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open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Leyden" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Leyden_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Leyden (disambiguation)">Leyden (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><p><b>Leiden</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LY</span>-dən</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈlɛidə(n)]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/79\/Nl-Leiden.ogg\/Nl-Leiden.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Leiden.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Nl-Leiden.ogg/Nl-Leiden.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Leiden.ogg" title="File:Nl-Leiden.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> also <b>Leyden</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. The municipality of Leiden has a population of 127,046 (31 January 2023),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration with its suburbs <a href="/wiki/Oegstgeest" title="Oegstgeest">Oegstgeest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiderdorp" title="Leiderdorp">Leiderdorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voorschoten" title="Voorschoten">Voorschoten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoeterwoude" title="Zoeterwoude">Zoeterwoude</a> with 215,602 inhabitants. The <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (CBS) further includes <a href="/wiki/Katwijk" title="Katwijk">Katwijk</a> in the agglomeration which makes the total population of the Leiden urban agglomeration 282,207 and in the larger Leiden urban area also <a href="/wiki/Teylingen" title="Teylingen">Teylingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noordwijk" title="Noordwijk">Noordwijk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noordwijkerhout" title="Noordwijkerhout">Noordwijkerhout</a> are included with in total 365,913 inhabitants. Leiden is located on the <a href="/wiki/Oude_Rijn_(Utrecht_and_South_Holland)" title="Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)">Oude Rijn</a>, at a distance of some 20 km (12 mi) from <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> to its south and some 40 km (25 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> to its north. The recreational area of the Kaag Lakes (<a href="/wiki/Kagerplassen" title="Kagerplassen">Kagerplassen</a>) lies just to the northeast of Leiden. </p><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Leiden</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapenburg_Leiden_Centrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rapenburg_Leiden_Centrum.jpg/268px-Rapenburg_Leiden_Centrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rapenburg_Leiden_Centrum.jpg/402px-Rapenburg_Leiden_Centrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rapenburg_Leiden_Centrum.jpg/536px-Rapenburg_Leiden_Centrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Rapenburg</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_Nieuwe_Rijn_met_Koornbrug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Koornbrug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Leiden_Nieuwe_Rijn_met_Koornbrug.jpg/132px-Leiden_Nieuwe_Rijn_met_Koornbrug.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Leiden_Nieuwe_Rijn_met_Koornbrug.jpg/198px-Leiden_Nieuwe_Rijn_met_Koornbrug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Leiden_Nieuwe_Rijn_met_Koornbrug.jpg/264px-Leiden_Nieuwe_Rijn_met_Koornbrug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Koornbrug</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_Aalmarkt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Leiden_Aalmarkt.jpg/132px-Leiden_Aalmarkt.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Leiden_Aalmarkt.jpg/198px-Leiden_Aalmarkt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Leiden_Aalmarkt.jpg/264px-Leiden_Aalmarkt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Aalmarkt</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_Groenebrug_en_Steenschuur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Steenschuur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Leiden_Groenebrug_en_Steenschuur.jpg/268px-Leiden_Groenebrug_en_Steenschuur.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Leiden_Groenebrug_en_Steenschuur.jpg/402px-Leiden_Groenebrug_en_Steenschuur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Leiden_Groenebrug_en_Steenschuur.jpg/536px-Leiden_Groenebrug_en_Steenschuur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Steenschuur</div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Tophograpic map</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Leiden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Leiden"><img alt="Flag of Leiden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Leiden.svg/100px-Flag_of_Leiden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Leiden.svg/150px-Flag_of_Leiden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Leiden.svg/200px-Flag_of_Leiden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Leiden"><img alt="Coat of arms of Leiden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leiden_wapen.svg/51px-Leiden_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leiden_wapen.svg/77px-Leiden_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leiden_wapen.svg/102px-Leiden_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="729"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Sleutelstad (Key City)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0546_(2009).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in South Holland"><img alt="Highlighted position of Leiden in a municipal map of South Holland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0546_%282009%29.svg/250px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0546_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0546_%282009%29.svg/375px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0546_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0546_%282009%29.svg/500px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0546_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="160"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in South Holland</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leiden is located in Netherlands"><img alt="Leiden is located in Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/250px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/375px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/500px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1001"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.677%;left:31.591%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Leiden"><img alt="Leiden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Leiden</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the Netherlands</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Netherlands</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leiden is located in Europe"><img alt="Leiden is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.338%;left:28.634%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Leiden"><img alt="Leiden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Leiden</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leiden&params=52.16_N_4.49_E_region:NL-ZH_type:city(238,493)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°10′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°29′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.16°N 4.49°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.16; 4.49</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-mayor_now_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayor_now-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">Municipal council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Burgemeester" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgemeester">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Peter van der Velden (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">PvdA</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Municipality</div></th><td class="infobox-data">23.27 km<sup>2</sup> (8.98 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">21.91 km<sup>2</sup> (8.46 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1.36 km<sup>2</sup> (0.53 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-AHN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(Municipality, January 2021; Urban and Metro, May 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Municipality</div></th><td class="infobox-data">124,093</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,664/km<sup>2</sup> (14,670/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">238,493</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">344,299</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Leidenaar</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_the_Netherlands" title="Postal codes in the Netherlands">Postcodes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">2300–2334</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telephone numbers in the Netherlands">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">071</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gemeente.leiden.nl/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43631#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="5" data-overlays='["_5a1b6bbf2893c33a7ff70bd327d7e82194042757"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Leiden&revid=1257125869&groups=_5a1b6bbf2893c33a7ff70bd327d7e82194042757" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Leiden&revid=1257125869&groups=_5a1b6bbf2893c33a7ff70bd327d7e82194042757 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Click on the map for a fullscreen view</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <a href="/wiki/University_town" class="mw-redirect" title="University town">university city</a> since 1575, Leiden has been one of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>'s most prominent scientific centres for more than four centuries. Leiden is a typical <a href="/wiki/University_town" class="mw-redirect" title="University town">university city</a>, university buildings are scattered throughout the city and the many students from all over the world give the city a bustling, vivid and international atmosphere. Many important scientific discoveries have been made here, giving rise to Leiden's motto: 'City of Discoveries'. The city houses <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>, the oldest university of the Netherlands, and <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Medical_Center" title="Leiden University Medical Center">Leiden University Medical Center</a>. Leiden University is one of Europe's top universities, with thirteen Nobel Prize winners. It is a member of the League of European Research Universities and positioned highly in all international academic rankings. It is twinned with <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, the location of the United Kingdom's oldest <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">university</a>. Leiden University and <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_of_Applied_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University of Applied Sciences">Leiden University of Applied Sciences</a> (<i>Leidse Hogeschool</i>) together have around 35,000 students. Modern scientific medical research and teaching started in the early 18th century in Leiden with Boerhaave. </p><p>Leiden is a city with a rich cultural heritage, not only in science, but also in the arts. One of the world's most famous painters, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, was born and educated in Leiden. Other Leiden painters include <a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden" title="Lucas van Leyden">Lucas van Leyden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Goyen" title="Jan van Goyen">Jan van Goyen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Steen" title="Jan Steen">Jan Steen</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Siege_of_1420"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Siege of 1420</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#16th_to_18th_centuries"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">16th to 18th centuries</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#19th_and_20th_centuries"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">19th and 20th centuries</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Leiden_today"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Leiden today</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Rivers,_canals_and_parks"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rivers, canals and parks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Buildings_of_interest"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Buildings of interest</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Fortifications"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fortifications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Churches"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Churches</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#University_buildings"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">University buildings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Other_buildings"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Other buildings</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Museums"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Museums</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Public_transport"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Public transport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Public_officials_and_scholars"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Public officials and scholars</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#The_arts"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">The arts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Science"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Science</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Others"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Others</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#International_relations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Twin_cities_%E2%80%93_sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Twin cities – sister cities</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Miscellaneous"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Miscellaneous</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Leiden was formed on an artificial hill (today called the <a href="/wiki/Burcht_van_Leiden" title="Burcht van Leiden">Burcht van Leiden</a>) at the confluence of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Oude_Rijn_(Utrecht_and_South_Holland)" title="Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)">Oude</a> and Nieuwe Rijn (Old and New Rhine). The settlement was called <i>Leithon</i>. The name is from Germanic *<i>leitha</i> (canal).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leiden has erroneously been associated with the Roman outpost <a href="/wiki/Brittenburg" title="Brittenburg">Lugdunum Batavorum</a>. This was thought to be located at the Burcht of Leiden, and the city's name was thought to be derived from the Latin name Lugdunum. However, the <i>castellum</i> was in fact closer to the town of <a href="/wiki/Katwijk" title="Katwijk">Katwijk</a>, whereas the Roman settlement near Leiden was called <a href="/wiki/Matilo" title="Matilo">Matilo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_1420">Siege of 1420</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Siege of 1420" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1420, during the <a href="/wiki/Hook_and_Cod_wars" title="Hook and Cod wars">Hook and Cod wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John III, Duke of Bavaria">Duke John III of Bavaria</a> along with his army marched from <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda</a> in the direction of Leiden in order to conquer the city since Leiden did not pay the new <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Holland" title="Count of Holland">Count of Holland</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline,_Countess_of_Hainaut" title="Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut">Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut</a>, his niece and only daughter of <a href="/wiki/William_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria-Straubing" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing">Count William VI of Holland</a>. </p><p>Burgrave Filips of Wassenaar and the other local noblemen of the Hook faction assumed that the duke would besiege Leiden first and send small units out to conquer the surrounding citadels. But <a href="/wiki/John_of_Bavaria-Straubing" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Bavaria-Straubing">John of Bavaria</a> chose to attack the citadels first. </p><p>He rolled the cannons along with his army but one which was too heavy went by ship. By firing at the walls and gates with iron balls the citadels fell one by one. Within a week John of Bavaria conquered the castles of Poelgeest, Ter Does, Hoichmade, de Zijl, ter Waerd, Warmond and de Paddenpoel. </p><p>On 24 June the army appeared before the walls of Leiden. On 17 August 1420, after a two-month siege, the city surrendered to John of Bavaria. The burgrave Filips of Wassenaar was stripped of his offices and rights and lived out his last years in captivity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_to_18th_centuries">16th to 18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 16th to 18th centuries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Leiden flourished in the 16th and 17th century. At the close of the 15th century, the weaving establishments of Leiden (mainly <a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">broadcloth</a>) were very important. In the same period, Leiden developed an important printing and publishing industry. Printers <a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden" title="Lucas van Leyden">Lucas van Leyden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_van_Veen" title="Otto van Veen">Otto van Veen</a> lived here, and so did <a href="/wiki/Christoffel_Plantijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoffel Plantijn">Christoffel Plantijn</a>. One of Christoffel's pupils was <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Elzevir" title="Lodewijk Elzevir">Lodewijk Elzevir</a> (1547–1617), who established the largest bookshop and printing works in Leiden, a business continued by <a href="/wiki/House_of_Elzevir" title="House of Elzevir">his descendants</a> through 1712. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veen01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Veen01.jpg/200px-Veen01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6570" data-file-height="4404"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Veen01.jpg/200px-Veen01.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Veen01.jpg/300px-Veen01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Veen01.jpg/400px-Veen01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>Relief of Leiden</i> (1574), painting by <a href="/wiki/Otto_van_Veen" title="Otto van Veen">Otto van Veen</a>. Inundated meadows allow the Dutch fleet access to the Spanish infantry positions.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1572, the city sided with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> against Spanish rule and played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">besieged</a> from May to October 1574 by the Spanish but was relieved by the cutting of the dikes, thus enabling ships to carry provisions to the inhabitants. <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Orange">William I of Orange</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a> in 1575 as a reward for their heroic defense. The end of the siege is still celebrated in Leiden on October 3 each year. According to tradition, the citizens of Leiden were offered the choice between a university and a certain exemption from taxes and chose the university. The siege is notable also for being the first instance in Europe of the issuance of paper money, with paper taken from prayer books being stamped using coin dies when silver ran out.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_Oude_vest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Leiden_Oude_vest.jpg/200px-Leiden_Oude_vest.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Leiden_Oude_vest.jpg/200px-Leiden_Oude_vest.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Leiden_Oude_vest.jpg/300px-Leiden_Oude_vest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Leiden_Oude_vest.jpg/400px-Leiden_Oude_vest.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>17th-century houses along the Oude Vest</figcaption></figure> <p>Leiden is known as the place where the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a> and some of the settlers of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived, operating a printing press<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a time in the early 17th century before their departure to <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leiden prospered in the 17th century, in part because of the impetus to the textile industry by refugees from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. The city had lost about a third of its 15,000 citizens during the siege of 1574, but it quickly recovered to 45,000 in 1622 and may have come near to 70,000 <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1670</span>. During the Dutch Golden Era, Leiden was the second largest city of Holland after Amsterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It played a crucial role in the establishment of modern chemistry and medicine due to the work by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a> (1668–1738). </p><p>Leiden slumped from the late 17th century on, mainly due to the decline of the textile industries. The baize manufacture was given up at the beginning of the 19th century, although industry remained central to Leiden economy. This decline can be seen in the fall in population, which had sunk to 30,000 between 1796 and 1811, and in 1904 was 56,044.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leiden was the publishing place from the 17th to the early 19th century of the important journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelles_Extraordinaires_de_Divers_Endroits" title="Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits">Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits</a></i>, known also as <i>Gazette de Leyde</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>On 12 January 1807, a <a href="/wiki/Leiden_gunpowder_disaster" title="Leiden gunpowder disaster">catastrophe</a> struck the city when a boat loaded with 17,400 kg (38,360 lb) of gunpowder blew up in the middle of Leiden. 151 people were killed, over 2,000 were injured and some 220 homes were destroyed. King <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a> personally visited the city to provide assistance to the victims. Although located in the centre of the city, the area destroyed remained empty for many years. In 1886 the space was turned into a public park, the Van der Werff park.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842, the railroad from Leiden to <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a> was inaugurated and one year later the railway to <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> (Den Haag) was completed, resulting in some social and economic improvement. Perhaps the most important piece of Dutch history contributed by Leiden was the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution of the Netherlands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Rudolf Thorbecke">Johan Rudolf Thorbecke</a> (1798–1872) wrote the Dutch Constitution in April 1848 in his house at Garenmarkt 9 in Leiden. </p><p>Leiden's reputation as the "city of books" continued through the 19th century with the establishment of publishing dynasties by <a href="/wiki/Evert_Jan_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Evert Jan Brill">Evert Jan Brill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Willem_Sijthoff" title="Albertus Willem Sijthoff">Albertus Willem Sijthoff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BN-History_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BN-History-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sijthoff, who rose to prominence in the trade of translated books, wrote a letter in 1899 to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a> regarding his opposition to becoming a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</a>. He felt that international copyright restrictions would stifle the Dutch publishing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Publishers-Circular-1899_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publishers-Circular-1899-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leiden began to expand beyond its 17th-century moats around 1896 and the number of citizens surpassed 50,000 in 1900. After 1920, new industries were established in the city, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a> and metal industries. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Leiden was hit hard by Allied bombardments. The areas surrounding the railway station and Marewijk were almost completely destroyed. </p><p>The University of Leiden is famous for its many discoveries including <a href="/wiki/Snell%27s_law" title="Snell's law">Snell's law</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Willebrord_Snellius" title="Willebrord Snellius">Willebrord Snellius</a>) and the famous <a href="/wiki/Leyden_jar" title="Leyden jar">Leyden jar</a>, a capacitor made from a glass jar, invented in Leiden by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_Musschenbroek" title="Pieter van Musschenbroek">Pieter van Musschenbroek</a> in 1746. Another development was in <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel prize winner in physics</a>) liquefied <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> for the first time (1908) and later managed to reach a temperature of less than one degree above the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute minimum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> also spent some time at Leiden University during his early to middle career. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leiden_today">Leiden today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Leiden today" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The city's biggest and most popular annual festival is celebrated on 3 October and is called simply <a href="/wiki/3_October_Festival" title="3 October Festival">3 Oktober</a>. The people of Leiden celebrate the end of the Spanish siege of 1574.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically takes place over the course of two to three days and includes parades, a <a href="/wiki/Hutspot" title="Hutspot">hutspot</a> feast, historical reenactments, a funfair and other events. Since 2006, the city has also hosted the annual <a href="/wiki/Leiden_International_Film_Festival" title="Leiden International Film Festival">Leiden International Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dawson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leiden has important functions as a shopping and trade centre for communities around the city. </p><p>The city also houses the <a href="/wiki/Eurotransplant" title="Eurotransplant">Eurotransplant</a>, the international organization responsible for the mediation and allocation of <a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">organ donation</a> procedures in Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Slovenia. Leiden also houses the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, a global pan-European aerospace and defence corporation and a leading defence and military contractor worldwide. The group includes <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, the leading manufacturer of commercial aircraft worldwide. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Rivers,_canals_and_parks"><span id="Rivers.2C_canals_and_parks"></span>Rivers, canals and parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rivers, canals and parks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_Academisch_gebouw_en_Nonnenbrug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Leiden_Academisch_gebouw_en_Nonnenbrug.jpg/220px-Leiden_Academisch_gebouw_en_Nonnenbrug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Leiden_Academisch_gebouw_en_Nonnenbrug.jpg/220px-Leiden_Academisch_gebouw_en_Nonnenbrug.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Leiden_Academisch_gebouw_en_Nonnenbrug.jpg/330px-Leiden_Academisch_gebouw_en_Nonnenbrug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Leiden_Academisch_gebouw_en_Nonnenbrug.jpg/440px-Leiden_Academisch_gebouw_en_Nonnenbrug.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Leiden Academic Building and Nonnenbrug</figcaption></figure> <p>The two branches of the <a href="/wiki/Oude_Rijn_(Utrecht_and_South_Holland)" title="Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)">Oude Rijn</a>, which enter Leiden on the east, unite in the centre of the city. The city is further intersected by numerous small <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> with tree-bordered <a href="/wiki/Quay" class="mw-redirect" title="Quay">quays</a>. On the west side of the city, the <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Botanicus_Leiden" title="Hortus Botanicus Leiden">Hortus Botanicus</a> and other gardens extend along the old <i><a href="/wiki/Singel" title="Singel">Singel</a></i>, or outer canal. The <a href="/wiki/Leidse_Hout" title="Leidse Hout">Leidse Hout</a> park, which contains a small deer park, lies on the northwest border with <a href="/wiki/Oegstgeest" title="Oegstgeest">Oegstgeest</a>. The <i>Van der Werf Park</i> is named after the mayor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Adriaansz._van_der_Werff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter Adriaansz. van der Werff (page does not exist)">Pieter Adriaansz. van der Werff</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Adriaansz._van_der_Werff" class="extiw" title="nl:Pieter Adriaansz. van der Werff">nl</a>]</span>, who defended the city against the Spaniards in 1574. The city was beleaguered for months and many died from famine. The open space for the park was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Leiden_Gunpowder_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden Gunpowder Disaster">accidental explosion</a> of a ship loaded with <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> in 1807, which destroyed hundreds of houses, including that of the Elsevier family of <a href="/wiki/Printer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Printer (publisher)">printers</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Buildings_of_interest">Buildings of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buildings of interest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Because of the economic decline from the end of the 17th until the middle of the 19th century, much of the 16th- and 17th-century city centre is still intact. It is the second largest 17th-century town centre in the Netherlands, the largest being Amsterdam's city centre. </p><p>A hundred buildings in the centre are decorated with large murals of poetry, part of a <a href="/wiki/Wall_poems_in_Leiden" title="Wall poems in Leiden">wall poem project</a> active from 1992, and still ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morspoort-Leiden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Morspoort-Leiden.jpg/317px-Morspoort-Leiden.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3475" data-file-height="2306"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 212px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Morspoort-Leiden.jpg/317px-Morspoort-Leiden.jpg" data-width="212" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Morspoort-Leiden.jpg/475px-Morspoort-Leiden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Morspoort-Leiden.jpg/633px-Morspoort-Leiden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden,_de_Zijlpoort_RM25667_foto7_2017-06-11_12.46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leiden%2C_de_Zijlpoort_RM25667_foto7_2017-06-11_12.46.jpg/157px-Leiden%2C_de_Zijlpoort_RM25667_foto7_2017-06-11_12.46.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="4295"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 105px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leiden%2C_de_Zijlpoort_RM25667_foto7_2017-06-11_12.46.jpg/157px-Leiden%2C_de_Zijlpoort_RM25667_foto7_2017-06-11_12.46.jpg" data-width="105" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leiden%2C_de_Zijlpoort_RM25667_foto7_2017-06-11_12.46.jpg/236px-Leiden%2C_de_Zijlpoort_RM25667_foto7_2017-06-11_12.46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Leiden%2C_de_Zijlpoort_RM25667_foto7_2017-06-11_12.46.jpg/315px-Leiden%2C_de_Zijlpoort_RM25667_foto7_2017-06-11_12.46.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_at_night_Maresingel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Leiden_at_night_Maresingel.jpg/335px-Leiden_at_night_Maresingel.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1605"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 224px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Leiden_at_night_Maresingel.jpg/335px-Leiden_at_night_Maresingel.jpg" data-width="224" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Leiden_at_night_Maresingel.jpg/503px-Leiden_at_night_Maresingel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Leiden_at_night_Maresingel.jpg/670px-Leiden_at_night_Maresingel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden-Windmill-DeValk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Leiden-Windmill-DeValk.JPG/147px-Leiden-Windmill-DeValk.JPG" decoding="async" width="98" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2602" data-file-height="3714"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 98px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Leiden-Windmill-DeValk.JPG/147px-Leiden-Windmill-DeValk.JPG" data-width="98" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Leiden-Windmill-DeValk.JPG/221px-Leiden-Windmill-DeValk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Leiden-Windmill-DeValk.JPG/294px-Leiden-Windmill-DeValk.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cultuurhuis_Sijthoff_Doezastraat_1-B,_2311_GZ_Leiden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cultuurhuis_Sijthoff_Doezastraat_1-B%2C_2311_GZ_Leiden.jpg/316px-Cultuurhuis_Sijthoff_Doezastraat_1-B%2C_2311_GZ_Leiden.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 211px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cultuurhuis_Sijthoff_Doezastraat_1-B%2C_2311_GZ_Leiden.jpg/316px-Cultuurhuis_Sijthoff_Doezastraat_1-B%2C_2311_GZ_Leiden.jpg" data-width="211" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cultuurhuis_Sijthoff_Doezastraat_1-B%2C_2311_GZ_Leiden.jpg/474px-Cultuurhuis_Sijthoff_Doezastraat_1-B%2C_2311_GZ_Leiden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cultuurhuis_Sijthoff_Doezastraat_1-B%2C_2311_GZ_Leiden.jpg/632px-Cultuurhuis_Sijthoff_Doezastraat_1-B%2C_2311_GZ_Leiden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortifications">Fortifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fortifications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>At the strategically important junction of the two arms of the Oude Rijn stands the old <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> <i>de Burcht</i>, a circular tower built on an earthen mound. The mound probably was a refuge against high water before a small wooden fortress was built on top of it in the 11th century. The citadel is a so-called <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte-and-bailey">motte-and-bailey</a> castle.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of Leiden's old <a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">city gates</a> only two are left, the <i><a href="/wiki/Zijlpoort_(Leiden)" title="Zijlpoort (Leiden)">Zijlpoort</a></i> and the <i>Morspoort</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both dating from the end of the 17th century. Apart from one small watch tower on the Singel nothing is left of the town's <a href="/wiki/City_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="City wall">city walls</a>. Another former <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> is the <i>Gravensteen</i>. Built as a <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a> in the 13th century it has since served as house, library and prison.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently it is one of the university's buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Churches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hooglandse_Kerk_1671.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hooglandse_Kerk_1671.jpg/280px-Hooglandse_Kerk_1671.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 187px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hooglandse_Kerk_1671.jpg/280px-Hooglandse_Kerk_1671.jpg" data-width="187" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hooglandse_Kerk_1671.jpg/419px-Hooglandse_Kerk_1671.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hooglandse_Kerk_1671.jpg/559px-Hooglandse_Kerk_1671.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden,_de_Sint_Lodewijkskerk_RM25593_met_de_Groenebrug_foto7_2017-06-11_11.01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Leiden%2C_de_Sint_Lodewijkskerk_RM25593_met_de_Groenebrug_foto7_2017-06-11_11.01.jpg/295px-Leiden%2C_de_Sint_Lodewijkskerk_RM25593_met_de_Groenebrug_foto7_2017-06-11_11.01.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2838"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 197px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Leiden%2C_de_Sint_Lodewijkskerk_RM25593_met_de_Groenebrug_foto7_2017-06-11_11.01.jpg/295px-Leiden%2C_de_Sint_Lodewijkskerk_RM25593_met_de_Groenebrug_foto7_2017-06-11_11.01.jpg" data-width="197" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Leiden%2C_de_Sint_Lodewijkskerk_RM25593_met_de_Groenebrug_foto7_2017-06-11_11.01.jpg/442px-Leiden%2C_de_Sint_Lodewijkskerk_RM25593_met_de_Groenebrug_foto7_2017-06-11_11.01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Leiden%2C_de_Sint_Lodewijkskerk_RM25593_met_de_Groenebrug_foto7_2017-06-11_11.01.jpg/590px-Leiden%2C_de_Sint_Lodewijkskerk_RM25593_met_de_Groenebrug_foto7_2017-06-11_11.01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <p>The chief of Leiden's numerous churches are the <a href="/wiki/Hooglandse_Kerk" title="Hooglandse Kerk">Hooglandse Kerk</a> (or the church of <a href="/wiki/Pancras_of_Rome" title="Pancras of Rome">St Pancras</a>, built in the 15th century and containing a monument to Pieter Adriaansz. van der Werff) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Pieterskerk,_Leiden" title="Pieterskerk, Leiden">Pieterskerk</a></i> (church of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter">St Peter</a> (1315)) with monuments to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger" title="Joseph Justus Scaliger">Scaliger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boerhaave" class="mw-redirect" title="Boerhaave">Boerhaave</a> and other famous scholars. From a historical perspective the <a href="/wiki/Marekerk" title="Marekerk">Marekerk</a> is interesting too. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arent_van_%27s_Gravesande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arent van 's Gravesande (page does not exist)">Arent van 's Gravesande</a> designed that church in 1639. Other fine examples of his work in Leiden are in the <i><a href="/wiki/Stedelijk_Museum_De_Lakenhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal">Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal</a></i> (the municipal museum of fine arts), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Library#Bibliotheca_Thysiana" title="Leiden University Library">Bibliotheca Thysiana</a></i>. The growing city needed another church and the <a href="/wiki/Marekerk" title="Marekerk">Marekerk</a> was the first Protestant church to be built in Leiden (and in Holland) after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>. It is an example of <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Dutch Classicism</a>. In the drawings by Van 's Gravesande the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> is the centrepiece of the church. The pulpit is modelled after the one in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Haarlem)" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Haarlem)">Nieuwe Kerk</a></i> at Haarlem (designed by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Campen" title="Jacob van Campen">Jacob van Campen</a>). The building was first used in 1650, and is still in use. The <a href="/wiki/Heilige_Lodewijkkerk" title="Heilige Lodewijkkerk">Heilige Lodewijkkerk</a> is first catholic church in Leiden that was built after the Reformation. This church was given to the Catholics after the gunpowder explosion in 1807, which killed 150 inhabitants and destroyed a large part of the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'Waalse Kerk' (Breestraat 63) was originally part of the Katharina Hospital. In 1584 it became the church of Protestant refugees from the Southern Netherlands (Brugge) and France. Later churches in the centre include the <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Leiden" title="St. Joseph, Leiden">St. Joseph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionistic</a> style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_buildings">University buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: University buildings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-d.jpg/220px-Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1190"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-d.jpg/220px-Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-d.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-d.jpg/330px-Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-d.jpg/440px-Leiden-Sterrewacht-2013-d.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The 1860 <a href="/wiki/Leiden_Observatory" title="Leiden Observatory">Leiden Observatory</a>, after restoration (2013)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortus_botanicus_Leiden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hortus_botanicus_Leiden.jpg/220px-Hortus_botanicus_Leiden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hortus_botanicus_Leiden.jpg/220px-Hortus_botanicus_Leiden.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hortus_botanicus_Leiden.jpg/330px-Hortus_botanicus_Leiden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hortus_botanicus_Leiden.jpg/440px-Hortus_botanicus_Leiden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>botanical gardens</figcaption></figure> <p>The city centre contains many buildings that are in use by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a>. The <i>Academy Building</i> is housed in a former 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a>. Among the institutions connected with the university are the national institution for East Indian languages, <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>; the botanical gardens, founded in 1587; the <a href="/wiki/Leiden_Observatory" title="Leiden Observatory">observatory</a> (1860); the museum of antiquities (<i><a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden" title="Rijksmuseum van Oudheden">Rijksmuseum van Oudheden</a></i>); and the <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographical</a> museum, of which <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold" title="Philipp Franz von Siebold">P.<span class="nowrap"> </span>F. von Siebold's</a> Japanese collection was the nucleus (<i><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ethnology_(Netherlands)" title="National Museum of Ethnology (Netherlands)">Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde</a></i>). This collection is now housed in a separate museum called the <i><a href="/wiki/SieboldHuis" title="SieboldHuis">SieboldHuis</a></i>. The Bibliotheca Thysiana occupies an old <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> building of the year 1655. It is especially rich in legal works and <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> chronicles. Noteworthy are also the many special collections at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Library" title="Leiden University Library">Leiden University Library</a> among which those of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Dutch_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Dutch Literature">Society of Dutch Literature</a> (1766) and the collection of casts and engravings. In recent years the university has built the <a href="/wiki/Leiden_Bio_Science_Park" title="Leiden Bio Science Park">Leiden Bio Science Park</a> at the city's outskirts to accommodate the Science departments. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_buildings">Other buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other buildings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><b>Stadhuis</b> (City Hall), a 16th-century building that was badly damaged by a fire in 1929 but has its Renaissance façade designed by <a href="/wiki/Lieven_de_Key" title="Lieven de Key">Lieven de Key</a> still standing</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemeenlandshuis_van_Rijnland" title="Gemeenlandshuis van Rijnland">Gemeenlandshuis van Rijnland</a></b> (1596, restored in 1878)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Weigh_House_(Leiden)" title="Weigh House (Leiden)">De Waag</a></b> (English: <a href="/wiki/Weigh_house" title="Weigh house">weigh house</a>), built by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Post" title="Pieter Post">Pieter Post</a></li> <li><b>Gravensteen</b> – a former 15th century jail at the <i>Gerecht</i> square (former court-house)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stedelijk_Gymnasium_Leiden" title="Stedelijk Gymnasium Leiden">Stedelijk Gymnasium</a></b> (aka Latijnse School) – the old <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> (1599)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Orphanage" title="Holy Spirit Orphanage">Heilige Geest Weeshuis</a></b> (a former <i>Holy Spirit Orphanage</i>) – a complex of 16th century buildings.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Museum_De_Valk" title="Museum De Valk">Molen de Valk</a></b> – a corn-grinding windmill, now home to a museum (1743)</li> <li><b>Pesthuis</b>, which was built during 1657–1661 at that time just outside the city for curing patients suffering the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>. However, after it was built the feared disease did not occur in the Netherlands anymore so it was never used for its original purpose. The building has been used as a military hospital, prison, national asylum and army museum. Until 2019, it served as the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Naturalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis">Naturalis</a>. This museum, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> museums in the world, was recently renovated and is a building of interest in itself.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadstimmerwerf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadstimmerwerf (page does not exist)">Stadstimmerwerf</a></b> – the city carpenter's yard or construction yard (1612), built by Lieven de Key (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1560</span>–1627). The former residence of the city's master carpenter is open to the public and is in use as an art gallery of a local visual artists collective.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadstimmerwerf-woonhuis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="The former residence of Leiden's master carpenter at the Stadstimmwerwerf (city carpenter's or construction yard) with large stepped gable, open to the public and in use as an art gallery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stadstimmerwerf-woonhuis.jpg/250px-Stadstimmerwerf-woonhuis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 350px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stadstimmerwerf-woonhuis.jpg/250px-Stadstimmerwerf-woonhuis.jpg" data-alt="The former residence of Leiden's master carpenter at the Stadstimmwerwerf (city carpenter's or construction yard) with large stepped gable, open to the public and in use as an art gallery." data-width="250" data-height="350" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stadstimmerwerf-woonhuis.jpg/375px-Stadstimmerwerf-woonhuis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stadstimmerwerf-woonhuis.jpg/500px-Stadstimmerwerf-woonhuis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The former residence of Leiden's master carpenter at the Stadstimmerwerf (city carpenter's or construction yard), open to the public and in use as an art gallery.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden" title="Rijksmuseum van Oudheden">Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (National Museum of Antiquities)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ethnology_(Netherlands)" title="National Museum of Ethnology (Netherlands)">Museum Volkenkunde (National Museum of Ethnology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center" title="Naturalis Biodiversity Center">Naturalis Biodiversity Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Boerhaave" title="Museum Boerhaave">Rijksmuseum Boerhaave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_De_Lakenhal" title="Museum De Lakenhal">Stedelijk Museum de Lakenhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SieboldHuis" title="SieboldHuis">Japan Museum Sieboldhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_De_Valk" title="Museum De Valk">Museum de Valk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_American_Pilgrim_Museum" title="Leiden American Pilgrim Museum">Leiden American Pilgrim Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_(museum)" title="Corpus (museum)">Corpus</a> (in Oegstgeest, but almost directly next to the border with Leiden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortus_Botanicus_Leiden" title="Hortus Botanicus Leiden">Hortus Botanicus Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Het_Leids_Wevershuis" title="Museum Het Leids Wevershuis">Museum Het Leids Weverhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Rembrandt_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Young Rembrandt Studio (page does not exist)">Young Rembrandt Studio</a></li> <li>Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomisch_Museum_Leiden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatomisch Museum Leiden (page does not exist)">Anatomisch Museum Leiden</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Public transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden,_ingang_station_Leiden_Centraal_foto10_2017-06-11_09.16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Leiden%2C_ingang_station_Leiden_Centraal_foto10_2017-06-11_09.16.jpg/185px-Leiden%2C_ingang_station_Leiden_Centraal_foto10_2017-06-11_09.16.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4278" data-file-height="2641"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 185px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Leiden%2C_ingang_station_Leiden_Centraal_foto10_2017-06-11_09.16.jpg/185px-Leiden%2C_ingang_station_Leiden_Centraal_foto10_2017-06-11_09.16.jpg" data-width="185" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Leiden%2C_ingang_station_Leiden_Centraal_foto10_2017-06-11_09.16.jpg/278px-Leiden%2C_ingang_station_Leiden_Centraal_foto10_2017-06-11_09.16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Leiden%2C_ingang_station_Leiden_Centraal_foto10_2017-06-11_09.16.jpg/370px-Leiden%2C_ingang_station_Leiden_Centraal_foto10_2017-06-11_09.16.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Leiden, central railway station</figcaption></figure> <p>Bus transport in Leiden is provided by <a href="/wiki/Arriva" title="Arriva">Arriva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Railway stations within the municipality of Leiden are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_Centraal_railway_station" title="Leiden Centraal railway station">Leiden Centraal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_Lammenschans_railway_station" title="Leiden Lammenschans railway station">Leiden Lammenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Vink_railway_station" title="De Vink railway station">De Vink</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Leiden" title="Category:People from Leiden">Category:People from Leiden</a></div> <p>The following is a selection of important <i>Leidenaren</i> throughout history: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_Thibaut_-_Willem_van_Henegouwen_-_Lakenhal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Willem_Thibaut_-_Willem_van_Henegouwen_-_Lakenhal.jpg/140px-Willem_Thibaut_-_Willem_van_Henegouwen_-_Lakenhal.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="2322"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 271px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Willem_Thibaut_-_Willem_van_Henegouwen_-_Lakenhal.jpg/140px-Willem_Thibaut_-_Willem_van_Henegouwen_-_Lakenhal.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="271" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Willem_Thibaut_-_Willem_van_Henegouwen_-_Lakenhal.jpg/210px-Willem_Thibaut_-_Willem_van_Henegouwen_-_Lakenhal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Willem_Thibaut_-_Willem_van_Henegouwen_-_Lakenhal.jpg/280px-Willem_Thibaut_-_Willem_van_Henegouwen_-_Lakenhal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>William II, Count of Holland in the Lakenhal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_officials_and_scholars">Public officials and scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Public officials and scholars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Leiden" title="Timeline of Leiden">Timeline of Leiden</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1398</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1497</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.80%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1514</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,250</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.53%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1574</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,456</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.22%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1581</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">12,144</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.36%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1622</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">44,745</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.23%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1632</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">44,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.17%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1665</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">67,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.28%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1732</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.07%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1750</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">38,105</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−3.32%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1795</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,955</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.46%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#CITEREFLourensLucassen1997">Lourens & Lucassen 1997</a>, pp. 112–114</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_II,_Count_of_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, Count of Holland">William II, Count of Holland</a> (1228–1256) <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Holland" title="Count of Holland">Count of Holland</a> 1234-1256</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floris_V,_Count_of_Holland" title="Floris V, Count of Holland">Floris V, Count of Holland</a> (1254–1296) <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Holland" title="Count of Holland">Count of Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Zeeland</a> 1256–1296</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Leiden" title="John of Leiden">John of Leiden</a> (1509–1536) leader of the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Münster Rebellion">Münster Rebellion</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brewster_(Mayflower_passenger)" title="William Brewster (Mayflower passenger)">William Brewster</a> (1568–1644) pilgrim, Mayflower passenger in 1620<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Heinsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Heinsius">Daniel Heinsius</a> (1580–1655) famous scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Renaissance">Dutch Renaissance</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Plymouth_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bradford (Plymouth governor)">William Bradford</a> (1590–1657) pilgrim, leader of the American <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> in Massachusetts<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Junius_(the_younger)" title="Franciscus Junius (the younger)">Franciscus Junius</a> (1591–1677) pioneer of Germanic philology<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Elzevir" title="Isaac Elzevir">Isaac Elzevir</a> (1596–1651) Dutch publisher and printer, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Elzevir" title="House of Elzevir">House of Elzevir</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Brewster" title="Love Brewster">Love Brewster</a> (1611–1650/1) pilgrim and founder of <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="Bridgewater, Massachusetts">Bridgewater, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Vossius" title="Isaac Vossius">Isaac Vossius</a> (1618–1689) scholar, manuscript collector and Canon at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Heinsius_the_Elder" title="Nicolaas Heinsius the Elder">Nicolaas Heinsius the Elder</a> (1620–1681) Dutch classical scholar and poet<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bachstrom" title="Johann Bachstrom">Johann Bachstrom</a> (1688–1742) writer, scientist and Lutheran theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_van_Swieten" title="Gottfried van Swieten">Gottfried, Freiherr van Swieten</a> (1733–1803) diplomat, friend and patron of several great composers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Bake" title="Jan Bake">Jan Bake</a> (1787–1864) Dutch <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> and critic<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Dozy" title="Reinhart Dozy">Reinhart Dozy</a> (1820–1883) Dutch scholar of Arabic of Huguenot origin<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Tiele" title="Cornelis Tiele">Cornelis Tiele</a> (1830–1902) Dutch theologian and scholar<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._B._de_Josselin_de_Jong" title="J. P. B. de Josselin de Jong">J. P. B. de Josselin de Jong</a> (1886–1964) museum curator, founding father of modern Dutch anthropology and <a href="/wiki/Structural_anthropology" title="Structural anthropology">structural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_de_Koster" title="Hans de Koster">Hans de Koster</a> (1914–1992) Dutch politician, diplomat and businessman</li> <li>twins <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kossmann" title="Alfred Kossmann">Alfred Kossmann</a> (1922–1998) poet and prose writer & Ernst Kossmann (1922–2003) historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leendert_Ginjaar" title="Leendert Ginjaar">Leendert Ginjaar</a> (1928–2003) Dutch politician and chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_Jan_Brinkhorst" title="Laurens Jan Brinkhorst">Laurens Jan Brinkhorst</a> (born 1937) retired Dutch politician and diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankie_Broekers-Knol" title="Ankie Broekers-Knol">Ankie Broekers-Knol</a> (born 1946) Dutch politician, jurist and Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_Stolker" title="Carel Stolker">Carel Stolker</a> (born 1954), <a href="/wiki/Rector_magnificus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rector magnificus">rector magnificus</a> and president of <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> from 2013 until 2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Laurentien_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands">Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands</a> (born 1966) wife of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Constantijn_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands">Prince Constantijn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajsa_Ollongren" title="Kajsa Ollongren">Kajsa Ollongren</a> (born 1967) Dutch-Swedish politician, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Terpstra" title="Julius Terpstra">Julius Terpstra</a> (born 1989) Dutch politician</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arts">The arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg/140px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="2953"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg/140px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg/210px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg/280px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Rembrandt van Rijn, ca.1655</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_van_de_Velde_II_(1633-1707)_-_(by_Lodewijk_van_der_Helst,_1672).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Willem_van_de_Velde_II_%281633-1707%29_-_%28by_Lodewijk_van_der_Helst%2C_1672%29.jpg/140px-Willem_van_de_Velde_II_%281633-1707%29_-_%28by_Lodewijk_van_der_Helst%2C_1672%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="2205"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Willem_van_de_Velde_II_%281633-1707%29_-_%28by_Lodewijk_van_der_Helst%2C_1672%29.jpg/140px-Willem_van_de_Velde_II_%281633-1707%29_-_%28by_Lodewijk_van_der_Helst%2C_1672%29.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Willem_van_de_Velde_II_%281633-1707%29_-_%28by_Lodewijk_van_der_Helst%2C_1672%29.jpg/210px-Willem_van_de_Velde_II_%281633-1707%29_-_%28by_Lodewijk_van_der_Helst%2C_1672%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Willem_van_de_Velde_II_%281633-1707%29_-_%28by_Lodewijk_van_der_Helst%2C_1672%29.jpg/280px-Willem_van_de_Velde_II_%281633-1707%29_-_%28by_Lodewijk_van_der_Helst%2C_1672%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Willem van de Velde II, ca.1660)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leoni_Jansen_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Leoni_Jansen_2.jpg/140px-Leoni_Jansen_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 93px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Leoni_Jansen_2.jpg/140px-Leoni_Jansen_2.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="93" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Leoni_Jansen_2.jpg/210px-Leoni_Jansen_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Leoni_Jansen_2.jpg/280px-Leoni_Jansen_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Leoni Jansen, 2013</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Engebrechtsz." title="Cornelis Engebrechtsz.">Cornelis Engebrechtsz.</a> (ca.1462–1527) early Dutch painter<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden" title="Lucas van Leyden">Lucas van Leyden</a> (1494–1533) Dutch painter and printmaker in engraving and woodcut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Goyen" title="Jan van Goyen">Jan van Goyen</a> (1596–1656) Dutch landscape painter<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_van_Egmont" title="Justus van Egmont">Justus van Egmont</a> (1601–1674) painter and tapestry designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt van Rijn</a> (1606– 1669) Dutch draughtsman, painter and printmaker<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Elder" title="Willem van de Velde the Elder">Willem van de Velde the Elder</a> (1610/11–1693) <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> seascape painter<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Post" title="Frans Post">Frans Post</a> (1612–1680) <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Dou" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Dou">Gerard Dou</a> (1613–1675) <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> painter<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Steen" title="Jan Steen">Jan Steen</a> (ca.1626–1679) <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> genre painter<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Metsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Metsu">Gabriel Metsu</a> (1629–1667) painter of history paintings, still life, portraits and genre works<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger" title="Willem van de Velde the Younger">Willem van de Velde the Younger</a> (1633-1707) Dutch marine painter<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_van_Mieris_the_Elder" title="Frans van Mieris the Elder">Frans van Mieris the Elder</a> (1635–1681) <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> genre and portrait painter<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gaykema_Jacobsz." title="Jan Gaykema Jacobsz.">Jan Gaykema Jacobsz.</a> (1798–1875) Dutch painter, draughtsman and botanical illustrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Elias_Kikkert" title="Jan Elias Kikkert">Jan Elias Kikkert</a> (1843–1925) Dutch lithographer and watercolorist of street scenes of Leiden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenraad_V._Bos" title="Coenraad V. Bos">Coenraad V. Bos</a> (1875–1955) Dutch pianist, an accompanist to singers of <a href="/wiki/Lieder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieder">lieder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Theo van Doesburg</a> (1883–1931) Dutch artist, founder and leader of <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Winar" title="Ernst Winar">Ernst Winar</a> (1894–1978) Dutch actor and film director<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Foch" title="Nina Foch">Nina Foch</a> (1924–2008) Dutch American actress and drama teacher<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Waisvisz" title="Michel Waisvisz">Michel Waisvisz</a> (1949–2008) Dutch composer, performer, inventor of experimental electronic musical instruments and artistic director of <a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a> 1981-2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leoni_Jansen" title="Leoni Jansen">Leoni Jansen</a> (born 1955) TV personality and anchor-woman, singer and stage-director<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Reuss" title="Daniel Reuss">Daniel Reuss</a> (born 1961) Dutch conductor, primarily a choral conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Hoes" title="Isa Hoes">Isa Hoes</a> (born 1967) Dutch actress and voice actress<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Dorrepaal" title="Eva Dorrepaal">Eva Dorrepaal</a> (born 1970) Dutch actress<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren" title="Armin van Buuren">Armin van Buuren</a> (born 1976) Dutch DJ, record producer and remixer<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carice_van_Houten" title="Carice van Houten">Carice van Houten</a> (born 1976) Dutch actress and singer<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyro" title="Dyro">Dyro</a> (born 1992) Dutch DJ and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">Electronic dance music</a> producer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Science" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herman_Boerhaave_by_J_Champan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Herman_Boerhaave_by_J_Champan.jpg/140px-Herman_Boerhaave_by_J_Champan.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1275"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Herman_Boerhaave_by_J_Champan.jpg/140px-Herman_Boerhaave_by_J_Champan.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Herman_Boerhaave_by_J_Champan.jpg/210px-Herman_Boerhaave_by_J_Champan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Herman_Boerhaave_by_J_Champan.jpg/280px-Herman_Boerhaave_by_J_Champan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Herman Boerhaave</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg/140px-Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1131"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg/140px-Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg/210px-Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg/280px-Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Johannes Diderik van der Waals</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_Dodoens" title="Rembert Dodoens">Rembert Dodoens</a> (1517–1585) botanist, died in Leiden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Charles de L'Écluse</a> (1526–1609) botanist, <a href="/wiki/Horticulturist" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticulturist">horticulturist</a> and director of <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Botanicus_Leiden" title="Hortus Botanicus Leiden">Hortus Botanicus Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludolph_van_Ceulen" title="Ludolph van Ceulen">Ludolph van Ceulen</a> (1540–1610) mathematician, computed the number π, <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willebrord_Snellius" title="Willebrord Snellius">Willebrord Snellius</a> (1580–1626) Dutch astronomer and mathematician<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a> (1668–1738) botanist, chemist, Christian humanist and physician<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Siegfried_Albinus" title="Bernhard Siegfried Albinus">Bernhard Siegfried Albinus</a> (1697–1770) a German-born Dutch anatomist<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Swieten" title="Gerard van Swieten">Gerard van Swieten</a> (1700–1772) Dutch physician, personal physician of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Camper" title="Petrus Camper">Petrus Camper</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1722–1789) Dutch physician, anatomist, physiologist, midwife, zoologist, anthropologist, palaeontologist and a naturalist<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold" title="Philipp Franz von Siebold">Philipp Franz von Siebold</a> (1796–1866) German physician and botanist, studied Japanese flora and fauna<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a> (1837–1923) Dutch theoretical physicist, winner of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">1910 Nobel prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1853–1928) Dutch physicist, joint winner of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">1902 Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1853–1926) Dutch physicist and winner of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">1913 Nobel prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a> (1860–1927) Dutch physician and physiologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (1865–1943) Dutch physicist, joint winner of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">1902 Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a> (1872–1934) Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1879–1955) lecturer/researcher at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>, variously between 1916 and 1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Paul Ehrenfest</a> (1880–1933) Austrian/Dutch <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a>, contributed to <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geertruida_de_Haas-Lorentz" title="Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz">Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz</a> (1885–1973) female Dutch physicist, worked on <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">electrical noise theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a> (1900–1992) Dutch astronomer, pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">Hendrik Casimir</a> (1909–2000) Dutch physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck" title="Ewine van Dishoeck">Ewine van Dishoeck</a> (born 1955) Dutch astronomer, chemist, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">molecular astrophysicist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfons_Groenendijk_(2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Alfons_Groenendijk_%282017%29.jpg/140px-Alfons_Groenendijk_%282017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Alfons_Groenendijk_%282017%29.jpg/140px-Alfons_Groenendijk_%282017%29.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Alfons_Groenendijk_%282017%29.jpg/210px-Alfons_Groenendijk_%282017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Alfons_Groenendijk_%282017%29.jpg/280px-Alfons_Groenendijk_%282017%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Alfons Groenendijk, 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kjeld_Nuis_(2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kjeld_Nuis_%282018%29.jpg/140px-Kjeld_Nuis_%282018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="695"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kjeld_Nuis_%282018%29.jpg/140px-Kjeld_Nuis_%282018%29.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kjeld_Nuis_%282018%29.jpg/210px-Kjeld_Nuis_%282018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kjeld_Nuis_%282018%29.jpg/280px-Kjeld_Nuis_%282018%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Kjeld Nuis, 2018</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Slijkhuis" title="Willem Slijkhuis">Willem Slijkhuis</a> (1923–2003) Dutch middle-distance runner, won two bronze medals in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Le_Poole" title="Sandra Le Poole">Sandra Le Poole</a> (born 1959) retired field hockey player, team gold medallist at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Florijn" title="Ronald Florijn">Ronald Florijn</a> (born 1961) former rower, twice team gold medallist, at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a> and <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carina_Benninga" title="Carina Benninga">Carina Benninga</a> (born 1962) & <a href="/wiki/Taco_van_den_Honert" title="Taco van den Honert">Taco van den Honert</a> (born 1966) former Dutch field hockey players, team gold medallist at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> and team bronze medallist at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfons_Groenendijk" title="Alfons Groenendijk">Alfons Groenendijk</a> (born 1964) former footballer with 413 club caps and current manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerritjan_Eggenkamp" title="Gerritjan Eggenkamp">Gerritjan Eggenkamp</a> (born 1975) Dutch rower, team silver medallist at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Glunder" title="Rodney Glunder">Rodney Glunder</a> (born 1975) retired kickboxer, mixed martial artist, professional wrestler and boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_de_Cler" title="Tim de Cler">Tim de Cler</a> (born 1978) Dutch former footballer with 361 club caps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_van_den_Doel" title="Erik van den Doel">Erik van den Doel</a> (born 1979) Dutch chess <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merel_Witteveen" title="Merel Witteveen">Merel Witteveen</a> (born 1985) sailor, team silver medallist at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biurakn_Hakhverdian" title="Biurakn Hakhverdian">Biurakn Hakhverdian</a> (born 1985) & <a href="/wiki/Iefke_van_Belkum" title="Iefke van Belkum">Iefke van Belkum</a> (born 1986) Dutch water polo players, team gold medallist at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gegard_Mousasi" title="Gegard Mousasi">Gegard Mousasi</a> (born 1985) Dutch mixed martial artist and former kickboxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurine_van_Riessen" title="Laurine van Riessen">Laurine van Riessen</a> (born 1987) long track speed skater and track cyclist, bronze medallist at the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjeld_Nuis" title="Kjeld Nuis">Kjeld Nuis</a> (born 1989) Dutch speed skater, world record holder and gold medallist at the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a> over 1000 metre and 1500 metre</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buurtpoesbledder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Buurtpoesbledder.jpg/140px-Buurtpoesbledder.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Buurtpoesbledder.jpg/140px-Buurtpoesbledder.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Buurtpoesbledder.jpg/210px-Buurtpoesbledder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Buurtpoesbledder.jpg/280px-Buurtpoesbledder.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Buurtpoes Bledder</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_de_Ridder" title="Chantal de Ridder">Chantal de Ridder</a> (born 1989) Dutch football striker, 46 caps with the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Netherlands women's national football team">Netherlands women's national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmee_Visser" title="Esmee Visser">Esmee Visser</a> (born 1996) long-distance speed skater, gold medallist in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a> in the women's 5000 metres</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Others" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Swanenburg" title="Maria Swanenburg">Maria Swanenburg</a> (1839–1915) Dutch serial killer, murdered at least 27 people and suspected of killing more than 90</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus_van_Heel" title="Aemilianus van Heel">Aemilianus van Heel</a> (1907–1938) Franciscan friar who served as a missionary in China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Marinus van der Lubbe</a> (1909–1934) executed for the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> in Berlin in 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buurtpoes_Bledder" title="Buurtpoes Bledder">Buurtpoes Bledder</a> (2011–2013) male domestic cat, media star for his exploits in the city <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtie_Ramdas" title="Kirtie Ramdas">Kirtie Ramdas</a> (born 1980), Dutch television presenter and actress</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_cities_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_cities_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin cities – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Twin cities – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Leiden is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><noscript><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" data-alt="South Africa" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_City_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality">Buffalo City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>, South Africa</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><noscript><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" data-alt="Nicaragua" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Juigalpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Juigalpa">Juigalpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chontales_Department" title="Chontales Department">Chontales</a>, Nicaragua</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, Germany</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><noscript><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki City">Nagasaki</a>, Japan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, United Kingdom <sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_twinnings_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_twinnings-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><noscript><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, Poland <sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_twinnings_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84_twinnings-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:758px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_Panorama_7.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Eastern gate 'Zijlpoort' at the Singel"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Leiden_Panorama_7.JPG/750px-Leiden_Panorama_7.JPG" decoding="async" width="750" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5138" data-file-height="1719"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 750px;height: 251px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Leiden_Panorama_7.JPG/750px-Leiden_Panorama_7.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="750" data-height="251" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Leiden_Panorama_7.JPG/1125px-Leiden_Panorama_7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Leiden_Panorama_7.JPG/1500px-Leiden_Panorama_7.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_Panorama_7.JPG" title="File:Leiden Panorama 7.JPG"> </a></div>Eastern gate 'Zijlpoort' at the Singel</div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>The coat of arms of Leiden is two red keys, crossed in an X-shape on a white background. These keys are the <a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">Keys of Heaven</a> held by St. Peter, for whom a large church in the city centre is named. Because of this coat of arms, Leiden is referred to as the <i>"Sleutelstad"</i> ("the key city").<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>For a time Leiden held the title "The Coldest Place on Earth" because of the developments in <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenics</a> in a laboratory there. <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel prize</a> winner in physics) liquefied <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> for the first time (1908), and later managed to reach a temperature of less than one degree above <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">Absolute zero</a>.</li> <li>The Norwegian cheese "<a href="/wiki/N%C3%B8kkelost" title="Nøkkelost">nøkkelost</a>" ("key cheese") is named after the keys in coat of arms of Leyden, as it is a variation of <a href="/wiki/Leyden_cheese" title="Leyden cheese">Leyden cheese</a>.</li> <li>The following places and things are named after this city: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leyden,_New_York" title="Leyden, New York">Leyden, New York</a>, USA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyden,_Massachusetts" title="Leyden, Massachusetts">Leyden, Massachusetts</a>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyden_Township,_Cook_County,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Leyden Township, Cook County, Illinois">Leyden Township, Cook County, Illinois</a>, USA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_scale" title="Leiden scale">Leiden scale</a>, for measuring extreme low temperatures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_V_Leiden" title="Factor V Leiden">Factor V Leiden</a> is named after the city of Leiden where it was discovered in 1994.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Leyden_jar" title="Leyden jar">Leyden jar</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> made from a glass jar, was invented here by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_Musschenbroek" title="Pieter van Musschenbroek">Pieter van Musschenbroek</a> in 1746. It was actually first invented by <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleist" title="Ewald Georg von Kleist">Ewald Georg von Kleist</a> the year before, but the name "Leyden jar" stuck.</li></ul></li> <li>Leiden's <i>Stadhuis</i> (Town Hall) has a poem in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Cryptogram" title="Cryptogram">cryptogram</a> on its façade that records the date 1574 in <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>, the year of the "Black Famine" or Spanish siege (W equals two Vs):</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_Stadhuis_plaque_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Leiden_Stadhuis_plaque_2.jpg/220px-Leiden_Stadhuis_plaque_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2718" data-file-height="2064"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Leiden_Stadhuis_plaque_2.jpg/220px-Leiden_Stadhuis_plaque_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Leiden_Stadhuis_plaque_2.jpg/330px-Leiden_Stadhuis_plaque_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Leiden_Stadhuis_plaque_2.jpg/440px-Leiden_Stadhuis_plaque_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The poem on Leiden's Stadhuis</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">Nae z<b>W</b>arte H<b>V</b>nger-noot</span><br> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">Gebra<b>C</b>ht had tot de doot</span><br> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">b<b>I</b>naest zes-d<b>VI</b>zent <b>M</b>ens<b>C</b>hen;</span><br> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">a<b>L</b>st god den heer <b>V</b>erdroot</span><br> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">gaf h<b>I</b> <b>V</b>ns <b>W</b>eder broot</span><br> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">zo <b>V</b>ee<b>L</b> <b>WI</b> <b>CV</b>nsten <b>W</b>ens<b>C</b>hen.</span> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>(Dutch: "When the Black Famine had brought to the death nearly six thousand persons, then God the Lord repented, and gave bread again as much as we could wish".)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zorg_en_Zekerheid_Leiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorg en Zekerheid Leiden">Zorg en Zekerheid Leiden</a> is the basketball club of Leiden. In 2011, 2013 and 2021 they won the National Title, in 2010 and 2012 the National Cup and in 2011 and 2012 the National Super Cup. The club also played in the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_EuroChallenge" title="FIBA EuroChallenge">FIBA EuroChallenge</a> and reached the Second Round (Best 16) in 2011/2012. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Zandbak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Zandbak (page does not exist)">De Zandbak</a>, a hacklab in Leiden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_Classical" title="Leiden Classical">Leiden Classical</a> A distributed computing project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudt_Leyden" title="Oudt Leyden">Oudt Leyden</a>, former Michelin starred restaurant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Leiden" title="Wireless Leiden">Wireless Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zijl" title="Zijl">Zijl</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mayor_now-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mayor_now_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130708043153/http://gemeente.leiden.nl/bestuur/college-van-bw/wie-is-wie/">"College van burgemeester en wethouders"</a> [Board of mayor and aldermen] (in Dutch). Gemeente Leiden. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemeente.leiden.nl/bestuur/college-van-bw/wie-is-wie/">the original</a> on 8 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+van+burgemeester+en+wethouders&rft.pub=Gemeente+Leiden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgemeente.leiden.nl%2Fbestuur%2Fcollege-van-bw%2Fwie-is-wie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84799NED/table?dl=41062">"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020"</a> [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. <i>StatLine</i> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">CBS</a>. 24 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Genealogical+and+Biographical+Society+%E2%80%93+Access+Denied&rft.pub=Newyorkfamilyhistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorkfamilyhistory.org%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DSections%26op%3Dprintpage%26artid%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102104823/http://pages.prodigy.net/parrish/MapGroundZero.html">"Connection to Ground Zero"</a>. <i>pages.prodigy.net</i>. 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April 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217230416/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/dutch-door-america">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Door+to+America&rft.pub=Americanheritage.com&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fdutch-door-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Geschiedenis van Nederland. Van de Opastand tot het Heden</i> (4th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Van+Osnabrugge%2C+Osenbruggen%2C+Ossenbruch+etc.+Genealogy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvanosnabrugge.org%2Fleiden.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin1989" class="citation book cs1">Popkin, Jeremy D. (1 October 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100306730"><i>News and Politics in the Age of Revolution: Jean Luzac's "Gazette de Leyde"</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=News+and+Politics+in+the+Age+of+Revolution%3A+Jean+Luzac%27s+%22Gazette+de+Leyde%22&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1989-10-01&rft.isbn=9781501700712&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F%3FGCOI%3D80140100306730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazing-holland.nl/assets/leiden-english.pdf">"Leiden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Amazing Holland</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092354/http://www.amazing-holland.nl/assets/leiden-english.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazing+Holland&rft.atitle=Leiden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazing-holland.nl%2Fassets%2Fleiden-english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BN-History-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BN-History_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101017011232/http://www.b-n.nl/new_index.php?page=history">"History: Leiden, city of books"</a>. Burgersdijk & Niermans. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.b-n.nl/new_index.php?page=history">the original</a> on 17 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+Leiden%2C+city+of+books&rft.pub=Burgersdijk+%26+Niermans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.b-n.nl%2Fnew_index.php%3Fpage%3Dhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publishers-Circular-1899-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Publishers-Circular-1899_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGtNAAAAYAAJ&q=Albertus+Willem+Sijthoff&pg=PA597">"The Netherlands and the Berne Convention"</a>. <i>The Publishers' circular and booksellers' record of British and foreign literature, Vol. 71</i>. Sampson Low, Marston & Co. 1899. p. 597. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418074653/https://books.google.com/books?id=IGtNAAAAYAAJ&q=Albertus+Willem+Sijthoff&pg=PA597">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Publishers%27+circular+and+booksellers%27+record+of+British+and+foreign+literature%2C+Vol.+71&rft.atitle=The+Netherlands+and+the+Berne+Convention&rft.pages=597&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGtNAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAlbertus%2BWillem%2BSijthoff%26pg%3DPA597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPQ7-CqG3kUC&q=leiden+oktober+3&pg=PA315"><i>Film & Television Coll Europe</i></a>. Routledge. 2012. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-10295-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-10295-1"><bdi>978-1-135-10295-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416072941/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPQ7-CqG3kUC&q=leiden+oktober+3&pg=PA315">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+%26+Television+Coll+Europe&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-10295-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNPQ7-CqG3kUC%26q%3Dleiden%2Boktober%2B3%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawson-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dawson_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Dawson, Nick (28 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmmakermagazine.com/76384-leiden-international-film-festival-announces-new-us-indie-competition/">"Leiden International Film Festival Announces New US Indie Competition"</a>. <i>Filmmaker Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002064451/http://filmmakermagazine.com/76384-leiden-international-film-festival-announces-new-us-indie-competition/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filmmaker+Magazine&rft.atitle=Leiden+International+Film+Festival+Announces+New+US+Indie+Competition&rft.date=2013-09-28&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilmmakermagazine.com%2F76384-leiden-international-film-festival-announces-new-us-indie-competition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFihn2005" class="citation cs2">Fihn, Stephan (2005), "Poetry on the Wall", in Garg, Anu (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_BRStSsWgIC&pg=PA59"><i>Another Word A Day: An All-new Romp Through Some Of The Most Unusual And Intriguing Words In English</i></a>, John Wiley & Sons, p. 59, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-71845-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-71845-1"><bdi>978-0-471-71845-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511030502/https://books.google.com/books?id=s_BRStSsWgIC&pg=PA59">archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poetry+on+the+Wall&rft.btitle=Another+Word+A+Day%3A+An+All-new+Romp+Through+Some+Of+The+Most+Unusual+And+Intriguing+Words+In+English&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-471-71845-1&rft.aulast=Fihn&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds_BRStSsWgIC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhouw2001" class="citation cs2">Khouw, Ida Indawati (15 July 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425112224/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/07/14/leiden-dutch-city-poems.html">"Leiden, the Dutch city of poems"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Post">Jakarta Post</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/07/14/leiden-dutch-city-poems.html">the original</a> on 25 April 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Leiden%2C+the+Dutch+city+of+poems&rft.date=2001-07-15&rft.aulast=Khouw&rft.aufirst=Ida+Indawati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2F07%2F14%2Fleiden-dutch-city-poems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitleiden.nl/en/discover-leiden/specials/top-10-best-spots">"10 Best Spots in Leiden"</a>. visitleiden.nl. 18 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326103048/http://www.visitleiden.nl/en/discover-leiden/specials/top-10-best-spots">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Best+Spots+in+Leiden&rft.pub=visitleiden.nl&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitleiden.nl%2Fen%2Fdiscover-leiden%2Fspecials%2Ftop-10-best-spots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations/more-destinations/leiden/morspoort-city-gate.htm">"Morspoort city gate"</a>. 4 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421185159/https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations/more-destinations/leiden/morspoort-city-gate.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morspoort+city+gate&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holland.com%2Fglobal%2Ftourism%2Fdestinations%2Fmore-destinations%2Fleiden%2Fmorspoort-city-gate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421185458/https://www.visitleiden.nl/en/see-do/experience/walking-and-cycling/walking/the-leiden-loop/13-gravensteen">"13. Gravensteen - Leiden Key to Discovery"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitleiden.nl/en/see-do/experience/walking-and-cycling/walking/the-leiden-loop/13-gravensteen">the original</a> on 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13.+Gravensteen+-+Leiden+Key+to+Discovery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitleiden.nl%2Fen%2Fsee-do%2Fexperience%2Fwalking-and-cycling%2Fwalking%2Fthe-leiden-loop%2F13-gravensteen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111709/http://www.lodewijkparochie.nl/kerk/katholiek-kerk-leiden">"Historie Kerk"</a>. <i>lodewijkparochie.nl</i> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lodewijkparochie.nl/kerk/katholiek-kerk-leiden">the original</a> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lodewijkparochie.nl&rft.atitle=Historie+Kerk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lodewijkparochie.nl%2Fkerk%2Fkatholiek-kerk-leiden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hein van Woerden (eindred.): Lodewijk in Leiden. Geschiedenis van kerk en orgel. Leiden, Parochie van de Heilige Lodewijk, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallery" class="citation web cs1">Gallery, Saatchi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saatchigallery.com/museums/museum-profile/Naturalis+%25E2%2580%2593+National+Museum+Of+Natural+History/2575.html">"Naturalis – National Museum of Natural History :: The Saatchi Gallery"</a>. <i>www.saatchigallery.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000200/http://www.saatchigallery.com/museums/museum-profile/Naturalis+%25E2%2580%2593+National+Museum+Of+Natural+History/2575.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saatchigallery.com&rft.atitle=Naturalis+%E2%80%93+National+Museum+of+Natural+History+%3A%3A+The+Saatchi+Gallery&rft.aulast=Gallery&rft.aufirst=Saatchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saatchigallery.com%2Fmuseums%2Fmuseum-profile%2FNaturalis%2B%2525E2%252580%252593%2BNational%2BMuseum%2BOf%2BNatural%2BHistory%2F2575.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusways2013" class="citation web cs1">Busways (5 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205040518/http://www.arriva.nl/secundair-menu/english/">"English – Arriva"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arriva.nl/secundair-menu/english/">the original</a> on 5 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+%E2%80%93+Arriva&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft.au=Busways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arriva.nl%2Fsecundair-menu%2Fenglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Buckholdt,_Johann"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Buckholdt,_Johann">"Buckholdt, Johann" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buckholdt%2C_Johann&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brewster,_William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brewster,_William">"Brewster, William" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brewster%2C_William&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Heinsius_Daniel"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Heinsius_Daniel">"Heinsius Daniel" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heinsius_Daniel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bradford,_William_(governor)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bradford,_William_(governor)">"Bradford, William (governor)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 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Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Snell%2C_Willebrord&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boerhaave,_Hermann"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boerhaave,_Hermann">"Boerhaave, Hermann" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boerhaave%2C_Hermann&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Albinus,_Bernhard_Siegfried"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Albinus,_Bernhard_Siegfried">"Albinus, Bernhard Siegfried" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 01 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albinus%2C_Bernhard_Siegfried&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Camper,_Peter"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Camper,_Peter">"Camper, Peter" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 05 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camper%2C_Peter&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Siebold,_Philipp_Franz_von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Siebold,_Philipp_Franz_von">"Siebold, Philipp Franz von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siebold%2C_Philipp_Franz_von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anotherworldblog.wordpress.com/2013/08/08/an-obituary-for-an-extradordinairy-cat/">An Obituary For an Extraordinary Cat; August 8, 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803082720/https://anotherworldblog.wordpress.com/2013/08/08/an-obituary-for-an-extradordinairy-cat/">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 16 January 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_twinnings-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_twinnings_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817150811/http://oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decAC/Town_twinning_occw.htm">"Oxford's International Twin Towns"</a>. <i>Oxford City Council</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decAC/Town_twinning_occw.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+City+Council&rft.atitle=Oxford%27s+International+Twin+Towns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxford.gov.uk%2FPageRender%2FdecAC%2FTown_twinning_occw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toruń_twinnings-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_twinnings_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torun.pl/pl/node/1700">"Miasta bliźniacze Torunia"</a> [Toruń's twin towns]. <i>Urząd Miasta Torunia [City of Toruń Council]</i> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425164503/https://www.torun.pl/pl/node/1700">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urz%C4%85d+Miasta+Torunia+%5BCity+of+Toru%C5%84+Council%5D&rft.atitle=Miasta+bli%C5%BAniacze+Torunia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torun.pl%2Fpl%2Fnode%2F1700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orientationweek.org/description-and-enrollment/leiden/">"Leiden Information"</a>. <i>Orientation Week</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205161752/http://orientationweek.org/description-and-enrollment/leiden/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orientation+Week&rft.atitle=Leiden+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forientationweek.org%2Fdescription-and-enrollment%2Fleiden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannett1905" class="citation book cs1">Gannett, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n185">186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Certain+Place+Names+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Gannett&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Handbook to Holland</i> (7th ed.). Ward Lock. 1925. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Holland&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Ward+Lock&rft.date=1925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLourensLucassen1997" class="citation book cs1">Lourens, Piet; Lucassen, Jan (1997). <i>Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800</i>. Amsterdam: NEHA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9057420082" title="Special:BookSources/9057420082"><bdi>9057420082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inwonertallen+van+Nederlandse+steden+ca.+1300%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=NEHA&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9057420082&rft.aulast=Lourens&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft.au=Lucassen%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Leiden#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Leiden">Bibliography of the history of Leiden</a></div> <ul><li>Cruz Laura. 2009. <i>The Paradox of Prosperity : The Leiden Booksellers' Guild and the Distribution of Books in Early Modern Europe.</i> 1st ed. New Castle DE: Oak Knoll Press.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gemeente.leiden.nl/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43631#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leiden"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leiden">"Leiden" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leiden&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeiden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Leiden</b> at Wikipedia's 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data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leiden" class="extiw" title="c:Leiden">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Leiden&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="85.148.95.245" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731495108"> <span>Last edited on 13 November 2024, at 10:51</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%88%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%95" title="ለይድን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ለይድን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyden" title="Leyden – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Leyden" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لايدن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لايدن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAda" title="Lêda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lêda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyden" title="Leyden – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leyden" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="লাইডেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাইডেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Лейдэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лейдэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Лейдэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лейдэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лайден – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лайден" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeente_Leiden" title="Gemeente Leiden – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gemeente Leiden" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_(Stadt)" title="Leiden (Stadt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leiden (Stadt)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Λέιντεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέιντεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لیدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyde" title="Leyde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leyde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leien" title="Leien – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Leien" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%8D%98" title="레이던 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레이던" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Լեյդեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեյդեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лейден – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лейден" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leida" title="Leida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9F" title="ליידן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליידן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლეიდენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეიდენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugdunum_Batavorum" title="Lugdunum Batavorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lugdunum Batavorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidene" title="Leidene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leidene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidenas" title="Leidenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leidenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лајден – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лајден" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لايدين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لايدين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidn" title="Leidn – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Leidn" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3" title="ライデン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライデン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лейден – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лейден" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8ida" title="Lèida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lèida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86" title="لیدن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیدن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8ida" title="Lèida – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lèida" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lejda" title="Lejda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lejda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leida" title="Leida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лайден – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лайден" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лейден – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лейден" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лајден – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лајден" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="லைடன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லைடன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лейден – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лейден" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ไลเดิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไลเดิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лейден – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лейден" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%86" title="لائیڈن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لائیڈن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leida" title="Leida – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Leida" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leydn" title="Leydn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Leydn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E9%A1%BF" title="莱顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莱顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9F" title="ליידן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ליידן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E9%A0%93" title="萊頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="萊頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Leiden" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E9%A1%BF" title="莱顿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莱顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 10:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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