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37.5rem){.ssrcss-17vmgpw-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;background-color:#B80000;margin:0;}.ssrcss-17vmgpw-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 .eis6szr1{border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:0.0625rem;border-right-color:#DB7F7F;}}.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{position:absolute;right:0.5rem;top:0.25rem;border:0.0625rem solid;border-color:#DB7F7F;border-bottom-color:#DB7F7F;background-color:#B80000;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{top:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{display:none;}}.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active,.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus{color:#3F3F42;background-color:#FFFFFF;}@media (hover: hover){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-196zlx0-MenuListContainer{margin-left:-0.5rem;margin-right:-0.5rem;padding:0.5rem 0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-196zlx0-MenuListContainer{background-color:transparent;display:block;padding:0;margin:0;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-196zlx0-MenuListContainer{overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.ssrcss-196zlx0-MenuListContainer::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}}}.ssrcss-min3p3-StyledMenuList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'';}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-min3p3-StyledMenuList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;left:-0.5rem;}@media (pointer: 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0;}}.ssrcss-1yycgk3-LinkTextContainer{padding:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1yycgk3-LinkTextContainer{padding:0 0.45rem;}}.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink{color:#3F3F42;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;padding:0.5rem 0;padding-left:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink:focus{background-color:#EEEEEE;color:#3F3F42;}.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink::after{content:'';position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:0.25rem;height:100%;background-color:#B80000;}.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink:active::after{content:'';}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink{padding-left:1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink{width:auto;padding-left:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#FFFFFF;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink::after{background-color:#FFFFFF;width:100%;height:0.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink{width:auto;color:#FFFFFF;padding:0.5rem 0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem) and (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-1hp2zy1-StyledLink{padding:0.6875rem 0;}}.ssrcss-1yjaqc9-ToggleContainer{display:none;border-left:0.0625rem solid;border-left-color:#DB7F7F;background-color:#B80000;}html.no-js .ssrcss-1yjaqc9-ToggleContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1yjaqc9-ToggleContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;}}.ssrcss-1yjaqc9-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:hover::after,.ssrcss-1yjaqc9-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus::after,.ssrcss-1yjaqc9-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active::after{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;content:'';height:0.25rem;background-color:#FFFFFF;}html.no-js .ssrcss-1yjaqc9-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:hover::after,html.no-js .ssrcss-1yjaqc9-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus::after,html.no-js .ssrcss-1yjaqc9-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active::after{background-color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-1gc2tn4-MenuContainer-MoreMenuWrapper{background-color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-6tbwbt-MoreMenuListContainer{margin:0 -0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-6tbwbt-MoreMenuListContainer{margin:0 -1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-6tbwbt-MoreMenuListContainer{margin:0;}}.ssrcss-lnnv4y-MenuListContainer{display:none;background-color:#FFFFFF;}html.no-js .ssrcss-lnnv4y-MenuListContainer{display:block;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-lnnv4y-MenuListContainer{margin-left:-0.5rem;margin-right:-0.5rem;padding:0.5rem 0;}}.ssrcss-1a48ge0-StyledMenuList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'';}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1a48ge0-StyledMenuList{-webkit-column-count:3;column-count:3;-webkit-column-gap:1rem;column-gap:1rem;-webkit-column-rule:0.0625rem solid #BABABA;column-rule:0.0625rem solid #BABABA;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1a48ge0-StyledMenuList{-webkit-column-count:4;column-count:4;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1a48ge0-StyledMenuList{-webkit-column-count:6;column-count:6;}}.ssrcss-arep0q-StyledMenuItem{position:relative;break-inside:avoid;margin:0;padding:0;border-bottom-width:0.0625rem;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BABABA;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-arep0q-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:none;}}.ssrcss-11gia6j-StyledLink{color:#3F3F42;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;padding:0.5rem 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w22b7j-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:none;}}.ssrcss-xu3by3-StyledLink{color:#3F3F42;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;padding:0.5rem 0;padding-left:0.5rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:auto;}.ssrcss-xu3by3-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-xu3by3-StyledLink:focus{background-color:#EEEEEE;color:#3F3F42;}.ssrcss-xu3by3-StyledLink::after{content:'';position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:0.25rem;height:100%;background-color:#B80000;}.ssrcss-xu3by3-StyledLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-xu3by3-StyledLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-xu3by3-StyledLink:active::after{content:'';}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-xu3by3-StyledLink{padding-left:1rem;}}@media (min-width: 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-gcq6xq-StyledHeading{font-size:2.75rem;line-height:1.0909090909090908;}}.ssrcss-gcq6xq-StyledHeading:focus{outline-style:none;}.ssrcss-gcq6xq-StyledHeading:focus-visible{outline-style:auto;}.ssrcss-vzegzu-MetadataStrip{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'';font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;margin-top:-0.25rem;color:#696969;}.ssrcss-8d0yke-MetadataStripItem{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;margin-top:0.25rem;max-width:calc(100% - 1em);}.ssrcss-8d0yke-MetadataStripItem::after{content:'';display:inline-block;height:1.25em;border-left:#BABABA 1px solid;margin:0 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inset(100%)){.ssrcss-5qxhr3-StyledPanelContent::after{background-color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-5qxhr3-StyledPanelContent::before{background-color:#BABABA;}}.ssrcss-5qxhr3-StyledPanelContent::before,.ssrcss-5qxhr3-StyledPanelContent::after{content:'';display:inline-block;position:absolute;-webkit-clip-path:polygon(0 100%, 50% 0, 100% 100%);clip-path:polygon(0 100%, 50% 0, 100% 100%);width:1rem;height:0.75rem;left:1rem;}.ssrcss-5qxhr3-StyledPanelContent::after{top:calc(-0.75rem + 0.0625rem);}.ssrcss-5qxhr3-StyledPanelContent::before{top:calc(-0.75rem - 0.0625rem);}.ssrcss-tt825r-CloseButtonWrapper{float:right;}.ssrcss-1ah8u3w-Button{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;display:block;padding:0 calc(0.75rem - 1px);border:1px solid transparent;line-height:calc(2.75rem - 2px)!important;background:transparent;color:#3F3F42;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1ah8u3w-Button{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1ah8u3w-Button:disabled{opacity:0.2;cursor:auto;}.ssrcss-1ah8u3w-Button:hover:enabled,.ssrcss-1ah8u3w-Button:focus:enabled,.ssrcss-1ah8u3w-Button:active:enabled{cursor:pointer;}.ssrcss-1ah8u3w-Button:hover:enabled,.ssrcss-1ah8u3w-Button:focus:enabled,.ssrcss-1ah8u3w-Button:active:enabled{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background:#3F3F42;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-16sh5ob-PanelWrapper{padding:0.75rem;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-18h7ve1-StyledTitleArea{font-family:ReithSerif,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:500;font-feature-settings:'';font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;padding-bottom:1rem;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;white-space:pre-line;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-18h7ve1-StyledTitleArea{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-3xxzec-Button{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;display:block;width:100%;text-align:center;padding:0 calc(0.75rem - 1px);border:1px solid transparent;line-height:calc(2.75rem - 2px)!important;background:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}@media (min-width: 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srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg" width="976" height="549" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-99q1ky-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00"><b class="ssrcss-hmf8ql-BoldText e5tfeyi3">Successive US presidents have struggled to get the measure of Vladimir Putin but now that Brussels and Berlin have joined the fray with such resolve, it's a different story, writes Nick Bryant.</b></p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">It is often tempting to look upon Vladimir Putin as the millennium bug in a human and deadly form. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The Russian president rose to power on 31 December 1999, as the world held its breath that computers would go into meltdown when the clock struck midnight, unable to process the change from 1999 to 2000. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">In the 20 years since, Putin has been trying to engineer a different kind of global system malfunction, the destruction of the liberal international order. The former KGB spymaster wanted to turn back the clock: to revive Russia's tsarist greatness and to restore the might and menace of the Soviet Union prior to its break-up in 1991. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">This Russian revanchist has become the most disruptive international leader of the 21st Century, the mastermind behind so much misery from Chechnya to Crimea, from Syria to the cathedral city of Salisbury. He has sought - successfully at times - to redraw the map of Europe. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">He has tried - successfully at times - to immobilise the United Nations. He has been determined - successfully at times - to weaken America, and hasten its division and decline.</p></div></div><div id="piano-inline1"></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1pzprxn-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60532634" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">Follow the latest updates from inside Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Putin came to power at a moment of western hubris. The United States was the sole superpower in a unipolar world. Francis Fukuyama's End of History thesis, proclaiming the triumph of liberal democracy, was widely accepted. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Some economists even peddled the theory that recessions would be no more, partly because of the productivity gains of the new digital economy. It was also thought that globalisation, and the interdependence it wrought, would stop major economic powers fighting wars. The same utopianism attached itself to the internet, which was seen overwhelmingly as a force for global good.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i810"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-13hdmdo-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="An honour guard greets Air Force One on the Moscow tarmac in 2002" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg" width="976" height="651" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-99q1ky-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-mh139p-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-1yybcoc-Stack e1y4nx260">An honour guard greets Air Force One on the Moscow tarmac in 2002</div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">In the early days especially, the same misplaced optimism and wishful thinking coloured the west's approach to Putin - a figure, it is now obvious, who was trying to buck history and thwart democratisation, however many lives were lost in the process. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Successive US presidents have played into his hands. Bill Clinton, the occupant of the White House when Putin came to power, handed this ultra-nationalist a popular grievance by pushing for the expansion of Nato right up to Russia's borders. As George F Kennan, the famed architect of America's Cold War strategy of containment, warned at the time: "Expanding Nato would be the most fateful error of America policy in the entire post-Cold War era."</p></div></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1pzprxn-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-60499385" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">Why Biden won't send troops to Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">George W Bush completely misjudged his Russian counterpart. "I looked the man in the eye," Bush famously said after their first meeting in Slovenia in 2001. "I found him very straightforward and trustworthy… I was able to get a sense of his soul." Bush mistakenly thought he could mount a charm offensive with Putin, and gently cajole him further down the democratic path. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">But even though Bush visited Russia more than any other country - including, as a personal favour, two trips in 2002 to Putin's home city, St Petersburg - the Russian leader was already displaying dangerously despotic tendencies. </p></div></div><div id="piano-inline2"></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">In 2008, Bush's final year as president, Putin invaded Georgia - what he called a "peace enforcement operation". The Kremlin argued then - and has continued to argue ever since - that it was hypocritical for Washington to complain about this violation of international law after Bush had invaded Iraq. </p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i810"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1xtcmof-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="George Bush hosted Vladimir Putin at his Texas ranch" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg" width="976" height="549" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-99q1ky-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-mh139p-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-1yybcoc-Stack e1y4nx260">George Bush hosted Vladimir Putin at his Texas ranch...</div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i810"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-13hdmdo-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="T-shirt saying 'The Russians are coming'" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg" width="976" height="651" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-99q1ky-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-mh139p-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-1yybcoc-Stack e1y4nx260">...which caused some excitement locally</div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Barack Obama sought to reframe US-Russian relations. His first secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, even handed her Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov a mock reset button (which was mistakenly labelled with the Russian word for "overloaded"). But Putin knew that America, after its long wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, no longer wanted to police the world. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">When Obama refused in 2013 to enforce his red-line warning against Bashar al-Assad when the Syrian dictator used chemical weapons against his own people, Putin saw a green light. By helping Assad carry out his murderous war, he extended Moscow's sphere of influence in the Middle East when the United States wanted to extract itself from the region. The following year, he annexed Crimea, and established a foothold in eastern Ukraine. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Despite being told by Obama to "cut it out," Putin even sought to influence the outcome of the 2016 presidential election in the hope that Hillary Clinton, a long-time nemesis, would be defeated and that Donald Trump, a long-time fan boy, would win.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The New York property tycoon made no secret of his admiration for Putin, a sycophantic approach that seems to have further emboldened the Russian president. Much to Moscow's delight, Trump publicly criticised Nato, weakened the US post-war alliance system and became such a polarising figure that he left America more politically divided than at any time since the Civil War. </p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i810"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-h61a99-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="line" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png" width="624" height="2" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-dm4ypg-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><h2 tabindex="-1" id="More-coverage-of-Ukraine-crisis" class="ssrcss-1gsdda0-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10"><span role="text">More coverage of Ukraine crisis</span></h2></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-dm4ypg-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><h2 tabindex="-1" id="War-in-Ukraine-More-coverage-" class="ssrcss-1gsdda0-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10"><span role="text">War in Ukraine: More coverage </span></h2></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1pzprxn-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li>LIVE: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60635927" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">Latest updates from on the ground</a></li><li>IN KYIV: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60631433" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">Locals fear another Grozny or Aleppo</a></li><li>EXPLAINED: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-56720589" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">Why Putin has invaded Ukraine?</a></li><li>IN DEPTH: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-60525350" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">Full coverage of the conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i810"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-h61a99-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="line" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png" width="624" height="2" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Arguably, then, you have to reach back 30 years to find a US leader whose approach to the Kremlin has stood the test of time. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, George Herbert Walker Bush resisted the temptation to rejoice in America's Cold War victory - much to the astonishment of the White House press pack, he refused to travel to Berlin for a victory lap - knowing that it would bolster hardliners in the Politburo and military seeking to oust Mikhail Gorbachev. </p></div></div><div id="piano-inline3"></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">That magnanimity in victory helped when it came to bringing about the reunification of Germany, which was arguably Bush's greatest foreign policy success. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Putin is obviously a more formidable adversary, harder to deal with than even Leonid Brezhnev or Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis. But since the turn of the century no US president has truly had his measure.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i810"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1ost9bx-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="Bill Clinton in Pristina, Kosovo" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg" width="976" height="645" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-99q1ky-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-mh139p-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-1yybcoc-Stack e1y4nx260">Bill Clinton pushed for the expansion of Nato which some said was a mistake</div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Joe Biden, like George Herbert Walker Bush, is a Cold War warrior, who has dedicated his presidency to defending democracy at home and abroad. Seeking to re-establish America's traditional post-war role as the leader of the free world, he has sought to mobilise the international community, offered military aid to Ukraine and adopted the toughest sanction regime ever targeted against Putin. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">As Russian forces amassed at the border, he also shared US intelligence showing that Putin had decided to invade, in ways that sought to disrupt the Kremlin's usual misinformation campaigns and false flag operations. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">His State of the Union address became a rallying cry. "Freedom will always triumph over tyranny," he said. And while Biden does not speak with the clarity or force of a Kennedy or a Reagan, it was nonetheless a significant speech.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">What's been striking since the Russian invasion started, however, has been the assertion of forceful presidential leadership from elsewhere. Volodymyr Zelensky has been lauded and lionised, as he has continued this extraordinary personal journey from comedian to Churchillian colossus.</p></div></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1pzprxn-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-59667938" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">Zelensky: A comedian president rising to the moment</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">In Brussels, the president of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, has been another commanding presence. This former German politician has been a driving force behind the decision, for the first time in EU history, to finance and purchase weapons for a nation under attack, a commitment that includes not just ammunition but fighter jets as well. </p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i810"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1xtcmof-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="Ursula von der Leyen" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png" width="976" height="549" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-99q1ky-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-mh139p-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-1yybcoc-Stack e1y4nx260">Ursula von der Leyen</div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Her compatriot, the new Chancellor of Germany Olaf Scholz, has also shown more resolve in dealing with Putin than his predecessor Angela Merkel. At warp speed, he has overturned decades of post-Cold War German foreign policy, an approach so often predicated on caution and timidity towards the Russian leader. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Berlin has sent anti-tank and anti-aircraft systems to Ukraine (ending the policy of not sending weapons to active war zones), halted the Nord Stream 2 Baltic Sea gas pipeline project, withdrawn its opposition to blocking Russia from the SWIFT international payments system, and even committed to spending 2% of its GDP on defence spending.</p></div></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1pzprxn-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60549916" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">Putin's war prompts dramatic German U-turn</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The biggest assault on a European state since World War Two has stiffened European resolve. But so, too, it seems has the relative weakness of America. Mindful of the botched US withdrawal from Afghanistan and possibility of a Trump 2.0 presidency, European leaders seem to have realised that they can no longer lean so heavily on Washington to defend democracy in this hour of maximum peril. Leadership of the free world has, in this crisis, become a common endeavour.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Even since the end of the Cold War, Washington has been calling upon European nations to do more to police its own neighbourhood, something they failed to do when the break-up of the former Yugoslavia sparked the Bosnian war. Historians may well conclude that it took a combination of Putin's aggressiveness, America's fragility, Ukraine's heroic resolve and the fear that Europe's post-war stability is truly on the line to finally make that happen. </p></div></div><div data-component="media-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i810"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><div data-chromatic="ignore" class="ssrcss-dtyrnv-MediaPlayerWrapper e1h75hkw3"><div class="ssrcss-aqb7dr-Container e1h75hkw2"><div data-testid="bbc-logo-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1d84lqw-LogoIconWrapper e1h75hkw0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 210.69 60" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M36.76 33.87c-2.21-.78-3.78-.78-7.12-.78h-5.18v11.79H30c4.28 0 5.61-.25 7.37-1a5.58 5.58 0 002.47-2 4.86 4.86 0 00.85-2.55 5.11 5.11 0 00-.87-3.33 6.31 6.31 0 00-3.06-2.13zM35.25 24.36a5.28 5.28 0 001.51-4.23c-.06-2.62-1.6-5-7.63-5h-4.67v11.21h3.37c3.56 0 6.01-.62 7.42-1.98z"></path><path d="M0 0v60h63.76V0zm46.69 45.76a11.33 11.33 0 01-5.3 4.24 22.16 22.16 0 01-8.89 1.64H16.72V8.41h12.21a22.73 22.73 0 019 1.44 11.34 11.34 0 014.94 4 9.73 9.73 0 011.8 5.93c0 4.09-1.77 6.94-5.51 8.86a13.9 13.9 0 016.74 3.92 10.42 10.42 0 012.71 7.32 10.86 10.86 0 01-1.92 5.88zM110.22 33.87c-2.21-.78-3.78-.78-7.12-.78h-5.17v11.79h5.5c4.28 0 5.62-.25 7.37-1a5.53 5.53 0 002.47-2 4.69 4.69 0 00.85-2.55 5 5 0 00-.84-3.35 6.22 6.22 0 00-3.06-2.11zM108.71 24.36a5.24 5.24 0 001.51-4.23c-.06-2.62-1.59-5-7.62-5h-4.67v11.21h3.37c3.56 0 6.01-.62 7.41-1.98z"></path><path d="M73.46 0v60h63.76V0zm46.69 45.76a11.35 11.35 0 01-5.29 4.24 22.16 22.16 0 01-8.86 1.63H90.19V8.41h12.21a22.73 22.73 0 019 1.44 11.31 11.31 0 014.93 4 9.67 9.67 0 011.8 5.93c.06 4.09-1.76 6.94-5.51 8.86a13.86 13.86 0 016.74 3.92 10.38 10.38 0 012.71 7.32 10.78 10.78 0 01-1.92 5.88zM146.93 0v60h63.76V0zM198 48.24a36.9 36.9 0 01-8.07 3 38.19 38.19 0 01-8.6.93 28.11 28.11 0 01-12.73-2.8 22.06 22.06 0 01-8.73-7.84 20.39 20.39 0 01-3.35-11.13 21.92 21.92 0 013.4-11.71 23 23 0 019-8A28.39 28.39 0 01182 7.86a35.63 35.63 0 017.52 1 58.32 58.32 0 018 2.65v8A40.05 40.05 0 00189.8 16a28.65 28.65 0 00-7.39-1.28 19.92 19.92 0 00-9 1.7 15.8 15.8 0 00-6.57 5.51 14.64 14.64 0 006.46 21.71 21.75 21.75 0 009.09 1.65 26.09 26.09 0 007.1-1.2 34.81 34.81 0 008.5-4z"></path></svg></div></div><noscript><div class="ssrcss-rjl2v3-ErrorMessage eitf6462"><div class="ssrcss-mufbiz-StyledInnerContainer eitf6461"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">This video can not be played</p><h2 class="ssrcss-1qr3f1s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser.</h2></div></div></noscript></div></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-mh139p-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Media caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-1yybcoc-Stack e1y4nx260">Watch: What Americans think of Biden's Ukraine response</div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">It would be naive to be swept away by the romanticism of Zelensky's speeches or to succumb to the dopamine high of watching the seizure of Russian-owned super-yachts unfold on social media. Putin is intensifying the war. But the last week has sent a message to Moscow - and to Beijing as well - that the post-war international order still continues to function, despite the deployment of the Russian war machine to bring about its collapse. Just as history never ended, nor has liberal democracy.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">As Joe Biden put it in his State of the Union, during a passage in which rhetoric served also as sober analysis: Putin "thought he could roll into Ukraine and the world would roll over. Instead, he met a wall of resistance he never imagined".</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00"><i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2">Nick Bryant is the author of When America Stopped Being Great: a history of the present. He is the former New York correspondent for the BBC and now lives in Sydney.</i></p></div></div><section data-component="tag-list" class="ssrcss-2z3pjz-SectionWrapper e1nh2i2l2"><div class="ssrcss-1ydmugk-StyledTagContainer ed0g1kj1"><div class="ssrcss-4c4zzp-SectionHeaderWrapper e1nh2i2l3"><h2 class="ssrcss-18xk9km-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">Related Topics</h2></div><div class="ssrcss-i7uuy0-Cluster e1ihwmse1"><ul role="list" spacing="2" class="ssrcss-d7aixc-ClusterItems e1ihwmse0"><li><a href="/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/c1vw6q14rzqt" class="ssrcss-1yno9a1-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">Russia-Ukraine war</a></li><li><a href="/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/ce1qrvlegnyt" class="ssrcss-1yno9a1-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cvenzmgywd4t" class="ssrcss-1yno9a1-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">Vladimir Putin</a></li><li><a href="/web/20220311205243/https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cx1m7zg0gzdt" 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crisis: The West fights back against Putin the disruptor\",\"indexImage\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Vladimir Putin\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"locator\":\"E49A/production/_123522585_putin_976getty.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"cpsprodpb\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}],\"alt\":\"Vladimir 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ago\",\"publishedDateTime\":\"2022-03-06T07:25:00.000Z\",\"translations\":{\"aroundTheBBC\":\"Around the BBC\",\"externalLinksWarningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"published\":\"Published\",\"relatedInternetLinks\":\"Related Internet Links\",\"seeAlsos\":\"More on this story\",\"socialEmbed\":{\"instagram\":{\"warningText\":null,\"linkText\":null},\"facebook\":{\"warningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"linkText\":\"View original post on Facebook\"},\"twitter\":{\"warningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"linkText\":\"View original tweet on Twitter\"},\"youtube\":{\"warningText\":\"Warning: Third party content may contain adverts\",\"linkText\":null}},\"tagList\":\"Related Topics\",\"updated\":\"Updated\"}},\"headline\":\"Ukraine crisis: The West fights back against Putin the disruptor\",\"content\":{\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Vladimir Putin\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/10BAA/production/_123522586_putin_976getty.jpg 976w\"},\"emphasiseImage\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Successive US presidents have struggled to get the measure of Vladimir Putin but now that Brussels and Berlin have joined the fray with such resolve, it's a different story, writes Nick Bryant.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Successive US presidents have struggled to get the measure of Vladimir Putin but now that Brussels and Berlin have joined the fray with such resolve, it's a different story, writes Nick Bryant.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is often tempting to look upon Vladimir Putin as the millennium bug in a human and deadly form. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is often tempting to look upon Vladimir Putin as the millennium bug in a human and deadly form. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Russian president rose to power on 31 December 1999, as the world held its breath that computers would go into meltdown when the clock struck midnight, unable to process the change from 1999 to 2000. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Russian president rose to power on 31 December 1999, as the world held its breath that computers would go into meltdown when the clock struck midnight, unable to process the change from 1999 to 2000. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the 20 years since, Putin has been trying to engineer a different kind of global system malfunction, the destruction of the liberal international order. The former KGB spymaster wanted to turn back the clock: to revive Russia's tsarist greatness and to restore the might and menace of the Soviet Union prior to its break-up in 1991. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the 20 years since, Putin has been trying to engineer a different kind of global system malfunction, the destruction of the liberal international order. The former KGB spymaster wanted to turn back the clock: to revive Russia's tsarist greatness and to restore the might and menace of the Soviet Union prior to its break-up in 1991. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This Russian revanchist has become the most disruptive international leader of the 21st Century, the mastermind behind so much misery from Chechnya to Crimea, from Syria to the cathedral city of Salisbury. He has sought - successfully at times - to redraw the map of Europe. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This Russian revanchist has become the most disruptive international leader of the 21st Century, the mastermind behind so much misery from Chechnya to Crimea, from Syria to the cathedral city of Salisbury. He has sought - successfully at times - to redraw the map of Europe. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He has tried - successfully at times - to immobilise the United Nations. He has been determined - successfully at times - to weaken America, and hasten its division and decline.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He has tried - successfully at times - to immobilise the United Nations. He has been determined - successfully at times - to weaken America, and hasten its division and decline.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Follow the latest updates from inside Ukraine\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60532634\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Follow the latest updates from inside Ukraine\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Putin came to power at a moment of western hubris. The United States was the sole superpower in a unipolar world. Francis Fukuyama's End of History thesis, proclaiming the triumph of liberal democracy, was widely accepted. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Putin came to power at a moment of western hubris. The United States was the sole superpower in a unipolar world. Francis Fukuyama's End of History thesis, proclaiming the triumph of liberal democracy, was widely accepted. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some economists even peddled the theory that recessions would be no more, partly because of the productivity gains of the new digital economy. It was also thought that globalisation, and the interdependence it wrought, would stop major economic powers fighting wars. The same utopianism attached itself to the internet, which was seen overwhelmingly as a force for global good.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some economists even peddled the theory that recessions would be no more, partly because of the productivity gains of the new digital economy. It was also thought that globalisation, and the interdependence it wrought, would stop major economic powers fighting wars. The same utopianism attached itself to the internet, which was seen overwhelmingly as a force for global good.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"An honour guard greets Air Force One on the Moscow tarmac in 2002\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"An honour guard greets Air Force One on the Moscow tarmac in 2002\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":651,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/ED32/production/_123522706_af1_976getty.jpg 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the early days especially, the same misplaced optimism and wishful thinking coloured the west's approach to Putin - a figure, it is now obvious, who was trying to buck history and thwart democratisation, however many lives were lost in the process. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the early days especially, the same misplaced optimism and wishful thinking coloured the west's approach to Putin - a figure, it is now obvious, who was trying to buck history and thwart democratisation, however many lives were lost in the process. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Successive US presidents have played into his hands. Bill Clinton, the occupant of the White House when Putin came to power, handed this ultra-nationalist a popular grievance by pushing for the expansion of Nato right up to Russia's borders. As George F Kennan, the famed architect of America's Cold War strategy of containment, warned at the time: \\\"Expanding Nato would be the most fateful error of America policy in the entire post-Cold War era.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Successive US presidents have played into his hands. Bill Clinton, the occupant of the White House when Putin came to power, handed this ultra-nationalist a popular grievance by pushing for the expansion of Nato right up to Russia's borders. As George F Kennan, the famed architect of America's Cold War strategy of containment, warned at the time: \\\"Expanding Nato would be the most fateful error of America policy in the entire post-Cold War era.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why Biden won't send troops to Ukraine\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-60499385\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why Biden won't send troops to Ukraine\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"George W Bush completely misjudged his Russian counterpart. \\\"I looked the man in the eye,\\\" Bush famously said after their first meeting in Slovenia in 2001. \\\"I found him very straightforward and trustworthy… I was able to get a sense of his soul.\\\" Bush mistakenly thought he could mount a charm offensive with Putin, and gently cajole him further down the democratic path. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"George W Bush completely misjudged his Russian counterpart. \\\"I looked the man in the eye,\\\" Bush famously said after their first meeting in Slovenia in 2001. \\\"I found him very straightforward and trustworthy… I was able to get a sense of his soul.\\\" Bush mistakenly thought he could mount a charm offensive with Putin, and gently cajole him further down the democratic path. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But even though Bush visited Russia more than any other country - including, as a personal favour, two trips in 2002 to Putin's home city, St Petersburg - the Russian leader was already displaying dangerously despotic tendencies. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But even though Bush visited Russia more than any other country - including, as a personal favour, two trips in 2002 to Putin's home city, St Petersburg - the Russian leader was already displaying dangerously despotic tendencies. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In 2008, Bush's final year as president, Putin invaded Georgia - what he called a \\\"peace enforcement operation\\\". The Kremlin argued then - and has continued to argue ever since - that it was hypocritical for Washington to complain about this violation of international law after Bush had invaded Iraq. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In 2008, Bush's final year as president, Putin invaded Georgia - what he called a \\\"peace enforcement operation\\\". The Kremlin argued then - and has continued to argue ever since - that it was hypocritical for Washington to complain about this violation of international law after Bush had invaded Iraq. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"George Bush hosted Vladimir Putin at his Texas ranch...\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"George Bush hosted Vladimir Putin at his Texas ranch\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/C622/production/_123522705_bush_976getty.jpg 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"...which caused some excitement locally\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"T-shirt saying 'The Russians are coming'\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":651,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/7802/production/_123522703_tshirt_976getty.jpg 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Barack Obama sought to reframe US-Russian relations. His first secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, even handed her Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov a mock reset button (which was mistakenly labelled with the Russian word for \\\"overloaded\\\"). But Putin knew that America, after its long wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, no longer wanted to police the world. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Barack Obama sought to reframe US-Russian relations. His first secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, even handed her Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov a mock reset button (which was mistakenly labelled with the Russian word for \\\"overloaded\\\"). But Putin knew that America, after its long wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, no longer wanted to police the world. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When Obama refused in 2013 to enforce his red-line warning against Bashar al-Assad when the Syrian dictator used chemical weapons against his own people, Putin saw a green light. By helping Assad carry out his murderous war, he extended Moscow's sphere of influence in the Middle East when the United States wanted to extract itself from the region. The following year, he annexed Crimea, and established a foothold in eastern Ukraine. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When Obama refused in 2013 to enforce his red-line warning against Bashar al-Assad when the Syrian dictator used chemical weapons against his own people, Putin saw a green light. By helping Assad carry out his murderous war, he extended Moscow's sphere of influence in the Middle East when the United States wanted to extract itself from the region. The following year, he annexed Crimea, and established a foothold in eastern Ukraine. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Despite being told by Obama to \\\"cut it out,\\\" Putin even sought to influence the outcome of the 2016 presidential election in the hope that Hillary Clinton, a long-time nemesis, would be defeated and that Donald Trump, a long-time fan boy, would win.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Despite being told by Obama to \\\"cut it out,\\\" Putin even sought to influence the outcome of the 2016 presidential election in the hope that Hillary Clinton, a long-time nemesis, would be defeated and that Donald Trump, a long-time fan boy, would win.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The New York property tycoon made no secret of his admiration for Putin, a sycophantic approach that seems to have further emboldened the Russian president. Much to Moscow's delight, Trump publicly criticised Nato, weakened the US post-war alliance system and became such a polarising figure that he left America more politically divided than at any time since the Civil War. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The New York property tycoon made no secret of his admiration for Putin, a sycophantic approach that seems to have further emboldened the Russian president. Much to Moscow's delight, Trump publicly criticised Nato, weakened the US post-war alliance system and became such a polarising figure that he left America more politically divided than at any time since the Civil War. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"line\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":2,\"width\":624,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More coverage of Ukraine crisis\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More coverage of Ukraine crisis\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"More-coverage-of-Ukraine-crisis\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"War in Ukraine: More coverage \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"War in Ukraine: More coverage \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"War-in-Ukraine-More-coverage-\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"LIVE: \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Latest updates from on the ground\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60635927\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Latest updates from on the ground\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"IN KYIV: \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Locals fear another Grozny or Aleppo\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60631433\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Locals fear another Grozny or Aleppo\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"EXPLAINED: \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why Putin has invaded Ukraine?\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-56720589\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why Putin has invaded Ukraine?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"IN DEPTH: \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Full coverage of the conflict\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-60525350\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Full coverage of the conflict\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"line\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":2,\"width\":624,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Arguably, then, you have to reach back 30 years to find a US leader whose approach to the Kremlin has stood the test of time. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, George Herbert Walker Bush resisted the temptation to rejoice in America's Cold War victory - much to the astonishment of the White House press pack, he refused to travel to Berlin for a victory lap - knowing that it would bolster hardliners in the Politburo and military seeking to oust Mikhail Gorbachev. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Arguably, then, you have to reach back 30 years to find a US leader whose approach to the Kremlin has stood the test of time. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, George Herbert Walker Bush resisted the temptation to rejoice in America's Cold War victory - much to the astonishment of the White House press pack, he refused to travel to Berlin for a victory lap - knowing that it would bolster hardliners in the Politburo and military seeking to oust Mikhail Gorbachev. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"That magnanimity in victory helped when it came to bringing about the reunification of Germany, which was arguably Bush's greatest foreign policy success. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"That magnanimity in victory helped when it came to bringing about the reunification of Germany, which was arguably Bush's greatest foreign policy success. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Putin is obviously a more formidable adversary, harder to deal with than even Leonid Brezhnev or Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis. But since the turn of the century no US president has truly had his measure.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Putin is obviously a more formidable adversary, harder to deal with than even Leonid Brezhnev or Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis. But since the turn of the century no US president has truly had his measure.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Bill Clinton pushed for the expansion of Nato which some said was a mistake\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Bill Clinton in Pristina, Kosovo\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":645,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/06BA/production/_123522710_clinton_976getty.jpg 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Joe Biden, like George Herbert Walker Bush, is a Cold War warrior, who has dedicated his presidency to defending democracy at home and abroad. Seeking to re-establish America's traditional post-war role as the leader of the free world, he has sought to mobilise the international community, offered military aid to Ukraine and adopted the toughest sanction regime ever targeted against Putin. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Joe Biden, like George Herbert Walker Bush, is a Cold War warrior, who has dedicated his presidency to defending democracy at home and abroad. Seeking to re-establish America's traditional post-war role as the leader of the free world, he has sought to mobilise the international community, offered military aid to Ukraine and adopted the toughest sanction regime ever targeted against Putin. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As Russian forces amassed at the border, he also shared US intelligence showing that Putin had decided to invade, in ways that sought to disrupt the Kremlin's usual misinformation campaigns and false flag operations. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As Russian forces amassed at the border, he also shared US intelligence showing that Putin had decided to invade, in ways that sought to disrupt the Kremlin's usual misinformation campaigns and false flag operations. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"His State of the Union address became a rallying cry. \\\"Freedom will always triumph over tyranny,\\\" he said. And while Biden does not speak with the clarity or force of a Kennedy or a Reagan, it was nonetheless a significant speech.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"His State of the Union address became a rallying cry. \\\"Freedom will always triumph over tyranny,\\\" he said. And while Biden does not speak with the clarity or force of a Kennedy or a Reagan, it was nonetheless a significant speech.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What's been striking since the Russian invasion started, however, has been the assertion of forceful presidential leadership from elsewhere. Volodymyr Zelensky has been lauded and lionised, as he has continued this extraordinary personal journey from comedian to Churchillian colossus.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What's been striking since the Russian invasion started, however, has been the assertion of forceful presidential leadership from elsewhere. Volodymyr Zelensky has been lauded and lionised, as he has continued this extraordinary personal journey from comedian to Churchillian colossus.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Zelensky: A comedian president rising to the moment\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-59667938\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Zelensky: A comedian president rising to the moment\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In Brussels, the president of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, has been another commanding presence. This former German politician has been a driving force behind the decision, for the first time in EU history, to finance and purchase weapons for a nation under attack, a commitment that includes not just ammunition but fighter jets as well. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In Brussels, the president of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, has been another commanding presence. This former German politician has been a driving force behind the decision, for the first time in EU history, to finance and purchase weapons for a nation under attack, a commitment that includes not just ammunition but fighter jets as well. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Ursula von der Leyen\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Ursula von der Leyen\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/2A8E/production/_123549801_ursula_getty976.png 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Her compatriot, the new Chancellor of Germany Olaf Scholz, has also shown more resolve in dealing with Putin than his predecessor Angela Merkel. At warp speed, he has overturned decades of post-Cold War German foreign policy, an approach so often predicated on caution and timidity towards the Russian leader. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Her compatriot, the new Chancellor of Germany Olaf Scholz, has also shown more resolve in dealing with Putin than his predecessor Angela Merkel. At warp speed, he has overturned decades of post-Cold War German foreign policy, an approach so often predicated on caution and timidity towards the Russian leader. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Berlin has sent anti-tank and anti-aircraft systems to Ukraine (ending the policy of not sending weapons to active war zones), halted the Nord Stream 2 Baltic Sea gas pipeline project, withdrawn its opposition to blocking Russia from the SWIFT international payments system, and even committed to spending 2% of its GDP on defence spending.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Berlin has sent anti-tank and anti-aircraft systems to Ukraine (ending the policy of not sending weapons to active war zones), halted the Nord Stream 2 Baltic Sea gas pipeline project, withdrawn its opposition to blocking Russia from the SWIFT international payments system, and even committed to spending 2% of its GDP on defence spending.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Putin's war prompts dramatic German U-turn\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60549916\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Putin's war prompts dramatic German U-turn\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The biggest assault on a European state since World War Two has stiffened European resolve. But so, too, it seems has the relative weakness of America. Mindful of the botched US withdrawal from Afghanistan and possibility of a Trump 2.0 presidency, European leaders seem to have realised that they can no longer lean so heavily on Washington to defend democracy in this hour of maximum peril. Leadership of the free world has, in this crisis, become a common endeavour.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The biggest assault on a European state since World War Two has stiffened European resolve. But so, too, it seems has the relative weakness of America. Mindful of the botched US withdrawal from Afghanistan and possibility of a Trump 2.0 presidency, European leaders seem to have realised that they can no longer lean so heavily on Washington to defend democracy in this hour of maximum peril. Leadership of the free world has, in this crisis, become a common endeavour.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Even since the end of the Cold War, Washington has been calling upon European nations to do more to police its own neighbourhood, something they failed to do when the break-up of the former Yugoslavia sparked the Bosnian war. Historians may well conclude that it took a combination of Putin's aggressiveness, America's fragility, Ukraine's heroic resolve and the fear that Europe's post-war stability is truly on the line to finally make that happen. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Even since the end of the Cold War, Washington has been calling upon European nations to do more to police its own neighbourhood, something they failed to do when the break-up of the former Yugoslavia sparked the Bosnian war. Historians may well conclude that it took a combination of Putin's aggressiveness, America's fragility, Ukraine's heroic resolve and the fear that Europe's post-war stability is truly on the line to finally make that happen. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"media\",\"model\":{\"caption\":\"Watch: What Americans think of Biden's Ukraine response\",\"media\":{\"__typename\":\"ElementsMediaPlayer\",\"items\":[{\"id\":\"p0brvxvt\",\"title\":\"What Americans think of Biden's Ukraine response\",\"holdingImageUrl\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0brw29f.jpg\",\"kind\":\"programme\",\"isEmbeddingAllowed\":true,\"isAdvertisingAllowed\":true}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It would be naive to be swept away by the romanticism of Zelensky's speeches or to succumb to the dopamine high of watching the seizure of Russian-owned super-yachts unfold on social media. Putin is intensifying the war. But the last week has sent a message to Moscow - and to Beijing as well - that the post-war international order still continues to function, despite the deployment of the Russian war machine to bring about its collapse. Just as history never ended, nor has liberal democracy.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It would be naive to be swept away by the romanticism of Zelensky's speeches or to succumb to the dopamine high of watching the seizure of Russian-owned super-yachts unfold on social media. Putin is intensifying the war. But the last week has sent a message to Moscow - and to Beijing as well - that the post-war international order still continues to function, despite the deployment of the Russian war machine to bring about its collapse. Just as history never ended, nor has liberal democracy.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As Joe Biden put it in his State of the Union, during a passage in which rhetoric served also as sober analysis: Putin \\\"thought he could roll into Ukraine and the world would roll over. Instead, he met a wall of resistance he never imagined\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As Joe Biden put it in his State of the Union, during a passage in which rhetoric served also as sober analysis: Putin \\\"thought he could roll into Ukraine and the world would roll over. Instead, he met a wall of resistance he never imagined\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Nick Bryant is the author of When America Stopped Being Great: a history of the present. He is the former New York correspondent for the BBC and now lives in Sydney.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Nick Bryant is the author of When America Stopped Being Great: a history of the present. 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