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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Ensaiklopedia Iranika</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 37 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الموسوعة الإيرانية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموسوعة الإيرانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ranika_Ensiklopediyas%C4%B1" title="İranika Ensiklopediyası – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İranika Ensiklopediyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="ایرانیکا بیلیکلیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایرانیکا بیلیکلیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranika_Enciklopedio" title="Iranika Enciklopedio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iranika Enciklopedio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="دانشنامه ایرانیکا – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه ایرانیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אנציקלופדיה איראניקה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנציקלופדיה איראניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია ირანიკა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენციკლოპედია ირანიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ираника энциклопедиясы – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ираника энциклопедиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" title="Encyclopedia Iranica – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Encyclopedia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ایرانیکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایرانیکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="イラン百科事典 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラン百科事典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انسائیکلوپیڈیا ایرانیکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسائیکلوپیڈیا ایرانیکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ئینسایکڵۆپیدیای ئێرانیکا – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینسایکڵۆپیدیای ئێرانیکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Донишномаи Эронико – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишномаи Эронико" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="دائرۃ المعارف ایرانیکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائرۃ المعارف ایرانیکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Encyclopædia Iranica" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="伊朗百科全书 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊朗百科全书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1139550#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1139550" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Iranica" dilencongkan ke sini. Untuk kegunaan lain, sila lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranica_(nyahkekaburan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranica (nyahkekaburan) (laman tidak wujud)">Iranica (nyahkekaburan)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Ensaiklopedia Iranika <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ensaiklopedia+Iranika&rft.author=1200+orang+penyumbang.%3Cbr%3EKetua+Penyunting%3A%3Cbr%3E%5B%5BEhsan+Yarshater%5D%5D&rft.date=1985-kini&rft.pub=Pusat+Pengajian+Iran%2C%3Cbr%3E%5B%5BUniversiti+Columbia%5D%5D&rft_id=info:oclcnum/59605200"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="display:none"><div class="infobox-caption">Copyright Encyclopædia Iranica</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#cedeff;">Umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pengarang</th><td class="infobox-data">1200 orang penyumbang.<br />Ketua Penyunting:<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Yarshater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ehsan Yarshater (laman tidak wujud)">Ehsan Yarshater</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Negara</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bahasa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">Inggeris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subjek</th><td class="infobox-data">Pengajian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranistik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranistik (laman tidak wujud)">Iranistik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iran Raya (laman tidak wujud)">Iran Raya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ensaiklopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensaiklopedia">Ensaiklopedia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_rujukan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku rujukan (laman tidak wujud)">rujukan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#cedeff;">Penerbitan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Penerbit</th><td class="infobox-data">Pusat Pengajian Iran,<br /><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Columbia" title="Universiti Columbia">Universiti Columbia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Tarikh penerbitan</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1985-kini</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Jenis media</div></th><td class="infobox-data">45 Jilid <a href="/wiki/Kulit_keras" title="Kulit keras">Berkulit Keras</a><br />15 jilid telah diterbitkan sejak 2009.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#cedeff;">Kawalan kewibawaan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN"><abbr title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1568590504" title="Khas:Sumber buku/1568590504">1568590504</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC"><abbr title="Nombor Pusat Perpustakaan Komputer Dalam Talian">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59605200">59605200</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Ensaiklopedia Iranika</b></i> ialah satu projek yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Ensaiklopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensaiklopedia">ensaiklopedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">bahasa Inggeris</a> yang lengkap dan ditulis oleh pakar berkenaan sejarah, budaya dan tamadun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Iran (laman tidak wujud)">orang Iran</a> sejak zaman pra-sejarah sehingga moden.<sup id="cite_ref-ashraf-ap_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashraf-ap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia merupakan satu projek <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Columbia" title="Universiti Columbia">Universiti Columbia</a>, yang dimulakan pada tahun 1973 oleh Pusat Pengajian Iran, dan dianggap sebagai sebuah ensaiklopedia standard disiplin akademik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranistik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranistik (laman tidak wujud)">Iranistik</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensaiklopedia_Iranika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensaiklopedia_Iranika&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ashraf-ap-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ashraf-ap_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAshraf2007" class="citation web cs1">Ashraf, Ahmad (2007-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/News/2007/April/Images/ReplyToAP.pdf">"Official response of the Encyclopaedia Iranica to the <i>Associated Press</i> article of March 25, 2007 entitled "U.S.-funded encyclopedia revels in Iran's greatness<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Encyclopedia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+response+of+the+Encyclopaedia+Iranica+to+the+Associated+Press+article+of+March+25%2C+2007+entitled+%22U.S.-funded+encyclopedia+revels+in+Iran%27s+greatness%22&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.date=2007-04-05&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranian.com%2FNews%2F2007%2FApril%2FImages%2FReplyToAP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEnsaiklopedia+Iranika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensaiklopedia_Iranika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensaiklopedia_Iranika&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/">Tapak Web <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i></a>. Capaian berteks penuh ke Encyclopædia sebagaimana adanya sekarang.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.IranicaEvents.com/">Tapak Web <i>Encyclopædia Iranica Events</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput"><span title=" Pautan mati ditandakan pada September 2021">pautan mati kekal</span></a></i>]</span></sup> . Memperincikan acar yang lepas dan akan datang yang itaja atau disokong oleh Encyclopædia Iranica.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articlenavigation/instructions.html">Arahan pemasangan font untuk membaca dan melihat Iranica dalam talian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/nov03/features5.php"><i>Columbia College Today</i> mengenai <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/reviews/index.html">Ulasan-ulasan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/opinion/index.html">Ulasan sarjana mengenai Iranica</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ensaiklopedia_Iranika&oldid=5310364">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ensaiklopedia_Iranika&oldid=5310364</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pelencongan_hilang" title="Kategori:Pelencongan hilang">Pelencongan hilang</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Ensiklopedia_berkenaan_budaya_dan_etnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Ensiklopedia berkenaan budaya dan etnik (laman tidak wujud)">Ensiklopedia berkenaan budaya dan etnik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kebudayaan_Iran" title="Kategori:Kebudayaan Iran">Kebudayaan Iran</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Ensiklopedia_berbahasa_Inggeris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Ensiklopedia berbahasa Inggeris (laman tidak wujud)">Ensiklopedia berbahasa Inggeris</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Ensiklopedia_dalam_talian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Ensiklopedia dalam talian (laman tidak wujud)">Ensiklopedia dalam talian</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Buku_dengan_kulit_hilang" title="Kategori:Buku dengan kulit hilang">Buku dengan kulit hilang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati" title="Kategori:Semua rencana dengan pautan luar mati">Semua rencana dengan pautan luar mati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati_dari_September_2021" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pautan luar mati dari September 2021">Rencana dengan pautan luar mati dari September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati_kekal" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pautan luar mati kekal">Rencana dengan pautan luar mati kekal</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 11:18, 26 September 2021.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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