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00-.75-.75zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 011.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 01-1.5 0v-5.5zM8 3a.75.75 0 00-.75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 001.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 008 3z"></path></svg> <svg height="16" width="16" class="octicon octicon-search flex-shrink-0 js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none" title="Search" aria-label="Search" viewbox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" role="img"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 11-8.998 0A4.499 4.499 0 0111.5 7zm-.82 4.74a6 6 0 111.06-1.06l3.04 3.04a.75.75 0 11-1.06 1.06l-3.04-3.04z"></path></svg> </div> <img class="avatar mr-2 flex-shrink-0 js-jump-to-suggestion-avatar d-none" alt="" aria-label="Team" src="/web/20210414053808im_/https://github.com/topics" width="28" height="28"> <div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div> <div class="border rounded-1 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-tertiary px-1 color-text-tertiary ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span 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octicon-repo flex-shrink-0 js-jump-to-octicon-repo d-none" title="Repository" aria-label="Repository" viewbox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" role="img"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 014.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 01.75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 01-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 110-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 00-.714 1.7.75.75 0 01-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 012 11.5v-9zm10.5-1V9h-8c-.356 0-.694.074-1 .208V2.5a1 1 0 011-1h8zM5 12.25v3.25a.25.25 0 00.4.2l1.45-1.087a.25.25 0 01.3 0L8.6 15.7a.25.25 0 00.4-.2v-3.25a.25.25 0 00-.25-.25h-3.5a.25.25 0 00-.25.25z"></path></svg> <svg height="16" width="16" class="octicon octicon-project flex-shrink-0 js-jump-to-octicon-project d-none" title="Project" aria-label="Project" viewbox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" role="img"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1.75 0A1.75 1.75 0 000 1.75v12.5C0 15.216.784 16 1.75 16h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0016 14.25V1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0014.25 0H1.75zM1.5 1.75a.25.25 0 01.25-.25h12.5a.25.25 0 01.25.25v12.5a.25.25 0 01-.25.25H1.75a.25.25 0 01-.25-.25V1.75zM11.75 3a.75.75 0 00-.75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 001.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 00-.75-.75zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 011.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 01-1.5 0v-5.5zM8 3a.75.75 0 00-.75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 001.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 008 3z"></path></svg> <svg height="16" width="16" class="octicon octicon-search flex-shrink-0 js-jump-to-octicon-search d-none" title="Search" aria-label="Search" viewbox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" role="img"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 11-8.998 0A4.499 4.499 0 0111.5 7zm-.82 4.74a6 6 0 111.06-1.06l3.04 3.04a.75.75 0 11-1.06 1.06l-3.04-3.04z"></path></svg> </div> <img class="avatar mr-2 flex-shrink-0 js-jump-to-suggestion-avatar d-none" alt="" aria-label="Team" src="/web/20210414053808im_/https://github.com/topics" width="28" height="28"> <div class="jump-to-suggestion-name js-jump-to-suggestion-name flex-auto overflow-hidden text-left no-wrap css-truncate css-truncate-target"> </div> <div class="border rounded-1 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-tertiary px-1 color-text-tertiary ml-1 f6 d-none js-jump-to-badge-search"> <span class="js-jump-to-badge-search-text-default d-none" aria-label="in all of GitHub"> Search </span> <span class="js-jump-to-badge-search-text-global d-none" aria-label="in all of GitHub"> All GitHub </span> <span aria-hidden="true" class="d-inline-block ml-1 v-align-middle">↵</span> </div> <div aria-hidden="true" class="border rounded-1 flex-shrink-0 color-bg-tertiary px-1 color-text-tertiary ml-1 f6 d-none d-on-nav-focus js-jump-to-badge-jump"> Jump to <span class="d-inline-block ml-1 v-align-middle">↵</span> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </label> </form> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/login?return_to=%2Ftopics" class="HeaderMenu-link flex-shrink-0 no-underline mr-3" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="fdff7e6857bd89b558ca630ca2d22bd5e760abfb99e6e05efed93f5d21230200" data-ga-click="(Logged out) Header, clicked Sign in, text:sign-in"> Sign in </a> <a href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/join?ref_cta=Sign+up&ref_loc=header+logged+out&ref_page=%2Ftopics&source=header" class="HeaderMenu-link flex-shrink-0 d-inline-block no-underline border color-border-tertiary rounded px-2 py-1 js-signup-redesign-target js-signup-redesign-control" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="fdff7e6857bd89b558ca630ca2d22bd5e760abfb99e6e05efed93f5d21230200" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"analytics.click","payload":{"category":"Sign up","action":"click to sign up for account","label":"ref_page:/topics;ref_cta:Sign up;ref_loc:header logged out","originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="64a5f1a1ab7128db8b29d4a5b3f2b52aca7b314812e023beef09b199812b0c18"> Sign up </a> <a href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/join_next?ref_cta=Sign+up&ref_loc=header+logged+out&ref_page=%2Ftopics&source=header" class="HeaderMenu-link flex-shrink-0 d-inline-block no-underline border color-border-tertiary rounded-1 px-2 py-1 js-signup-redesign-target js-signup-redesign-variation" hidden data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="fdff7e6857bd89b558ca630ca2d22bd5e760abfb99e6e05efed93f5d21230200" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"analytics.click","payload":{"category":"Sign up","action":"click to sign up for account","label":"ref_page:/topics;ref_cta:Sign up;ref_loc:header logged out","originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="64a5f1a1ab7128db8b29d4a5b3f2b52aca7b314812e023beef09b199812b0c18"> Sign up </a> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div> <div data-pjax-replace id="js-flash-container"> <template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div class="container-lg px-2"> <button class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg class="octicon octicon-x" viewbox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 011.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.75.75 0 111.06 1.06L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.75.75 0 11-1.06 1.06L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.75.75 0 01-1.06-1.06L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 010-1.06z"></path></svg> </button> <div>{{ message }}</div> </div> </div> </template> </div> <include-fragment class="js-notification-shelf-include-fragment" data-base-src="https://github.com/notifications/beta/shelf"></include-fragment> <div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled> <main id="js-pjax-container" data-pjax-container> <div class="site-subnav color-bg-primary site-subnav-sticky js-sticky"> <nav class="container-lg mx-auto p-responsive" role="navigation" aria-label="Explore navigation"> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center flex-justify-center flex-md-justify-start text-center text-md-left"> <a class="js-selected-navigation-item d-inline-block subnav-primary f5 py-0 py-md-3 mt-2 mt-md-0 mr-0 mr-md-4 no-underline subnav-link" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"explore.click","payload":{"click_context":"NAVIGATION_BAR","click_target":"EXPLORE","click_visual_representation":"CLICK_VISUAL_REPRESENTATION_UNKNOWN","actor_id":null,"record_id":null,"originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="046d6990e9154466d2c348f62f0c8850006d8d0203ffa5de936cdf98771e1cd1" data-ga-click="Explore, go to explore, location:explore nav" data-selected-links="/explore /explore/email /explore" href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/explore">Explore</a> <a class="js-selected-navigation-item selected d-inline-block py-2 py-md-3 mr-3 mr-md-4 no-underline subnav-link" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"explore.click","payload":{"click_context":"NAVIGATION_BAR","click_target":"TOPICS","click_visual_representation":"CLICK_VISUAL_REPRESENTATION_UNKNOWN","actor_id":null,"record_id":null,"originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="46cceed329d440952f9b9c496b52c3ff5f8329030ae1c1ff48371e3788f09d93" data-ga-click="Explore, go to topics, location:explore nav" aria-current="page" data-selected-links="topics_path /topics/ /topics" href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/topics">Topics</a> <a class="js-selected-navigation-item d-inline-block py-2 py-md-3 mr-3 mr-md-4 no-underline subnav-link" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"explore.click","payload":{"click_context":"NAVIGATION_BAR","click_target":"TRENDING","click_visual_representation":"CLICK_VISUAL_REPRESENTATION_UNKNOWN","actor_id":null,"record_id":null,"originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="06adfb4e7a29a78e76b361eec504bee63a616c97288bf9c9cceb78b763cc1945" data-ga-click="Explore, go to trending, location:explore nav" data-selected-links="/trending /trending/developers /trending/developers /trending /trending" href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/trending">Trending</a> <a class="js-selected-navigation-item d-inline-block py-2 py-md-3 mr-3 mr-md-4 no-underline subnav-link" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"explore.click","payload":{"click_context":"NAVIGATION_BAR","click_target":"COLLECTIONS","click_visual_representation":"CLICK_VISUAL_REPRESENTATION_UNKNOWN","actor_id":null,"record_id":null,"originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="cd0014d20caf77ede4fa618141796878e80a1e84336ca369d2c49b34b1277bd3" data-ga-click="Explore, go to collections, location:explore nav" data-selected-links="collections_path /collections/ /collections" href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/collections">Collections</a> <a class="js-selected-navigation-item d-inline-block py-2 py-md-3 mr-3 mr-md-4 no-underline subnav-link" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"explore.click","payload":{"click_context":"NAVIGATION_BAR","click_target":"EVENTS","click_visual_representation":"CLICK_VISUAL_REPRESENTATION_UNKNOWN","actor_id":null,"record_id":null,"originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="ccfa68f5a29b2bb2580bbf2909107f96de971d2eddd003a32de5a5b0a180bb56" data-ga-click="Explore, go to events, location:explore nav" data-selected-links="events_path /events/ /events" href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/events">Events</a> <a class="js-selected-navigation-item d-inline-block py-2 py-md-3 mr-3 mr-md-4 no-underline subnav-link" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"explore.click","payload":{"click_context":"NAVIGATION_BAR","click_target":"GITHUB_SPONSORS","click_visual_representation":"CLICK_VISUAL_REPRESENTATION_UNKNOWN","actor_id":null,"record_id":null,"originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="93ff9d3ceb83faf659890a3521e6927a28810093ca98a1a9cd8df550134c6003" data-ga-click="Explore, go to Sponsors, location:explore nav" data-selected-links="sponsors_community_index_path /sponsors/community /sponsors/community" href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/sponsors/community">GitHub Sponsors</a> <div class="d-none d-md-block flex-auto text-right"> <a data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"explore.click","payload":{"click_context":"NAVIGATION_BAR","click_target":"EXPLORE_EMAIL","click_visual_representation":"GET_EMAIL_UPDATES_BUTTON","actor_id":null,"record_id":null,"originating_url":"https://github.com/topics","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="0ccec1a15089aca3327314266c4a0eebecb51d88ef25eda579f23c9bb232c9f9" data-ga-click="Explore, change email updates, location:explore nav" href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/explore/email" class="btn-mktg px-3 py-2"> Get email updates </a> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="color-bg-secondary border-bottom"> <div class="container-lg p-responsive text-center py-6"> <h1 class="h0-mktg">Topics</h1> <p class="f4 color-text-secondary col-md-6 mx-auto">Browse popular topics on GitHub.</p> </div> </div> <div class="container-lg p-responsive mt-6"> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-start flex-items-stretch list-style-none gutter my-4"> <li class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-4 mb-4"> <div class="topic-box position-relative hover-grow height-full text-center border color-border-secondary rounded color-bg-primary p-5"> <div class="js-toggler-container starring-container"> </div> <a href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/topics/html" class="no-underline d-flex flex-column flex-justify-center" data-ga-click="Explore, go to topic, text:html; location:boxes"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414053808im_/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/github/explore/80688e429a7d4ef2fca1e82350fe8e3517d3494d/topics/html/html.png" width="64" height="64" class="mx-auto rounded mb-3" alt="html"> <p class="f3 lh-condensed text-center Link--primary mb-0 mt-1"> HTML </p> <p class="f5 color-text-secondary text-center mb-0 mt-1">HTML is the fundamental markup language for webpages.</p> </a> </div> </li> <li class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-4 mb-4"> <div class="topic-box position-relative hover-grow height-full text-center border color-border-secondary rounded color-bg-primary p-5"> <div class="js-toggler-container starring-container"> </div> <a href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/topics/homebrew" class="no-underline d-flex flex-column flex-justify-center" data-ga-click="Explore, go to topic, text:homebrew; location:boxes"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414053808im_/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/github/explore/80688e429a7d4ef2fca1e82350fe8e3517d3494d/topics/homebrew/homebrew.png" width="64" height="64" class="mx-auto rounded mb-3" alt="homebrew"> <p class="f3 lh-condensed text-center Link--primary mb-0 mt-1"> Homebrew </p> <p class="f5 color-text-secondary text-center mb-0 mt-1">Homebrew is a package manager for macOS.</p> </a> </div> </li> <li class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-4 mb-4"> <div class="topic-box position-relative hover-grow height-full text-center border color-border-secondary rounded color-bg-primary p-5"> <div class="js-toggler-container starring-container"> </div> <a href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/topics/aws" class="no-underline d-flex flex-column flex-justify-center" data-ga-click="Explore, go to topic, text:aws; location:boxes"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414053808im_/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/github/explore/fbceb94436312b6dacde68d122a5b9c7d11f9524/topics/aws/aws.png" width="64" height="64" class="mx-auto rounded mb-3" alt="aws"> <p class="f3 lh-condensed text-center Link--primary mb-0 mt-1"> Amazon Web Services </p> <p class="f5 color-text-secondary text-center mb-0 mt-1">Amazon Web Services provides on-demand cloud computing platforms on a subscription basis.</p> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="d-lg-flex container-lg p-responsive "> <div class="col-lg-9 position-relative pr-lg-5 mb-6 mr-lg-5"> <h2 class="h2-mktg">All featured topics</h2> <div> <div class="py-4 border-bottom"> <a href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/topics/3d" class="d-flex no-underline" data-ga-click="Explore, go to 3d, location:All featured topics"> <div class="color-bg-info f4 color-text-tertiary text-bold rounded mr-3 flex-shrink-0 text-center" style="width:64px; height:64px; line-height:64px;"> # </div> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-auto"> <div class="flex-auto"> <p class="f3 lh-condensed mb-0 mt-1 Link--primary">3D</p> <p class="f5 color-text-secondary mb-0 mt-1"> 3D modeling is the process of virtually developing the surface and structure of a 3D object. </p> </div> <div class="d-inline-block js-toggler-container starring-container"> <a class="btn btn-sm d-flex flex-items-center" href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/login?return_to=%2Ftopics%2F3d" aria-label="You must be signed in to star a topic" title="You must be signed in to star a topic" data-ga-click="Explore, click star button when signed out, action:topics#index; text:Star"> <svg class="octicon octicon-star mr-1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 01.673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 01.416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.75.75 0 01-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 01-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 01.416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 018 .25zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 01-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 01.216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 01.698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 01.216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 01-.564-.41L8 2.694v.001z"></path></svg>Star </a> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="py-4 border-bottom"> <a href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/topics/ajax" class="d-flex no-underline" data-ga-click="Explore, go to ajax, location:All featured topics"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414053808im_/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/github/explore/8be26d91eb231fec0b8856359979ac09f27173fd/topics/ajax/ajax.png" class="rounded mr-3" width="64" height="64" alt="ajax"> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-auto"> <div class="flex-auto"> <p class="f3 lh-condensed mb-0 mt-1 Link--primary">Ajax</p> <p class="f5 color-text-secondary mb-0 mt-1"> Ajax is a technique for creating interactive web applications. </p> </div> <div class="d-inline-block js-toggler-container starring-container"> <a class="btn btn-sm d-flex flex-items-center" href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/login?return_to=%2Ftopics%2Fajax" aria-label="You must be signed in to star a topic" title="You must be signed in to star a topic" data-ga-click="Explore, click star button when signed out, action:topics#index; text:Star"> <svg class="octicon octicon-star mr-1" viewbox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 01.673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 01.416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.75.75 0 01-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 01-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 01.416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 018 .25zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 01-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 01.216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 01.698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 01.216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 01-.564-.41L8 2.694v.001z"></path></svg>Star </a> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="py-4 border-bottom"> <a href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/topics/algorithm" class="d-flex no-underline" data-ga-click="Explore, go to algorithm, location:All featured topics"> <div class="color-bg-info f4 color-text-tertiary text-bold rounded mr-3 flex-shrink-0 text-center" style="width:64px; height:64px; line-height:64px;"> # </div> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-auto"> <div class="flex-auto"> <p class="f3 lh-condensed mb-0 mt-1 Link--primary">Algorithm</p> <p class="f5 color-text-secondary mb-0 mt-1"> Algorithms are self-contained sequences that carry out a variety of tasks. </p> </div> <div class="d-inline-block js-toggler-container starring-container"> <a class="btn btn-sm d-flex flex-items-center" href="/web/20210414053808/https://github.com/login?return_to=%2Ftopics%2Falgorithm" 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