-Black_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div><b>Yanaon</b></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" title="File:India location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">French establishments and loges as of 1947<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Coromandel coast">Coromandel coast</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orissa_Province" title="Orissa Province">Orissa</a></span></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1954_French_ID_issued_at_their_colony_of_Pondicherry_before_the_transfer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1954_French_ID_issued_at_their_colony_of_Pondicherry_before_the_transfer.jpg/220px-1954_French_ID_issued_at_their_colony_of_Pondicherry_before_the_transfer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1954_French_ID_issued_at_their_colony_of_Pondicherry_before_the_transfer.jpg/330px-1954_French_ID_issued_at_their_colony_of_Pondicherry_before_the_transfer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1954_French_ID_issued_at_their_colony_of_Pondicherry_before_the_transfer.jpg/440px-1954_French_ID_issued_at_their_colony_of_Pondicherry_before_the_transfer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>1954 French ID issued at their colony of Pondicherry before the transfer.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_movement_(18th–20th_century)_and_merger_with_India_(1954)"><span id="Independence_movement_.2818th.E2.80.9320th_century.29_and_merger_with_India_.281954.29"></span>Independence movement (18th–20th century) and merger with India (1954)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Independence movement (18th–20th century) and merger with India (1954)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence of India</a> on 15 August 1947 gave impetus to the union of France's Indian possessions with former <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. The lodges in Machilipatnam, Kozhikode and Surat were ceded to India on 6 October 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agreement between France and India in 1948 agreed to an election in France's remaining Indian possessions to choose their political future. Governance of Chandernagore was ceded to India on 2 May 1950; it was then merged with <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> state on 2 October 1954. On 1 November 1954, the four enclaves of Pondichéry, Yanam, Mahe– and Karikal were <i>de facto</i> transferred to the Indian Union and became the <a href="/wiki/Union_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Territory">Union Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>. The <i>de jure</i> union of French India with India did not take place until 1962 when the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of France">French Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> ratified the treaty with India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_myth_of_"our_immense_empire_in_India""><span id="The_myth_of_.22our_immense_empire_in_India.22"></span>The myth of "our immense empire in India"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The myth of "our immense empire in India""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the mid-19th century onward there developed in France the belief that the five tiny settlements recovered from Britain after the Napoleonic Wars were remnants of the "immense empire" acquired by Dupleix in the 18th century. "Our immense empire of India was reduced to five settlements" wrote French economist and colonial expansion promoter <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Leroy-Beaulieu" title="Pierre Paul Leroy-Beaulieu">Pierre Paul Leroy-Beaulieu</a> in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An atlas published in the 1930s described those five settlements as "remnants of the great colonial empire that France had created in India in the 18th century".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, a historian of French India post-1816 described them as "debris of an empire" and the "last remnants of an immense empire forever lost".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, France never held much more than the five settlements recovered in 1816. The historian of French India and archivist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Albert_Martineau" title="Alfred Albert Martineau">Alfred Martineau</a>, who was also governor of French India, pointed out that the authority granted to Dupleix over the Carnatic in 1750 should not be construed as a transfer of sovereignty, as wrote most historians, given that Dupleix only became so to speak the lieutenant of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">subah</a>, who could withdraw his power delegation at his convenience.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philippe Haudrère, historian of the French East India Company, also wrote that Dupleix controlled those territories through a complex system of treaties and alliances, a system almost feudal in nature, territories guarded by garrisons with French commanders, but neither annexed nor transformed into protectorates.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_French_settlements_in_India">List of French settlements in India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of French settlements in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_administration_in_French_India" title="Municipal administration in French India">Municipal administration in French India</a></div><p> French establishments in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian peninsula">Indian peninsula</a> as of 1839 were:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ol><li>On the <a href="/wiki/Coramandel_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Coramandel coast">Coramandel coast</a>, <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondichéry</a></b> and its territory comprising districts of Pondichéry, Villenour and Bahour;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karikal</a></b> and its dependent <i>maganams</i>, or districts.</li></ul></li> <li>On the coast of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yanaon" title="Yanaon">Yanaon</a></b> and its territory comprising dependent aldées or villages;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Masulipatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Masulipatam">Masulipatam</a> lodge<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a garden named Francepeth.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>On the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a>, <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a></b> and its territory;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> lodge.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandernagore</a></b> and its territory;</li> <li>The five lodges<sup id="cite_ref-LogesinBengalandOrissa_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LogesinBengalandOrissa-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Cossimbazar" title="Cossimbazar">Cassimbazar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jugdia" title="Jugdia">Jougdia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca">Dacca</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> factory.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ol> <p>Under the French East India Company's regime, the name 'lodge' was given to factories or insulated establishments consisting of a home and adjacent ground where France had the right to fly its flag and establish trading posts. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro-merger_movement_of_French_Settlements_in_India_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pro-merger movement of French Settlements in India, 1954"><img alt="Pro-merger movement of French Settlements in India, 1954" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pro-merger_movement_of_French_Settlements_in_India_1954.jpg/117px-Pro-merger_movement_of_French_Settlements_in_India_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pro-merger_movement_of_French_Settlements_in_India_1954.jpg/176px-Pro-merger_movement_of_French_Settlements_in_India_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pro-merger_movement_of_French_Settlements_in_India_1954.jpg/234px-Pro-merger_movement_of_French_Settlements_in_India_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pro-merger movement of French Settlements in India, 1954</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dupleix_meeting_the_Soudhabar_of_the_Deccan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dupleix meeting the Soudhabar of the Deccan, Murzapha Jung"><img alt="Dupleix meeting the Soudhabar of the Deccan, Murzapha Jung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dupleix_meeting_the_Soudhabar_of_the_Deccan.jpg/200px-Dupleix_meeting_the_Soudhabar_of_the_Deccan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dupleix_meeting_the_Soudhabar_of_the_Deccan.jpg/300px-Dupleix_meeting_the_Soudhabar_of_the_Deccan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dupleix_meeting_the_Soudhabar_of_the_Deccan.jpg/400px-Dupleix_meeting_the_Soudhabar_of_the_Deccan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dupleix" title="Joseph François Dupleix">Dupleix</a> meeting the Soudhabar of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murzapha_Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Murzapha Jung">Murzapha Jung</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffren_meeting_with_Haider_Ali,_26_july_1782_engraved_by_J_B_Morret_1789.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Suffren meeting with ally Hyder Ali in 1782, J. B. Morret engraving, 1789"><img alt="Suffren meeting with ally Hyder Ali in 1782, J. B. Morret engraving, 1789" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Suffren_meeting_with_Haider_Ali%2C_26_july_1782_engraved_by_J_B_Morret_1789.jpg/182px-Suffren_meeting_with_Haider_Ali%2C_26_july_1782_engraved_by_J_B_Morret_1789.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Suffren_meeting_with_Haider_Ali%2C_26_july_1782_engraved_by_J_B_Morret_1789.jpg/273px-Suffren_meeting_with_Haider_Ali%2C_26_july_1782_engraved_by_J_B_Morret_1789.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Suffren_meeting_with_Haider_Ali%2C_26_july_1782_engraved_by_J_B_Morret_1789.jpg/364px-Suffren_meeting_with_Haider_Ali%2C_26_july_1782_engraved_by_J_B_Morret_1789.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren_de_Saint_Tropez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez">Suffren</a> meeting with ally <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> in 1782, J. B. Morret engraving, 1789</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_India_postage_stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French India postage stamps"><img alt="French India postage stamps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/French_India_postage_stamps.jpg/150px-French_India_postage_stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/French_India_postage_stamps.jpg/225px-French_India_postage_stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/French_India_postage_stamps.jpg/301px-French_India_postage_stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French India postage stamps</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiebig_Government_House_Chandernagore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chandernagore's Government House c. 1850"><img alt="Chandernagore's Government House c. 1850" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fiebig_Government_House_Chandernagore.jpg/158px-Fiebig_Government_House_Chandernagore.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fiebig_Government_House_Chandernagore.jpg/236px-Fiebig_Government_House_Chandernagore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fiebig_Government_House_Chandernagore.jpg/315px-Fiebig_Government_House_Chandernagore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chandernagore's Government House c. 1850</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_chief_governing_officers">List of chief governing officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of chief governing officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioners">Commissioners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Commissioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Caron" title="François Caron">François Caron</a>, 1668–1672</li> <li>François Baron, 1672–1681</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Martin_(Pondicherry)" title="François Martin (Pondicherry)">François Martin</a>, 1681 – November 1693</li> <li><i>Dutch occupation</i>, September 1693 – September 1699 — <b><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a></b> (1697)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governors">Governors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the days of the French East India Company, the title of the top official was most of the time Governor of Pondicherry and General Commander of the French settlements in the East Indies (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Gouverneur de Pondichéry et commandant général des établissements français aux Indes orientales</i>). After 1816, it was Governor of French establishments in India (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Gouverneur des établissements français de l'Inde'</i>).</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quai_Duplex_at_Strand_Road_Chandernagor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Quai_Duplex_at_Strand_Road_Chandernagor.jpg/376px-Quai_Duplex_at_Strand_Road_Chandernagor.jpg" decoding="async" width="376" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Quai_Duplex_at_Strand_Road_Chandernagor.jpg/564px-Quai_Duplex_at_Strand_Road_Chandernagor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Quai_Duplex_at_Strand_Road_Chandernagor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Quai Dupleix at Strand Road <a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandernagor</a></figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandernagor_Government_Place_and_Covent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chandernagor_Government_Place_and_Covent.jpg/379px-Chandernagor_Government_Place_and_Covent.jpg" decoding="async" width="379" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chandernagor_Government_Place_and_Covent.jpg/569px-Chandernagor_Government_Place_and_Covent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Chandernagor_Government_Place_and_Covent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandernagore</a> Government House and Convent</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Martin_(Pondicherry)" title="François Martin (Pondicherry)">François Martin</a>, September 1699 – 31 December 1706</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dulivier" title="Pierre Dulivier">Pierre Dulivier</a> (Acting), January 1707 – July 1708</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Andr%C3%A9_d%27H%C3%A9bert" title="Guillaume André d'Hébert">Guillaume André d'Hébert</a>, 1708–1712</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dulivier" title="Pierre Dulivier">Pierre Dulivier</a>, 1713–1715</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Andr%C3%A9_d%27H%C3%A9bert" title="Guillaume André d'Hébert">Guillaume André d'Hébert</a>, 1715–1718</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Pr%C3%A9vost_de_La_Pr%C3%A9vosti%C3%A8re" title="Pierre André Prévost de La Prévostière">Pierre André Prévost de La Prévostière</a>, August 1718 – 11 October 1721</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Christoph_Le_Noir" title="Pierre Christoph Le Noir">Pierre Christoph Le Noir</a> (Acting), 1721–1723</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beauvollier_de_Courchant" title="Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant">Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant</a>, 1723–1726</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Christoph_Le_Noir" title="Pierre Christoph Le Noir">Pierre Christoph Le Noir</a>, 1727–1734</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beno%C3%AEt_Dumas" title="Pierre Benoît Dumas">Pierre Benoît Dumas</a>, 1735–1741</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dupleix" title="Joseph François Dupleix">Joseph François Dupleix</a>, 14 January 1742 – 15 October 1754</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Godeheu" title="Charles Godeheu">Charles Godeheu</a>, Le commissaire (Acting), 15 October 1754 – 1754</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Duval_de_Leyrit" title="Georges Duval de Leyrit">Georges Duval de Leyrit</a>, 1756–1758</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arthur,_comte_de_Lally" title="Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally">Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally</a>, 1758 – January 1761</li> <li>First British occupation, January 15, 1761 – June 25, 1765 — <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Law_de_Lauriston" title="Jean Law de Lauriston">Jean Law de Lauriston</a>, 1765–1766</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Boyellau" title="Antoine Boyellau">Antoine Boyellau</a> (Acting), 1766–1767</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Law_de_Lauriston" title="Jean Law de Lauriston">Jean Law de Lauriston</a>, 1767 – January 1777<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandernagor_Government_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chandernagor_Government_House.jpg/376px-Chandernagor_Government_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="376" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chandernagor_Government_House.jpg/564px-Chandernagor_Government_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Chandernagor_Government_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandernagor</a> <i>Government House</i></figcaption></figure></li> <li>Second British occupation, 1778 – 1783 – <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Bellecombe" title="Guillaume de Bellecombe">Guillaume de Bellecombe</a>, January 1777 – 1778</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Bussy-Castelnau" title="Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau">Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau</a>, 1783–1785</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Souillac" title="François de Souillac">François de Souillac</a>, 1785</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Charpentier_de_Cossigny" title="David Charpentier de Cossigny">David Charpentier de Cossigny</a>, October 1785 – 1787</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Conway" title="Thomas Conway">Thomas Conway</a>, October 1787 – 1789</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Charles_Leclerc,_Chevalier_de_Fresne" title="Camille Charles Leclerc, Chevalier de Fresne">Camille Charles Leclerc, Chevalier de Fresne</a>, 1789–1792</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Prosper_de_Chermont" title="Dominique Prosper de Chermont">Dominique Prosper de Chermont</a>, November 1792 – 1793</li> <li>L. <a href="/wiki/Leroux_de_Touffreville" title="Leroux de Touffreville">Leroux de Touffreville</a>, 1793</li> <li>Third British occupation, 23 August 1793 – 18 June 1802 — <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> (1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mathieu_Isidore_Decaen" title="Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen">Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen</a>, 18 June 1802 – August 1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Binot" title="Louis Binot">Louis Binot</a>, 1803</li> <li>Fourth British occupation, August 1803 – 26 September 1816 — <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comte_Dupuy" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte Dupuy">Comte Dupuy</a>, 26 September 1816 – October 1825</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cordier" title="Joseph Cordier">Joseph Cordier</a>, Marie Emmanuel (Acting), October 1825 – 19 June 1826</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Desbassayns_de_Richemont" title="Eugène Desbassayns de Richemont">Eugène Desbassayns de Richemont</a>, 1826 – 2 August 1828</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cordier" title="Joseph Cordier">Joseph Cordier</a>, Marie Emmanuel (Acting), 2 August 1828 – 11 April 1829</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Jacques_Nicolas_Peureux_de_M%C3%A9lay" title="Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux de Mélay">Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux de Mélay</a>, 11 April 1829 – 3 May 1835</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Jean_Victor,_Marquis_de_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert Jean Victor, Marquis de Saint-Simon">Hubert Jean Victor, Marquis de Saint-Simon</a>, 3 May 1835 – April 1840</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Nourquer_du_Camper" title="Paul de Nourquer du Camper">Paul de Nourquer du Camper</a>, April 1840 – 1844</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pujol" title="Louis Pujol">Louis Pujol</a>, 1844–1849</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Marie_de_Lalande_de_Calan" title="Hyacinthe Marie de Lalande de Calan">Hyacinthe Marie de Lalande de Calan</a>, 1849–1850</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Achille_B%C3%A9dier" title="Philippe Achille Bédier">Philippe Achille Bédier</a>, 1851–1852</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_de_Saint-Maur" title="Raymond de Saint-Maur">Raymond de Saint-Maur</a>, August 1852 – April 1857</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Durand_d%27Ubraye" title="Alexandre Durand d'Ubraye">Alexandre Durand d'Ubraye</a>, April 1857 – January 1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Joseph_Louis_Bontemps" title="Napoléon Joseph Louis Bontemps">Napoléon Joseph Louis Bontemps</a>, January 1863 – June 1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-L%C3%A9once_Michaux" title="Antoine-Léonce Michaux">Antoine-Léonce Michaux</a>, June 1871 – November 1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Aristide_Faron" title="Pierre Aristide Faron">Pierre Aristide Faron</a>, November 1871 – 1875</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Joseph_Antoine_Trillard" title="Adolph Joseph Antoine Trillard">Adolph Joseph Antoine Trillard</a>, 1875–1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9once_Laugier" title="Léonce Laugier">Léonce Laugier</a>, February 1879 – April 1881</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Drouhet" title="Théodore Drouhet">Théodore Drouhet</a>, 1881 – October 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Richaud" title="Étienne Richaud">Étienne Richaud</a>, October 1884 – 1886</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Man%C3%A8s" title="Édouard Manès">Édouard Manès</a>, 1886–1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Jules_Piquet" title="Georges Jules Piquet">Georges Jules Piquet</a>, 1888–1889</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hippolyte_Marie_Nouet" title="Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet">Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet</a>, 1889–1891</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_%C3%89mile_Cl%C3%A9ment-Thomas" title="Léon Émile Clément-Thomas">Léon Émile Clément-Thomas</a>, 1891–1896</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jean_Girod" title="Louis Jean Girod">Louis Jean Girod</a>, 1896 – February 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre_Rodier" title="François Pierre Rodier">François Pierre Rodier</a>, February 1898 – 11 January 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pelletan" title="Louis Pelletan">Louis Pelletan</a> (Acting), 11 January 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis_Marie_Lanrezac" title="Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac">Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac</a>, 1902–1904</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philema_Lemaire" title="Philema Lemaire">Philema Lemaire</a>, August 1904 – April 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pascal_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Joseph Pascal François">Joseph Pascal François</a>, April 1905 – October 1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Louis_Angoulvant" title="Gabriel Louis Angoulvant">Gabriel Louis Angoulvant</a>, October 1906 – 3 December 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Jules_Jean_Bonhoure" title="Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure">Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure</a>, 1908–1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Fernand_L%C3%A9vecque" title="Ernest Fernand Lévecque">Ernest Fernand Lévecque</a>, 1909 – 9 July 1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Albert_Martineau" title="Alfred Albert Martineau">Alfred Albert Martineau</a>, 9 July 1910 – July 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Alfred_Duprat" title="Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat">Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat</a>, July 1911 – November 1913</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Albert_Martineau" title="Alfred Albert Martineau">Alfred Albert Martineau</a>, November 1913 – 29 June 1918</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_%C3%89tienne_Clayssen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Étienne Clayssen (page does not exist)">Pierre Étienne Clayssen</a> (Acting), 29 June 1918 – 21 February 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Martial_Innocent_Gerbinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Martial Innocent Gerbinis">Louis Martial Innocent Gerbinis</a>, 21 February 1919 – 11 February 1926</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_L%C3%A9o_Eug%C3%A8ne_Lagroua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Léo Eugène Lagroua (page does not exist)">Henri Léo Eugène Lagroua</a> (Acting), 11 February 1926 – 5 August 1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jean_Henri_Didelot" title="Pierre Jean Henri Didelot">Pierre Jean Henri Didelot</a>, 1926–1928</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paul_Marie_de_Guise" title="Robert Paul Marie de Guise">Robert Paul Marie de Guise</a>, 1928–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Adrien_Juvanon" class="mw-redirect" title="François Adrien Juvanon">François Adrien Juvanon</a>, 1931–1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Solomiac" title="Léon Solomiac">Léon Solomiac</a>, August 1934 – 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Valentin_Crocicchia" title="Horace Valentin Crocicchia">Horace Valentin Crocicchia</a>, 1936–1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexis_%C3%89tienne_Bonvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin">Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin</a>, 26 September 1938 – 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Ernest_Marie_Maurice_Jeandin" title="Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice Jeandin">Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice Jeandin</a>, 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Baron" title="Charles François Marie Baron">Charles François Marie Baron</a>, 20 March 1946 – 20 August 1947</li></ul> <p>French India became an <a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">Overseas territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">territoire d'outre-mer</i>) of France in 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioners_2">Commissioners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Commissioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Baron" title="Charles François Marie Baron">Charles François Marie Baron</a>, 20 August 1947 – May 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Chambon" title="Charles Chambon">Charles Chambon</a>, May 1949 – 31 July 1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_M%C3%A9nard" title="André Ménard">André Ménard</a>, 31 July 1950 – October 1954</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Escargueil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Escargueil (page does not exist)">Georges Escargueil</a>, October 1954 – 1 November 1954</li></ul> <p>French India <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> transferred to the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a> in 1954. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Commissioners">High Commissioners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: High Commissioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Puducherry" title="List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry">List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_consuls_general_of_India_in_the_French_India" title="List of consuls general of India in the French India">List of consuls general of India in the French India</a></div> <p>The first High Commissioner, Kewal Singh was appointed immediately after the <i>Kizhoor referendum</i> on 21 October 1954 as per Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-ref2004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 964">: 964 </span></sup> The Chief Commissioner had the powers of the former French commissioner, but was under the direct control of the Union Government.<sup id="cite_ref-reference1963_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reference1963-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 198">: 198 </span></sup> </p><p>The list of Chief Commissioners is given below<sup id="cite_ref-ref2004_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 977">: 977 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th>Name </th> <th class="unsortable">Took office </th> <th class="unsortable">Left office </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span data-sort-value="Singh, Kewal"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Kewal_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewal Singh">Kewal Singh</a></span></span></span> </td> <td>21 October 1954</td> <td>16 November 1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span data-sort-value="Kripalani, M.K."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/M.K._Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="M.K. Kripalani">M.K. Kripalani</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-ref1958_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1958-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 103">: 103 </span></sup> </td> <td>17 November 1956</td> <td>27 August 1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span data-sort-value="Singh, Lal Ram Saran"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Lal_Ram_Saran_Singh" title="Lal Ram Saran Singh">Lal Ram Saran Singh</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-reference1960_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reference1960-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 197">: 197 </span></sup> </td> <td>30 August 1958</td> <td>8 February 1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span data-sort-value="Dutta, Sisir Kumar"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisir_Kumar_Dutta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisir Kumar Dutta (page does not exist)">Sisir Kumar Dutta</a></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2 May 1961</td> <td>1 August 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span data-sort-value="Somasundaram, K.J."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=K.J._Somasundaram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K.J. Somasundaram (page does not exist)">K.J. Somasundaram</a></span></span></span> </td> <td>2 August 1963</td> <td>13 October 1963 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Prefecture_of_French_Colonies_in_India" title="Apostolic Prefecture of French Colonies in India">Apostolic Prefecture of French Colonies in India</a> (Catholic mission)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_administration_in_French_India" title="Municipal administration in French India">Municipal administration in French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In France, it was popularly known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">les Comptoirs de l'Inde</i></span>. Strictly speaking though, a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">comptoir</i></span> is a trading station, whereas the five French settlements were entire towns with the surrounding area, and not mere trading stations.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The French Factory at Masulipatam was founded in 1669</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is the largest and most significant loge among all others and was located on the outskirts of Masulipatam. It included two bungalows, a chapel and some other buildings. Its total area is around 61 acres (0.28sqkm).<sup id="cite_ref-francepethReference1993_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-francepethReference1993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This French Loge was within the British-held Calicut town and consisted of 6 acres on the seashore about half a mile north of the Calicut Lighthouse and adjoins the old district jail site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This factory supplied silk goods cargoes and situated in the heart of silk belt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This factory supplied ordinary fabrics to the French East India Company. It was established in 1735 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dupleix" title="Joseph François Dupleix">Dupleix</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This factory exported muslins of 4 lakh rupees per annum by the mid-eighteen century. It was founded in 1722.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This factory was founded at the end of the seventeenth century but suffered from a lack of proper road transport and it lost its commercial activity during the next century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This factory used to sell drapes from Europe and bought saltpetre and opium. It was founded in 1727.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This factory was founded in 1668 after securing a firman and a factory site from Emperor Aurangazeb.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not as widespread as English</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as Commissioner</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as High Commissioner</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Weber, <i>Pondichéry et les comptoirs de l'Inde après Dupleix</i>, Éditions Denoël, Paris, 1996, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holden Furber, <i>Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600–1800</i>, University of Minnesota Press, 1976, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Haudrère, <i>Les Compagnies des Indes Orientales</i>, Paris, 2006, p 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/India,_French" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/India, French">India, French</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 421.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India%2C+French&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=421&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLach1998" class="citation cs2">Lach, Donald Frederick (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBZg0OhbiXMC&pg=PA747"><i>Asia in the making of Europe</i></a>, University of Chicago Press, p. 747, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226467672" title="Special:BookSources/9780226467672"><bdi>9780226467672</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+making+of+Europe&rft.pages=747&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780226467672&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBZg0OhbiXMC%26pg%3DPA747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+India" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeniansNewtonRose1940" class="citation cs2">Benians, Ernest Alfred; Newton, Arthur Percival; Rose, John Holland (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA66"><i>The Cambridge history of the British Empire</i></a>, p. 66</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Benians&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Alfred&rft.au=Newton%2C+Arthur+Percival&rft.au=Rose%2C+John+Holland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-08AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+India" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://francearchives.fr/fr/facomponent/22ad424ec7e764c64c8c31d37bad6e938f57be05"><i>Accord par échange de lettres relatif à la date de la cession des anciennes loges françaises de l'Inde au gouvernement de l'Inde</i></a> [<i>Agreement by exchange of letters relating to the date of the cession of the former French lodges of India to the Government of India</i>] (in French). Paris: Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. 1947. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>the Government of India note and accept with pleasure the decision of the Government of France that October 6th will be the day from which the historic rights which France has exercised in the areas known as the French Loges in India will be renounced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accord+par+%C3%A9change+de+lettres+relatif+%C3%A0+la+date+de+la+cession+des+anciennes+loges+fran%C3%A7aises+de+l%27Inde+au+gouvernement+de+l%27Inde&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27Europe+et+des+Affaires+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrancearchives.fr%2Ffr%2Ffacomponent%2F22ad424ec7e764c64c8c31d37bad6e938f57be05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, <i>De la colonisation chez les peuples modernes</i>, Librairie Guillaumin et Cie (2nd edition, 1886), p. vi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathryn Dale, <i>France’s Lost Empires. Fragmentation, Nostalgia and la fracture coloniale</i>, edited by Kate Marsh and Nicola Frith, Lexington Books, (2010) p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Weber, <i>Les établissements français en Inde au XIXe siècle (1816-1914)</i>, Librairie de l'Inde Éditeur (1988), p. 24-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Elle n'entraînait pas le droit de l'exercice de la souveraineté, ainsi que l'ont écrit presque tous les historiens; Dupleix ne devenant en réalité que le lieutenant, ou naëb, du soubab; celui-ci conservait le pouvoir éminent et pouvait à sa convenance retirer sa délégation" Alfred Martineau, <i>Dupleix, sa vie et son œuvre</i>, Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales (Paris 1931) p. 168-169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dupleix mène une grande politique visant à contrôler un vaste territoire, il s'agit bien de contrôle et non d'annexion, ni même de protectorat; c’est un ensemble compliqué reposant sur une série de traités et d'alliances et sur l'installation de garnisons commandées par des officiers français. [...] C'est un système très souple de caractère presque féodal" Philippe Haudrère, <i>Présence française en Inde et dans l’Océan indien</i>, in Présences françaises outre-mer (XVIe-XXIe siècles), Philippe Bonichon <i>et al.</i>, Karthala (2012), tome 1, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapitre II, Notices statistiques sur les colonies françaises, 1839.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-francepethReference1993-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-francepethReference1993_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Bowrey1993" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Bowrey (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWjiNLj2jx0C"><i>A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669 to 1679</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120608481" title="Special:BookSources/9788120608481"><bdi>9788120608481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Geographical+Account+of+Countries+Round+the+Bay+of+Bengal%2C+1669+to+1679&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788120608481&rft.au=Thomas+Bowrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTWjiNLj2jx0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LogesinBengalandOrissa-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LogesinBengalandOrissa_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaude_Markovits2004" class="citation book cs1">Claude Markovits (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC"><i>A History of Modern India, 1480-1950</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843311522" title="Special:BookSources/9781843311522"><bdi>9781843311522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480-1950&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781843311522&rft.au=Claude+Markovits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr2OKvG5wbaAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref2004-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref2004_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref2004_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ"><i>Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature</i></a>. Lok Sabha Secretariat. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120004009" title="Special:BookSources/9788120004009"><bdi>9788120004009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cabinet+Responsibility+to+Legislature&rft.pub=Lok+Sabha+Secretariat&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788120004009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDFqbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+India" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reference1963-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reference1963_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7We3DQAAQBAJ"><i>The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations</i></a>. MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London. 1963. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230270893" title="Special:BookSources/9780230270893"><bdi>9780230270893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book+1963%3A+The+One-Volume+ENCYCLOPAEDIA+of+all+nations&rft.pub=MACMILLAN%26Co.LTD%2C+London&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9780230270893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7We3DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+India" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1958-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref1958_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0mAQAAIAAJ">"Civil Affairs"</a>. Monthly Journal of Local Govt. and Public Administration in India. 1958.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Affairs&rft.pub=Monthly+Journal+of+Local+Govt.+and+Public+Administration+in+India&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_0mAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reference1960-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reference1960_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7We3DQAAQBAJ"><i>The Statesman's Year-Book 1960: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations</i></a>. MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London. 1960. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230270893" title="Special:BookSources/9780230270893"><bdi>9780230270893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book+1960%3A+The+One-Volume+ENCYCLOPAEDIA+of+all+nations&rft.pub=MACMILLAN%26Co.LTD%2C+London&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=9780230270893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7We3DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+India" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ"><i>The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations</i></a>. MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London. 1963. pp. 474–475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230270923" title="Special:BookSources/9780230270923"><bdi>9780230270923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book+1963%3A+The+One-Volume+ENCYCLOPAEDIA+of+all+nations&rft.pages=474-475&rft.pub=MACMILLAN%26Co.LTD%2C+London&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9780230270923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NbMDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+India" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sudipta Das (1992). <i>Myths and realities of French imperialism in India, 1763–1783</i>. New York: P. Lang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820416762" title="Special:BookSources/0820416762">0820416762</a>. 459pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:French_India" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:French India"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">French India</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frenchbooksonindia.com/">Frenchbooksonindia.com, an open access multilingual discovery tool with book data from 1531 to 2020, full-text ebooks from 1531 to 1937 and in-text search from c. 1830 to c. 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Sankaran" title="V. Sankaran">V. Sankaran</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0898/f1808986.html"><i>Freedom struggle in Pondicherry</i></a> – Gov't of India publication</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_overseas_empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_overseas_empire" title="Template:French overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:French overseas empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_overseas_empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French overseas empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_overseas_empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French overseas empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> in Africa and the Indian Ocean</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senegal">Senegal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Communes" title="Four Communes">Four Communes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island" title="Kunta Kinteh Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albreda" title="Albreda">Albreda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">Middle Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="French Cameroons">Cameroons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="French Comoros">Comoros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan" title="Anjouan">Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore" title="Grande Comore">Grande Comore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li" title="Mohéli">Mohéli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">Somaliland (Djibouti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_de_France_(Mauritius)" title="Isle de France (Mauritius)">Isle de France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Template:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">in the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terre Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">French Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadines" title="Grenadines">The Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" class="mw-redirect" title="Haïti">Haïti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_%26_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Kitts & Nevis">Saint Kitts & Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (island)">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Equinoctial France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inini" title="Inini">Inini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">French West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Template:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> in Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandernagor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chennai" title="History of Chennai">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puducherry" title="History of Puducherry">Pondichéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanam" title="Yanam">Yanaon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochinese Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li>Vietnam<sup>[<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_thu%E1%BB%99c" class="extiw" title="vi:Pháp thuộc">vi</a>]</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Kouang-Tchéou-Wan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria<br />and the Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">Damascus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal al-Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vanuatu" title="History of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanto-Bordelaise_Company" title="Nanto-Bordelaise Company">Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">France–Asia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_France" title="Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_France" title="Template talk:Overseas France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inhabited_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas<wbr /> regions</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas<wbr /> collectivities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">Sui generis</a><wbr /> collectivity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Uninhabited_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Uninhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">Overseas territory</a><wbr /> (<a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern<wbr /> and Antarctic Lands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_domains_of_Saint_Helena" title="French domains of Saint Helena">French domains of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_domains_of_the_Holy_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French domains of the Holy Land (page does not exist)">French domains of the Holy Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in<wbr /> the Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a><sup><small>2, 3</small></sup> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser">Banc du Geyser</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Also known as <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas departments</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646374#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646374#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646374#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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