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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Louise Overacker</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Overacker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Louise_Overacker.jpg/220px-Louise_Overacker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/Louise_Overacker.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1891-11-18</span>)</span>November 18, 1891<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Centreville, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 26, 1982<span style="display:none">(1982-04-26)</span> (aged 90)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Gatos">Los Gatos</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Simon_Guggenheim_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship">John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Efficiency">Bureau of Efficiency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_College_(Pennsylvania)" title="Wilson College (Pennsylvania)">Wilson College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-American University">Inter-American University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Charles Edward Merriam</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louise Overacker</b> (November 18, 1891—April 26, 1982) was an American <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a>. She specialized in the study of money in politics, <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">United States presidential primaries</a>, and comparative <a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">party systems</a>, particularly those of Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. She was one of the first professors to teach government at <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a>, where she was a faculty member from 1925 until 1957, and helped to establish the Wellesley Department of Political Science in 1940. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_work">Education and early work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Overacker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and early work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overacker was born in Centreville (now <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont</a>), in the <a href="/wiki/East_Bay" title="East Bay">East Bay</a> area around <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father owned a fruit growing business, but he later became a rancher, and the family moved to <a href="/wiki/St._Helena,_California" title="St. Helena, California">St. Helena, California</a>, where Overacker attended high school.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911, she was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, which had opened the same year she was born.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the school had limited women's attendance to only 500 at a time, and Overacker arrived in her first semester to discover that they had exceeded the cap and she was forced to return home.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enough women had dropped out by the start of the second semester that Overacker was able to attend, and she graduated successfully in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She earned a BA in economics, with honors from <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overacker continued to study at Stanford with the political scientist Victor J. West, and she earned an MA in 1917 with a thesis entitled <i>The Police Department of San Francisco</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/WWI" class="mw-redirect" title="WWI">WWI</a>, Overacker worked as a clerk in the <a href="/wiki/War_Risk_Insurance_Act" title="War Risk Insurance Act">Bureau of War Risk Insurance</a> within the United States <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Efficiency">Bureau of Efficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of the war, she traveled around Europe with the <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> to assist with administration there, before returning to Stanford in 1919. In 1920, she was offered a position as an instructor at <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a>, which then had only one other political science instructor.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later she moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> to obtain a PhD. There she studied with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Charles Edward Merriam</a>, and graduated in 1924. Her thesis focused on the study of American presidential primaries.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Schuck" title="Victoria Schuck">Victoria Schuck</a>, Overacker was one of only 19 women to complete a PhD in political science during the 1920s, out of about 200 political science degrees awarded during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Overacker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overacker was offered a faculty position by the head of the political science department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Indiana">University of Indiana</a>, but the position was vetoed by the university because the only available office would have to be shared with a man.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead she obtained a position at <a href="/wiki/Wilson_College_(Pennsylvania)" title="Wilson College (Pennsylvania)">Wilson College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> where she was an instructor in both government and economics for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925 she moved to <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a> where she became an assistant professor in the History Department.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overacker was one of the first professors to teach political science at Wellesley, 15 years before a dedicated political science department was established there.<sup id="cite_ref-welhist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellesley College has credited Overacker with playing a leading role in introducing a serious concentration on political science into the Wellesley history department, as well as in the subsequent founding of the political science department in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-welhist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overacker helped to give the new political science department an early focus on practical topics like <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Government administration">government administration</a>, in response to the academic disruptions caused by <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-welhist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with her former PhD supervisor Charles Merriam, Overacker published the 1928 update and revision of Merriam's 1926 book on <i>Primary Elections</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When her former undergraduate advisor Victor J. West died in 1927, Overacker was invited to compile his lectures and notes into a book, which she published under the title <i>Money in Elections</i> in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, Overacker was invited by <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> to deliver the <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_G._Bacon" title="Gaspar G. Bacon">Gaspar G. Bacon</a> lecture series; Victoria Schuck wrote that it was rare for a woman to be invited to deliver a named lecture series at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She chose to deliver lectures on the topic of campaign finance in America, and her lectures were compiled and published in the 1946 book <i>Presidential Campaign Funds</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overacker also studied how the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> affected the sources and quantities of funding for presidential campaigns, as well as research on the political activities of labor unions as campaign funding sources.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of Overacker's early work on the topic of <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">campaign finance</a>, she was chosen by the Citizen's Research Foundation as one of the namesakes for their Overacker-Heard Campaign Finance Data Archive, later maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Governmental_Studies" title="Institute of Governmental Studies">Institute of Governmental Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archive_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, Overacker was awarded the <a href="/wiki/John_Simon_Guggenheim_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship">John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guggenheim_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guggenheim-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, Overacker published <i>The Australian party system</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book aimed to increase American interest in the party politics of Australia, specifically the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>, the parties of the center-right, and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia" title="Communist Party of Australia">Communist Party of Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a scholar of the American presidential primary system, Overacker was particularly interested in the pre-selection process in Australian presidential politics, which she viewed as the closest foreign analogue to American presidential primary elections.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Australian party system</i> was one of the first investigations of Australian politics available to American political scientists, even though Australia had several distinctive features such as the combination of a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> with an American-style single constitutional document, together with <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory voting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overacker retired from Wellesley in 1957, 32 years after her first appointment there.<sup id="cite_ref-welhist_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After her retirement, she held several temporary academic positions. She was the <a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Whitney" title="John Hay Whitney">John Hay Whitney</a> Visiting Professor at <a href="/wiki/Bethany_College_(West_Virginia)" title="Bethany College (West Virginia)">Bethany College</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> during the 1957–1958 school year, a visiting scholar for Phi Beta Kappa from 1958 to 1960, and a substitute professor during 1960–1961 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> when a professor there was named chancellor of The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Santa Cruz">University of California at Santa Cruz</a> and had to leave to lay out the new Santa Cruz campus.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, Overacker taught at the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-American University">Inter-American University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Overacker's death in 1982, the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a> had been preparing a special symposium in her honor.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overacker's influence on the early development on the discipline of political science has been noted political scientists, journalists, and university presidents like Victoria Schuck, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Drew" title="Elizabeth Drew">Elizabeth Drew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In citing her work, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert Caro</a> referred to Overacker as her "era's leading academic expert on campaign finance".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Overacker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Primary Elections</i>, 2nd edition, with Charles Merriam (1928)</li> <li><i>Money in Elections</i>, expanded from notes by Victor J. West (1932)</li> <li><i>Presidential Campaign Funds</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>The Australian party system</i> (1952)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_awards">Selected awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Overacker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship, 1951<sup id="cite_ref-guggenheim_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guggenheim-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Namesake, Overacker-Heard Campaign Finance Data Archive<sup id="cite_ref-archive_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Overacker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchuck1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Schuck" title="Victoria Schuck">Schuck, Victoria</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS104909650006265X">"Louise Overacker: A Life in Political Science"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PS_%E2%80%93_Political_Science_%26_Politics" title="PS – Political Science & Politics">PS: Political Science & Politics</a></i>. <b>15</b> (4): 600–604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS104909650006265X">10.1017/S104909650006265X</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PS%3A+Political+Science+%26+Politics&rft.atitle=Louise+Overacker%3A+A+Life+in+Political+Science&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=600-604&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS104909650006265X&rft.aulast=Schuck&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS104909650006265X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Overacker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-welhist-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-welhist_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-welhist_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-welhist_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-welhist_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wellesley.edu/politicalscience/history-of-the-department">"History of the Department"</a>. Wellesley College Department of Political Science. February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Department&rft.pub=Wellesley+College+Department+of+Political+Science&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellesley.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fhistory-of-the-department&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouise+Overacker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway1928" class="citation journal cs1">Galloway, Ellene Marie (August 1928). "Review Primary elections. By charles E. Merriam and louise overacker. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1928. 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