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policy</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: price policy"> <meta name="keywords" content="price policy"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="price policy"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4830</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: price policy</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4830</span> A Comparative Study of Dividend Policy and Share Price across the South Asian Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anwar%20Hussain">Anwar Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Imran"> Ahmed Imran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farida%20Faisal"> Farida Faisal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20Sultana"> Fatima Sultana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present research evaluates a comparative assessment of dividend policy and share price across the South Asian countries including Pakistan, India and Sri-Lanka over the period of 2010 to 2014. Academic writers found that dividend policy and share price relationship is not same in south Asian market due to different reasons. Moreover, Panel Models used = for the evaluation of current study. In addition, Redundant fixed effect Likelihood and Hausman test used for determine of Common, Fixed and Random effect model. Therefore Indian market dividend policies play a fundamental role and significant impact on Market Share Prices. Although, present research found that different as compared to previous study that dividend policy have no impact on share price in Sri-Lanka and Pakistan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dividend%20policy" title="dividend policy">dividend policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=share%20price" title=" share price"> share price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Asian%20countries" title=" South Asian countries"> South Asian countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panel%20data%20analysis" title=" panel data analysis"> panel data analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theories%20and%20parameters%20of%20dividend" title=" theories and parameters of dividend"> theories and parameters of dividend</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44156/a-comparative-study-of-dividend-policy-and-share-price-across-the-south-asian-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44156.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4829</span> Commodity Price Shocks and Monetary Policy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faisal%20Algosair">Faisal Algosair</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We examine the role of monetary policy in the presence of commodity price shocks using a Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with price and wage rigidities. The model characterizes a commodity exporter by its degree of export diversification, and explores the following monetary regimes: flexible domestic inflation targeting; flexible Consumer Price Index inflation targeting; exchange rate peg; and optimal rule. An increase in the degree of diversification is found to mitigate responses to commodity shocks. The welfare comparison suggests that a flexible exchange rate regime under the optimal rule is preferred to an exchange rate peg. However, monetary policy provides limited stabilization effects in an economy with low degree of export diversification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20cycle" title="business cycle">business cycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commodity%20price" title=" commodity price"> commodity price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exchange%20rate" title=" exchange rate"> exchange rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20financial%20cycle" title=" global financial cycle"> global financial cycle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165579/commodity-price-shocks-and-monetary-policy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165579.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4828</span> Beijing Xicheng District Housing Price Econometric Analysis: “Multi-School Zoning”Policy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haoxue%20Cui">Haoxue Cui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sirui%20Zhang"> Sirui Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanshan%20Gao"> Shanshan Gao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weiyi%20Zhang"> Weiyi Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lantian%20Wang"> Lantian Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuanwen%20Zheng"> Xuanwen Zheng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The 2020 "multi-school zoning" policy makes students ineligible for direct attendance in their district. To study whether the housing price trend of the school district is affected by the policy, This paper studies housing prices based on the school district division in Xicheng District, Beijing. In this paper, we collected housing prices and the basic situation of communities from "Anjuke", which were divided into two periods of 15 months before and after the 731 policy in the Xicheng District, Beijing. Then we used DID model and time fixed effect to investigate the DIFFERENTIAL statistics, that is, the overall net impact of the policy. The results show that the coefficient is negative at a certain statistical level. It indicates that the housing prices of school districts in the Xicheng district decreased after the "multi-school zoning" policy, which shows that the policy has effectively reduced the housing price of school districts in the Xicheng District and laid a foundation for the "double reduction" policy in 2022. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%E2%80%9Cmulti-school%20zoning%E2%80%9Dpolicy" title="“multi-school zoning”policy">“multi-school zoning”policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DID" title=" DID"> DID</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20fixed%20effect" title=" time fixed effect"> time fixed effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=housing%20prices" title=" housing prices"> housing prices</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149435/beijing-xicheng-district-housing-price-econometric-analysis-multi-school-zoningpolicy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149435.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4827</span> Inventory Policy with Continuous Price Reduction in Solar Photovoltaic Supply Chain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiangrong%20Liu">Xiangrong Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chuanhui%20Xiong"> Chuanhui Xiong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the concern of large pollution emissions from coal-fired power plants and new commitment to green energy, global solar power industry was emerging recently. Due to the advanced technology, the price of solar photovoltaic(PV) module was reduced at a fast rate, which arose an interesting but challenge question to solar supply chain. This research is modeling the inventory strategies for a PV supply chain with a PV manufacturer, an assembler and an end customer. Through characterizing the manufacturer's and PV assembler's optimal decision in decentralized and centralized situation, this study shed light on how to improve supply chain performance through parameters setting in the contract design. The results suggest the assembler to lower the optimal stock level gradually each period before price reduction and set up a newsvendor base-stock policy in all periods after price reduction. As to the PV module manufacturer, a non-stationary produce-up-to policy is optimal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photovoltaic" title="photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain" title=" supply chain"> supply chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inventory%20policy" title=" inventory policy"> inventory policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=base-stock%20policy" title=" base-stock policy"> base-stock policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30969/inventory-policy-with-continuous-price-reduction-in-solar-photovoltaic-supply-chain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30969.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4826</span> The Effect of Oil Price Uncertainty on Food Price in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Goodness%20C.%20Aye">Goodness C. Aye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the effect of the volatility of oil prices on food price in South Africa using monthly data covering the period 2002:01 to 2014:09. Food price is measured by the South African consumer price index for food while oil price is proxied by the Brent crude oil. The study employs the GARCH-in-mean VAR model, which allows the investigation of the effect of a negative and positive shock in oil price volatility on food price. The model also allows the oil price uncertainty to be measured as the conditional standard deviation of a one-step-ahead forecast error of the change in oil price. The results show that oil price uncertainty has a positive and significant effect on food price in South Africa. The responses of food price to a positive and negative oil price shocks is asymmetric. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20price%20volatility" title="oil price volatility">oil price volatility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20price" title=" food price"> food price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bivariate" title=" bivariate"> bivariate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GARCH-in-mean%20VAR" title=" GARCH-in-mean VAR"> GARCH-in-mean VAR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asymmetric" title=" asymmetric"> asymmetric</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28399/the-effect-of-oil-price-uncertainty-on-food-price-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28399.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">477</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4825</span> Managing and Sustaining Strategic Relationships with Distributors by Electronic Agencies in Jordan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdallah%20Q.%20Bataineh">Abdallah Q. Bataineh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The electronics market in Jordan is facing extraordinary expectations from consumers, whose opinions are progressively more essential and have effective power on the overall marketing strategy preparation and execution by electronics agents. This research aimed to explore the effect of price volatile, follow-up, maintenance and warranty policy on distributor’s retention. Focus group, in-depth interviews, and self-administered questionnaire were held with a total sample of 50 electronics distribution stores who have a direct contact and purchase frequently from electronic agencies. By using descriptive statistics and multiple regression tests, the main findings of this research is that there is an impact of price volatile, follow-up, maintenance and warranty policy on distributor’s retention, and the key predictor variable was price volatile. Thus, the researcher recommended flat rate pricing strategy to ensure that all distributors will sell the product on the same pricing base, regardless of the generated margin by each one of them. Moreover, conclusion and future research were also discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributors%20retention" title="distributors retention">distributors retention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=follow-up" title=" follow-up"> follow-up</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintenance" title=" maintenance"> maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20volatile" title=" price volatile"> price volatile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=warranty%20policy" title=" warranty policy"> warranty policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85219/managing-and-sustaining-strategic-relationships-with-distributors-by-electronic-agencies-in-jordan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85219.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4824</span> A Theory and Empirical Analysis on the Efficency of Chinese Electricity Pricing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianlin%20Wang">Jianlin Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiajia%20Zhao"> Jiajia Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper applies the theory and empirical method to examine the relationship between electricity price and coal price, as well as electricity and industry output, for China during Jan 1999-Dec 2012. Our results indicate that there is no any causality between coal price and electricity price under other factors are controlled. However, we found a bi-directional causality between electricity consumption and industry output. Overall, the electricity price set by China’s NDRC is inefficient, which lead to the electricity supply shortage after 2004. It is time to reform electricity price system for China’s reformers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electricity%20price" title="electricity price">electricity price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20price" title=" coal price"> coal price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20supply" title=" power supply"> power supply</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title=" China"> China</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9560/a-theory-and-empirical-analysis-on-the-efficency-of-chinese-electricity-pricing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">469</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4823</span> Price Effect Estimation of Tobacco on Low-wage Male Smokers: A Causal Mediation Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kawsar%20Ahmed">Kawsar Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Wang"> Hong Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study's goal was to estimate the causal mediation impact of tobacco tax before and after price hikes among low-income male smokers, with a particular emphasis on the effect estimating pathways framework for continuous and dichotomous variables. From July to December 2021, a cross-sectional investigation of observational data (n=739) was collected from Bangladeshi low-wage smokers. The Quasi-Bayesian technique, binomial probit model, and sensitivity analysis using a simulation of the computational tools R mediation package had been used to estimate the effect. After a price rise for tobacco products, the average number of cigarettes or bidis sticks taken decreased from 6.7 to 4.56. Tobacco product rising prices have a direct effect on low-income people's decisions to quit or lessen their daily smoking habits of Average Causal Mediation Effect (ACME) [effect=2.31, 95 % confidence interval (C.I.) = (4.71-0.00), p<0.01], Average Direct Effect (ADE) [effect=8.6, 95 percent (C.I.) = (6.8-0.11), p<0.001], and overall significant effects (p<0.001). Tobacco smoking choice is described by the mediated proportion of income effect, which is 26.1% less of following price rise. The curve of ACME and ADE is based on observational figures of the coefficients of determination that asses the model of hypothesis as the substantial consequence after price rises in the sensitivity analysis. To reduce smoking product behaviors, price increases through taxation have a positive causal mediation with income that affects the decision to limit tobacco use and promote low-income men's healthcare policy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=causal%20mediation%20analysis" title="causal mediation analysis">causal mediation analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=directed%20acyclic%20graphs" title=" directed acyclic graphs"> directed acyclic graphs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tobacco%20price%20policy" title=" tobacco price policy"> tobacco price policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity%20analysis" title=" sensitivity analysis"> sensitivity analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathway%20estimation" title=" pathway estimation"> pathway estimation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152123/price-effect-estimation-of-tobacco-on-low-wage-male-smokers-a-causal-mediation-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152123.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4822</span> Using the Nerlovian Adjustment Model to Assess the Response of Farmers to Price and Other Related Factors: Evidence from Sierra Leone Rice Cultivation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alhaji%20M.%20H.%20Conteh">Alhaji M. H. Conteh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiangbin%20Yan"> Xiangbin Yan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfred%20V.%20Gborie"> Alfred V. Gborie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goal of this study was to increase the awareness of the description and assessments of rice acreage response and to offer mechanisms for agricultural policy scrutiny. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique was utilized to determine the coefficients of acreage response models for the rice varieties. The magnitudes of the coefficients (λ) of both the ROK lagged and NERICA lagged acreages were found positive and highly significant, which indicates that farmers’ adjustment rate was very low. Regarding lagged actual price for both the ROK and NERICE rice varieties, the short-run price elasticities were lower than long-run, which is suggesting a long-term adjustment of the acreage, is under the crop. However, the apparent recommendations for policy transformation are to open farm gate prices and to decrease government’s involvement in agricultural sector especially in the acquisition of agricultural inputs. Impending research have to be centred on how this might be better realized. Necessary conditions should be made available to the private sector by means of minimizing price volatility. In accordance with structural reforms, it is necessary to convey output prices to farmers with minimum distortion. There is a need to eradicate price subsidies and control, which generate distortion in the market in addition to huge financial costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acreage%20response" title="acreage response">acreage response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rate%20of%20adjustment" title=" rate of adjustment"> rate of adjustment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice%20varieties" title=" rice varieties"> rice varieties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sierra%20Leone" title=" Sierra Leone"> Sierra Leone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1930/using-the-nerlovian-adjustment-model-to-assess-the-response-of-farmers-to-price-and-other-related-factors-evidence-from-sierra-leone-rice-cultivation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4821</span> Intended-Actual First Asking/Offer Price Discrepancies and Their Impact on Negotiation Behaviour and Outcomes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liuyao%20Chai">Liuyao Chai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colin%20Clark"> Colin Clark</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Analysis of 574 participants in a simulated two-person distributive negotiation revealed that the first price 245 (42.7%) of these participants actually asked/offered for the item under negotiation (a used car) differed from the first price they previously stated they intended to ask/offer during their negotiation. This discrepancy between a negotiator’s intended first asking/offer price and his/her actual first asking/offer price had a significant and economically consequential impact on both the course and the outcomes of the negotiations studied. Participants whose actual first price remained the same as their intended first price tended to secure better negotiation outcomes. Moreover, participants who changed their intended first price tended to obtain relatively lower outcomes regardless of whether their modified first announced price had created a negotiating position that was ‘stronger’ or ‘weaker’ than if they had opened with their intended first price. Subsequent investigation of over twenty negotiation behaviours and pre-negotiation perceptual variables within this dataset indicated that the three types of first price announcers—i.e. intended first asking/offer price ‘weakeners’, ‘maintainers’ and ‘strengtheners’— comprised persons who tended to have significantly different pre-negotiation perceptions and behaved in systematically different ways during their negotiation. Typically, the most negative, outcome-compromising consequences of changing, weakening or strengthening an intended first price occurred at the very beginning of a negotiation when participants exchanged their actual first asking/offer prices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20communication" title="business communication">business communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiation" title=" negotiation"> negotiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persuasion" title=" persuasion"> persuasion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intended%20first%20asking%2Foffer%20prices" title=" intended first asking/offer prices"> intended first asking/offer prices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bargaining" title=" bargaining"> bargaining</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24182/intended-actual-first-askingoffer-price-discrepancies-and-their-impact-on-negotiation-behaviour-and-outcomes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24182.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">370</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4820</span> Designing Price Stability Model of Red Cayenne Pepper Price in Wonogiri District, Centre Java, Using ARCH/GARCH Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fauzia%20Dianawati">Fauzia Dianawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riska%20W.%20Purnomo"> Riska W. Purnomo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Food and agricultural sector become the biggest sector contributing to inflation in Indonesia. Especially in Wonogiri district, red cayenne pepper was the biggest sector contributing to inflation on 2016. A national statistic proved that in recent five years red cayenne pepper has the highest average level of fluctuation among all commodities. Some factors, like supply chain, price disparity, production quantity, crop failure, and oil price become the possible factor causes high volatility level in red cayenne pepper price. Therefore, this research tries to find the key factor causing fluctuation on red cayenne pepper by using ARCH/GARCH method. The method could accommodate the presence of heteroscedasticity in time series data. At the end of the research, it is statistically found that the second level of supply chain becomes the biggest part contributing to inflation with 3,35 of coefficient in fluctuation forecasting model of red cayenne pepper price. This model could become a reference to the government to determine the appropriate policy in maintaining the price stability of red cayenne pepper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ARCH%2FGARCH" title="ARCH/GARCH">ARCH/GARCH</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forecasting" title=" forecasting"> forecasting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=red%20cayenne%20pepper" title=" red cayenne pepper"> red cayenne pepper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volatility" title=" volatility"> volatility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain" title=" supply chain"> supply chain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79137/designing-price-stability-model-of-red-cayenne-pepper-price-in-wonogiri-district-centre-java-using-archgarch-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79137.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4819</span> Pricing, Production and Inventory Policies Manufacturing under Stochastic Demand and Continuous Prices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Rabbani">Masoud Rabbani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majede%20Smizadeh"> Majede Smizadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Farrokhi-Asl"> Hamed Farrokhi-Asl</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We study jointly determining prices and production in a multiple period horizon under a general non-stationary stochastic demand with continuous prices. In some periods we need to increase capacity of production to satisfy demand. This paper presents a model to aid multi-period production capacity planning by quantifying the trade-off between product quality and production cost. The product quality is estimated as the statistical variation from the target performances obtained from the output tolerances of the production machines that manufacture the components. We consider different tolerance for different machines that use to increase capacity. The production cost is estimated as the total cost of owning and operating a production facility during the planning horizon.so capacity planning has cost that impact on price. Pricing products often turns out to be difficult to measure them because customers have a reservation price to pay that impact on price and demand. We decide to determine prices and production for periods after enhance capacity and consider reservation price to determine price. First we use an algorithm base on fuzzy set of the optimal objective function values to determine capacity planning by determine maximize interval from upper bound in minimum objectives and define weight for objectives. Then we try to determine inventory and pricing policies. We can use a lemma to solve a problem in MATLAB and find exact answer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20policy" title="price policy">price policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inventory%20policy" title=" inventory policy"> inventory policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacity%20planning" title=" capacity planning"> capacity planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=product%20quality" title=" product quality"> product quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epsilon%20-constraint" title=" epsilon -constraint"> epsilon -constraint</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30981/pricing-production-and-inventory-policies-manufacturing-under-stochastic-demand-and-continuous-prices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30981.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">569</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4818</span> Comparative Policy Analysis on Agropolitan Territorial Development in Rural Area: A Study Case in Bojonegoro Regency, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatihin%20Khoirul">Fatihin Khoirul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Muqorrobin%20Ist"> Muhammad Muqorrobin Ist</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bojonegoro Regency is one of the districts that use the concept Agropolitan as the Territorial Development Policy. Three sub-district designated as Area Development District of Agropolitan are Kapas, Dander, and Kalitidu or commonly called KADEKA. Current policy has been shown results, but there was an inequality of results in some areas. One of them occurred in the Ngringinrejo village with the main commodities is Starfruit and Wedi village with the main commodities is Salak fruit. Therefore, a comparative study is used to search for causal factors of inequality result of the policy by using the 5 aspects compared, namely: (1) Management Development Agropolitan; (2) Physical Condition agropolitan Region; (3) Implementing Agency at the Village Level; (4) Village Government Support; and (5) Community support. Based on the discussion of qualitative analysis, it was found that five aspects have their respective roles in creating inequality of outcomes that occur in both villages. But beyond that, there are conditions where the two villages experienced the same condition that is when the initial implementation of the policy. The condition is referred to as 'the phenomenon of price trap.' The condition is caused by lower commodity prices, causing the village government's commitment in implementing policies too low, followed by public awareness in support of the policy is also low, so care for commodities is also low, and the quality is too low lead and eventually back causing low price. However, the difference is that the village Ngringinrejo able to get out of this condition with 'the new culture of administration' at the end of 2013. While the conditions in the village of Wedi compounded by not respected request assistance by the irrigation district. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20policy%20analysis" title="comparative policy analysis">comparative policy analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qualitative%20comparative" title=" qualitative comparative"> qualitative comparative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inequallity" title=" inequallity"> inequallity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20trap" title=" price trap"> price trap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20culture%20of%20administration" title=" new culture of administration"> new culture of administration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66669/comparative-policy-analysis-on-agropolitan-territorial-development-in-rural-area-a-study-case-in-bojonegoro-regency-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66669.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4817</span> Study of NGL Feed Price Calculation for a Typical NGL Fractionation Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simin%20Eydivand">Simin Eydivand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Ghanadieslami"> Ali Ghanadieslami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Amiri"> Reza Amiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural gas liquids (NGLs) are light hydrocarbons that are dissolved in associated or non‐associated natural gas in a hydrocarbon reservoir and are produced within a gas stream. There are different ways to calculate the price of NGL. In this study, a spreadsheet calculation method is used for calculation of NGL price with an attractive economy of IRR 25%. For a typical NGL Plant with 3,200,000 t/y capacity of investment and operation of 90% capacity to have IRR 25%, the price of NGL is calculated 277 $/t. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20gas%20liquid" title="natural gas liquid">natural gas liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NGL" title=" NGL"> NGL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LPG" title=" LPG"> LPG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price" title=" price"> price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NGL%20fractionation" title=" NGL fractionation"> NGL fractionation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NF" title=" NF"> NF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment" title=" investment"> investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IRR" title=" IRR"> IRR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NPV" title=" NPV"> NPV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33705/study-of-ngl-feed-price-calculation-for-a-typical-ngl-fractionation-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33705.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">406</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4816</span> Distributional and Dynamic impact of Energy Subsidy Reform</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Hojati%20Najafabadi">Ali Hojati Najafabadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Hosein%20Rahmati"> Mohamad Hosein Rahmati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Ali%20Madanizadeh"> Seyed Ali Madanizadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Governments execute energy subsidy reforms by either increasing energy prices or reducing energy price dispersion. These policies make less use of energy per plant (intensive margin), vary the total number of firms (extensive margin), promote technological progress (technology channel), and make additional resources to redistribute (resource channel). We estimate a structural dynamic firm model with endogenous technology adaptation using data from the manufacturing firms in Iran and a country ranked the second-largest energy subsidy plan by the IMF. The findings show significant dynamics and distributional effects due to an energy reform plan. The price elasticity of energy consumption in the industrial sector is about -2.34, while it is -3.98 for large firms. The dispersion elasticity, defined as the amounts of changes in energy consumption by a one-percent reduction in the standard error of energy price distribution, is about 1.43, suggesting significant room for a distributional policy. We show that the intensive margin is the main driver of energy price elasticity, whereas the other channels mostly offset it. In contrast, the labor response is mainly through the extensive margin. Total factor productivity slightly improves in light of the reduction in energy consumption if, at the same time, the redistribution policy boosts the aggregate demands. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20reform" title="energy reform">energy reform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=firm%20dynamics" title=" firm dynamics"> firm dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20estimation" title=" structural estimation"> structural estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subsidy%20policy" title=" subsidy policy"> subsidy policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148062/distributional-and-dynamic-impact-of-energy-subsidy-reform" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148062.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4815</span> Economic Analysis of Policy Instruments for Energy Efficiency</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Etidel%20Labidi">Etidel Labidi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Energy efficiency improvement is one of the means to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Recently, some developed countries have implemented the tradable white certificate scheme (TWC) as a new policy instrument based on market approach to support energy efficiency improvements. The major focus of this paper is to compare the White Certificates (TWC) scheme as an innovative policy instrument for energy efficiency improvement to other policy instruments: energy taxes and regulations setting a minimum level of energy efficiency. On the basis of our theoretical discussion and numerical simulation, we show that the white certificates system is the most interesting policy instrument for saving energy because it generates the most important level of energy savings and the least increase in energy service price. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20savings" title="energy savings">energy savings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20policy" title=" energy policy"> energy policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=white%20certificates" title=" white certificates"> white certificates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85878/economic-analysis-of-policy-instruments-for-energy-efficiency" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85878.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4814</span> General Framework for Price Regulation of Container Terminals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murat%20Yildiz">Murat Yildiz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burcu%20Yildiz"> Burcu Yildiz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Price Cap Regulation is a form of economic regulation designed in the 1980s in the United Kingdom. Price cap regulation sets a cap on the price that the utility provider can charge. The cap is set according to several economic factors, such as the price cap index, expected efficiency savings and inflation. It has been used by several countries as a regulatory regime in several sectors. Container port privatization is still in early stages in some countries. Lack of a general framework can be an impediment to privatization. This paper aims a general framework to comprising decisions to be made for variables which are able to accommodate the variety of container terminals. Several approaches that may be needed as well as a passage between approaches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Price%20Cap%20Regulation" title="Price Cap Regulation">Price Cap Regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ports%20privatization" title=" ports privatization"> ports privatization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=container%20terminal%20price%20regime" title=" container terminal price regime"> container terminal price regime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earning%20sharing" title=" earning sharing"> earning sharing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46297/general-framework-for-price-regulation-of-container-terminals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46297.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4813</span> The Influence of Oil Price Fluctuations on Macroeconomics Variables of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20Mujaljal">Khalid Mujaljal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Alhajhoj"> Hassan Alhajhoj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper empirically investigates the influence of oil price fluctuations on the key macroeconomic variables of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using unrestricted VAR methodology. Two analytical tools- Granger-causality and variance decomposition are used. The Granger-causality test reveals that almost all specifications of oil price shocks significantly Granger-cause GDP and demonstrates evidence of causality between oil price changes and money supply (M3) and consumer price index percent (CPIPC) in the case of positive oil price shocks. Surprisingly, almost all specifications of oil price shocks do not Granger-cause government expenditure. The outcomes from variance decomposition analysis suggest that positive oil shocks contribute about 25 percent in causing inflation in the country. Also, contribution of symmetric linear oil price shocks and asymmetric positive oil price shocks is significant and persistent with 25 percent explaining variation in world consumer price index till end of the period. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Granger%20causality" title="Granger causality">Granger causality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20prices%20changes" title=" oil prices changes"> oil prices changes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20Arabian%20economy" title=" Saudi Arabian economy"> Saudi Arabian economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variance%20decomposition" title=" variance decomposition"> variance decomposition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7014/the-influence-of-oil-price-fluctuations-on-macroeconomics-variables-of-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7014.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4812</span> Red Meat Price Volatility and Its' Relationship with Crude Oil and Exchange Rate </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melek%20Akay">Melek Akay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Turkey's agricultural commodity prices are prone to fluctuation but have gradually over time. A considerable amount of literature examines the changes in these prices by dealing with other commodities such as energy. Links between agricultural and energy markets have therefore been extensively investigated. Since red meat prices are becoming increasingly volatile in Turkey, this paper analyses the price volatility of veal, lamb and the relationship between red meat and crude oil, exchange rates by applying the generalize all period unconstraint volatility model, which generalises the GARCH (p, q) model for analysing weekly data covering a period of May 2006 to February 2017. Empirical results show that veal and lamb prices present volatility during the last decade, but particularly between 2009 and 2012. Moreover, oil prices have a significant effect on veal and lamb prices as well as their previous periods. Consequently, our research can lead policy makers to evaluate policy implementation in the appropriate way and reduce the impacts of oil prices by supporting producers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=red%20meat%20price" title="red meat price">red meat price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volatility" title=" volatility"> volatility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crude%20oil" title=" crude oil"> crude oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exchange%20rates" title=" exchange rates"> exchange rates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GARCH%20models" title=" GARCH models"> GARCH models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey"> Turkey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118268/red-meat-price-volatility-and-its-relationship-with-crude-oil-and-exchange-rate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4811</span> Tobacco Taxation and the Heterogeneity of Smokers' Responses to Price Increases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simone%20Tedeschi">Simone Tedeschi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francesco%20Crespi"> Francesco Crespi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paolo%20Liberati"> Paolo Liberati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Massimo%20Paradiso"> Massimo Paradiso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20Sciala"> Antonio Sciala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims at contributing to the understanding of smokers’ responses to cigarette prices increases with a focus on heterogeneity, both across individuals and price levels. To do this, a stated preference quasi-experimental design grounded in a random utility framework is proposed to evaluate the effect on smokers’ utility of the price level and variation, along with social conditioning and health impact perception. The analysis is based on individual-level data drawn from a unique survey gathering very detailed information on Italian smokers’ habits. In particular, qualitative information on the individual reactions triggered by changes in prices of different magnitude and composition are exploited. The main findings stemming from the analysis are the following; the average price elasticity of cigarette consumption is comparable with previous estimates for advanced economies (-.32). However, the decomposition of this result across five latent-classes of smokers, reveals extreme heterogeneity in terms of price responsiveness, implying a potential price elasticity that ranges between 0.05 to almost 1. Such heterogeneity is in part explained by observable characteristics such as age, income, gender, education as well as (current and lagged) smoking intensity. Moreover, price responsiveness is far from being independent from the size of the prospected price increase. Finally, by comparing even and uneven price variations, it is shown that uniform across-brand price increases are able to limit the scope of product substitutions and downgrade. Estimated price-response heterogeneity has significant implications for tax policy. Among them, first, it provides evidence and a rationale for why the aggregate price elasticity is likely to follow a strictly increasing pattern as a function of the experienced price variation. This information is crucial for forecasting the effect of a given tax-driven price change on tax revenue. Second, it provides some guidance on how to design excise tax reforms to balance public health and revenue goals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smoking%20behaviour" title="smoking behaviour">smoking behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preference%20heterogeneity" title=" preference heterogeneity"> preference heterogeneity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20responsiveness" title=" price responsiveness"> price responsiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cigarette%20taxation" title=" cigarette taxation"> cigarette taxation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20utility%20models" title=" random utility models"> random utility models</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84680/tobacco-taxation-and-the-heterogeneity-of-smokers-responses-to-price-increases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84680.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4810</span> Modelling Exchange-Rate Pass-Through: A Model of Oil Prices and Asymmetric Exchange Rate Fluctuations in Selected African Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fajana%20Sola%20Isaac">Fajana Sola Isaac</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the last two decades, we have witnessed an increased interest in exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) in developing economies and emerging markets. This is perhaps due to the acknowledged significance of the pattern of exchange rate pass-through as a key instrument in monetary policy design, principally in retort to a shock in exchange rate in literature. This paper analyzed Exchange Rate Pass-Through by A Model of Oil Prices and Asymmetric Exchange Rate Fluctuations in Selected African Countries. The study adopted A Non-Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach using yearly data on Algeria, Burundi, Nigeria and South Africa from 1986 to 2022. The paper found asymmetry in exchange rate pass-through in net oil-importing and net oil-exporting countries in the short run during the period under review. An ERPT exhibited a complete pass-through in the short run in the case of net oil-importing countries but an incomplete pass-through in the case of the net oil-exporting countries that were examined. An extended result revealed a significant impact of oil price shock on exchange rate pass-through to domestic price in the long run only for net oil importing countries. The Wald restriction test also confirms the evidence of asymmetric with the role of oil price acting as an accelerator to exchange rate pass-through to domestic price in the countries examined. The study found the outcome to be very useful for gaining expansive knowledge on the external shock impact on ERPT and could be of critical value for national monetary policy decisions on inflation targeting, especially for countries examined and other developing net oil importers and exporters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pass%20through" title="pass through">pass through</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exchange%20rate" title=" exchange rate"> exchange rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ARDL" title=" ARDL"> ARDL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monetary%20policy" title=" monetary policy"> monetary policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173471/modelling-exchange-rate-pass-through-a-model-of-oil-prices-and-asymmetric-exchange-rate-fluctuations-in-selected-african-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173471.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4809</span> Price Regulation in Domestic Market: Incentives to Collude in the Deregulated Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Avdasheva">S. Avdasheva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Tsytsulina"> D. Tsytsulina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In many regulated industries over the world price cap as a method of price regulation replaces cost-plus pricing. It is a kind of incentive regulation introduced in order to enhance productive efficiency by strengthening sellers’ incentives for cost reduction as well as incentives for more efficient pricing. However pricing under cap is not neutral for competition in the market. We consider influence on competition on the markets where benchmark for cap is chosen from when sellers are multi-market. We argue that the impact of price cap regulation on market competition depends on the design of cap. More specifically if cap for one (regulated) market depends on the price of the supplier in other (non-regulated) market, there is sub-type of price cap regulation (known in Russian tariff regulation as ‘netback minus’) that enhance incentives to collude in non-regulated market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20regulation" title="price regulation">price regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competition" title=" competition"> competition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collusion" title=" collusion"> collusion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20966/price-regulation-in-domestic-market-incentives-to-collude-in-the-deregulated-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20966.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">521</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4808</span> Aggregate Supply Response of Some Livestock Commodities in Algeria: Cointegration- Vector Error Correction Model Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amine%20M.%20Benmehaia">Amine M. Benmehaia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amine%20Oulmane"> Amine Oulmane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The supply response of agricultural commodities to changes in price incentives is an important issue for the success of any policy reform in the agricultural sector. This study aims to quantify the responsiveness of producers of some livestock commodities to price incentives in Algerian context. Time series analysis is used on annual data for a period of 52 years (1966-2018). Both co-integration and vector error correction model (VECM) are used through the Nerlove model of partial adjustment. The study attempts to determine the long-run and short-run relationships along with the magnitudes of disequilibria in the selected commodities. Results show that the short-run price elasticities are low in cow and sheep meat sectors (8.7 and 8% respectively), while their respective long-run elasticities are 16.5 and 10.5, whereas eggs and milk have very high short-run price elasticities (82 and 90% respectively) with long-run elasticities of 40 and 46 respectively. The error correction coefficient, reflecting the speed of adjustment towards the long-run equilibrium, is statistically significant and have the expected negative sign. Its estimates are 12.7 for cow meat, 33.5 for sheep meat, 46.7 for eggs and 8.4 for milk. It seems that cow meat and milk producers have a weak feedback of about 12.7% and 8.4% respectively of the previous year's disequilibrium from the long-run price elasticity, whereas sheep meat and eggs producers adjust to correct long run disequilibrium with a high speed of adjustment (33.5% and 46.7 % respectively). The implication of this is that much more in-depth research is needed to identify those factors that affect agricultural supply and to describe the effect of factors that shift supply in response to price incentives. This could provide valuable information for government in the use of appropriate policy measures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cointegration" title=" cointegration"> cointegration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livestock" title=" livestock"> livestock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20response" title=" supply response"> supply response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vector%20error%20correction%20model" title=" vector error correction model"> vector error correction model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133438/aggregate-supply-response-of-some-livestock-commodities-in-algeria-cointegration-vector-error-correction-model-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133438.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4807</span> The Rocketing Raise of Bride Price in the Rural China: Intimacy and Family Changes Brought by Rural Urban Migration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lei%20Liu">Lei Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper concerns on a special phenomenon of rocketing of bride’s price in rural China after the rural-urban labor migration nowadays. It provides a brief overview of three major prospective on marriage exchange, especially impose the local marriage market due to the post-migration economic environments. Then the author highlights on several factors that influence the rocketing raise of rural marriage gifts using both the primary data from census 2010 and the interviews from the field study, such as one-child policy and the unbalanced sex ratio with the familiar context parents used different strategies in raising their sons and daughters so as to best hold their own interests, causing inequality between females and males. Then this was broken by the independence of rural women and the phenomenon of cross-regional marriage after the free mobility of labor resource between rural areas and urban areas which gives women equal rights to choose their spouses together with some publicly policies that accelerate the decline of patriarchy. In the end, the author spells out a framework of migration influence on rural marriage for some theoretical and policy implications of the findings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural-urban%20migration" title="rural-urban migration">rural-urban migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20stratification" title=" gender stratification"> gender stratification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20China" title=" rural China"> rural China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bride%20price" title=" bride price"> bride price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marriage" title=" marriage"> marriage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57784/the-rocketing-raise-of-bride-price-in-the-rural-china-intimacy-and-family-changes-brought-by-rural-urban-migration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57784.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4806</span> Analysis of Spatial Heterogeneity of Residential Prices in Guangzhou: An Actual Study Based on Point of Interest Geographically Weighted Regression Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zichun%20Guo">Zichun Guo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Guangzhou's house price has long been lower than the other three major cities; with the gradual increase in Guangzhou's house price, the influencing factors of house price have gradually been paid attention to; this paper tries to use house price data and POI (Point of Interest) data, and explores the distribution of house price and influencing factors by applying the Kriging spatial interpolation method and geographically weighted regression model in ArcGIS. The results show that the interpolation result of house price has a significant relationship with the economic development and development potential of the region and that different POI types have different impacts on the growth of house prices in different regions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=POI" title="POI">POI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=house%20price" title=" house price"> house price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20heterogeneity" title=" spatial heterogeneity"> spatial heterogeneity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guangzhou" title=" Guangzhou"> Guangzhou</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185907/analysis-of-spatial-heterogeneity-of-residential-prices-in-guangzhou-an-actual-study-based-on-point-of-interest-geographically-weighted-regression-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185907.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">55</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4805</span> The Non-Uniqueness of Partial Differential Equations Options Price Valuation Formula for Heston Stochastic Volatility Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20D.%20Ibrahim">H. D. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20C.%20Chinwenyi"> H. C. Chinwenyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Danjuma"> T. Danjuma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An option is defined as a financial contract that provides the holder the right but not the obligation to buy or sell a specified quantity of an underlying asset in the future at a fixed price (called a strike price) on or before the expiration date of the option. This paper examined two approaches for derivation of Partial Differential Equation (PDE) options price valuation formula for the Heston stochastic volatility model. We obtained various PDE option price valuation formulas using the riskless portfolio method and the application of Feynman-Kac theorem respectively. From the results obtained, we see that the two derived PDEs for Heston model are distinct and non-unique. This establishes the fact of incompleteness in the model for option price valuation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Black-Scholes%20partial%20differential%20equations" title="Black-Scholes partial differential equations">Black-Scholes partial differential equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ito%20process" title=" Ito process"> Ito process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=option%20price%20valuation" title=" option price valuation"> option price valuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20differential%20equations" title=" partial differential equations"> partial differential equations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131307/the-non-uniqueness-of-partial-differential-equations-options-price-valuation-formula-for-heston-stochastic-volatility-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131307.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4804</span> Revisiting the Fiscal Theory of Sovereign Risk from the DSGE View</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eiji%20Okano">Eiji Okano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazuyuki%20Inagaki"> Kazuyuki Inagaki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We revisit Uribe's `Fiscal Theory of Sovereign Risk' advocating that there is a trade-off between stabilizing inflation and suppressing default. We develop a class of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with nominal rigidities and compare two de facto inflation stabilization policies, optimal monetary policy and optimal monetary and fiscal policy with the minimizing interest rate spread policy which completely suppress the default. Under the optimal monetary and fiscal policy, not only the nominal interest rate but also the tax rate work to minimize welfare costs through stabilizing inflation. Under the optimal monetary both inflation and output gap are completely stabilized although those are fluctuating under the optimal monetary policy. In addition, volatility in the default rate under the optimal monetary policy is considerably lower than one under the optimal monetary policy. Thus, there is not the SI-SD trade-off. In addition, while the minimizing interest rate spread policy makes inflation rate severely volatile, the optimal monetary and fiscal policy stabilize both the inflation and the default. A trade-off between stabilizing inflation and suppressing default is not so severe what pointed out by Uribe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sovereign%20risk" title="sovereign risk">sovereign risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20monetary%20policy" title=" optimal monetary policy"> optimal monetary policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiscal%20theory%20of%20the%20price%20level" title=" fiscal theory of the price level"> fiscal theory of the price level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DSGE" title=" DSGE"> DSGE</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50808/revisiting-the-fiscal-theory-of-sovereign-risk-from-the-dsge-view" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4803</span> The Relations between Spatial Structure and Land Price</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-Hun%20Cho">Jung-Hun Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae-Heon%20Moon"> Tae-Heon Moon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin-Hak%20Lee"> Jin-Hak Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Land price contains the comprehensive characteristics of urban space, representing the social and economic features of the city. Accordingly, land price can be utilized as an indicator, which can identify the changes of spatial structure and socioeconomic variations caused by urban development. This study attempted to explore the changes in land price by a new road construction. Methodologically, it adopted Space Syntax, which can interpret urban spatial structure comprehensively, to identify the relationship between the forms of road networks and land price. The result of the regression analysis showed the ‘integration index’ of Space Syntax is statistically significant and has a strong correlation with land price. If the integration value is high, land price increases proportionally. Subsequently, using regression equation, it tried to predict the land price changes of each of the lots surrounding the roads that are newly opened. The research methods or study results have the advantage of predicting the changes in land price in an easy way. In addition, it will contribute to planners and project managers to establish relevant polices and smoothing urban regeneration projects through enhancing residents’ understanding by providing possible results and advantages in their land price before the execution of urban regeneration and development projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20syntax" title="space syntax">space syntax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20regeneration" title=" urban regeneration"> urban regeneration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20structure" title=" spatial structure"> spatial structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=official%20land%20price" title=" official land price"> official land price</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56584/the-relations-between-spatial-structure-and-land-price" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56584.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4802</span> Estimating Directional Shadow Prices of Air Pollutant Emissions by Transportation Modes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huey-Kuo%20Chen">Huey-Kuo Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper applies directional marginal productivity model to study the shadow price of emissions by transportation modes in the years of 2011 and 2013 with the aim to provide a reference for policy makers to improve the emission of pollutants. One input variable (i.e., energy consumption), one desirable output variable (i.e., vehicle kilometers traveled) and three undesirable output variables (i.e., carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides) generated by road transportation modes were used to evaluate directional marginal productivity and directional shadow price for 18 transportation modes. The results show that the directional shadow price (DSP) of SOx is much higher than CO2 and NOx. Nevertheless, the emission of CO2 is the largest among the three kinds of pollutants. To improve the air quality, the government should pay more attention to the emission of CO2 and apply the alternative solution such as promoting public transportation and subsidizing electric vehicles to reduce the use of private vehicles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marginal%20productivity" title="marginal productivity">marginal productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20transportation%20modes" title=" road transportation modes"> road transportation modes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shadow%20price" title=" shadow price"> shadow price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=undesirable%20outputs" title=" undesirable outputs"> undesirable outputs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123589/estimating-directional-shadow-prices-of-air-pollutant-emissions-by-transportation-modes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123589.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4801</span> Price to Earnings Growth (PEG) Predicting Future Returns Better than the Price to Earnings (PE) Ratio</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lindrianasari%20Stefanie">Lindrianasari Stefanie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aminah%20Khairudin"> Aminah Khairudin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the ability of Price to Earnings Ratio and PEG Ratio in predicting future stock returns issuers. The samples used in this study are stocks that go into LQ45. The main contribution is to assign empirical evidence if the PEG Ratio can provide optimum return compared to Price to Earnings Ratio. This study used a sample of the entire company into the group LQ45 with the period of observation. The data used is limited to the financial statements of a company incorporated in LQ45 period July 2013-July 2014, using the financial statements and the position of the company's closing stock price at the end of 2010 as a reference benchmark for the growth of the company's stock price compared to the closing price of 2013. This study found that the method of PEG Ratio can outperform the method of PE ratio in predicting future returns on the stock portfolio of LQ45. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20to%20earnings%20growth" title="price to earnings growth">price to earnings growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20to%20earnings%20ratio" title=" price to earnings ratio"> price to earnings ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=future%20returns" title=" future returns"> future returns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20price" title=" stock price"> stock price</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16670/price-to-earnings-growth-peg-predicting-future-returns-better-than-the-price-to-earnings-pe-ratio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20policy&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20policy&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20policy&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20policy&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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