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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Xinglongwa_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Xinglongwa_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Xinglongwa site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Xinglongwa_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Hongshan_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hongshan_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Hongshan site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hongshan_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lower_Xiajiadian_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lower_Xiajiadian_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Lower Xiajiadian site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lower_Xiajiadian_site-sublist" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Inner Mongolia, China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Xinglonggou</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">兴隆沟</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Aohan_Banner" title="Aohan Banner">Aohan Banner</a>, Inner Mongolia, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> basin</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa culture</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan culture</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture">Lower Xiajiadian culture</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">2001-2003,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20151_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20151-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2012<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015346_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015346-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Xinglonggou</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> through <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> archaeological site complex consisting of three separate sites. The sites are located on a <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> slope above the left bank of the Mangniu River north of the Qilaotu Mountains in <a href="/wiki/Aohan_Banner" title="Aohan Banner">Aohan Banner</a>, Inner Mongolia, China. Xinglonggou is one of the most important sites of the early Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa culture</a> and provides evidence for the development of millet cultivation. The millet assemblage at Xinglonggou consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Broomcorn_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomcorn millet">broomcorn millet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen201283_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen201283-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xinglonggou is one of the few, early Neolithic sites in China for which systematic <a href="/wiki/Flotation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flotation (archaeology)">flotation</a> has been performed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeCrawfordLiuChen20071087–1092_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeCrawfordLiuChen20071087–1092-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinglonggou&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xinglonggou was discovered in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xinglonggou consists of three separate sites, each corresponding to a different archaeological culture. In chronological order, the oldest site (<i>Xinglonggou 1</i>) dates from around 8000 to 7500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> and is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa culture</a>; the next site (<i>Xinglonggou 2</i>) dates from around 5500 to 5000 BP and is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan culture</a>; the youngest site (<i>Xinglonggou 3</i>) dates from around 4000 to 3500 BP and is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture">Lower Xiajiadian culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Xinglongwa_site">The Xinglongwa site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinglonggou&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Xinglongwa site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Xinglongwa site (<i>Xinglonggou 1</i> or <i>Locality 1</i>) in an early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> settlement, dating to about 5600 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the three sites, the Xinglongwa site has the richest material assemblage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was excavated from 2001 to 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site covers an area of around 48,000 m<sup>2</sup> (516,668 sq ft), of which 5,600 m<sup>2</sup> (60,278 sq ft) has been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundations of 145 rectangular <a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">semi-subterranean houses</a> were found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337,_343_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337,_343-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The houses were organized into 3 distinct clusters of around 50 houses each, arranged in rows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015343-344_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015343-344-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most other sites of the <a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa culture</a>, <i>Xinglonggou 1</i> was not enclosed by a ditch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015344_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015344-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 37 of the houses have been excavated, where the remains of 28 individuals were found buried within.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of pig, <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, dog, buffalo, badger, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">raccoon dog</a>, bear, rabbit, and fish were also discovered at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuJonesZhaoLiu20122_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuJonesZhaoLiu20122-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artefact assemblage at the site includes pottery, lithic tools, and lithic, osseous, shell and jade ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site has yielded some of the earliest jade artefacts in China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015342_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015342-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jade assemblage consists primarily of slit rings, although tubes, chisels and other artefacts were also found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015342_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015342-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people of Xinglonggou appeared to favor yellow-green <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a>, a material that was not locally derived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015343_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015343-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Residue analysis of starch grain remains from <a href="/wiki/Grinding_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinding stone">grinding stones</a> and human <a href="/wiki/Dental_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental calculus">dental calculus</a> shows that the people of Xinglonggou were primarily processing lily bulbs (<i><a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">Lilium</a></i>), Chinese yam (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_polystachya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorea polystachya">Dioscorea polystachya</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Trichosanthes_kirilowii" title="Trichosanthes kirilowii">Trichosanthes kirilowii</a></i> root, <a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a>, millet, and limited amounts of acorn and various <i><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></i> grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The starch residue cereal remains are dominated by Job's tears (over millet).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20156_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20156-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Job's tears remains at <i>Xinglonggou 1</i> is the earliest evidence for Job's tears in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a> and the northernmost evidence for Job's tears before 5000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu201512_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu201512-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Systemic flotation at the site yielded over 1,500 grains of <a href="/wiki/Broomcorn_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomcorn millet">broomcorn millet</a> and around 20 grains of <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail millet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broomcorn millet is described as being in the early stages of domestication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015349_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015349-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was directly dated to around 7,700 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, this is the earliest directly dated millet in the archaeological record.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the evidence for limited millet cultivation, the early Neolithic people at <i>Xinglonggou 1</i> subsisted primarily on hunting and gathering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hongshan_site">The Hongshan site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinglonggou&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Hongshan site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Late Hongshan</a> site (<i>Xinglonggou 2</i> or <i>Locality 2</i>) is a late Neolithic settlement, dating to about 3300 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015345_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015345-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was excavated in 2003 and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015345-346_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015345-346-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundations of four rectangular <a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">semi-subterranean houses</a> and 31 storage pits were found in the 2003 excavation. The settlement was enclosed by a ditch. The artefact assemblage at the site includes pottery, lithic and shell artefacts. A <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> statue dubbed the "Ancestor God of China" (中华祖神陶人) was unearthed during the 2012 excavation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015346_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015346-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flora assemblage consisted mostly of nuts and fruits,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012176_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012176-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yielding less millet, proportion-wise, than the early Neolithic <i>Xinglonggou 1</i> site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015350_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015350-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of acorn, <i><a href="/wiki/Corylus_heterophylla" title="Corylus heterophylla">Corylus heterophylla</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Juglans_mandshurica" title="Juglans mandshurica">Manchurian walnut</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pyrus_betulaefolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrus betulaefolia">Pyrus betulaefolia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Prunus_armeniaca" title="Prunus armeniaca">Prunus armeniaca</a></i> were found at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012176_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012176-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015350_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015350-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both broomcorn and foxtail millet were found at the <i>Xinglonggou 2</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015349_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015349-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lower_Xiajiadian_site">The Lower Xiajiadian site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinglonggou&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Lower Xiajiadian site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Xiajiadian">Lower Xiajiadian</a> site (<i>Xinglonggou 3</i> or <i>Locality 3</i>) is a Bronze Age settlement, dating to about 2000-1500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was excavated in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015345_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015345-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement was enclosed by a ditch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015346_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015346-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flora assemblage at this site consists primarily of crop remains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015350_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015350-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both broomcorn and foxtail millet were found at <i>Xinglonggou 3</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015349_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015349-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site has yielded the earliest evidence for <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> in Northeast China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen201288-89_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen201288-89-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Millet_consumption">Millet consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinglonggou&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Millet consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people at Xinglonggou consumed <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> all the way from the early Neolithic through the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, gradually increasing their millet consumption, as a proportion of their diet, over time. While only 15% of the seeds recovered from the early Neolithic Xinglongwa site consisted of millet, an overwhelming 99% of the seeds recovered from the Bronze Age Lower Xiajiadian site consisted of millet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen201284_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen201284-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis" title="Isotope analysis">Isotopic analysis</a> reveals that millet constituted a significant part of the people's diet even during the early Neolithic Xinglongwa culture period, and steadily increased over time; analysis shows that this consumption came directly from millet itself, not indirectly from consuming animals that consumed millet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015351-352_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015351-352-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Bronze Age, millet cultivation eventually became abundant enough to provide an important source of food for the domesticated pigs at Xinglonggou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuJonesZhaoLiu20127_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuJonesZhaoLiu20127-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinglonggou&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinglonggou&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20151-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20151_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuDuncanChenLiu2015">Liu et al. 2015</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015346-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015346_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015346_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015346_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen201283-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen201283_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuChen2012">Liu & Chen 2012</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeCrawfordLiuChen20071087–1092-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeCrawfordLiuChen20071087–1092_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeCrawfordLiuChen2007">Lee et al. 2007</a>, p. 1087–1092.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20152_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuDuncanChenLiu2015">Liu et al. 2015</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/New_discoveries/2013/1026/43039.html">"A peculiar pottery figure was discovered at the Xinglonggou site, Inner Mongolia"</a>. <i>Chinese Archaeology</i>. Chinese Archaeology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+peculiar+pottery+figure+was+discovered+at+the+Xinglonggou+site%2C+Inner+Mongolia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fen%2FNews%2FNew_discoveries%2F2013%2F1026%2F43039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinglonggou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015338_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337,_343-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015337,_343_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 337, 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015343-344-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015343-344_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 343-344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015344-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015344_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuJonesZhaoLiu20122-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuJonesZhaoLiu20122_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuJonesZhaoLiu2012">Liu et al. 2012</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015342-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015342_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015342_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015343-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015343_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu2015_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuDuncanChenLiu2015">Liu et al. 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20156-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu20156_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuDuncanChenLiu2015">Liu et al. 2015</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu201512-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuDuncanChenLiu201512_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuDuncanChenLiu2015">Liu et al. 2015</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015349-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015349_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015349_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015349_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2011-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2011_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhao2011">Zhao 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/New_discoveries/2013/1026/43039.html">"A peculiar pottery figure was discovered at the Xinglonggou site, Inner Mongolia"</a>. <i>Chinese Archaeology</i>. Chinese Archaeology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+peculiar+pottery+figure+was+discovered+at+the+Xinglonggou+site%2C+Inner+Mongolia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fen%2FNews%2FNew_discoveries%2F2013%2F1026%2F43039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinglonggou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015345-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015345_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015345_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015345-346-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015345-346_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 345-346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuZhaoLiu2015" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Xinyi; Zhao, Zhijun; Liu, Guoxiang (2015). 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 346–347, Fig.13.7 "Terracotta statue recovered at Xinglonggou I I". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19218-7"><bdi>978-0-521-19218-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xinglonggou%2C+China&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History%3A+Volume+2%3A+A+World+with+Agriculture%2C+12%2C000+BCE%E2%80%93500+CE&rft.pages=346-347%2C+Fig.13.7+%22Terracotta+statue+recovered+at+Xinglonggou+I+I%22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19218-7&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xinyi&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Zhijun&rft.au=Liu%2C+Guoxiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511978807.014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinglonggou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012176-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012176_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen2012176_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuChen2012">Liu & Chen 2012</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015350-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015350_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015350_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015350_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/New_discoveries/2013/1026/43039.html">"A peculiar pottery figure was discovered at the Xinglonggou site, Inner Mongolia"</a>. <i>Chinese Archaeology</i>. Chinese Archaeology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+peculiar+pottery+figure+was+discovered+at+the+Xinglonggou+site%2C+Inner+Mongolia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fen%2FNews%2FNew_discoveries%2F2013%2F1026%2F43039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinglonggou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen201288-89-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen201288-89_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuChen2012">Liu & Chen 2012</a>, p. 88-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuChen201284-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuChen201284_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuChen2012">Liu & Chen 2012</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015351-352-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuFullerJones2015351-352_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015">Liu, Fuller & Jones 2015</a>, p. 351-352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuJonesZhaoLiu20127-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuJonesZhaoLiu20127_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuJonesZhaoLiu2012">Liu et al. 2012</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinglonggou&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeCrawfordLiuChen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Gyoung-Ah; Crawford, Gary W.; Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1764861">"Plants and people from the Early Neolithic to Shang periods in North China"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>104</b> (3): 1087–1092. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..104.1087L">2007PNAS..104.1087L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0609763104">10.1073/pnas.0609763104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1764861">1764861</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17213316">17213316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Plants+and+people+from+the+Early+Neolithic+to+Shang+periods+in+North+China&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1087-1092&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1764861%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..104.1087L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17213316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0609763104&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Gyoung-Ah&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Gary+W.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Li&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xingcan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1764861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinglonggou" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuChen2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Li_(archaeologist)" title="Liu Li (archaeologist)">Liu, Li</a>; Chen, Xingcan (2012). <i>The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64310-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64310-8"><bdi>978-0-521-64310-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+China%3A+From+the+Late+Paleolithic+to+the+Early+Bronze+Age&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64310-8&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xingcan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinglonggou" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuFullerJones2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Liu, Xinyu; 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"Plant domestication, cultivation, and foraging by the first farmers in early Neolithic Northeast China: Evidence from microbotanical remains". <i>The Holocene</i>. <b>25</b> (12): 1965–1978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Holoc..25.1965L">2015Holoc..25.1965L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959683615596830">10.1177/0959683615596830</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6836">0959-6836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126933348">126933348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.atitle=Plant+domestication%2C+cultivation%2C+and+foraging+by+the+first+farmers+in+early+Neolithic+Northeast+China%3A+Evidence+from+microbotanical+remains&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1965-1978&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959683615596830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126933348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-6836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Holoc..25.1965L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Neil+A&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xingcan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Guoxiang&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Hao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXinglonggou" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Zhijun (2011). "New Archaeobotanic Data for the Study of the Origins of Agriculture in China". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>52</b> (S4): S295–S306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F659308">10.1086/659308</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144894976">144894976</a>.</cite><span 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD699;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Template talk:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prehistoric cultures of China</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD699;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Northeastern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinle_culture" title="Xinle culture">Xinle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culture" title="Zhaobaogou culture">Zhaobaogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinglonggou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuheliang" title="Niuheliang">Niuheliang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoheyan_culture" title="Xiaoheyan culture">Xiaoheyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture">Lower Xiajiadian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laohushan_culture" title="Laohushan culture">Laohushan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xituanshan" title="Xituanshan">Xituanshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijinbao_culture" title="Baijinbao culture">Baijinbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggouzi_culture" title="Jinggouzi culture">Jinggouzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaodaogou_culture" title="Chaodaogou culture">Chaodaogou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Upper Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshan" title="Banshan">Banshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xindian_culture" title="Xindian culture">Xindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xicha_culture" title="Xicha culture">Xicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_culture" title="Siwa culture">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayue_culture" title="Kayue culture">Kayue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoqinggou_culture" title="Maoqinggou culture">Maoqinggou</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Majiayuan_site" title="Majiayuan site">Majiayuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Middle Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijia_culture" title="Baijia culture">Baijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangzhai,_Xi%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangzhai, Xi'an">Jiangzhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangguanzhai" title="Yangguanzhai">Yangguanzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taosi" title="Taosi">Taosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimao" title="Shimao">Shimao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhai" title="Xinzhai">Xinzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Shang_City" title="Zhengzhou Shang City">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoshuangqiao" title="Xiaoshuangqiao">Xiaoshuangqiao</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Huanbei" title="Huanbei">Huanbei</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Lower Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houli_culture" title="Houli culture">Houli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beixin_culture" title="Beixin culture">Beixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishuipo" title="Xishuipo">Xishuipo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture">Dawenkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengziya" title="Chengziya">Chengziya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Middle and Upper Yangtze</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengtoushan">Pengtoushan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashidang" title="Bashidang">Bashidang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengbeixi_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengbeixi culture (page does not exist)">Chengbeixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangjiagang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangjiagang (page does not exist)">Tangjiagang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture">Qujialing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture">Shijiahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture">Baodun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinsha_site" title="Jinsha site">Jinsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panlongcheng" title="Panlongcheng">Panlongcheng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feijiahe_culture" title="Feijiahe culture">Feijiahe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Lower Yangtze and Huai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Kuahuqiao_site" title="Kuahuqiao site">Kuahuqiao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingjiatan_culture" title="Lingjiatan culture">Lingjiatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ruins_of_Liangzhu_City" title="Archaeological ruins of Liangzhu City">Liangzhu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangfulin" title="Guangfulin">Guangfulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqiao_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqiao culture (page does not exist)">Maqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Southern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Zengpiyan" title="Zengpiyan">Zengpiyan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shixia_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shixia culture (page does not exist)">Shixia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wucheng_culture" title="Wucheng culture">Wucheng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayangzhou_site" title="Dayangzhou site">Dayangzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui_culture" title="Fanchengdui culture">Fanchengdui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui" title="Fanchengdui">Fanchengdui</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karuo_culture" title="Karuo culture">Karuo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qugong_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qugong culture (page does not exist)">Qugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou_culture" title="Shirenzigou culture">Shirenzigou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabenkeng_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabenkeng culture">Dabenkeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinan culture">Beinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFD699;;width:8.5em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Beifudi" title="Beifudi">Beifudi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumin_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yumin culture (page does not exist)">Yumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichengyi_culture" title="Xichengyi culture">Xichengyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanma_culture" title="Shanma culture">Shanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture">Shajing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD699;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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