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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dynamic features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenomena_in_mesosphere_and_near_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenomena_in_mesosphere_and_near_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phenomena in mesosphere and near space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenomena_in_mesosphere_and_near_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesosphere</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfeer" title="Mesosfeer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mesosfeer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ميزوسفير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميزوسفير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfer" title="Mezosfer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mezosfer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="মেসোমণ্ডল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেসোমণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-kan-khoan" title="Tiong-kan-khoan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-kan-khoan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезасфера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мезасфера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मेसोस्फियर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मेसोस्फियर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="བར་རིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བར་རིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera" title="Mesosfera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mesosfera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosf%C3%A9ra" title="Mezosféra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezosféra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A6re_(atmosf%C3%A6re)" title="Mesosfære (atmosfære) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mesosfære (atmosfære)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosph%C3%A4re" title="Mesosphäre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mesosphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Mesosfäär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mesosfäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μεσόσφαιρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσόσφαιρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera" title="Mesosfera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mesosfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfero_(atmosfero)" title="Mezosfero (atmosfero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezosfero (atmosfero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera_(atmosfera)" title="Mesosfera (atmosfera) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mesosfera (atmosfera)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1" title="مزوسفر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مزوسفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sosph%C3%A8re" title="Mésosphère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mésosphère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9isisf%C3%A9ar" title="Méisisféar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Méisisféar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera" title="Mesosfera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mesosfera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EA%B6%8C" title="중간권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중간권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Միջնոլորտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջնոլորտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="मध्यमण्डल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मध्यमण्डल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera_(dio_atmosfere)" title="Mezosfera (dio atmosfere) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mezosfera (dio atmosfere)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfer" title="Mesosfer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesosfer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0hvolf" title="Miðhvolf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðhvolf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera_(atmosfera)" title="Mesosfera (atmosfera) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mesosfera (atmosfera)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מזוספירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזוספירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="მეზოსფერო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეზოსფერო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosf%C4%93ra" title="Mezosfēra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mezosfēra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosph%C3%A4r" title="Mesosphär – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mesosphär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezoszf%C3%A9ra" title="Mezoszféra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mezoszféra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soson-drivotra_afovoany" title="Soson-drivotra afovoany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soson-drivotra afovoany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="മെസോസ്ഫിയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെസോസ്ഫിയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera" title="Mesosfera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesosfera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Мезосферась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мезосферась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfeer_(atmosfeer)" title="Mesosfeer (atmosfeer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mesosfeer (atmosfeer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%9C%8F" title="中間圏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中間圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A6ren" title="Mesosfæren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mesosfæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A6ren" title="Mesosfæren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mesosfæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A8ra" title="Mesosfèra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mesosfèra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meesoosfeerii" title="Meesoosfeerii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Meesoosfeerii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasifoay_to%E2%80%99edip" title="Sasifoay to’edip – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Sasifoay to’edip" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera_(warstwa_atmosfery)" title="Mezosfera (warstwa atmosfery) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mezosfera (warstwa atmosfery)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosfera" title="Mesosfera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mesosfera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfer%C4%83" title="Mezosferă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mezosferă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mesosphere" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosf%C3%A9ra" title="Mezosféra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mezosféra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera_(dio_atmosfere)" title="Mezosfera (dio atmosfere) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mezosfera (dio atmosfere)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A4%C3%A4ri" title="Mesosfääri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mesosfääri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosf%C3%A4r_(atmosf%C3%A4r)" title="Mesosfär (atmosfär) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mesosfär (atmosfär)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இடை மண்டலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடை மண்டலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มีโซสเฟียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มีโซสเฟียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfer" title="Mezosfer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mezosfer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosfera" title="Mezosfera – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mezosfera" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мезосфера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A7ng_trung_l%C6%B0u" title="Tầng trung lưu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tầng trung lưu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E5%B1%82" title="中间层 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中间层" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%B1%A4" title="中間層 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中間層" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E5%B1%82" title="中间层 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中间层" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Layer of the atmosphere directly above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the atmospheric layer. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mesosphere (disambiguation)">Mesosphere (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg/330px-Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg/495px-Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg/660px-Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4285" data-file-height="2273" /></a><figcaption>Earth's atmosphere as it appears from space, as bands of different colours at the horizon. From the bottom, <a href="/wiki/Afterglow" title="Afterglow">afterglow</a> illuminates the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> in orange with silhouettes of clouds, and the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> in white and blue. Next the <b>mesosphere</b> (pink area) extends to just below the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">edge of space</a> at one hundred kilometers and the pink line of <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a> of the lower <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a> (dark), which hosts green and red <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurorae</a> over several hundred kilometers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmosphere_layers-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Atmosphere_layers-en.svg/110px-Atmosphere_layers-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="647" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Atmosphere_layers-en.svg/165px-Atmosphere_layers-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Atmosphere_layers-en.svg/220px-Atmosphere_layers-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing the five primary layers of the Earth's atmosphere: <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a>, mesosphere, <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>. From Earths surface to the top of the stratosphere (50 km) is just under 1% of Earth's radius.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>mesosphere</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μέσος">μέσος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>mésos</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">middle</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <i> -<a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">sphere</a></i>) is the third layer of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, directly above the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> and directly below the <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a>. In the mesosphere, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> decreases as <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> increases. This characteristic is used to define limits: it begins at the top of the stratosphere (sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Stratopause" title="Stratopause">stratopause</a>), and ends at the <a href="/wiki/Mesopause" title="Mesopause">mesopause</a>, which is the coldest part of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>, with temperatures below −143 °C (−225 °F; 130 K). The exact upper and lower boundaries of the mesosphere vary with latitude and with season (higher in winter and at the tropics, lower in summer and at the poles), but the lower boundary is usually located at altitudes from 47 to 51 km (29 to 32 mi; 154,000 to 167,000 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, and the upper boundary (the mesopause) is usually from 85 to 100 km (53 to 62 mi; 279,000 to 328,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stratosphere and mesosphere are sometimes collectively referred to as the "middle atmosphere",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which spans altitudes approximately between 12 and 80 km (7.5 and 49.7 mi) above Earth's surface. The <a href="/wiki/Mesopause" title="Mesopause">mesopause</a>, at an altitude of 80–90 km (50–56 mi), separates the mesosphere from the <a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a>—the second-outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere. On Earth, the mesopause nearly co-incides with the <a href="/wiki/Turbopause" title="Turbopause">turbopause</a>, below which different chemical species are well-mixed due to turbulent <a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">eddies</a>. Above this level the atmosphere becomes non-uniform because the <a href="/wiki/Scale_height" title="Scale height">scale heights</a> of different chemical species differ according to their <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular masses</a>. </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Near_space" title="Near space">near space</a></i> is also sometimes used to refer to altitudes within the mesosphere. This term does not have a technical definition, but typically refers to the region roughly between the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_limit" title="Armstrong limit">Armstrong limit</a> (about 62,000 ft or 19 km, above which humans require a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_suit" title="Pressure suit">pressure suit</a> in order to survive) and the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Astrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrodynamics">astrodynamics</a> must take over from <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a> in order to achieve flight); or, by another definition, to the space between the highest altitude commercial <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a> fly at (about 40,000 ft (12.2 km)) and the lowest perigee of <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> being able to orbit the Earth (about 45 mi (73 km)). Some sources distinguish between the terms "near space" and "upper atmosphere", so that only the layers closest to the Kármán line are described as "near space". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperature">Temperature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosphere&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the mesosphere, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> decreases with increasing <a href="/wiki/Height" title="Height">height</a>. This is a result of decreasing absorption of solar radiation by the rarefied atmosphere having a <a href="/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle#Mesosphere" title="Ozone–oxygen cycle">diminishing relative ozone concentration</a> as altitude increases (ozone being the main absorber in the UV wavelengths that survived absorption by the thermosphere).<sup id="cite_ref-Photochemistry_of_Ozone_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photochemistry_of_Ozone-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, this is also a result of increasing cooling by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Radiative_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiative emission">radiative emission</a>. The top of the mesosphere, called the <a href="/wiki/Mesopause" title="Mesopause">mesopause</a>, is the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures in the upper mesosphere fall as low as about −100 °C (173 K; −148 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> varying according to <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">season</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynamic_features">Dynamic features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosphere&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dynamic features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg/330px-ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg/500px-ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg/960px-ISS-46_Soyuz_TMA-17M_reentry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afterglow" title="Afterglow">Afterglow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> (orange), the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> (blue) and the <b>mesosphere</b> (dark) at which <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> begins, leaving smoke trails, such as in this case of a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> reentry.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main most important features in this region are strong zonal (East-West) winds, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_tide" title="Atmospheric tide">atmospheric tides</a>, internal atmospheric gravity waves (commonly called "<a href="/wiki/Gravity_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity waves">gravity waves</a>"), and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary wave">planetary waves</a>. Most of these tides and waves start in the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, and propagate to the mesosphere. In the mesosphere, gravity-wave amplitudes can become so large that the waves become unstable and dissipate. This dissipation deposits momentum into the mesosphere and largely drives global circulation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud" title="Noctilucent cloud">Noctilucent clouds</a> are located in the mesosphere. The upper mesosphere is also the region of the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> known as the <i>D layer</i>, which is only present during the day when some <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a> occurs with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> being ionized by <a href="/wiki/Lyman_series" title="Lyman series">Lyman series</a>-alpha hydrogen radiation. The ionization is so weak that when night falls, and the source of ionization is removed, the free electron and <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> form back into a neutral molecule. </p><p>A 5 km (3.1 mi; 16,000 ft) deep <a href="/wiki/Sodium_layer" title="Sodium layer">sodium layer</a> is located between 80–105 km (50–65 mi; 262,000–344,000 ft). Made of unbound, non-ionized atoms of sodium, the sodium layer radiates weakly to contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a>. The sodium has an average concentration of 400,000 atoms per cubic centimetre. This band is regularly replenished by sodium <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimating</a> from incoming meteors. Astronomers have begun utilizing this sodium band to create "guide stars" as part of the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_optics" title="Adaptive optics">adaptive optical correction process</a> used to produce ultra-sharp ground-based observations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other metal layers, e.g. iron and potassium, exist in the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere region as well. </p><p>Beginning in October 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a distinct type of <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora</a> has been identified, originating in the mesosphere. Often referred to as 'dunes' due to their resemblance to sandy ripples on a beach, the green undulating lights extend toward the equator. They have been identified as originating about 96 km (60 mi; 315,000 ft) above the surface. Since auroras are caused by ultra-high-speed solar particles interacting with atmospheric molecules, the green color of these dunes has tentatively been explained by the interaction of those solar particles with oxygen molecules. The dunes therefore occur where mesospheric oxygen is more concentrated.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Millions of <a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteors</a> enter the Earth's atmosphere, averaging 40,000 tons per year.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ablated material, called meteoric smoke, is thought to serve as condensation nuclei for <a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctilucent clouds">noctilucent clouds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosphere&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mesosphere lies above altitude records for <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while only the lowest few kilometers are accessible to <a href="/wiki/Balloons" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloons">balloons</a>, for which the altitude record is 53.0 kilometres (32.9 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the mesosphere is below the minimum altitude for <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">orbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> due to high atmospheric drag.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has only been accessed through the use of <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rockets</a>, which are only capable of taking mesospheric measurements for a few minutes per mission.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, it is the least-understood part of the atmosphere, resulting in the humorous moniker <i>ignorosphere</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Red_sprite" class="mw-redirect" title="Red sprite">red sprites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue jet">blue jets</a> (electrical discharges or <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> within the lower mesosphere), <a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud" title="Noctilucent cloud">noctilucent clouds</a>, and density shears within this poorly understood layer are of current scientific interest. </p><p>On February 1, 2003, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">broke up on reentry</a> at about 62 km (39 mi) altitude, in the lower mesosphere, killing all seven crew members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phenomena_in_mesosphere_and_near_space">Phenomena in mesosphere and near space</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosphere&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phenomena in mesosphere and near space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-44_Red_Sprites,_northwest_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ISS-44_Red_Sprites%2C_northwest_Mexico.jpg/220px-ISS-44_Red_Sprites%2C_northwest_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ISS-44_Red_Sprites%2C_northwest_Mexico.jpg/330px-ISS-44_Red_Sprites%2C_northwest_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ISS-44_Red_Sprites%2C_northwest_Mexico.jpg/440px-ISS-44_Red_Sprites%2C_northwest_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>An astronaut onboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> observes lightning at the horizon extending into the mesosphere as red <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(lightning)" title="Sprite (lightning)">sprite</a> just below the line of <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS028-E-8400_-_View_of_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ISS028-E-8400_-_View_of_Asia.jpg/220px-ISS028-E-8400_-_View_of_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ISS028-E-8400_-_View_of_Asia.jpg/330px-ISS028-E-8400_-_View_of_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ISS028-E-8400_-_View_of_Asia.jpg/440px-ISS028-E-8400_-_View_of_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctilucent clouds">Noctilucent clouds</a> (not to be mistaken with the slightly higher up <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a>), at the upper edge of the mesosphere.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">Airglow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric tides">Atmospheric tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">Ionosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteors#Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteors">Meteors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctilucent clouds">Noctilucent clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_aurora" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar aurora">Polar aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(lightning)" title="Sprite (lightning)">Sprite (lightning)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_atmospheric_lightning" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper atmospheric lightning">Upper atmospheric lightning</a> (Transient luminous event)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosphere&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeronomy" title="Aeronomy">Aeronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_high-altitude_ballooning" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur radio high-altitude ballooning">Amateur radio high-altitude ballooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospace">Geospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude">High altitude</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosphere&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IADC+Space+Debris+Mitigation+Guidelines&rft.pub=Inter-Agency+Space+Debris+Coordination+Committee&rft.date=2002-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iadc-online.org%2FDocuments%2FIADC-2002-01%2C%2520IADC%2520Space%2520Debris%2520Guidelines%2C%2520Revision%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215143933/http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/NSS1740_14/nss1740_14-1995.pdf">"NASA Safety Standard 1740.14, Guidelines and Assessment Procedures for Limiting Orbital Debris"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of Safety and Mission Assurance. 1 August 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/library/NSS1740_14/nss1740_14-1995.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Safety+Standard+1740.14%2C+Guidelines+and+Assessment+Procedures+for+Limiting+Orbital+Debris&rft.pub=Office+of+Safety+and+Mission+Assurance&rft.date=1995-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov%2Flibrary%2FNSS1740_14%2Fnss1740_14-1995.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51133">"100 km Altitude Boundary for Astronautics"</a>. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+km+Altitude+Boundary+for+Astronautics&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+A%C3%A9ronautique+Internationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw%2Fhandle%2F140.119%2F51133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rscience.gsfc.nasa.gov/srrov.html">"NASA Sounding Rocket Program Overview"</a>. <i>NASA Sounding Rocket Program</i>. NASA. 24 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Sounding+Rocket+Program&rft.atitle=NASA+Sounding+Rocket+Program+Overview&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frscience.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fsrrov.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/reusable-rockets-set-to-explore-the-ignorosphere">"Reusable Rockets Set to Explore the 'Ignorosphere'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover Magazine</a>. 1 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reusable+Rockets+Set+to+Explore+the+%27Ignorosphere%27&rft.pub=Discover+Magazine&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Ftechnology%2Freusable-rockets-set-to-explore-the-ignorosphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-02-06-atmosphere_x.htm">"Upper atmosphere may hold clues in Columbia mystery"</a>. 6 February 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Upper+atmosphere+may+hold+clues+in+Columbia+mystery&rft.date=2003-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2003-02-06-atmosphere_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosphere&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/hmeso.htm">Description with links to other atmospheric topics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satinsprogram.com/">Students And Teachers In Near Space</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104073319/http://www.satinsprogram.com/">Archived</a> 4 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nearspacesystems.com/">Near Space Systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedata.net/">Space Data Corporation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhaldi.org/">The B.H.A.L.D.I. Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211160823/http://www.bhaldi.org/">Archived</a> 11 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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center;;width:1%;background:">Biology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_presence_in_space" title="Human presence in space">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">The human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronautical_hygiene" title="Astronautical hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotion_in_space" title="Locomotion in space">Locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_in_space" title="Neuroscience in space">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_space" title="Sleep in space">Sleep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licette" title="Félicette">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_(cockroach)" title="Nadezhda (cockroach)">Cockroaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Frog_Otolith" title="Orbiting Frog Otolith">Frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_flies_in_space" title="Fruit flies in space">Fruit flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrades_in_space" title="Tardigrades in space">Tardigrades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Tortoises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_space" title="Plants in space">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="STS-39 in Earth orbit"><img alt="STS-39 in Earth orbit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg/250px-Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg/330px-Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:"><a href="/wiki/Space_environment" title="Space environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_climate" title="Space climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_in_space" title="Corrosion in space">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">Weathering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_advertising" title="Space advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight" title="Alcohol and spaceflight">Alcohol</a></li> <li>Archaeology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_archaeology" title="Space archaeology">of items in space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_art#Art_in_space" title="Space art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_burial" title="Space burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_trade" title="Space trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_ethics" title="Space ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_space" title="Music in space">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_space" title="Religion in space">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_on_the_International_Space_Station" title="Christmas on the International Space Station">Christmas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">Selfies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_space" title="Voting in space">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:"><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_farming" title="Space farming">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Cola_Wars" title="Space Cola Wars">Carbonated drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_in_space" title="Writing in space">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_logistics" title="Space logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Mining</a></li> <li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batteries_in_space" title="Batteries in space">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_space" title="Nuclear power in space">Nuclear</a></li> <li>Solar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">for Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">for spacecraft</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_radar" title="Space-based radar">Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/21px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/42px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/20px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/20px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/40px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/20px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/40px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162167#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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