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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes_and_subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes_and_subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Themes and subgenres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes_and_subgenres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes and subgenres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes_and_subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Romance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pornography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pornography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pornography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pornography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_manga_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_manga_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparison to other manga categories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_other_manga_categories-sublist" 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id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Josei</i> manga</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="مانغا جوسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانغا جوسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Josei manga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosey" title="Cosey – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cosey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEosei" title="Džosei – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džosei" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Josei manga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="جوسی مانگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوسی مانگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1_%EB%A7%8C%ED%99%94" title="여성 만화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여성 만화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Ջոսեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոսեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_josei" title="Manga josei – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manga josei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99" title="ג'וסיי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וסיי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_josei" title="Manga josei – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manga josei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="女性漫画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="女性漫画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei-manga" title="Josei-manga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Josei-manga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%91%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Дзёсэй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дзёсэй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="جۆسیی مانگا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆسیی مانگا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_d%C5%BEosej" title="Manga džosej – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Manga džosej" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_na_josei" title="Manga na josei – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manga na josei" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B" title="โจเซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โจเซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei" title="Josei – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Josei" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Джьосей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джьосей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Josei manga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="女性漫画 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="女性漫画" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q503106#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Manga aimed at adult women</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Josei" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Josei_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Josei (disambiguation)">Josei (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_kourei_don1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Top_kourei_don1.png/260px-Top_kourei_don1.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Top_kourei_don1.png/390px-Top_kourei_don1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Top_kourei_don1.png/520px-Top_kourei_don1.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Cover illustration to the <i>josei</i> manga series <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Drei_Shussan_Don_to_Koi!!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kōrei Shussan Don to Koi!! (page does not exist)">Kōrei Shussan Don to Koi!!</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%BD%A2%E5%87%BA%E7%94%A3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A8%E3%81%93%E3%81%84!!" class="extiw" title="ja:高齢出産ドンとこい!!">ja</a>]</span></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motoko_Fujita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motoko Fujita (page does not exist)">Motoko Fujita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E7%94%B0%E7%B4%A0%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="ja:藤田素子">ja</a>]</span>, an autobiography chronicling the author's pregnancy at the age of 43</figcaption></figure> <p><b><i>Josei</i> manga</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">女性漫画</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "women's comics", <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[dʑoseː]</a></span>)</span>, also known as <b>ladies' comics</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">レディースコミック</span></span>)</span> and its abbreviation <i><b>redikomi </b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">レディコミ</span></span>, "lady-comi")</span>, is an editorial category of <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Japanese comics</a> that emerged in the 1980s. In a strict sense, <i>josei</i> refers to manga marketed to an audience of adult women, contrasting <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga"><i>shōjo</i> manga</a>, which is marketed to an audience of girls and young adult women.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, the distinction between <i>shōjo</i> and <i>josei</i> is often tenuous; while the two were initially divergent categories, many manga works exhibit narrative and stylistic traits associated with both <i>shōjo</i> and <i>josei</i> manga. This distinction is further complicated by a third manga editorial category, <b>young ladies</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ヤングレディース</span></span>)</span>, which emerged in the late 1980s as an intermediate category between <i>shōjo</i> and <i>josei</i>. </p><p><i>Josei</i> manga is traditionally printed in dedicated <a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">manga magazines</a> which often specialize in a specific subgenre, typically <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>. While <i>josei</i> dramas are, in most cases, <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realist</a> stories about the lives of ordinary women, romance <i>josei</i> manga are typically <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a>–influenced <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramas</a>, while pornographic <i>josei</i> manga shares many common traits with <a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">pornographic manga for a heterosexual male audience</a>. The emergence of manga for an adult female audience as a category in the 1980s was preceded by the rise of <i><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">gekiga</a></i> in the 1950s and 1960s, which sought to use manga to tell serious and grounded stories aimed at adult audiences, and by the development of more narratively complex <i>shōjo</i> manga by artists associated with the <a href="/wiki/Year_24_Group" title="Year 24 Group">Year 24 Group</a> in the 1970s. The category became stigmatized in the late 1980s as it came to be associated with pornographic manga, though it gained greater artistic legitimacy in the 1990s as it shifted to social issue-focused stories. <i>Josei</i> manga has been regularly adapted into <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> since the 2000s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several terms exist to describe manga aimed at an audience of adult women: </p> <dl><dt>Ladies' comics<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">レディースコミック</span></span>)</span></dt> <dd>The first term used to describe this category of manga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto201112_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto201112-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <i><a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">wasei-eigo</a></i> construction where "ladies" is understood as a synonym for "women", thus indicating the adult-focused audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto201111_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto201111-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term developed a negative connotation in the 1990s as it came to be associated with low-quality and pornographic manga, though this connotation waned by the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto201112_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto201112-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thorn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An abbreviation of ladies' comics is <i><b>redikomi</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">レディコミ</span></span>, "lady-comi")</span>, and in Japan, this abbreviation is the most commonly-used term for this category of manga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200269_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200269-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Young ladies<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ヤングレディース</span></span>)</span></dt> <dd>A <i>wasei-eigo</i> term denoting an intermediate category positioned between manga for adult women and <i>shōjo</i> manga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003792_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003792-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Josei</i> manga<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">女性漫画</span></span>)</span></dt> <dd>A term originated by critics and academics in the late 1990s to distinguish all manga aimed at adult women from <i>shōjo</i> manga.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorn_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not commonly used among general Japanese audiences,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the term most commonly used by Western audiences to describe this category of manga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201081_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201081-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239945135">.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-heading{background:lavender}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist anime-and-manga"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anime_eye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/70px-Anime_eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/105px-Anime_eye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/140px-Anime_eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Anime</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan" title="Voice acting in Japan">Voice acting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_animation_studios" title="List of Japanese animation studios">Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">Longest series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">Longest franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Manga</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_publishers" title="List of manga publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_outside_Japan" title="Manga outside Japan">International market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_artist" title="Manga artist">Manga artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heta-uma" title="Heta-uma">Heta-uma</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(manga)" title="New Wave (manga)">New Wave</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_cafe" title="Manga cafe">Manga cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">Best-selling series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_series_by_volume_count" title="List of manga series by volume count">Longest series</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Demographic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōnen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōjo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Seinen</i></span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Josei</i></span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_by_genre" title="Category:Anime and manga by genre">Genres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bara</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_love" title="Boys' love">Boys' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Manga artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">Anime directors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Fandom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujinshi</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujin</i></span> shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujinshi</i></span> printer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">Conventions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_club" title="Anime club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yaoi</i></span> fandom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anime_and_manga" title="Glossary of anime and manga">Glossary</a> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Moe</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nijikon" title="Nijikon">Nijikon</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.5D_musical" title="2.5D musical">2.5D musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">Anime-influenced animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyAnimeList" title="MyAnimeList">MyAnimeList</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/16px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/24px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/32px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga" title="Portal:Anime and manga">Anime and manga portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anime_and_manga" title="Template talk:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While manga aimed at a female audience has an extensive history that is expressed through the development of <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga"><i>shōjo</i> manga</a>, for much of its history <i>shōjo</i> manga was targeted exclusively at an audience of children and young girls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToku2015171_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToku2015171-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This status quo began to shift in the late 1950s with the emergence of the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">gekiga</a></i>, which sought to use manga to tell serious and grounded stories aimed at adult audiences. By the late 1960s, <i>gekiga</i> was a mainstream artistic movement, and in 1968, the women's magazine <i>Josei Seven</i> published the first <i>gekiga</i> manga aimed at a female audience: <i>Mashūko Banka</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">摩周湖晩夏</span></span>)</span> by <a href="/wiki/Miyako_Maki" title="Miyako Maki">Miyako Maki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToku2015171_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToku2015171-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maki was a <i>shōjo</i> manga artist who debuted in the late 1950s and pivoted to <i>gekiga</i> as her original audience aged into adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToku2015171_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToku2015171-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two magazines dedicated to women's <i>gekiga</i> were founded shortly thereafter: <i>Funny</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ファニー</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Fanī</i></span>)</span> by <a href="/wiki/Mushi_Production" title="Mushi Production">Mushi Production</a> in 1969, and <i>Papillon</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">パピヨン</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Papiyon</i></span>)</span> by <a href="/wiki/Futabasha" title="Futabasha">Futabasha</a> in 1972, though neither were commercially successful and both folded after several issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto201111_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto201111-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the commercial failure of women's <i>gekiga</i>, the 1970s nonetheless saw the significant development of <i>shōjo</i> manga through the efforts of artists in the <a href="/wiki/Year_24_Group" title="Year 24 Group">Year 24 Group</a>. The Year 24 Group contributed significantly to the development of <i>shōjo</i> manga by creating manga stories that were more psychologically complex, and which dealt directly with topics of politics and sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShamoon2012102_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShamoon2012102-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Junya_Yamamoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Junya Yamamoto (page does not exist)">Junya Yamamoto</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9C%AC%E9%A0%86%E4%B9%9F" class="extiw" title="ja:山本順也">ja</a>]</span>, who as editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_Comic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōjo Comic">Shōjo Comic</a></i> published multiple works by the Year 24 Group, became the founding editor of the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Petit_Flower" title="Petit Flower">Petit Flower</a></i> in 1980, which targeted an older teen readership and published adult-focused works by Year 24 Group members <a href="/wiki/Moto_Hagio" title="Moto Hagio">Moto Hagio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Takemiya" title="Keiko Takemiya">Keiko Takemiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-du9_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-du9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fausto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fausto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the readership of <i>shōjo</i> manga widened from its historical audience of children to incorporate teenagers and young adult women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201082_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201082-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publishers sought to exploit this new market of mature <i>shōjo</i> readers by creating dedicated magazines, which came to be described using the genre name "ladies' comics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200269_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200269-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable magazines include <i><a href="/wiki/Be_Love" title="Be Love">Be Love</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Kodansha" title="Kodansha">Kodansha</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/You_(Japanese_magazine)" title="You (Japanese magazine)">You</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shueisha" title="Shueisha">Shueisha</a> in 1980, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Comic_for_Lady&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Comic for Lady (page does not exist)">Big Comic for Lady</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" class="extiw" title="ja:ビッグコミックフォアレディ">ja</a>]</span></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shogakukan" title="Shogakukan">Shogakukan</a> in 1981;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201082_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201082-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all three magazines shared the common traits of originating as special issues of <i>shōjo</i> manga magazines that were spun off into regular publications, and an editorial focus on romance stories that emphasized sex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201082_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201082-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open depictions of sexual acts came to be a defining trait of ladies' comics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200270_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200270-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to the editorial restrictions still placed on sexual depictions in <i>shōjo</i> manga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003784_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003784-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manga artist <a href="/wiki/Milk_Morizono" title="Milk Morizono">Milk Morizono</a>, renowned for her "<a href="/wiki/Porno_chic" class="mw-redirect" title="Porno chic">porn-chic</a>" stories, emerged as one of the most popular ladies' comics authors of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201082_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201082-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ladies' comics magazines proliferated rapidly in the latter half of the decade, from eight magazines in 1984, to 19 in 1985, to 48 in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003780_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003780-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1990s, large commercially-published ladies' comics magazines declined as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decade_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Decade (Japan)">Lost Decade</a> and corresponding economic crisis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201081_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201081-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the proliferation of smaller magazines focused on erotic and pornographic content. Consequently, ladies' comics developed a reputation as being "female pornography".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200271_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200271-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporaneously, new manga magazines aimed at adult women in their early twenties emerged: <i><a href="/wiki/Young_You" title="Young You">Young You</a></i> in 1987, <i>Young Rose</i> in 1990, and <i><a href="/wiki/Feel_Young" title="Feel Young">Feel Young</a></i> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manga published in these magazines came to be referred to as "young ladies" manga, originating from the word "young" appearing in the title of all three magazines,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was positioned in the manga market as an intermediate category between <i>shōjo</i> and ladies comics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young ladies manga grew in popularity as <i>shōjo</i> artists who wished to create manga for an older audience while avoiding the stigma associated with ladies' comics migrated to the category.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201085_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201085-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a> also emerged as a subgenre of manga marketed towards women, which utilized the sex-focused narrative structure of ladies' comics, but with teenaged instead of adult protagonists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201085_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201085-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ladies' comic magazines responded to this new competition by focusing on manga addressing social issues. The strategy was successful, and by the late 1990s had gained greater legitimacy as a literary genre and attracted a more general audience, with multiple ladies' comics titles adapted as films and television series.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200271_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200271-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>josei</i> manga also emerged during this period, used primarily by academics to distinguish manga aimed at adult women from <i>shōjo</i> manga.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorn_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Josei</i> as a category is generally less popular than <i>shōjo</i>, <i>seinen</i>, and <i>shōnen</i> manga.<sup id="cite_ref-CBR_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBR-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, <i><a href="/wiki/You_(Japanese_magazine)" title="You (Japanese magazine)">You</a></i> was the top-selling <i>josei</i> manga magazine, with a reported circulation of 162,917; by comparison, the top-selling <i>shōjo</i> magazine that year (<i><a href="/wiki/Ciao_(magazine)" title="Ciao (magazine)">Ciao</a></i>) had a reported circulation of 745,455, while the top-selling <i>seinen</i> and <i>shōnen</i> magazines (<i><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Young_Jump" title="Weekly Young Jump">Weekly Young Jump</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump" title="Weekly Shōnen Jump">Weekly Shōnen Jump</a></i>) had reported circulations of 768,980 and 2.8 million, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> has been a significant influencing factor in attracting a mainstream audience to <i>josei</i> manga since the 2000s, with the <i>josei</i> series <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Kiss" title="Paradise Kiss">Paradise Kiss</a></i> (1999), <i><a href="/wiki/Bunny_Drop" title="Bunny Drop">Bunny Drop</a></i> (2005), <i><a href="/wiki/Chihayafuru" title="Chihayafuru">Chihayafuru</a></i> (2007), <i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Jellyfish" title="Princess Jellyfish">Princess Jellyfish</a></i> (2008), and <i><a href="/wiki/Eden_of_the_East" title="Eden of the East">Eden of the East</a></i> (2009) all either originating as popular anime, or enjoying breakout success after being adapted into anime.<sup id="cite_ref-CBR_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBR-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes_and_subgenres">Themes and subgenres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Themes and subgenres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three primary subgenres in <i>josei</i> manga: <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200270_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200270-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, drama and romance titles collectively represented roughly 80 percent of sales in the <i>josei</i> <a href="/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">collected volume</a> market, while pornography composed the remaining 20 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200271_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200271-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drama and romance titles are typically released by large Japanese publishing companies, while pornography is typically published by smaller publishing houses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200271_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200271-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <i>josei</i> dramas are <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realist</a> stories about the lives of ordinary women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003786_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003786-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stories are typically focused on a <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">working woman</a> in a given profession, most commonly a <a href="/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">housewife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_lady" title="Office lady">office lady</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">pink-collar worker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200272_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200272-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narratives typically focus on common personal issues such as dating, <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">childcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eldercare" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldercare">eldercare</a>, beauty standards, workplace issues, marital strife, or adultery. Many also address social issues, such as aging and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200273_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200273-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Josei</i> manga does also feature male protagonists, typically <i><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">bishōnen</a></i> (literally "beautiful boys", roughly analogous to the Western "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pretty_boy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pretty boy">pretty boy</a>") who often appear in stories with <a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">homoerotic</a> subtext.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stories are sometimes based on the experiences of readers themselves, who are actively invited to submit stories based on their own life experiences, and receive payment if their submissions are chosen to be adapted into manga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto2009115_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto2009115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Josei</i> manga magazines often publish special issues dedicated to a specific topic, such as issues devoted to divorce,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto2009118_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto2009118-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illnesses,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto2009116_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto2009116-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmetic surgery">cosmetic surgery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto2009119_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto2009119-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These topic-based issues occasionally include non-manga <a href="/wiki/Column_(periodical)" title="Column (periodical)">columns</a> that provide information about the subjects covered in the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto2009116_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto2009116-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist Kinko Itō considers that <i>josei</i> dramas serve as a form of <a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">catharsis</a> for the reader by depicting a character who is enduring greater hardship than they are,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto2009118_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto2009118-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while manga scholar Fusami Ogi considers <i>josei</i> dramas as presenting <a href="/wiki/Role_model" title="Role model">role models</a> and potential ways of life for female readers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003786_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003786-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance">Romance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Romance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Josei</i> romances typically eschew the realism of <i>josei</i> dramas, instead more closely resembling the heightened <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Harlequin_Enterprises" title="Harlequin Enterprises">Harlequin</a> romance novel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200274_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200274-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories often adhere to common <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance novel</a> story formulas, such as a woman who encounters a <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charming" title="Prince Charming">Prince Charming</a>-like man with whom she embarks on a variety of adventures and ultimately marries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200274_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200274-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual encounters between the protagonist and their partner are commonplace, while <a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">romantic fantasy</a> themes often manifest in the setting (frequently either foreign or historical) or through heroic protagonists (princes and princesses, ghosts, people who possess supernatural abilities, etc.). Variant sexual identities, such as gay and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> characters, also appear in these narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200275_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200275-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Josei</i> romances target both a younger and older readership, with many stories aimed at teenaged girls, as evidenced by the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">furigana</a> as a reading aid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200274_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200274-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pornography">Pornography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pornography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pornographic <i>josei</i> manga shares many common traits with <a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">pornographic manga for a heterosexual male audience</a>, though stories are typically written from a female rather than male <a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">point of view</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003784–785_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003784–785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traits common to heterosexual pornography, such as female domination and objectification, similarly recur in pornographic <i>josei</i> manga; a common story formula in <i>josei</i> pornography is one in which a shy and intelligent woman is transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Nymphomaniac" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphomaniac">nymphomaniac</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Sex_slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex slave">sex slave</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a> relationships also appear in pornographic <i>josei</i> manga, suggesting a lesbian readership of <i>josei</i> manga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200279_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200279-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manga scholar Deborah Shamoon considers that the appeal of pornographic <i>josei</i> for a female audience lies in the ability of drawn pornography to depict subjects that are not easily depicted in filmed pornography, such as the female <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShamoon200478_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShamoon200478-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_other_manga_categories">Comparison to other manga categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparison to other manga categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shōjo_manga"><span id="Sh.C5.8Djo_manga"></span><i>Shōjo</i> manga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shōjo manga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayu_Shinjo_-_2012_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mayu_Shinjo_-_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Mayu_Shinjo_-_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mayu_Shinjo_-_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Mayu_Shinjo_-_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mayu_Shinjo_-_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Mayu_Shinjo_-_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mayu_Shinjo" title="Mayu Shinjo">Mayu Shinjo</a>, one of several artists who has authored both <i>josei</i> and <i>shōjo</i> manga</figcaption></figure> <p>When <i>josei</i> manga initially emerged in the 1980s, it differentiated itself from <i>shōjo</i> manga by exploring adult topics such as work, sex, and life after marriage, and was directed at a readership of women who were "no longer a <i>shōjo</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003784–785_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003784–785-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manga scholar <a href="/wiki/Yukari_Fujimoto" title="Yukari Fujimoto">Yukari Fujimoto</a> notes this focus on realism as a primary distinguishing mark of <i>josei</i> stories, compared to the more fantastical narratives common in <i>shōjo</i> manga. This manifests in the careers commonly held by protagonists in each respective category: actresses, models, and musicians in <i>shōjo</i> manga, compared to ordinary working women in <i>josei</i> manga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003787_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003787-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fujimoto further considers depictions of marriage as a primary dividing line between the categories, with <i>shōjo</i> depicting life before marriage, and <i>josei</i> depicting life afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003792_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003792-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the emergence of young ladies manga, distinctions between the categories have been increasingly blurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003792_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003792-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201092_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201092-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In narratives, protagonists of all ages can readily be found in both <i>shōjo</i> and <i>josei</i> manga, with <i>shōjo</i> stories featuring adult protagonists and <i>josei</i> stories focusing on teens and younger characters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201084_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201084-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories that depict sex have been published in <i>shōjo</i> manga magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sho-Comi" title="Sho-Comi">Sho-Comi</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201085_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201085-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while sex is virtually non-existent in some <i>josei</i> magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Flowers">Monthly Flowers</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201087_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201087-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the editorial level, there is no consistent standard for segmenting manga aimed at a female audience, with terminology and categories varying across decades, publishing houses, and magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201092_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201092-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 2000s, some large publishers such as <a href="/wiki/Shueisha" title="Shueisha">Shueisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kodansha" title="Kodansha">Kodansha</a> have grouped all manga magazines aimed at a female audience under a single category.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201090_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201090-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formatting of <i><a href="/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon" title="Tankōbon">tankōbon</a></i> bound volumes, where larger and more expensive books are traditionally reserved for titles aimed at an adult audience, similarly follow no formal rules, with adult manga sold in small and inexpensive formats and youth manga sold in large formats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201087_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201087-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is common for authors to create <i>shōjo</i> and <i>josei</i> manga simultaneously, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_Ozaki_(manga_artist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mari Ozaki (manga artist) (page does not exist)">Mari Ozaki</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8B%E3%81%96%E3%81%8D%E7%9C%9F%E9%87%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:おかざき真里">ja</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/George_Asakura" title="George Asakura">George Asakura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mayu_Shinjo" title="Mayu Shinjo">Mayu Shinjo</a> among the numerous artists who produce works across categories. This dynamic contrasts <i>shōnen</i> and <i>seinen</i> manga, where artists generally produce works in one category exclusively, and artists that do switch categories rarely switch back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201088–89_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201088–89-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shōnen_and_seinen_manga"><span id="Sh.C5.8Dnen_and_seinen_manga"></span><i>Shōnen</i> and <i>seinen</i> manga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shōnen and seinen manga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been several examples of <i>josei</i> works that share common traits with <i>shōnen</i> and <i>seinen</i> manga, or that blur distinctions between the categories. <i><a href="/wiki/Saiyuki_(manga)" title="Saiyuki (manga)">Saiyuki</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Kazuya_Minekura" title="Kazuya Minekura">Kazuya Minekura</a> was serialized in the <i>shōnen</i> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_GFantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly GFantasy">Monthly GFantasy</a></i>, though its sequel <i>Saiyuki Reload</i> was published in the <i>josei</i> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Comic_Zero_Sum" title="Monthly Comic Zero Sum">Monthly Comic Zero Sum</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Fujio_Akatsuka" title="Fujio Akatsuka">Fujio Akatsuka</a>'s 1962 manga series <i><a href="/wiki/Osomatsu-kun" title="Osomatsu-kun">Osomatsu-kun</a></i> was originally serialized in <i><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Sunday" title="Weekly Shōnen Sunday">Weekly Shōnen Sunday</a></i>, though when the series was rebooted in 2015 as the anime series <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Osomatsu" title="Mr. Osomatsu">Mr. Osomatsu</a></i>, its manga spin-off was published in the <i>josei</i> magazines <i><a href="/wiki/You_(Japanese_magazine)" title="You (Japanese magazine)">You</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cookie_(Japanese_magazine)" title="Cookie (Japanese magazine)">Cookie</a></i>. Anthony Gramuglia of <i><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources" title="Comic Book Resources">Comic Book Resources</a></i> identifies the anime series <i><a href="/wiki/Lupin_the_Third:_The_Woman_Called_Fujiko_Mine" title="Lupin the Third: The Woman Called Fujiko Mine">Lupin the Third: The Woman Called Fujiko Mine</a></i>, part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lupin_the_Third" title="Lupin the Third">Lupin the Third</a></i> media franchise, as a notable <i>josei</i> adaptation of a <i>seinen</i> manga.<sup id="cite_ref-CBR_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBR-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal of women in American comics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The male equivalent of this division is <a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga"><i>seinen</i> manga</a> (marketed to adult and young adult men) and <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga"><i>shōnen</i> manga</a> (marketed to teens and young boys).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The publishing house <a href="/wiki/Ohzora_Publishing" title="Ohzora Publishing">Ohzora Publishing</a> publishes Harlequin novels adapted as <i>josei</i> manga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200274_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200274-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto201112-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto201112_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto201112_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIto2011">Ito 2011</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto201111-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto201111_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto201111_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIto2011">Ito 2011</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorn-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thorn_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorn_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorn_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThorn" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Thorn" title="Rachel Thorn">Thorn, Rachel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118080220/http://matt-thorn.com/shoujo_manga/whatisandisnt.php">"What Shôjo Manga Are and Are Not: A Quick Guide for the Confused"</a>. <i>Matt-Thorn.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matt-thorn.com/shoujo_manga/whatisandisnt.php">the original</a> on November 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matt-Thorn.com&rft.atitle=What+Sh%C3%B4jo+Manga+Are+and+Are+Not%3A+A+Quick+Guide+for+the+Confused&rft.aulast=Thorn&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmatt-thorn.com%2Fshoujo_manga%2Fwhatisandisnt.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIto200269-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200269_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIto200269_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIto2002">Ito 2002</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003792-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003792_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003792_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003792_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOgi2003">Ogi 2003</a>, p. 792.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgi2003791_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOgi2003">Ogi 2003</a>, p. 791.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPham201081-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201081_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPham201081_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPham2010">Pham 2010</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToku2015171-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToku2015171_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToku2015171_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToku2015171_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToku2015">Toku 2015</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShamoon2012102-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShamoon2012102_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShamoon2012">Shamoon 2012</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-du9-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-du9_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrient" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brient, Hervé. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.du9.org/dossier/hagio-moto-une-artiste-au-coeur-du-manga-moderne/">"Hagio Moto, une artiste au cœur du manga moderne"</a>. <i>du9</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="citation journal cs1">Ito, Kinko (August 2002). "The World of Japanese Ladies' Comics: From Romantic Fantasy to Lustful Perversion". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Popular_Culture" title="The Journal of Popular Culture">The Journal of Popular Culture</a></i>. <b>36</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>: 68–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540-5931.00031">10.1111/1540-5931.00031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=The+World+of+Japanese+Ladies%27+Comics%3A+From+Romantic+Fantasy+to+Lustful+Perversion&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-85&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1540-5931.00031&rft.aulast=Ito&rft.aufirst=Kinko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIto2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ito, Kinko (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801212847/http://asian.fiu.edu/projects-and-grants/japan-studies-review/journal-archive/volume-xiii-2009/ito-ladies-comcs.pdf">"New Trends in the Production of Japanese Ladies' Comics: Diversification and Catharsis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Japan Studies Review</i>. <b>13</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asian.fiu.edu/projects-and-grants/japan-studies-review/journal-archive/volume-xiii-2009/ito-ladies-comcs.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=New+Trends+in+the+Production+of+Japanese+Ladies%27+Comics%3A+Diversification+and+Catharsis&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ito&rft.aufirst=Kinko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasian.fiu.edu%2Fprojects-and-grants%2Fjapan-studies-review%2Fjournal-archive%2Fvolume-xiii-2009%2Fito-ladies-comcs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIto2010" class="citation book cs1">Ito, Kinko (2010). <i>A Sociology of Japanese Ladies' Comics: Images of the Life, Loves, and Sexual Fantasies of Adult Japanese Women</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-1675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-1675-8"><bdi>978-0-7734-1675-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sociology+of+Japanese+Ladies%27+Comics%3A+Images+of+the+Life%2C+Loves%2C+and+Sexual+Fantasies+of+Adult+Japanese+Women&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-1675-8&rft.aulast=Ito&rft.aufirst=Kinko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIto2011" class="citation book cs1">Ito, Kinko (2011). "Chikae Ide, the Queen of Japanese Ladies' Comics: Her Life and Manga". In Perper, Timothy; Cornog, Martha (eds.). <i>Mangatopia: Essays on Manga and Anime in the Modern World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Libraries Unlimited</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591589082" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591589082"><bdi>978-1591589082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chikae+Ide%2C+the+Queen+of+Japanese+Ladies%27+Comics%3A+Her+Life+and+Manga&rft.btitle=Mangatopia%3A+Essays+on+Manga+and+Anime+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1591589082&rft.aulast=Ito&rft.aufirst=Kinko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ogi, Fusami (May 2003). "Female Subjectivity and Shoujo (Girls) Manga (Japanese Comics): Shoujo in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics". <i>The Journal of Popular Culture</i>. <b>36</b> (4). Wiley-Blackwell: 780–803. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1540-5931.00045">10.1111/1540-5931.00045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Female+Subjectivity+and+Shoujo+%28Girls%29+Manga+%28Japanese+Comics%29%3A+Shoujo+in+Ladies%27+Comics+and+Young+Ladies%27+Comics&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=780-803&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1540-5931.00045&rft.aulast=Ogi&rft.aufirst=Fusami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPham2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pham, Bruno (2010). "Le Manga au Féminin: <i>Shōjo/Josei</i>, La Frontière Floue". In Brient, Hervé (ed.). <i>Manga 10,000 Images</i> (in French). H Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9531781-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9531781-4-2"><bdi>978-2-9531781-4-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+Manga+au+F%C3%A9minin%3A+Sh%C5%8Djo%2FJosei%2C+La+Fronti%C3%A8re+Floue&rft.btitle=Manga+10%2C000+Images&rft.pub=H+Editions&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-9531781-4-2&rft.aulast=Pham&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamoon2004" class="citation journal cs1">Shamoon, Deborah (2004). Williams, Linda (ed.). "Office Sluts and Rebel Flowers: The Pleasure of Japanese Pornographic Comics for Women". <i><a href="/wiki/Porn_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Porn Studies">Porn Studies</a></i>: 77–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Porn+Studies&rft.atitle=Office+Sluts+and+Rebel+Flowers%3A+The+Pleasure+of+Japanese+Pornographic+Comics+for+Women&rft.pages=77-103&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shamoon&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamoon2012" class="citation book cs1">Shamoon, Deborah (2012). "The Revolution in 1970s Shōjo Manga". <i>Passionate Friendship: The Aesthetics of Girl's Culture in Japan</i>. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82483-542-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82483-542-2"><bdi>978-0-82483-542-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revolution+in+1970s+Sh%C5%8Djo+Manga&rft.btitle=Passionate+Friendship%3A+The+Aesthetics+of+Girl%27s+Culture+in+Japan&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-82483-542-2&rft.aulast=Shamoon&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToku2015" class="citation book cs1">Toku, Masami (2015). <i>International Perspectives on Shojo and Shojo Manga: The Influence of Girl Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31761-075-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31761-075-5"><bdi>978-1-31761-075-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Perspectives+on+Shojo+and+Shojo+Manga%3A+The+Influence+of+Girl+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-31761-075-5&rft.aulast=Toku&rft.aufirst=Masami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Clements" title="Jonathan Clements">Clements, Jonathan</a> (2010). "Living Happily Never After in Women's Manga". In Steiff, Josef; Barkman, Adam (eds.). <i>Manga & Philosophy</i>. Open Court. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812696790" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812696790"><bdi>978-0812696790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Living+Happily+Never+After+in+Women%27s+Manga&rft.btitle=Manga+%26+Philosophy&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0812696790&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Gretchen (2003). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ladies' Comics': Japan's Not-So-Underground Market in Pornography for Women". <i>US-Japan Women's Journal English Supplement</i>. <b>22</b>: 3–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US-Japan+Women%27s+Journal+English+Supplement&rft.atitle=%27Ladies%27+Comics%27%3A+Japan%27s+Not-So-Underground+Market+in+Pornography+for+Women&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=3-30&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gretchen (2005). "Bad Girls Like to Watch: Writing and Reading Ladies' Comics". In Miller, Laura; Bardsley, Jan (eds.). <i>Bad Girls of Japan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403969477" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403969477"><bdi>978-1403969477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bad+Girls+Like+to+Watch%3A+Writing+and+Reading+Ladies%27+Comics&rft.btitle=Bad+Girls+of+Japan&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1403969477&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosei+manga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&oldid=1257823187">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josei_manga&oldid=1257823187</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Josei_manga" title="Category:Josei manga">Josei manga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_terminology" title="Category:Anime and manga terminology">Anime and manga terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_entertainment" title="Category:Women's entertainment">Women's entertainment</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from May 2022">Use mdy dates from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Japanese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Japanese IPA">Pages with Japanese IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 20:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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