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id="toc-Current_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_libra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_libra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Roman <span><i>libra</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_libra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avoirdupois_pound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoirdupois_pound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Avoirdupois pound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoirdupois_pound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_Standard_Pound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_Standard_Pound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Imperial Standard Pound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_Standard_Pound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redefinition_in_terms_of_the_kilogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redefinition_in_terms_of_the_kilogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Redefinition in terms of the kilogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redefinition_in_terms_of_the_kilogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Troy_pound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troy_pound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Troy pound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Troy_pound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tower_pound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tower_pound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Tower pound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tower_pound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merchants'_pound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merchants'_pound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Merchants' pound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merchants'_pound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_pound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_pound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>London pound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_pound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_litra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_litra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Byzantine litra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_litra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_livre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_livre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>French livre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_livre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_and_Austrian_Pfund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_and_Austrian_Pfund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>German and Austrian Pfund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_and_Austrian_Pfund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_funt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_funt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Russian <span><i>funt</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_funt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skålpund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skålpund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span><span><i>Skålpund</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skålpund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_libra_and_arrátel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_libra_and_arrátel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Portuguese <span><i>libra</i></span> and <span><i>arrátel</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_libra_and_arrátel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jersey_pound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jersey_pound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Jersey pound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jersey_pound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trone_pound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trone_pound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Trone pound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trone_pound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metric_pound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metric_pound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Metric pound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metric_pound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_weaponry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_weaponry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use in weaponry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_weaponry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion_between_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_between_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Conversion between units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_between_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pound (mass)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond_(eenheid)" title="Pond (eenheid) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pond (eenheid)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%84" title="رطل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رطل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(unidat)" title="Libra (unidat) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Libra (unidat)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibra_(unid%C3%A1_de_masa)" title="Llibra (unidá de masa) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llibra (unidá de masa)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B0)" title="পাউন্ড (ভর) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাউন্ড (ভর)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Фунт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фунт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfund" title="Pfund – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pfund" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funta_(masa)" title="Funta (masa) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Funta (masa)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur_(unanenn_dolz)" title="Lur (unanenn dolz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lur (unanenn dolz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliura_(unitat_de_massa)" title="Lliura (unitat de massa) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lliura (unitat de massa)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Кĕренке – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кĕренке" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(jednotka_hmotnosti)" title="Libra (jednotka hmotnosti) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Libra (jednotka hmotnosti)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pund_(masseenhed)" title="Pund (masseenhed) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pund (masseenhed)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfund" title="Pfund – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pfund" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nael_(massi%C3%BChik)" title="Nael (massiühik) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nael (massiühik)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Λίβρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίβρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(unidad_de_masa)" title="Libra (unidad de masa) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libra (unidad de masa)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funto" title="Funto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Funto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(masa_unitatea)" title="Libra (masa unitatea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Libra (masa unitatea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_(%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85)" title="پوند (یکای جرم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوند (یکای جرم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pund_(vekteind)" title="Pund (vekteind) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pund (vekteind)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_(unit%C3%A9)" title="Livre (unité) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livre (unité)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BBn_(massa)" title="Pûn (massa) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pûn (massa)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(masa)" title="Libra (masa) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Libra (masa)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B4%EB%93%9C_(%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89)" title="파운드 (질량) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파운드 (질량)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Ֆունտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆունտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88)" title="पाउण्ड (इकाई) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाउण्ड (इकाई)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funta" title="Funta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Funta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pon_(satuan)" title="Pon (satuan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pon (satuan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Джиранка – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Джиранка" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pund_(m%C3%A6lieining)" title="Pund (mælieining) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pund (mælieining)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbra" title="Libbra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libbra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94" title="ליברה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליברה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="გირვანქა (ერთეული) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გირვანქა (ერთეული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Фунт (өлшем бірлік) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фунт (өлшем бірлік)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratili" title="Ratili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ratili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_(mezi)" title="Liv (mezi) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Liv (mezi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(pondus)" title="Libra (pondus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Libra (pondus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rci%C5%86a_(m%C4%93rvien%C4%ABba)" title="Mārciņa (mērvienība) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mārciņa (mērvienība)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond" title="Pond – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pond" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svaras" title="Svaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Svaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font_(m%C3%A9rt%C3%A9kegys%C3%A9g)" title="Font (mértékegység) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Font (mértékegység)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Фунта (единица) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фунта (единица)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paun_(jisim)" title="Paun (jisim) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paun (jisim)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond_(massa)" title="Pond (massa) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pond (massa)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_(%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F)" title="ポンド (質量) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポンド (質量)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCnj" title="Pünj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pünj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pund_(masseenhet)" title="Pund (masseenhet) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pund (masseenhet)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pund" title="Pund – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pund" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liura_(pes)" title="Liura (pes) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Liura (pes)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funt" title="Funt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Funt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong" title="Pong – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pong" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira" title="Lira – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lira" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pund" title="Pund – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pund" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funt_(masa)" title="Funt (masa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Funt (masa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(massa)" title="Libra (massa) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Libra (massa)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongk" title="Pongk – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Pongk" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livr%C4%83" title="Livră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Livră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Фунт (единица измерения) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фунт (единица измерения)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Муунта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Муунта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pund" title="Pund – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pund" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pound (mass)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(hmotnos%C5%A5)" title="Libra (hmotnosť) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Libra (hmotnosť)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funt_(mera)" title="Funt (mera) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Funt (mera)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0)" title="Фунта (маса) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фунта (маса)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funta_(masa)" title="Funta (masa) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Funta (masa)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naula_(mittayksikk%C3%B6)" title="Naula (mittayksikkö) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naula (mittayksikkö)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pund_(viktenhet)" title="Pund (viktenhet) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pund (viktenhet)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இறாத்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறாத்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Фунт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фунт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5)" title="ปอนด์ (หน่วยมวล) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปอนด์ (หน่วยมวล)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre_(k%C3%BCtle_birimi)" title="Libre (kütle birimi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Libre (kütle birimi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8)" title="Фунт (одиниця маси) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фунт (одиниця маси)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(kh%E1%BB%91i_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng)" title="Pound (khối lượng) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pound (khối lượng)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag%C3%B5l_(m%C3%B5%C3%B5t)" title="Nagõl (mõõt) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nagõl (mõõt)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra" title="Libra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Libra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%85" title="磅 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="磅" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98" title="פונט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פונט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%85" title="磅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="磅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pound_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pound (disambiguation)">Pound (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"lb." and "lbs." redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/LB_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="LB (disambiguation)">LB</a> and <a href="/wiki/LBS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="LBS (disambiguation)">LBS</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">pound</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:One_pound_avoirdupois_weight_-_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers_-_Inv_3287_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/One_pound_avoirdupois_weight_-_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers_-_Inv_3287_-_01.jpg/220px-One_pound_avoirdupois_weight_-_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers_-_Inv_3287_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/One_pound_avoirdupois_weight_-_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers_-_Inv_3287_-_01.jpg/330px-One_pound_avoirdupois_weight_-_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers_-_Inv_3287_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/One_pound_avoirdupois_weight_-_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers_-_Inv_3287_-_01.jpg/440px-One_pound_avoirdupois_weight_-_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers_-_Inv_3287_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4576" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">One-pound avoirdupois weight, from the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Musée des Arts et Métiers">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">British imperial units</a>,</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data">mass</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">lb</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 lb <i>in ...</i></td><td><i>... is equal to ...</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999453592370000000♠"></span>0.453<span style="margin-left:.25em;">592</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">37</span> kg</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span>16 <a href="/wiki/Ounce#International_avoirdupois_ounce" title="Ounce">ounces</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>pound</b> or <b>pound-mass</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">unit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> used in both the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">British imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary</a> <a href="/wiki/Systems_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems of measurement">systems of measurement</a>. Various definitions have been used; the most common today is the international <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">avoirdupois</a> pound, <a href="/wiki/International_yard_and_pound" title="International yard and pound">which is legally defined</a> as exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999453592370000000♠"></span>0.453<span style="margin-left:.25em;">592</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">37</span> <a href="/wiki/Kilograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilograms">kilograms</a></span>, and which is divided into 16 avoirdupois <a href="/wiki/Ounces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ounces">ounces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NGS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international standard symbol for the avoirdupois pound is <b>lb</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an alternative symbol (when there might otherwise be a risk of confusion with the <a href="/wiki/Pound-force" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound-force">pound-force</a>) is <b>lb<sub>m</sub></b><sup id="cite_ref-isbn_978-0135018583_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn_978-0135018583-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for most pound definitions), <b>#</b> (<a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">chiefly in the U.S.</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>℔</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>″̶</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">apothecaries' pound</a>). </p><p>The unit is descended from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Weight" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">libra</i></span></a> (hence the symbol <i>lb</i>, descended from the <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">scribal abbreviation</a>, <i>℔</i>). The English word <i>pound</i> comes from the Roman <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">libra pondo</i></span> ('the weight measured in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="#libra">libra</a></i></span>'), and is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with, among others, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pfund</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">pond</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">pund</i></span>. These units are now designated as historical and are no longer in common usage, being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>. </p><p>Usage of the unqualified term <i>pound</i> reflects the <a href="/wiki/Mass_versus_weight" title="Mass versus weight">historical conflation of mass and weight</a>. This accounts for the modern distinguishing terms <i>pound-mass</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pound-force" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound-force">pound-force</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word 'pound' and its cognates ultimately derive from a borrowing into <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> of the Latin expression <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">libra pondo</i></span> ('the weight measured in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="#libra">libra</a></i></span>'), in which the word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pondo</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> singular of the Latin noun <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pondus</i></span> ('weight').<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_use">Current use <span class="anchor" id="international_pound"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> agreed upon common definitions for the pound and the <a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">yard</a>. Since 1 July 1959, the <a href="/wiki/International_yard_and_pound" title="International yard and pound">international avoirdupois pound</a> (symbol lb) has been defined as exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999453592370000000♠"></span>0.453<span style="margin-left:.25em;">592</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">37</span> kg</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Standards1959_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standards1959-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the use of the international pound was implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1963">Weights and Measures Act 1963</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The yard or the <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> shall be the unit of measurement of <a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a> and the pound or the <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> shall be the unit of measurement of mass by reference to which any measurement involving a measurement of length or <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> shall be made in the United Kingdom; and- <br />(a) the yard shall be 0.9144 metre exactly; <br />(b) the pound shall be <span style="white-space:nowrap">0.453<span style="margin-left:0.25em">592</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">37</span></span> kilogram exactly.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Weights and Measures Act</i>, 1963, Section 1(1)<sup id="cite_ref-vlex_1963_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vlex_1963-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">avoirdupois</a> pound is equal to 16 avoirdupois <a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">ounces</a> and to exactly 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">grains</a>. The conversion factor between the kilogram and the international pound was therefore chosen to be divisible by 7 with a <a href="/wiki/Terminating_decimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminating decimal">terminating decimal</a> representation, and an (international) grain is thus equal to exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001647989100000000♠"></span>64.798<span style="margin-left:.25em;">91</span> <a href="/wiki/Milligrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligrams">milligrams</a></span>. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the process of <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Metrication in the United Kingdom">metrication</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_units_of_measurement_directives" title="European units of measurement directives">European units of measurement directives</a> were expected to eliminate the use of the pound and ounce, but in 2007 the European Commission abandoned the requirement for metric-only labelling on packaged goods there, and allowed for dual <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric</a>–<a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial</a> marking to continue indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Metric_Conversion_Act" title="Metric Conversion Act">Metric Conversion Act of 1975</a> declared the metric system to be the "preferred system of weights and measures" but did not suspend use of <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a>, and the United States is the only industrialised country where commercial activities do not predominantly use the metric system,<sup id="cite_ref-World_Factbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_States" title="Metrication in the United States">many efforts to do so</a>, and the pound remains widely used as one of the key customary units.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_use">Historical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_pounds.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Comparison_of_pounds.svg/400px-Comparison_of_pounds.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Comparison_of_pounds.svg/600px-Comparison_of_pounds.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Comparison_of_pounds.svg/800px-Comparison_of_pounds.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the relative sizes of avoirdupois, troy, Tower, merchant and London pounds</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, in different parts of the world, at different points in time, and for different applications, the pound (or its translation) has referred to broadly similar but not identical standards of mass or force.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_libra">Roman <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">libra</i></span><span class="anchor" id="libra"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roman libra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gewichtma%C3%9Fe1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gewichtma%C3%9Fe1.jpg/250px-Gewichtma%C3%9Fe1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="1088" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gewichtma%C3%9Fe1.jpg/375px-Gewichtma%C3%9Fe1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gewichtma%C3%9Fe1.jpg/500px-Gewichtma%C3%9Fe1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="2851" /></a><figcaption>Various historic pounds from a German textbook dated 1848</figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">libra</i></span> (Latin for 'scale'/'balance') is an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">ancient Roman unit</a> of mass that is now equivalent to 328.9 g (11.60 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-Zupko1977_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zupko1977-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skinner1967_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skinner1967-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chambers's_encyclopaedia_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers's_encyclopaedia-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was divided into 12 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">unciae</i></span> (singular: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">uncia</i></span>), or ounces. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">libra</i></span> is the origin of the abbreviation for pound, "lb". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Britain">In Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of different definitions of the pound have historically been used in Britain. Among these are the <a href="#Avoirdupois_pound">avoirdupois pound</a>, which is the common pound used for weights, and the obsolete <a href="#Tower_pound">tower</a>, <a href="#Merchants'_pound">merchants'</a> and <a href="#London_pound">London</a> pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy pound and ounce</a> remain in use only for the weight of <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>, especially in their trade. The weights of traded precious metals, such as gold and silver, are normally quoted just in ounces (e.g. "500 ounces") and, when the type of ounce is not explicitly stated, the <a href="/wiki/Troy_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy system">troy system</a> is assumed. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> money system, which was introduced during the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="King Offa">King Offa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (757–96), was based originally on a Saxon pound of silver. After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman conquest</a> the Saxon pound was known as the tower pound or moneyer's pound.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1528, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, the coinage standard was changed by parliament from the tower pound to the <a href="#Troy_pound">troy pound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Avoirdupois_pound">Avoirdupois pound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Avoirdupois pound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois system</a>.</div> <p>The avoirdupois pound, also known as the wool pound, first came into general use c. 1300. It was initially equal to 6,992 troy grains. The pound avoirdupois was divided into 16 ounces. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>, the avoirdupois pound was redefined as 7,000 troy grains. Since then, the <a href="/wiki/Grain_(measure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain (measure)">grain</a> has often been an integral part of the avoirdupois system. By 1758, two Elizabethan Exchequer standard weights for the avoirdupois pound existed, and when measured in troy grains they were found to be of 7,002 grains and 6,999 grains.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Standards_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standards-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Imperial_Standard_Pound">Imperial Standard Pound</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imperial Standard Pound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, weights and measures have been defined by a long series of Acts of Parliament, the intention of which has been to regulate the sale of commodities. Materials traded in the marketplace are quantified according to accepted units and standards in order to avoid fraud. The standards themselves are legally defined so as to facilitate the resolution of disputes brought to the courts; only legally defined measures will be recognised by the courts. Quantifying devices used by traders (weights, weighing machines, containers of volumes, measures of length) are subject to official inspection, and penalties apply if they are fraudulent. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1878">Weights and Measures Act 1878</a> (<a href="/wiki/41_%26_42_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="41 & 42 Vict.">41 & 42 Vict.</a> c. 49) marked a major overhaul of the British system of weights and measures, and the definition of the pound given there remained in force until the 1960s. The pound was defined thus (Section 4) "The ... platinum weight ... deposited in the Standards department of the Board of Trade ... shall continue to be the imperial standard of ... weight ... and the said platinum weight shall continue to be the Imperial Standard for determining the Imperial Standard Pound for the United Kingdom". Paragraph 13 states that the weight <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">in vacuo</i></span> of this standard shall be called the Imperial Standard Pound, and that all other weights mentioned in the act and permissible for commerce shall be ascertained from it alone. The first schedule of the act gave more details of the standard pound: it is a platinum cylinder nearly 1.35 inches (34 mm) high, and 1.15 inches (29 mm) diameter, and the edges are carefully rounded off. It has a groove about 0.34 inches (8.6 mm) from the top, to allow the cylinder to be lifted using an ivory fork. It was constructed following the destruction of the Houses of Parliament by fire in 1834, and is stamped "P.S. 1844, 1 lb" (P.S. stands for "Parliamentary Standard"). </p> <table class="wikitable right" style="text-align:center"> <caption>English pounds </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Unit <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_pounds" title="Template:English pounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_pounds" title="Template talk:English pounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_pounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English pounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </th> <th colspan="11" style="border-left-width:2px">Pounds </th> <th colspan="6" style="border-left-width:2px">Ounces </th> <th colspan="2" style="border-left-width:2px">Grains </th> <th colspan="2" style="border-left-width:2px">Metric </th></tr> <tr> <th style="border-left-width:2px" title="avoirdupois" colspan="2">Avdp.</th> <th colspan="2">Troy</th> <th colspan="2">Tower</th> <th colspan="2">Merchant</th> <th colspan="2">London</th> <th>Metric </th> <th style="border-left-width:2px" title="avoirdupois" colspan="2">Avdp.</th> <th colspan="2">Troy</th> <th colspan="2">Tower </th> <th style="border-left-width:2px" title="also avoirdupois">Troy</th> <th title="wheat">Tower </th> <th style="border-left-width:2px" title="grams, slightly rounded">g</th> <th title="kilograms, rounded">kg </th></tr> <tr> <th>Avoirdupois </th> <td colspan="2" style="color:black;background:silver;border-left-width:2px">1 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">175</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">144</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.2152<span style="text-decoration:overline;">7</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">35</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">27</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">296</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">28</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">27</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">037</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">35</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">36</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.97<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.9072 </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left-width:2px"><b>16</b> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠14<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">7</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">12</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 14.58<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">9</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 15.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">5</span> </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">7,000 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠9,955<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">9</span></span>⁠</span> </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">≈ 454</td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left">≈ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">11</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Troy </th> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">144</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">175</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.8229 </td> <td colspan="2" style="color:black;background:silver">1 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">16</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">15</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.0<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">64</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">75</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.85<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.7465 </td> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠13<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">29</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">175</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 13.17 </td> <td colspan="2"><b>12</b> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠12<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 12.8 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">5,760</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8,192 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">≈ 373</td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left">≈ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">8</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tower </th> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">27</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">35</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.7714 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">15</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.9375 </td> <td colspan="2" style="color:black;background:silver">1 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.8 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.75 </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.6998 </td> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠12<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">12</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">35</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 12.34 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 11.25 </td> <td colspan="2"><b>12</b> </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">5,400</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>7,680 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">≈ 350 </td> <td style="border-right:0">≈ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">7</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">20</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Merchant </th> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">27</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">28</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.9643 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">75</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">64</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.171875 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.25 </td> <td colspan="2" style="color:black;background:silver">1 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">15</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.9375 </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.8748 </td> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">7</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 15.43 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠14<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 14.0625 </td> <td colspan="2">15 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">6,750</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>9,600 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">≈ 437</td> <td style="border-left:0">≈ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">7</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>London </th> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">36</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">35</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.029 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.25 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">16</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">15</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.0<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="color:black;background:silver">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.9331 </td> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">16</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">35</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 16.46 </td> <td colspan="2">15 </td> <td colspan="2">16 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">7,200</td> <td>10,240 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">≈ 467</td> <td style="border-left:0">≈ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">7</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">15</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Metric </th> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.1023 </td> <td style="border-right:0"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.3396 </td> <td style="border-right:0"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.4289 </td> <td style="border-right:0"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.1431 </td> <td style="border-right:0"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.0717 </td> <td style="color:black;background:silver">1 </td> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 17.64 </td> <td style="border-right:0;"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 16.08 </td> <td style="border-right:0;"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 17.15 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px;color:gray">7,716</td> <td style="color:gray">10,974 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">= 500 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English units</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Redefinition_in_terms_of_the_kilogram">Redefinition in terms of the kilogram</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Redefinition in terms of the kilogram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1878">Weights and Measures Act 1878</a> (<a href="/wiki/41_%26_42_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="41 & 42 Vict.">41 & 42 Vict.</a> c. 49) said that contracts worded in terms of metric units would be deemed by the courts to be made according to the Imperial units defined in the Act, and a table of metric equivalents was supplied so that the Imperial equivalents could be legally calculated. This defined, in UK law, metric units in terms of Imperial ones. The equivalence for the pound was given as 1 lb = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999453592650000000♠"></span>453.592<span style="margin-left:.25em;">65</span> g</span> or 0.45359 kg, which made the kilogram equivalent to about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999999999400419481♠"></span>2.204<span style="margin-left:.25em;">6213</span> lb</span>. </p><p>In 1883, it was determined jointly by the standards department of the British Board of Trade and the Bureau International that <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999453592427700000♠"></span>0.453<span style="margin-left:.25em;">592</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">4277</span> kg</span> was a better approximation, and this figure, rounded to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999453592430000000♠"></span>0.453<span style="margin-left:.25em;">592</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">43</span> kg</span> was given legal status by an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> in May 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-nbs447_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbs447-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, based on further measurements and international coordination, the <a href="/wiki/International_Yard_and_Pound_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International Yard and Pound Agreement">International Yard and Pound Agreement</a> defined an "international pound" as being equivalent to exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999453592370000000♠"></span>0.453<span style="margin-left:.25em;">592</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">37</span> kg</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-nbs447_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbs447-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that the existing legal definition of the UK pound differed from the international standard pound by <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998600000000000000♠"></span>0.06 milligrams</span>. To remedy this, the pound was again redefined in the United Kingdom by the <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1963">Weights and Measures Act 1963</a> to match the international pound, stating: "the pound shall be 0.453 592 37 kilogramme exactly",<sup id="cite_ref-vlex_1963_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vlex_1963-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a definition which remains valid to the present day. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a> means that the pound is now defined precisely in terms of fundamental constants, ending the era of its definition in terms of physical prototypes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Troy_pound">Troy pound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Troy pound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy weight</a></div> <p>A troy pound (abbreviated lb t<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is equal to 12 <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounces</a> and to 5,760 grains, that is exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002373241721600000♠"></span>373.241<span style="margin-left:.25em;">7216</span></span> grams.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troy weights were used in England by jewellers. Apothecaries also used the troy pound and ounce, but added the drachms and scruples unit in the <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">apothecaries' system</a> of weights. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy weight</a> may take its name from the French market town of <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> in France where English merchants traded at least as early as the early 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-zupko_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zupko-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troy pound is no longer in general use or a legal unit for trade (it was abolished in the United Kingdom on 6 January 1879 by the <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1878">Weights and Measures Act 1878</a>), but the troy ounce, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">12</span></span> of a troy pound, is still used for measurements of gems such as opals, and precious metals such as silver, platinum and particularly gold.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tower_pound">Tower pound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tower pound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Pound.jpg/220px-The_Pound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Pound.jpg/330px-The_Pound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Pound.jpg/440px-The_Pound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>The tower pound displayed as the weight of a <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> of 240 early <a href="/wiki/Penny_(English_coin)" title="Penny (English coin)">silver pennies</a> (original <a href="/wiki/Pennyweight" title="Pennyweight">pennyweight</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A tower pound is equal to 12 tower ounces and to 5,400 <a href="/wiki/Troy_grains" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy grains">troy grains</a>, which equals around 350 grams.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower pound is the historical weight standard that was used for England's coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman conquest</a> in 1066, the tower pound was known as the Saxon pound. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="King Offa">King Offa</a> (757–96) of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, a Saxon pound of silver was used to set the original weight of a <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From one Saxon pound of silver (that is a tower pound) the king had 240 <a href="/wiki/Penny_(English_coin)" title="Penny (English coin)">silver pennies</a> minted.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the pound sterling monetary system, twelve pennies equaled a <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shilling</a> and twenty shillings equaled a pound sterling.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tower pound was referenced to a standard prototype found in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. The tower system ran concurrently with the avoirdupois and troy systems until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, when a royal proclamation dated 1526 required that the troy pound be used for mint purposes instead of the tower pound.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No standards of the tower pound are known to have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tower pound was also called the <b>moneyers' pound</b> (referring to the Saxon <a href="/wiki/Moneyer" title="Moneyer">moneyers</a> before the Norman conquest);<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <b>easterling pound</b>, which may refer to traders of eastern Germany, or to traders on the shore of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic sea</a>, or dealers of Asiatic goods who settled at the <a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">London Steelyard wharf</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <b>Rochelle pound</b> by French writers, because it was also in use at <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An almost identical weight was employed by the Germans for weighing gold and silver. </p><p>The mercantile pound (1304) of 6750 troy grains, or 9600 Tower grains, derives from this pound, as 25 <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shilling</a>-weights or 15 Tower ounces, for general commercial use. Multiple pounds based on the same ounce were quite common. In much of Europe, the apothecaries' and commercial pounds were different numbers of the same ounce.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>1 mercantile pound (15 oz) </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">9,600 Tower grains </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">6,750 troy grains </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Tower pound (12 oz) </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">7,680 Tower grains </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">5,400 troy grains </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Tower ounce (20 dwt) </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">640 Tower grains </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">450 troy grains </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Tower pennyweight (dwt) </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">32 Tower grains </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">22<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> troy grains </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Merchants'_pound"><span id="Merchants.27_pound"></span>Merchants' pound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Merchants' pound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The merchants' pound (<i>mercantile pound</i>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">libra mercantoria</i></span>, or <i>commercial pound</i>) was considered to be composed of 25 rather than 20 <a href="/wiki/Tower_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower pound">Tower shillings</a> of 12 <a href="/wiki/Pennyweight" title="Pennyweight">pence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tract_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tract-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was equal to 9,600 wheat grains (15 tower ounces or 6,750 grains)<sup id="cite_ref-zupko_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zupko-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was used in England until the 14th century<sup id="cite_ref-zupko_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zupko-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for goods other than <a href="#Tower_pound">money</a> and <a href="#Apothecary's_pound">medicine</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Electuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Electuaries">electuaries</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-tract_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tract-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="London_pound">London pound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: London pound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pound_(mass)#London_pound" title="Talk:Pound (mass)">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The London pound is that of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hansa</a>, as used in their various trading places. The London pound is based on 16 ounces, each ounce divided as the tower ounce. It never became a legal standard in England; the use of this pound waxed and waned with the influence of the Hansa itself. </p><p>A London pound was equal to 7,200 troy grains (16 troy ounces) or, equivalently, 10,240 tower grains (16 tower ounces). </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>1 London pound (16 oz) </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> tower pounds (1.25 Troy pounds) </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">10,240 tower grains </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">7,200 troy grains </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 London ounce (20 dwt) </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">1 tower (or troy) ounce </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">640 tower grains </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">450 troy grains </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 London pennyweight </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">1 tower (or troy) pennyweight </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right">32 tower grains </td> <td>= </td> <td align="right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">22<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> troy grains </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the avoirdupois pound as a unit of mass has been officially defined in terms of the kilogram since the <a href="/wiki/Mendenhall_Order" title="Mendenhall Order">Mendenhall Order of 1893</a>. That order defined the pound to be <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000220461999999999♠"></span>2.204<span style="margin-left:.25em;">62</span></span> pounds to a kilogram. The following year, this relationship was refined as <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000220462233999999♠"></span>2.204<span style="margin-left:.25em;">622</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">34</span></span> pounds to a kilogram, following a determination of the British pound.<sup id="cite_ref-nbs447_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbs447-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, the United States National Bureau of Standards redefined the pound (avoirdupois) to be exactly equal to 0.453 592 37 kilograms, as had been declared by the <a href="/wiki/International_Yard_and_Pound_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International Yard and Pound Agreement">International Yard and Pound Agreement</a> of that year. According to a 1959 <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a> publication, the United States 1894 pound differed from the international pound by approximately one part in 10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-NGS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference is so insignificant that it can be ignored for almost all practical purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_litra">Byzantine litra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Byzantine litra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement#Weight" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Byzantine units of measurement § Weight</a></div> <p>The Byzantines used a series of measurements known as pounds (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">libra</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">λίτρα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">litra</i></span>). The most common was the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">logarikē litra</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λογαρική λίτρα</span></span>, "pound of account"), established by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> in 309/310. It formed the basis of the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">monetary system</a>, with one <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">litra</i></span> of gold equivalent to 72 <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidi</a></i></span>. A hundred <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">litrai</i></span> were known as a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kentēnarion</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κεντηνάριον</span></span>, "hundredweight"). Its weight seems to have decreased gradually from the original 324 g (11.4 oz) to 319 g (11.3 oz). Due to its association with gold, it was also known as the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">chrysaphikē litra</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χρυσαφική λίτρα</span></span>, "gold pound") or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">thalassia litra</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θαλάσσια λίτρα</span></span>, "maritime pound"), but it could also be used as a measure of land, equalling a fortieth of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">thalassios <a href="/wiki/Modios" class="mw-redirect" title="Modios">modios</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">soualia litra</i></span> was specifically used for weighing olive oil or wood, and corresponded to 4/5 of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">logarikē</i></span> or 256 g (9.0 oz). Some outlying regions, especially in later times, adopted various local measures, based on Italian, Arab or Turkish measures. The most important of these was the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">argyrikē litra</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αργυρική λίτρα</span></span>, "silver pound") of 333 g (11.7 oz), found in <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and probably of Arab origin.<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_livre">French livre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: French livre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement_in_France_before_the_French_Revolution#Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution">Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution § Mass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement in France">Units of measurement in France</a></div> <p>Since the Middle Ages, various pounds (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">livre</i></span>) have been used in France. Since the 19th century, a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">livre</i></span> has referred to the <i><a href="#Metric_pound">metric pound</a></i>, 500 g. </p><p>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">livre esterlin</i></span> is equivalent to about 367.1 grams (5,665 gr) and was used between the late 9th century and the mid-14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-size.com-Francemass_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-size.com-Francemass-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">livre poids de marc</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">livre de Paris</i></span> is equivalent to about 489.5 grams (7,554 gr) and was used between the 1350s and the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-size.com-Francemass_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-size.com-Francemass-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was introduced by the government of <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a>. </p><p>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">livre métrique</i></span> was set equal to the kilogram by the decree of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">13 Brumaire an IX</i></span> between 1800 and 1812. This was a form of official metric pound.<sup id="cite_ref-size.com-Francemass_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-size.com-Francemass-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">livre <a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">usuelle</a></i></span> (customary unit) was defined as 500 g (18 oz) by the decree of 28 March 1812. It was abolished as a unit of mass effective 1 January 1840 by a decree of 4 July 1837,<sup id="cite_ref-size.com-Francemass_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-size.com-Francemass-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is still used informally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_and_Austrian_Pfund">German and Austrian Pfund <span class="anchor" id="Pfund"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: German and Austrian Pfund"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally derived from the Roman libra, the definition varied throughout the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in the Middle Ages and onward. For example, the measures and weights of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> were reformed in 1761 by Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> of Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-hille_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hille-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unusually heavy Habsburg (civil) pound of 16 ounces was later defined in terms of 560.012 g (19.7538 oz). <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> reforms in 1809 and 1811 adopted essentially the same standard as the Austrian pound. In <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, a reform in 1816 defined a uniform civil pound in terms of the Prussian foot and distilled water, resulting in a Prussian pound of 467.711 g (16.4980 oz). </p><p>Between 1803 and 1815, all German regions west of the <a href="/wiki/River_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Rhine">River Rhine</a> were under French control, organised in the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departements</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roer_(department)" title="Roer (department)">Roer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarre_(department)" title="Sarre (department)">Sarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhin-et-Moselle" title="Rhin-et-Moselle">Rhin-et-Moselle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mont-Tonnerre" title="Mont-Tonnerre">Mont-Tonnerre</a>. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, these regions again became part of various German states. However, many of these regions retained the metric system and adopted a metric pound of precisely 500 g (17.64 oz). In 1854, the pound of 500 g also became the official mass standard of the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">German Customs Union</a> and was renamed the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zollpfund" title="Zollpfund">Zollpfund</a></i></span>, but local pounds continued to co-exist with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zollverein</i></span> pound for some time in some German states. Nowadays, the term <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pfund</i></span> is sometimes still in use and universally refers to a pound of 500 g.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_funt">Russian <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">funt</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Russian funt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russian pound (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Фунт</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">funt</i></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_unit_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Russian unit of measurement">obsolete Russian unit of measurement</a> of mass. It is equal to 409.51718 g (14.445293 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899, the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">funt</i></span> was the basic unit of weight, and all other units of weight were formed from it; in particular, a <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zolotnik" title="Zolotnik">zolotnik</a></i></span> was <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">96</span></span> of a funt, and a <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pood" title="Pood">pood</a></i></span> was 40 <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">fúnty</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skålpund"><span id="Sk.C3.A5lpund"></span><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Skålpund</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Skålpund"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Skålpund</i></span> was a Scandinavian measurement that varied in weight between regions. From the 17th century onward, it was equal to 425.076 g (14.9941 oz) in Sweden but was abandoned in 1889 when Sweden switched to the metric system. </p><p>In Norway, the same name was used for a weight of 425.076 g (14.9941 oz). In Denmark, it equaled 471 g (16.6 oz). </p><p>In the 19th century, Denmark followed Germany's lead and redefined the pound as 500 g (18 oz). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_libra_and_arrátel"><span id="Portuguese_libra_and_arr.C3.A1tel"></span>Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">libra</i></span> and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">arrátel</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Portuguese libra and arrátel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Portuguese unit that corresponds to the pounds of different nations is the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">arrátel</i></span>, equivalent to 16 ounces of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Colonha</i></span>, a variant of the Cologne standard. This <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">arrátel</i></span> was introduced in 1499 by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">king of Portugal</a>. Based on an evaluation of bronze nesting weight piles distributed by Manuel I to different towns, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">arrátel</i></span> of Manuel I has been estimated to be of 457.8 g (16.15 oz). In the early 19th century, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">arrátel</i></span> was evaluated at 459 g (16.2 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 15th century, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">arrátel</i></span> was of 14 ounces of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Colonha</i></span> or 400.6 g (14.13 oz). The Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">libra</i></span> was the same as 2 <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">arráteis</i></span>. There were also <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">arráteis</i></span> of 12.5 and 13 ounces and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">libras</i></span> of 15 and 16 ounces. The <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Troyes</i></span> or <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Tria</i></span> standard was also used.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jersey_pound">Jersey pound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jersey pound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Jersey pound is an obsolete unit of mass used on the island of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> from the 14th century to the 19th century. It was equivalent to about 7,561 grains (490 g (17 oz)). It may have been derived from the <a href="#French_livre">French livre poids de marc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trone_pound">Trone pound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Trone pound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trone pound is one of a number of <a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Scottish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Scottish units of measurement">obsolete Scottish units of measurement</a>. It was equivalent to between 21 and 28 avoirdupois ounces (about 600–800 g (21–28 oz)). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metric_pound">Metric pound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Metric pound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many countries, upon the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, the pound (or its translation) became an historic and obsolete term, although some have kept it as an informal term without a specific value. In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, the term is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pfund</i></span>, in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">livre</i></span>, in Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">pond</i></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">libra</i></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">libbra</i></span>, and in <a href="/wiki/Danish_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish (language)">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">pund</i></span>. </p><p>Though not from the same linguistic origin, the Chinese <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jīn</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">斤</span></span>, also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">catty</a>") in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> has a modern definition of exactly 500 g (18 oz), divided into 10 <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">liǎng</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">两</span></span>). Traditionally around 600 g (21 oz), the <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jin</i></span> has been in use for more than two thousand years varying in exact value from one period to another, serving the same purpose as "pound" for the common-use measure of weight. In Hong Kong, for the purposes of commerce and trade between Britain and Imperial China in the preceding centuries, three Chinese catties were equivalent to four British imperial pounds, defining one catty as 604.78982 g (21.333333 oz) in weight precisely. </p><p>Hundreds of older pounds were replaced in this way. Examples of the older pounds are one of around 459–460 g (16.19–16.23 oz) in Spain, Portugal, and Latin America; one of 498.1 g (17.57 oz) in Norway; and several different ones in what is now Germany. </p><p>From the introduction of the kilogram scales and measuring devices are denominated only in <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilograms</a>. A pound of product must be determined by weighing the product in grams as the use of the <i>pound</i> is not sanctioned for trade within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_weaponry">Use in weaponry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Use in weaponry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smoothbore cannon and <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronades</a> are currently designated by the weight in imperial pounds of round solid iron shot of diameter to fit the barrel. A cannon that fires a six-pound ball, for example, is called a <i>six-pounder</i>. Standard sizes are 6, 12, 18, 24, 32, and 42 pounds; 60-pounders and 68-pounders also exist, along with other nonstandard weapons using the same scheme. Before the introduction of the metric system, countries that produced their own artillery generally used their national pound for these designations. See <a href="/wiki/Carronade#Ordnance" title="Carronade">carronade</a>. </p><p>A similar definition, using <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> balls, exists for determining the <a href="/wiki/Gauge_(bore_diameter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge (bore diameter)">gauge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">shotguns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">shotgun shells</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">Pound-force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_(unit)" title="Slug (unit)">Slug (unit)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pound is often described as a unit of "weight", and the word "weight" can refer to either mass or force depending on context. Historically and in common parlance, "weight" refers to mass, but <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a> as used in modern physics is a force.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A difference of just 194.39673 milligrams</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">King Offa</a> is credited with introducing the system of money to central and southern England in the latter half of the eighth century, overseeing the minting of the earliest English silver pennies – emblazoned with his name. In practice they varied considerably in weight and 240 of them seldom added up to a pound. There were at that time no larger denomination coins –  pounds and <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shillings</a> were merely useful units of account".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> –  Ed Lowther, BBC</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NGS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_National_Bureau_of_Standards1959" class="citation web cs1">United States National Bureau of Standards (25 June 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf">"Notices "Refinement of values for the yard and the pound"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notices+%22Refinement+of+values+for+the+yard+and+the+pound%22&rft.date=1959-06-25&rft.au=United+States+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2FPUBS_LIB%2FFedRegister%2FFRdoc59-5442.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE Std 260.1-2004, IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn_978-0135018583-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn_978-0135018583_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcherShoup1978" class="citation cs2">Fletcher, Leroy S.; Shoup, Terry E. (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tyohAQAAIAAJ"><i>Introduction to Engineering</i></a>, Prentice-Hall, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0135018583" title="Special:BookSources/978-0135018583"><bdi>978-0135018583</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77024142">77024142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Engineering&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77024142&rft.isbn=978-0135018583&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Leroy+S.&rft.au=Shoup%2C+Terry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtyohAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 257">: 257 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051651/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pound_sign">"pound sign"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pound_sign">the original</a> on 3 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pound+sign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fpound_sign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2100.pdf">"Letterlike Symbols | Range: 2100–214F"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. p. 2100/2123<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2011</span>. <q><span class="nowrap">2114 ℔ <span style="font-size:90%;">L B BAR SYMBOL</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letterlike+Symbols+%7C+Range%3A+2100%E2%80%93214F&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+15.0&rft.pages=2100%2F2123&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU2100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIVZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62">"The Dictionary of Medical and Surgical Knowledge"</a>. 1864<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Medical+and+Surgical+Knowledge&rft.date=1864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSIVZAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, <i>s.v.</i> 'pound'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Standards1959-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Standards1959_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._National_Bureau_of_Standards1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">United States. National Bureau of Standards</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4aWN-VRV1AoC&pg=PA13"><i>Research Highlights of the National Bureau of Standards</i></a>. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+Highlights+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1959&rft.au=United+States.+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4aWN-VRV1AoC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Bureau of Standards, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/app8.pdf">Appendix 8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118111241/http://www.physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/app8.pdf">Archived</a> 18 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; National Physical Laboratory, P<span class="nowrap"> </span>H Bigg <i>et al.</i> : <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0508-3443/13/9/305">Re-determination of the values of the imperial standard pound and of its parliamentary copies in terms of the international kilogramme during the years 1960 and 1961</a></i>; Sizes.com: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sizes.com/units/pound_avoirdupois.htm">pound avoirdupois</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024120334/http://www.sizes.com/units/pound_avoirdupois.htm">Archived</a> 24 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by Laws LJ in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2002/195.html">"[2002] EWHC 195 (Admin)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Madison : University of Wisconsin Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07340-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07340-4"><bdi>978-0-299-07340-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+weights+%26+measures+%3A+a+history+from+antiquity+to+the+seventeenth+century&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Madison+%3A+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-299-07340-4&rft.aulast=Zupko&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishweightsme0000zupk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZupko1977" class="citation book cs1">Zupko, Ronald Edward (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/britishweightsme0000zupk"><i>British weights & measures : a history from antiquity to the seventeenth century</i></a>. 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Madison : University of Wisconsin Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07340-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07340-4"><bdi>978-0-299-07340-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+weights+%26+measures+%3A+a+history+from+antiquity+to+the+seventeenth+century&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Madison+%3A+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-299-07340-4&rft.aulast=Zupko&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishweightsme0000zupk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner1952" class="citation journal cs1">Skinner, F.G. 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Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="citation web cs1">United States National Bureau of Standards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf">"Appendix C of NIST Handbook 44, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, General Tables of Units of Measurement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. C-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+C+of+NIST+Handbook+44%2C+Specifications%2C+Tolerances%2C+and+Other+Technical+Requirements+for+Weighing+and+Measuring+Devices%2C+General+Tables+of+Units+of+Measurement&rft.pages=C-14&rft.au=United+States+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Fwmd%2Fpubs%2Fupload%2FAppC-12-hb44-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zupko-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zupko_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zupko_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zupko_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZupko1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Edward_Zupko" title="Ronald Edward Zupko">Zupko, Ronald Edward</a> (1 December 1985). <i>Dictionary of Weights and Measures for the British Isles: The Middle Ages to the 20th Century</i>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-168-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-168-X"><bdi>0-87169-168-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Weights+and+Measures+for+the+British+Isles%3A+The+Middle+Ages+to+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1985-12-01&rft.isbn=0-87169-168-X&rft.aulast=Zupko&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/rpt/goldRpt/current_report.htm">"Status Report of U.S. Government Gold Reserve"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003044818/https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/rpt/goldRpt/current_report.htm">Archived</a> 3 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bureau of the Fiscal Service</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1983" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Lester A. 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Conzett Verlag. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03760-029-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03760-029-0"><bdi>978-3-03760-029-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drachm%2C+Dirham%2C+Thaler%2C+Pound%3A+Money+and+currencies+in+history+from+earliest+times+to+the+euro&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Conzett+Verlag&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft.isbn=978-3-03760-029-0&rft.aulast=Kampmann&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuVDIEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZupko1977" class="citation book cs1">Zupko, Ronald Edward (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/britishweightsme0000zupk"><i>British weights & measures : a history from antiquity to the seventeenth century</i></a>. Internet Archive. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07340-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07340-4"><bdi>978-0-299-07340-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+weights+%26+measures+%3A+a+history+from+antiquity+to+the+seventeenth+century&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Madison+%3A+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-299-07340-4&rft.aulast=Zupko&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishweightsme0000zupk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ctLECjLTakcC&pg=PA115"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: Payn-Polka</i></a>. At the University Press. 1911. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Payn-Polka&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=At+the+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DctLECjLTakcC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowther2014" class="citation web cs1">Lowther, Ed (14 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-26169070">"A short history of the pound"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721233848/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-26169070">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+the+pound&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.aulast=Lowther&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-26169070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeva2011" class="citation book cs1">Geva, Benjamin (1 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4yHcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>The Payment Order of Antiquity and the Middle Ages: A Legal History</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84731-843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84731-843-5"><bdi>978-1-84731-843-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Payment+Order+of+Antiquity+and+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+Legal+History&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84731-843-5&rft.aulast=Geva&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yHcBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A proclamation of Henry VIII, 5 November 1526. Proclamation 112 in Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin, editors. <i>Tudor Royal Proclamations</i>. Volume 1. New Haven: Yale University Press,1964.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sizes.com/units/pound_tower.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154017/http://www.sizes.com/units/pound_tower.htm">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. D. Connor and A. D. C. Simpson.<i>Weights and Measures in Scotland. A European Perspective</i>.National Museums of Scotland and Tuckwell Press, 2004, page 116, quoting from H. W. Chisholm, Seventh Annual Report of the Warden for the Standards..for 1872-73 (London, 1873), quoting from 1864 House of Commons Paper.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sizes.com/units/pound_tower.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154017/http://www.sizes.com/units/pound_tower.htm">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sizes.com/units/pound_tower.htm">"Tower pound"</a>. <i>Sizes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sizes.com&rft.atitle=Tower+pound&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsizes.com%2Funits%2Fpound_tower.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uQI_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP33"><i>Facsimile of First Volume of Ms. Archives of the Worshipful Company of Grocers of the City of London A.D. 1345–1463</i></a>. 1886.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facsimile+of+First+Volume+of+Ms.+Archives+of+the+Worshipful+Company+of+Grocers+of+the+City+of+London+A.D.+1345%E2%80%931463.&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuQI_AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2oUBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA191"><i>The English manual of banking</i></a>. 1877<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+manual+of+banking&rft.date=1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2oUBAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk/weights.html">"Weights used for gold"</a>. Tax Free Gold<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weights+used+for+gold&rft.pub=Tax+Free+Gold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxfreegold.co.uk%2Fweights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dozenalsociety.org.uk/history/poundhist.html">"A brief history of the pound"</a>. The Dozenal Society of Great Britain<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+the+pound&rft.pub=The+Dozenal+Society+of+Great+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dozenalsociety.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fpoundhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tract-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tract_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tract_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuffhead1763a" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Ruffhead" title="Owen Ruffhead">Ruffhead, Owen</a>, ed. (1763a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ"><i>The Statutes at Large</i></a>, vol.  I: From Magna Charta to the End of the Reign of King Henry the Sixth. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Publick and Private Statutes during that Time, London: Mark Basket for the Crown, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA148">148–149</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+at+Large&rft.place=London&rft.pages=148-149&rft.pub=Mark+Basket+for+the+Crown&rft.date=1763&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKZFAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> & <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span> & <span class="languageicon">(in Norman)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="citation web cs1">United States National Bureau of Standards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061126120208/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf">"Appendix C of NIST Handbook 44, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, General Tables of Units of Measurement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+C+of+NIST+Handbook+44%2C+Specifications%2C+Tolerances%2C+and+Other+Technical+Requirements+for+Weighing+and+Measuring+Devices%2C+General+Tables+of+Units+of+Measurement&rft.au=United+States+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fts.nist.gov%2FWeightsAndMeasures%2FPublications%2Fupload%2Fh4402_appenc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span> "In Great Britain, the Yard, the Avoirdupois Pound, the troy pound, and the Apothecaries pound are identical with the units of the same names used in the United States." (The introduction to this appendix makes it clear that the appendix is only for convenience and has no normative value: "In most of the other tables, only a limited number of decimal places are given, therefore making the tables better adopted to the average user.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilbach1991" class="citation book cs1">Schilbach, Erich (1991). "Litra". In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander P.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium"><i>Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Litra&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=1238&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rft.aulast=Schilbach&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-size.com-Francemass-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-size.com-Francemass_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-size.com-Francemass_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-size.com-Francemass_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-size.com-Francemass_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSizes,_Inc.2001" class="citation web cs1">Sizes, Inc. (16 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sizes.com/units/charts/UTBLFrancemass.htm">"Pre-metric French units of mass livre and smaller"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pre-metric+French+units+of+mass+livre+and+smaller&rft.date=2001-03-16&rft.au=Sizes%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sizes.com%2Funits%2Fcharts%2FUTBLFrancemass.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hille-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hille_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHille1831" class="citation journal cs1">Hille, K.C. (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfI3AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA268">"Medicinal-Gewicht"</a>. <i>Magazin für Pharmacie und die dahin einschlagenden Wissenschaften</i>. Heidelberg: 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magazin+f%C3%BCr+Pharmacie+und+die+dahin+einschlagenden+Wissenschaften&rft.atitle=Medicinal-Gewicht&rft.pages=268&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Hille&rft.aufirst=K.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfI3AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Pfund"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pfund</i></span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502163931/https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Pfund">Archived</a> 2 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Duden.online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardarelli,_F.2004" class="citation book cs1">Cardarelli, F. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card"><i>Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card/page/122">122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-682-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-682-X"><bdi>1-85233-682-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Scientific+Units%2C+Weights+and+Measures%3A+Their+SI+Equivalences+and+Origins&rft.pages=122&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85233-682-X&rft.au=Cardarelli%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofs0000card&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luís Seabra Lopes, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">"As Pilhas de Pesos de Dom Manuel I: Contributo para a sua Caracterização, Inventariação e Avaliação", Portugalia: Nova Série</i></span>, vol. 39, Universidade do Porto, 2018, p. 217-251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luís Seabra Lopes, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">"Sistemas Legais de Medidas de Peso e Capacidade, do Condado Portucalense ao Século XVI", Portugalia: Nova Série</i></span>, vol. 24, 2003, p. 113-164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSizes,_Inc.2003" class="citation web cs1">Sizes, Inc. (28 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sizes.com/units/pound_jersey.htm">"Jersey pound"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jersey+pound&rft.date=2003-07-28&rft.au=Sizes%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sizes.com%2Funits%2Fpound_jersey.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Council_of_the_European_Communities2009" class="citation web cs1">The Council of the European Communities (27 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1980L0181:20090527:EN:PDF">"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+Directive+80%2F181%2FEEC+of+20+December+1979+on+the+approximation+of+the+laws+of+the+Member+States+relating+to+Unit+of+measurement+and+on+the+repeal+of+Directive+71%2F354%2FEEC&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft.au=The+Council+of+the+European+Communities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DCONSLEG%3A1980L0181%3A20090527%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APound+%28mass%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pound" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pound">pound</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_between_units">Conversion between units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pound_(mass)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Conversion between units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/nist-guide-si-appendix-b9-factors-units-listed-kind-quantity-or-field-science">U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014051437/https://www.nist.gov/pml/nist-guide-si-appendix-b9-factors-units-listed-kind-quantity-or-field-science">Archived</a> 14 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/publications/nist-handbooks/handbook-130">National Institute of Standards and Technology Handbook 130</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_units193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_units" title="Template:Imperial units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial_units" title="Template talk:Imperial units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_units193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison with US customary system</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch" title="Thousandth of an inch">Thousandth of an inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barleycorn_(unit)" title="Barleycorn (unit)">Barleycorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_(unit)" title="Link (unit)">Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">Fathom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(unit)" title="Rod (unit)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain" title="Gunter's chain">Gunter's chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">Furlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_length" title="Cable length">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">Nautical mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_inch" title="Square inch">Square inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_yard" title="Square yard">Square yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perch (area)">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rood_(unit)" title="Rood (unit)">Rood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">Square mile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_inch" title="Cubic inch">Cubic inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">Cubic foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoppus" title="Hoppus">Hoppus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_yard" title="Cubic yard">Cubic yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_mile" title="Cubic mile">Cubic mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmcft" title="Tmcft">Tmcft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaspoon" title="Teaspoon">Teaspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">Tablespoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">Fluid ounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_(unit)" title="Cup (unit)">Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">Pint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">Quart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_gallon" title="Trade gallon">Trade gallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">Gallon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldron" title="Chaldron">Chaldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minim_(unit)" title="Minim (unit)">Minim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(unit)" title="Gill (unit)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scruple_(unit)" title="Scruple (unit)">Fluid Scruple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">Fluid Drachm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peck" title="Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">Bushel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuck_(unit)" title="Stuck (unit)">Stuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">Hogshead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">Miles per hour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">Grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">Drachm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">Ounce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pound (mass)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_(unit)" title="Stone (unit)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(unit)" title="Quarter (unit)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_(unit)" title="Slug (unit)">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hundred" title="Long hundred">Long hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">Hundredweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_load" title="Ship load">Ship load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Ton">Ton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ksi_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksi (unit)">Ksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">Pounds per square inch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other units and measures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">British thermal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-candle" title="Foot-candle">Foot-candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_(energy)" title="Foot-pound (energy)">Foot-pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-poundal" title="Foot-poundal">Foot-poundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">Horsepower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower-hour" title="Horsepower-hour">Horsepower-hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenning (unit)">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">Pound (force)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound-foot_(torque)" title="Pound-foot (torque)">Pound-foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poundal" title="Poundal">Poundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Span_(unit)" title="Span (unit)">Span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_count" title="Spinning count">Spinning count</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English units</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_measure" title="Winchester measure">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Standards" title="Exchequer Standards">Exchequer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_units" class="mw-redirect" title="English Engineering units">English Engineering units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–pound–second system">Foot–pound–second system (FPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">Twenty-foot equivalent unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_customary_units214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Customary_Units" title="Template:United States Customary Units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Customary_Units" title="Template talk:United States Customary Units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Customary_Units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Customary Units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_customary_units214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison with imperial unit system</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch" title="Thousandth of an inch">Thousandth of an inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_(unit)" title="Link (unit)">Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(unit)" title="Rod (unit)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">Furlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">Mile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute mile">statute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_inch" title="Square inch">Square inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_yard" title="Square yard">Square yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">Square mile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_inch" title="Cubic inch">Cubic inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">Cubic foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_yard" title="Cubic yard">Cubic yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_mile" title="Cubic mile">Cubic mile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaspoon" title="Teaspoon">Teaspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">Tablespoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">Fluid ounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_(unit)" title="Cup (unit)">Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">Pint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">Quart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">Gallon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_foot" title="Board foot">Board foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord_(unit)" title="Cord (unit)">Cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_cord" title="Face cord">Face cord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minim_(unit)" title="Minim (unit)">Minim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(unit)" title="Gill (unit)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peck" title="Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">Bushel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre-foot" title="Acre-foot">Acre-foot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feet_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Feet per second">Feet per second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">Miles per hour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">Grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">Dram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">Ounce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">Hundredweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">Ton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">Short</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poundal" title="Poundal">Poundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">Pound-force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_(unit)" title="Kip (unit)">Kip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">Inch of mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">Pounds per square inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksi_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksi (unit)">Kilopounds per square inch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other units and measures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(cloth)" title="Bolt (cloth)">Bolt (cloth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">British thermal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">Degree (angle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-candle" title="Foot-candle">Foot-candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-lambert" title="Foot-lambert">Foot-lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_(energy)" title="Foot-pound (energy)">Foot-pound (energy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">Horsepower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm_(unit)" title="Perm (unit)">Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound-foot_(torque)" title="Pound-foot (torque)">Pound-foot (torque)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_count" title="Spinning count">Spinning count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ton_of_refrigeration" title="Ton of refrigeration">Ton of refrigeration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_wire_gauge" title="American wire gauge">American wire gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_jewelry_sizes" title="Body jewelry sizes">Body jewelry sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_Units" title="English Engineering Units">English Engineering Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Foot–pound–second system of units">Foot–pound–second system of units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100995#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata604" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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