Breakthrough in HWE reaction offers pathway for anti-cancer drug development

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" 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class="cta-printpdf"><a href="#" class="request-pdf-download" onclick="return false;"><span class="cta-text"><span>Download</span> <span>PDF Copy</span></span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="article-status-details"> <img src="https://d2jx2rerrg6sh3.cloudfront.net/images/editorial-checklist.svg" alt="Editorial Checklist" width="129" height="150" /> <a href="#" tabindex="0" class="reviewed-indicator" data-content="<p><img src="https://d2jx2rerrg6sh3.cloudfront.net/image.axd?picture=2018%2f8%2fshutterstock_158445182_07334b221bcb45af81579fa86e0f5519-80x70.jpg" alt="" width="80" height="70" /> This article has been provided by <a href="https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/mediarelations/archive/20241205_7934.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Tokyo University of Science</a> and subjected to News-Medical.Net's <a href="/medical/content-policy">review protocols</a>, complying with its guidelines. To guarantee the article's authority, our editing team has highlighted the following features: verified accuracy, undergone scholarly review, sourced from a reliable authority, and meticulously scrutinized for errors. Modifications may be made to the article's style and length.</p>">Reviewed</a> </div> </div> <div class="overlay-content-wrapper"> <div class="reviewers-notes-modal"> <div class="reviewers-notes-body item-body"> <div class="reviewers-notes-content"> </div> <div class="reviewers-notes-close-wrap"> <input class="reviewers-notes-close close-reviewers-notes-button" type="button" value="Close" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div id="body-26f665c1-1e6e-4f8e-9420-8ec1c41f49b1" class="page-content clearfix" itemprop="articleBody"> <div id="mobile-top-promo-spot" class="mobile-promo-wrap mobile-promo-leaderboard-320"> <div class="mobile-promo-item sponsorer-note-bottom" id='div-gpt-mobile-top-leaderboard' style='width:320px; min-height:65px; text-align: center;'> <script type='text/javascript'> if (g_displayableSlots.mobileTopLeaderboard) { pushDisplayAd(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-mobile-top-leaderboard'); }); } </script> </div> </div><div class="article-meta article-meta-byline"><span class="article-meta-contents"><span class="article-meta-left"><span class="article-meta-source"><a href="https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/mediarelations/archive/20241205_7934.html" rel="noopener">Tokyo University of Science</a></span></span><span class="article-meta-right article-meta-right-with-date"><span class="article-meta-date">Dec 6 2024</span><span class="article-meta-newsguard"><a href="/medical/newsguard"><img src="https://d2jx2rerrg6sh3.cloudfront.net/images/newsguard-100.svg" width="300" height="65" alt="NewsGuard 100/100 Score" /></a></span></span></span></div><span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="News Medical" /><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.news-medical.net/" /></span> <p>The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) reaction is a fundamental reaction in organic chemistry, widely used to create conjugated carbonyl compounds. Conjugated carbonyl compounds are used in many industries for synthesizing perfumes, plastics, and pharmaceuticals and are also involved in biological processes. Consequently, methods for improving HWE reactions are an active area of research.</p> <p>One potential application of HWE reactions is to develop (<em>E</em>)-isomers of conjugated carbonyl compounds that are useful for synthesizing chemicals called hynapene analogues with promising anti-cancer properties. Unfortunately, traditional HWE reaction methods are sometimes inconsistent in their (<em>E</em>)- and (<em>Z</em>)-selectivity and require several steps to get further elongated compounds. Several studies have investigated new <a href="/health/What-is-a-Reagent.aspx" class="linked-term">reagents</a> to improve the selectivity of HWE reactions. However, the reason for their enhanced selectivity has not yet been examined enough, nor has the range of substrates suitable for these Weinreb amide-type HWE reagents been fully explored. Additionally, the effect of different reaction conditions on the HWE reaction using the same substrate hasn't been studied.</p> <p>In a breakthrough, a research team from the Department of Applied Chemistry at Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Japan, led by Assistant Professor Takatsugu Murata, including Mr. Hisazumi Tsutsui and Professor Isamu Shiina from TUS, conducted a detailed study on HWE reactions and developed a robust and highly (<em>E</em>)-selective Weinreb amide-type HWE reaction with a broad substrate scope. "<em>The reaction we developed is faster than traditional methods such as the Wittig reaction and the corresponding ester-type HWE reaction, and the applicable compounds can be used in an extremely wide range of applications, including the synthesis of pharmacologically active analogues," </em>says Murata.<em> "A key achievement is the isolation of the active species in the reaction, which allows us to efficiently synthesize the important precursor for producing pharmacologically active compounds on a larger scale by preparing the active species in advance."</em> Their study was made available online on October 11, 2024, and was published in Volume 89 Issue 21 of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.4c01140" rel="noopener"><em>The Journal of Organic Chemistry</em></a> on November 1<sup>st</sup>, 2024.<em> </em></p> <p>In this study, the researchers systematically tested the effect of different bases, solvents, cations, reaction concentrations, and temperatures on the reactivity and selectivity of the Weinreb amide–type HWE reaction. They discovered that using isopropyl magnesium bromide (<em><sup>i</sup></em>PrMgBr) as a base resulted in high (<em>E</em>)-selectivity, thanks to the formation of a magnesium phosphonoenolate intermediate. The structure of the intermediate and the valence of the metal cation were key to improving selectivity. Moreover, replacing bromine with chlorine in the base further improved selectivity.</p><div id="mobile-middle-mrec-promo-spot" class="mobile-promo-wrap mobile-promo-mrec"> <div class="mobile-promo-item sponsorer-note-bottom" id='div-gpt-mobile-middle-mrec' style='width:300px; height:250px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> if (g_displayableSlots.mobileMiddleMrec) { pushDisplayAd(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-mobile-middle-mrec'); }); } </script> </div> </div>  <p>Interestingly, the researchers also found that the magnesium phosphonoenolate intermediate formed using the <em><sup>i</sup></em>PrMgCl base was stable enough to be isolated. This isolated intermediate was exceptionally stable, showing no deterioration when stored at room temperature in an argon atmosphere for over six months. This intermediate could be directly used in HWE reaction with high (<em>E</em>)-selectivity.</p> <div id="trendmd-conditional-suggestions" class="related-content-embed"></div><div class="related-content-embed related-stories-embed"><h3>Related Stories</h3><ul><li><a href="/news/20241205/Phase-one-trial-explores-novel-immunotherapy-for-breast-cancer.aspx">Phase one trial explores novel immunotherapy for breast cancer</a></li><li><a href="/news/20241209/Scientists-uncover-genetic-code-driving-tumor-formation-and-spread.aspx">Scientists uncover genetic code driving tumor formation and spread</a></li><li><a href="/news/20241206/New-collaborative-effort-aims-to-cure-ALK-positive-lung-cancer.aspx">New collaborative effort aims to cure ALK-positive lung cancer</a></li></ul></div><p>The team further optimized the amount of <em><sup>i</sup></em>PrMgCl, solvents, and the Weinreb amide–type HWE reagent to maximize the yield of the reaction. The optimized conditions worked well across a wide range of substrates, including various aliphatic saturated aldehydes, aliphatic <em>a</em>, <em>β</em>-unsaturated aldehydes, and aromatic aldehydes, demonstrating the robustness and scalability of the method. To demonstrate its application, the team applied their novel reaction methodology to synthesize various complex organic compounds, including products from successive elongation processes, the HWE reaction of a cyclic ketone, and Weinreb ketone synthesis.</p> <p>"<em>Currently, hynapene analogues are being tested in various drug <a href="/health/What-Does-Efficacy-Mean.aspx" class="linked-term">efficacy</a> studies, including animal studies, and their development is highly anticipated, leading to more efficient drug development</em>," remarks Murata. Looking ahead, he adds, "<em>We are committed to improving this method further and conducting more studies to gain better insights into the reaction mechanisms.</em>"</p> <p>We hope that this groundbreaking study offers a pathway towards novel anti-cancer drugs with potential benefits for countless patients.</p> <div id="mobile-bottom-promo-spot" class="mobile-promo-wrap mobile-promo-leaderboard-320"> <div class="mobile-promo-item sponsorer-note-bottom" id='div-gpt-mobile-bottom-leaderboard' style='width:320px; min-height:50px; text-align: center;'> <script type='text/javascript'> if (g_displayableSlots.mobileBottomLeaderboard) { pushDisplayAd(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-mobile-bottom-leaderboard'); }); } </script> </div> </div><div id="sources" class="content-source below-content-common-a"><div class="content-src-label">Source:</div><div class="content-src-value"><p><a href="https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/mediarelations/archive/20241205_7934.html" rel="noopener">Tokyo University of Science</a></p></div><div class="content-src-label">Journal reference:</div><div class="content-src-value"><p>Murata, T., <em>et al</em>. (2024). (<em>E</em>)-Selective Weinreb Amide-Type Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Reaction: Effect of Reaction Conditions, Substrate Scope, Isolation of a Reactive Magnesium Phosphonoenolate, and Applications. <em>The Journal of Organic Chemistry</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.4c01140" rel="noopener">doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.4c01140</a>.</p></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="outside-content-zone below-content"> <div class="ratingcontainer" style="visibility:hidden" data-id="26f665c1-1e6e-4f8e-9420-8ec1c41f49b1" data-raters="0" data-rating=".0" data-page-location="BottomOfContent"></div> <p class="categories">Posted in: <a href="/category/Drug-Discovery-Pharmaceuticals.aspx">Drug Discovery & Pharmaceuticals</a> | <a href="/category/Medical-Science-News.aspx">Medical Science News</a> | <a href="/category/Medical-Condition-News.aspx">Medical Condition News</a></p> <p class="tags">Tags: <a href="/?tag=/Aldehydes" rel="tag">Aldehydes</a>, <a href="/?tag=/Argon" rel="tag">Argon</a>, <a 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